Akhmetova Asiya Khanifovna
Preservation of native languages is a common task
Today, no one needs to be convinced that the native language is both a culture and a way of thinking, and their diversity is a huge asset of Mankind, its most significant heritage. That is why even1999The UNESCO General Conference proclaimed 21 February as International Mother Language Day. Basicthe goal of this grandiose project was the all-roundpromoting linguistic and cultural diversity and multilingualism.And in 2014 for the 13th timeevents took place around the worldcontributing to the recognition of the native language, its dissemination and active use in intercultural communication (this especially applies to the languages of national minorities).
Linguistic scholars have proven that for a language to survive, it needs at least 100,000 speakers. It is known from history that at all times languages were born, existed, then died out, sometimes without even leaving a trace... over 200 languages!
From year to year we observe how, with the advent of new technologies, it becomes increasingly difficult for national minorities to achieve recognition of their language by the world community. And a language that is not presented on the Internet for the modern world, alas, simply "does not exist."
My students and I decided to see for ourselves, a little research and found out the following: 81% of the pages on the global network are in English. German and Japanese follow closely behind (2% each), followed by French, Spanish and Scandinavian (1% each). All other languages combined hardly represent 8% of the active and spoken languages.web-pages. Such a pronounced trend is not in the least encouraging. And if no measures are taken, then half of the approximately 6,000 languages spoken by humanity on planet Earth will disappear by the end of the 21st century...
So only in Russia, in addition to 20 already extinct languages (For example, Ainu, Yugian), another 22 are in critical condition (including Aleut, Terek-Sami, Itelmen), and 29 is in serious danger (including Nivkh, Chukchi, Karelian). The data from the Atlas of Endangered Languages of the World also show that49 languages are already under the threat of extinction (including Kalmyk, Udmurt, Yiddish). Big fear , among which were: Chechen, Yakut, Tuvan and Belarusian. And this is when Udmurt, Kalmyk, Yakut, Tuva and Chechen are the state languages of certain territories in Russia!..Of particular concern to us is the fact that in 2009 UNESCO experts included the Bashkir language in this "Red Book of the World's Languages", giving it the status of "vulnerable" - "most children speak the language, but the scope of its use may be limited (for example, domestic use) . Unfortunately, the forecasts for other languages of the peoples inhabiting Bashkortostan are also disappointing.
In such a situation, in our opinion, only a properly planned and actively implemented language policy will today increase the effectiveness of the efforts of linguistic communities aimed at the comprehensive maintenance or revival of their native languages forThat's whyWorld OrganizationUNESCО has advocated and advocates for mother tongue education through the use of bilingual or multilingual teaching methods . And such education, according to its experts, must necessarily be systemic, creating a solid foundation for linguistics. Young children should learn to speak their native language in the family, begin to study its grammar in preschool educational institutions and improve their knowledge, skills and abilities in using it in the course of schooling in a “multilingual education” .
The Republic of Bashkortostan is in this context a unique region in terms of the diversity of ethnic groups, cultures and languages represented in it. As part of Russian Federation it stands out for its durability interethnic relations, friendship and cooperation, the roots of which, on the one hand, go down in history, on the other hand, stability in relations between peoples is supported by a balanced and thoughtful national policy.The Government of the Republic adopted a large number of documents in support of the principles of equality of peoples, respect for their cultures, language, traditions and customs (Law of the Republic of Belarus dated February 15, 1999 "On the languages of the peoples of the Republic of Bashkortostan";The State Program "Peoples of Bashkortostan", adopted in 2002 and designed for 2003-2012; Program for the study, revival and development of the folklore of the peoples of the Republic of Bashkortostan, adopted in 2002; Decree of the Government of the Republic of Belarus of 2006 "On the State Program for the Preservation, Study and Development of the Peoples of the Republic of Bashkortostan for 2006-2010", etc.).
Significant is the formation in2000 of the Council of the Assembly of Peoples of the Republic of Belarus. Today, this public organization includes more than 30 national associations. The largest of them are: the World Kurultai of the Bashkirs, the Cathedral of the Russians of Bashkortostan, the Kanash of the Chuvash of Bashkortostan, public organizations of the Tatars, the Mari. All these years, the Assembly has been effectively implementing its main tasks: improving the living conditions of small peoples; preservation of language and culture; education of the younger generation in national traditions. Andin September 2012, at the VI World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples (Siofok, Hungary), when discussing the topic of linguistic assimilation of Russian Finno-Ugric peoples, Bashkortostan was set as an example as a region where conditions are created for all languages to preserve and develop their identity . And the Bashkir language has been studied in the schools of the republic since 2006 as the second state language.
So only in our 39th gymnasium today representatives of 28 nationalities study and the problem of recognition and respect for all languages simply does not exist. Teachers, students and their parents recognize the identity of each language, understand well thatlinguistic and cultural diversity is a universal value that unites us into a single living and constantly evolving organism. Events related to culture, languages, traditions of the peoples of the world have long been loved and popular within our walls (many become annual, and some even acquire international status).
As an Associated SchoolUNESCO, we celebrate all the days of language and cultural traditions allocated in international calendar UNESCO: World Audiovisual Heritage Day, International Mother Language Day, International Navruz Day, International Francophonie Day. Every year we have national holidays (sabantuy, carnival, kargatuy, etc.) and festivals (Festival national cultures UNESCO“Dances of the Peoples of the World”, the Beatles Festival, etc.), in which our friends also participate with pleasure (associated schoolsUNESCORepublic of Belarus, schools of the Commonwealth of Innovative Educational Institutions Interkindand etc.).
We also actively participate in the International Movement for the Promotion of the Preservation and Propagation of the Native Language. Therefore, on February 21, 2012, another Republican Festival of Native Languages named after Jalil Giniyatovich Kiekbaev (a well-known Turkologist, an outstanding linguist, professor and a prominent Bashkir writer) appeared in the calendar of traditional gymnasium events. The main goal of the Festival is to foster respect for the languages of all peoples of the Earth (especially languages that are on the verge of extinction).
In February 2013, students from 20 Associated Schools took part in itUNESCORepublic of Bashkortostan and Gymnasium No. 176 (Kyiv, Ukraine) is our partner school in the IITE International Pilot ProjectUNESCO"Learning for the Future". His theme:"Literary heritage of native languages". Costumed, bright performances of the participating schools introduced the guests of the Festival to the variety of oral folk art and classical literary heritage of 18 languages (English, Arabic, Armenian, Bashkir, Vietnamese, Greek, Indian, Spanish, Mari, German, Russian, Talysh, Uzbek, Ukrainian, French, Circassian, Chuvash, Japanese).
The third year of the implementation of this large-scale project convinced us that today it does not matter how many people in the world consider these languages to be their mother tongues. It is important that we, speaking about them, preserve and increase the memory of our ancestors, withwe will contribute to the development of tolerance in intercultural communication. And even small digression(5-10 min.) into the depths of national culture significantly expands the horizon, opening the world in all its unique diversity. We observe with deep satisfaction how acquaintance with people who speak other languages provides everyone with the opportunity to recognize the differences between people and dispel fears of the many-sided surrounding world, which give rise to national strife that is detrimental to human civilization. All participants and guests of the Festival are permeated with a growing sense of recognition and respect for each other. This is how we learn together to understand that respect and recognition of the native language is the key to preserving peace and the sustainable development of civilization.
Thus, the whole complex of developing educational activities in MBOU Gymnasium No. 39 contributes to the maximum that our graduate enters a great life,having formed stable views and beliefs on all issues of the culture of interethnic communication. This is our teaching staff and considers it the most important result of its activity today, solving significant tasks of the Modernization Concept Russian education, in terms of the consolidation of society, the preservation of a single socio-cultural space, overcoming ethno-cultural tension and social conflicts.
UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/
UNESCO Education for All Global Monitoring Report. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001865/186525E.pdf
¹ The term "multilingual education" was introduced by the United Nations in 1999 to refer to education in three or more languages: mother tongue, regional or national language and international language.
The need to preserve the language in a state of communicative suitability has a two-sided focus. On the one hand, it is a source of resistance to any change in language, on the other hand, in some cases it causes a desire to compensate for the lost language tools. Compensation for lost funds can be considered as special type historical changes.
In special linguistic literature, the definition of language as a historically changing phenomenon is quite common. Some linguists even consider it methodologically unacceptable to study a language in a purely synchronous way, while arguing that the language is always in a state of continuous change, and the results of this change cannot be discounted.
In fact, the language does not only change historically. At the same time, he resists any kind of change, strives to preserve what exists in this moment condition. This trend does not represent anything strange or unusual. It is generated by the very function of communication. A speaker in a particular language is interested in others understanding him. Any sudden and rapid change in the language carries the danger of turning it into an insufficiently convenient and suitable means of communication, and, conversely, the desire to preserve the system of habitual and communicatively developed linguistic means of communication protects the language from this danger.
Therefore, in every language there is a tendency to maintain the existing state until some force overcomes this natural resistance. Every word and every form resists. Many different "inconveniences" can be found in different languages, and yet they are not eliminated.
In the process of historical change in language, individual elements language system, which characterized its previous state, may be lost. Some elements after the loss are not renewed again or resumed after the expiration of quite significant periods of time. So, for example, the old word forms of the Slavic dualis were rethought in Russian as the forms of the genus. p. units numbers (step, brother) in attributive combinations.
The forms of the dual number that disappeared in many Uralic languages in the verb conjugation system were not restored again. Lost in some Indo-European languages \u200b\u200bdoes not resume grammatical category kind. In Finno-Ugric languages there is an abbreviation a large number suffixes of multiple action, typical for the Ural language of the basis. Cases of restoration of these losses are not observed.
These facts obviously indicate that the lost linguistic elements are not sufficiently communicatively necessary. At the same time, the loss of linguistic elements of a different type is always associated with the emergence of new linguistic means that compensate for them.
From the history various languages there are cases when the forms of local cases were lost, expressing various local relations. In their place, either postpositional or prepositional constructions, or new inflectional cases appear. So, for example, the ablative -i that once existed in it disappeared in the Mari language. The meaning of moving away from the subject began to be expressed by a construction with the postposition gq and, for example, ola gq and `from the city`.
A similar phenomenon took place in Latin, in which the ancient ablative also disappeared, and its functions were taken over by prepositional constructions with the preposition de, for example, OE. populōd `from the people`, more late period- de populō. In ancient Turkic languages there was a special case instructive, which had the meaning of instrumental and joint cases. After his disappearance, these meanings began to be transmitted by special constructions.
The dative case, which differs in ancient Greek. The functions of the disappeared dative case began to be expressed by a prepositional construction with the preposition s (from the ancient eis), cf. other Greek tш ўnfripJ `to a person`, n.-Greek. stXn ¤nfrwpo.
The Turkic languages once had a special instrumental case on -up. After its loss, the relations expressed by it began to be expressed by analytical prepositional constructions. The loss in many Indo-European languages of the ancient genitive caused the emergence of new language means that replace it.
Compensation indicates that the lost elements were communicatively necessary.
Serebrennikov B.A. General linguistics - M., 1970
LINGUISTICS
M.V. Zainullin UDC 800
PROBLEMS OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND PRESERVATION OF NATIVE LANGUAGES AND NATIONAL CULTURES IN THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION
Today, when human society has entered the era of globalization, many processes associated with the development of languages and cultures are taking on new forms. The purpose of this article is to analyze the problems of the functioning of languages in the field of education and culture. Issues such as spiritual values, youth culture, national policy states in the new conditions, problems of teaching national languages in present stage, preserving their identity in the context of intercultural communication, etc.
Marat V. Zainullin
THE PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT AND PRESERVATION OF NATIVE LANGUAGES AND ETHNIC CULTURES IN THE EPOCH OF GLOBALIZATION
Today, when the society entered the epoch of globalization, numerous processes associated with the development of languages and cultures are subject to change. The purpose of this article is the analysis of the functioning of languages in the sphere of education and culture.
The author considers various issues such as spiritual values, youth culture and the state national politics under modern conditions, the problem of teaching national languages at the modern stage as well as of preserving their identity under conditions of intercultural communication, etc.
Keywords Keywords: globalization, national languages, native language, national culture, national traditions, humanities, vitality of minority languages, Anglo-American linguistic culture, language situation in the context of globalization.
Key words: globalization, national languages, native language, ethnic culture, ethnic traditions, the Humanities, vitality of minority languages, Anglo-American language culture, linguistic situation under conditions of globalization.
End of XX and beginning of XXI in. were marked in the world by a sharply intensified process of globalization. Currently, globalization is one of the main processes in the development of society and covers all spheres of human life: economics, politics, social spheres, culture and languages. Many scientists, recognizing the objectivity of the globalization process and evaluating its positive aspects, express
express their concerns about the results this process in the field of culture. These fears are largely connected with the problem of the spiritual life of society, primarily with the preservation of native languages, the national and cultural identity of modern peoples. The reality of the loss of cultural and linguistic identity as a result of the process of globalization is spoken by representatives of the intelligentsia
Zainullin Marat Valeevich, Doctor of Philology, Professor, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Head of the Department of Bashkir and General Linguistics, Bashkir State University (Ufa), e-mail: [email protected] yandex.ru
only small, but also numerous peoples. For example, British linguists believe that half of the world's languages will disappear by the end of this century. One language dies every two or three weeks. According to scientists, the threat of extinction hangs over about 40% of the world's languages. According to UNESCO, every year 10-15 languages disappear in the world.
The loss of languages means that cultures disappear with them. special ways vision of the world, in addition, it is the loss of national identity. Languages take with them into oblivion not only individual words and the peculiar features of cultures, but also a significant share of the knowledge accumulated by mankind. For example, the small Kayapo people living in Brazil (about 4 thousand carriers) distinguish, in accordance with their traditional knowledge, 56 varieties of bees according to the most different features- from the flight path to the quality of honey.
The world's languages are on the brink of extinction small peoples(minority). In the Russian Federation, minority languages currently represent 63 languages whose vitality is under threat. First of all, this is the Tungus-Manchurian family of languages (Nanai, Udege, Evenki, etc.), Chukchi-Kamchatka (Chukotka, Koryak, etc.), Finno-Ugric (Khanty, Mansi, Sami, Izhorian). The endangered languages also include individual Turkic languages: Shor, Tofalar, Teleut, Kumandin, Chulym, etc.
The language of international communication in the world is English. This is a kind of "lingua franca" of the world community in the era of globalization. According to the famous English linguist D. Crystal, the number of people in the world who speak English has reached 2 billion, of which only a quarter recognizes it as their native language. Today, international meetings are held mainly in English: conferences, symposiums, Internet conferences, signing of international documents, charters, etc., contacts are made and the necessary information is retrieved via the Internet. Without knowledge of English and a computer, any qualified specialist cannot feel quite confident in modern society. In the same time
the international role of such languages as Russian, German, in lesser degree French, falls.
According to International Association applied linguistics, in Europe, the highest percentage of the population who speak English is in the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark (up to 80% of the population); in Luxembourg, Finland and Austria - over 50%; the lowest percentage is in Italy (about 20%), Portugal (18) and Spain (16%). In the countries of the European Union English language know about 40%, German - 16, Russian and French - about 10% of the population.
Of the European countries, France was especially distinguished by the struggle against English-speaking influence, for the purity of the French language and culture (laws were passed to preserve the French language, a Committee for French under the President of the country).
At the same time, according to British linguists, the English language, which seems to dominate on earth, will eventually lose its status as the language of globalization due to the constant decrease in the number of its speakers. Already today, according to this indicator, it ranks second in the world, and China is the undisputed leader: over 1.5 billion people. today they speak different versions of it - this is three times more than those who recognize English as their native language. According to British linguists, by 2050 English will be in third place, and Asian and Indo-European languages, including Spanish and Arabic, will share the second place.
The positive side of this process is obvious: universal knowledge of the English language provides a natural human need for mutual understanding “on a global scale”.
At the same time, the global spread of the English language violates another natural human need - the need for identity, i.e. the desire in all situations to use the native language, mastered in early childhood. Language is not just a means of communication, it is a philosophy of the world, a synthetic representation of it. Each language is a system of knowledge about the world, its vision and understanding imprinted in its linguistic structure, in its rules. In this sense, language is
there is the world itself, it is the memory and history of the people, therefore the death of each language is the death not of a dictionary and grammar, but of the whole world, unique, original, immensely deep and important for understanding both the person himself and the universe around him.
Each nation is obliged to preserve its native language - its national treasure, because only in this case it can bring something of its own, unique, without which world unity is impossible.
In our time, the search for answers to the questions “Who are we?”, “Where are we moving?” is becoming increasingly relevant. National identity is self-knowledge, which is based on the knowledge of one's past in all its richness and diversity. The appeal to cultural heritage is recognized to ensure commitment to the symbols, norms and values that have developed in this society. Following these patterns, proven by many years of practice, provides the usual conditions of life, the identity of culture. It should be noted that the preservation of identity should be carried out at the state level.
In an environment of rapid change, people need stable, proven reference points. In the context of globalization, with the ongoing policy of unification and standardization of national traditions, a person needs to learn to see the ethnocultural identity, which is functionally necessary component modern society.
In contrast to the movement towards impersonal homogeneity, the task is to preserve cultural, national characteristics. Thus, language plays an important role in the life of mankind: it unites and divides, and creates contradictions, and resolves them. The inconsistency of the situation with the language in the era of globalization lies in the fact that, on the one hand, it is an important component of human life, the main engine of science, culture, politics, and almost all spheres of human activity. On the other hand, such a role and such a meaning of language are poorly understood, not noticed, taken for granted. It should also be noted that no language can be culturally neutral, learning languages means promoting the culture of the people embedded in it - the native speaker of this language. Getting to know another culture
expands the horizons, enriches the native culture, especially since the English or Russian language is great culture. But, while studying English, we simultaneously absorb the ideology, views, lifestyle and value system of the English-speaking world.
So, since language and culture are inextricably linked and each language carries a very significant cultural and ideological charge, the promotion and dominance of one language (currently English) as communication between peoples inevitably leads to the fact that, along with the language, a foreign culture penetrates and ideology. Often this cultural and ideological charge borrowed from the language comes into conflict with the local national culture. At the same time, the secret forces of culture act gradually and imperceptibly and therefore are much more effective than any other. open ways impact.
In the era of globalization, there is an awareness of the need to study foreign languages. At the same time, the prospect of globalization and the invasion of a global language made all peoples wake up, realize their national identity, deeply appreciate their culture and mother tongue and start caring for them because of the possible threat of their displacement.
The main changes in languages in the era of globalization occur in vocabulary, especially in socio-political and scientific terminology. There is a widespread international computer slang.
AT last years borrowings such as primaries (early elections), electorate (voters), summit (meeting), stagnation (stagnation), driver, cluster, innovation, investment, transfer, afterburner, dealer, corruption, barter, recruiter, monitoring, speaker are actively used , oligarchy, intimacy, glamorous, franchisor, merchandiser, recruiter, plebiscite, downshifting, briefing, dressmaker, distributor, etc. A huge number of globalisms have become widespread in sports vocabulary due to the emergence of new sports (bowling, wrestling, diving, cutting, rafting, etc.). English vocabulary, especially Americanisms, are incredibly common in the names of shops, cafes and restaurants ("McDonald's", "Ile de Beaute", "New York", etc.).
It should be noted that in recent decades the anthroponymic culture of the Bashkir people has significantly decreased. In the modern Bashkir name book, there are few personal names associated with the national traditions of the Bashkirs. Personal names borrowed from other languages are widespread. Names created artificially coincide with the names of cities, rivers, lakes and other phenomena, or simply do not mean anything, being a combination of sounds. For example: 1) female names: Adelina, Aelita, Lenaria, Juliet, Aydarina, Il-darina, Erika and others; 2) male names: Amur, Adler, Baikal, Pamir, Kazbek, Elbrus, Ryazan, Ficus, Vinaris, Dalaris, Wilson, Marius, etc. It should be noted that the low level of culture, incl. and anthroponymic, leads to national nihilism, the denial of belonging to one's ethnic group.
In recent years, there has been a sharp decline in interest in different languages in the republic, incl. and to Bashkir. According to the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, it is difficult to recruit students for the first year pedagogical universities and classical universities with a degree in native language and literature. A decisive role in the preservation and development of the native language is played by education in the native language at all levels of educational institutions, from preschool institutions ending with higher education.
In this aspect, there are big problems in the study and teaching of the native language in neighboring regions, where the Bashkir population lives compactly.
AT Sverdlovsk region more than 37 thousand Bashkirs live, where only three schools study the Bashkir language. In the Perm Territory, with a population of over 40,000 Bashkirs, there is not a single Bashkir school. Their number is decreasing in the Orenburg and Chelyabinsk regions. The teaching and learning of the Bashkir language as the state language is not up to the mark in the republic. Today, only 40% of non-Bashkir students study Bashkir as the state language.
It should be especially noted that the problems of preserving and developing native languages and national cultures are multifaceted.
The most important, in our opinion, are the following:
1. Philosophical and general theoretical problems interaction of language and culture in the context of globalization.
2. National language culture in the era of globalization.
3. Native language and national culture, as well as state policy in a globalizing world.
4. National culture and means mass media in the context of globalization.
5. Globalization and national education, the problem of teaching national languages at the present stage.
6. Youth culture in the process of globalization.
In his greeting to the participants of the IV International Conference “Language. Culture. Society” RAS President Yu.S. Osipov emphasized that “today, when the process of globalization has reached unprecedented proportions, the community of scientists in the humanities is faced with the urgent task of studying optimal ratio national characteristics, cultural traditions and the formation of closer relations between peoples.
It is cultural figures and scientists who need to constantly work on the improvement of our society, who should maintain the authority and influence of their native language and their original culture. We need the mobilization of the entire public, a broad and constant explanation of the harm that the unbridled influx of Anglo-Americanisms brings to all national languages and cultures, the planting of lack of spirituality.
Therefore, we, including higher authorities authorities, various councils, commissions and committees, as well as the entire population, especially the intelligentsia, must take Active participation in asserting the role, place and significance of the native language and national culture, to promote their further development.
The creative intelligentsia should consolidate their efforts to exert an effective influence on the modern mass media in order to preserve culture and traditional values.
LITERATURE
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2. Besnalova Yu.M. About global and regional cultures // Bulletin of the Tyumen State University. - 2001. - No. 4. - P. 238-245.
3. Budagov R. A. Language and speech in the outlook of a person. - M., 2000. - 304 p.
4. Global Studies: International Interdisciplinary Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M.; SPb., 2006.
5. Zainullin M.V. Globalization and development of languages // Word formation in Turkic languages. Materials of the international Turkological Conf., dedicated to the 85th anniversary of F.A. Ganiev. - Kazan, 2011.
6. Zainullin M.V. On the modern anthroponomic culture of the Bashkir people // Philological sciences: Modernity and perspectives. Materials of the international conf. - Sterlitamak, 2010.
7. Zainullin M.V. The main problems of modern Bashkir linguistics // Proceedings of the international congress. Turkology on the eve of the XXI century. Achievements, status, prospects. T. 2. - Ufa: Gilem, 2005. - S. 17-14.
8. Zainullin M.V., Zainullina L.M. Ethnocultural identity in the era of globalization // Questions of Philology. Materials IV Intern. conf. "Language. Culture. Society". - M., 2010. - S. 34-35.
9. Red Book of the Languages of the Peoples of Russia. Encyclopedic dictionary-reference book / ch. ed. V.P. Unrecognized - M.: Academica, 1994. - 117 p.
11. Osipov Yu.S. Welcome speech // Proceedings of the 4th Intern. scientific conf. "Language. Culture. Society". - M., 2007. - S. 5-6.
12. Salikhov G.G. Man of the era of globalization. -M.: Nauka, 2008. - 552 p.
13. Ter-Minasova S.G. War and peace of languages and cultures. - M.: Slovo, 2008. - 240 p.
14. Khairullin M.B. Globalization and development of national cultures. - Kazan: KGU, 2006. - 624 p.
15. Khalaeva L. A. Globalization and the fate of national cultures // Philosophy and the future of civilization: abstracts. report IV Russian Philosophical Congress. In 5 vols. T. 3. - M., 2005. - S. 233-235.
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17. Yakovets Yu.V. Globalization and interaction of civilizations. - 2nd ed. - M.: Economics, 2003. - 411s.
Note to readers
Book out:
Life devoted to science: memories of Zinnur Gazizovich Urak-sin / comp. V.Z. Uraksina. - Ufa: AN RB, Gilem, 2012. - 196 p. + incl.
About life and scientific activity famous Turkologist Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Bashkortostan Z.G. Uraksin (1935-2007), his role in the development of science, education of young scientists, in the public life of the country, international scientific cooperation are told by famous scientists, colleagues, students, friends and relatives. The book includes photographs from family archive scientist.
For a wide range readers.
The editors of the newspaper "Russian Language" were invited to a meeting of the Council for State Cultural Policy, which was held on October 16, 2009. S.M. Mironov, Chairman of the Federation Council. The theme of the meeting is “Preservation and development language culture: legal aspect". A.Yu. Bolshakov (A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature) and V.I. Annushkin (A.S. Pushkin Russian Language Institute). The purpose of the Council meeting is to discuss topical issues related to modern linguistic culture, to consider proposals for the implementation of the Federal Law "On the State Language of the Russian Federation". We invite our readers to get acquainted with fragments of some speeches. |
Preservation and development of linguistic culture:
legal aspect
CM. Mironov, Chairman of the Federation Council:
<…>Dear colleagues, dear friends! Gathered here today people who are not indifferent, professionals in the field of culture, in the field of science, in the field that we usually call linguistic sphere, and today we will talk about very important aspect our Russian culture, we will talk about the Russian language.<…>
special role in the matter of preserving the language, of course, education plays a role. But here we have a special, difficult situation. Main blow in literacy today, in my opinion, is caused by the introduction of the Unified State Examination. Behind him, a test form of testing knowledge in the classroom will inevitably creep into everyday practice. To be honest, I am simply discouraged by the joyful statement of our Rosobrnadzor that now ninth grade graduates will also take the exam. By the way, this egeization is going on like a creeping counter-revolution all over the country.<…>
It is very important that some beacons of speech culture illuminate our path: books, newspapers, television and radio programs. There should be specialists for whom competent, pure literary speech is an indicator of professionalism. First of all, these are teachers and lecturers.
The whole complex of existing problems has led to the fact that policy issues in the field of language, its legal support are at the center of public debate. As you know, in June of this year, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation approved a list of grammars, dictionaries and reference books containing the norms of the modern Russian literary language when it is used as the state language. Actually, a lot of work has been done. Very large in content and very complete guides are made. And then, of course, as you know, a heated debate flared up regarding the very list of recommended grammars, dictionaries and reference books, and, of course, the norms that are contained in these dictionaries approved by the Ministry of Education and Science. Normative consolidation as acceptable, what was previously considered illiterate, is always perceived painfully. Probably, many of you remember the story that Chukovsky once told, when he, clutching his heart, violently rebelled against the fact that the word necessarily has come to be used in our language as a synonym certainly. Because in due time the word necessarily meant kindly.<…>
And it looks like we at least many in this room and many with whom I spoke on this subject in recent times, began to clutch at the heart when they announced to us that instead of contract "r, you can speak before"dialect and contract "r, when we heard the word coffee can be used in the middle gender. Moreover, it seemed to me very strange the explanation of the compilers of dictionaries that the majority began to speak like that.<…>
I think the reason for the sharp and, in my opinion, correct reaction is that educated people are outraged overall decline culture of speech and culture of behavior in the country is already, alas, a fact of our life.<…>
Domestic legislation should be developed taking into account the issues of preservation and protection of languages.<…>
It should be noted that the current legislation does not provide for liability for violation of laws on languages.<…>
In our country, censorship has always been rejected by the public, but today many representatives of even that part of society that has always rebelled against censorship are standing up for it. First of all, I mean not political censorship, but at least, let's say, moral.<…>
In my opinion, the Government should be legally obligated to report annually on activities to protect the Russian language and the languages of the peoples of Russia.<…>
Dear colleagues, of course, language is not a frozen form, but a living tissue. Generations of people change, and, of course, certain new forms, new words are introduced, but this does not free us from constant and hard work to maintain the language culture at the highest level. Everyone who cares about our future should take part in this work.<…>
A.Yu. Bolshakov, Institute of World Literature. A.M. Gorky, member of the Council on State Cultural Policy under the Chairman of the Federation Council:
In this regard, I recall the words of Dostoevsky that the Russian people, despite their visible bestial image, in the depths of their souls bear a completely different image - the image of Christ, the image of Christ. Unfortunately, today this visible animal image is more and more brazenly baring its fangs. And now our youth (everyone who walks down the street hears it everywhere), alas, both girls and boys are building a phrase from some swear words. It would seem, well, what is a transitional age, all this can be forgiven. However, behind this external, at first glance, deep and very disturbing processes are guessed that have now engulfed our society. First of all, this is the impoverishment of his self-consciousness and the biologization of thinking, that is, the same social Darwinism, I do not get tired of shouting about it. This is perhaps the most terrible disease that has now gripped our society.<…>
E.A. Bystritskaya, People's Artist of the USSR, State Academic Maly Theater of Russia:
<…>It seems to me that it is imperative to renew the dictionaries for television and radio announcers. It would be necessary to make a program for television, maybe for radio, on etiquette, on relationships. But to develop a culture of relationships simply by what we would like so much,<на словах>impossible. Some concrete action is needed.<…>
V.Ya. Kurbatov, board member of the Writers' Union of Russia:
<…>When the language lives natural life, they don’t talk about it, they just talk about it. And if it was necessary to compile a dictionary of the expansion of the Russian language, which was put together by Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, then things are bad, it means that the writer is cramped in the language of life and it is necessary to clean up the impoverished reality with obsolete attire and flowers, from which we immediately feel uncomfortable in his prose , as in a retrospective exhibition, where life seems to be ours, but no longer recognizable by us.
Alas, the language cannot be expanded by the will of even such a firm and authoritative person as Solzhenitsyn, just as it is impossible even to force them to be equally equivalent before"dialect and agreed "r, excited" and excited", extraction "cha and to "bull.<…>
And now we have to regulate it, our will and our truth, an inexhaustible treasure, by laws. Now we have it not just a living Great Russian language, like Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl, but a state language. There is nothing to rise with your liveliness and Great Russianness. Meanwhile, one must be deaf and blind not to see that the world is growing rich not by unification, which we aspire to, but by God's diversity, that the garden of human speech is beautiful when it blooms with heavenly diversity, and not with the crampedness of a political or commercial newspaper. The French protect their language from foreign invasion, because they remember their genius Alphonse Daudet, who said that as long as the people, even enslaved, own their language, they own the key to their prison. And the German Heidegger defends his language, prompts the nation that language is the house of being. Being, not everyday life, God, not a political report.<…>
E.A. Shmeleva, Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences. V.V. Vinogradov:
<…>There are so-called linguistic authorities in the language. We will all remember some person in our life who spoke very beautifully and whom we would like to imitate. And very often even in disputes about language, which is very lively, emotional sphere, people talk about it... "That's what my teacher said" or "That's what my professor said", "That's what my father said"... Someone you respect.
There are a lot of school good teachers and many young good teachers, but the prestige of the teacher is very low, and less and less children imitate teachers. And this is a problem that needs to be solved somehow. Also only enlightenment.<…>
V.N. Shaposhnikov
<…>I will touch on some language issues. First of all, it's coming foreign words, which are now a large volume, but this is the most obvious and uncomplicated problem. Theoretically, it was resolved long ago and unshakably resolved, I will not repeat it here. For example, fax machine- a necessary and inalienable word, absolutely inalienable. But current ones, for example, minimize, minimize, show their superficiality or even slovenliness in comparison with the more accurate and responsible native words of this conceptual nest, such as: reduce, curtail, stop and others. And it is no coincidence that the word minimize took root in official life, becoming a kind of euphemism, including in the banking sector. Minimizing risks... Translated into Russian, it means “stop cheating, stop cheating”. Even words like developer or remake, you can find a full match in Russian, and these found words would make the situation clearer. And a number of foreign words become euphemisms, some foreign borrowings is built into a series of language redundancies.<…>
A.N. Varlamov, writer, Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov:
<…>You can talk endlessly about what a great, wonderful Russian language how we love him, how we fight, protect. But what's the point of these conversations? Sense, in my opinion, should be in the adoption of some specific solutions. And, I repeat, it is necessary to save not only the Russian language, it is necessary to save literature, including writings in schools, first of all, because this is a concrete subject matter that concerns us all.<…>As a result of the fact that literature has ceased to be a compulsory subject, for the first time, I don’t know, in the 200 years of Russia’s existence, we will receive a generation of children who will pass Pushkin, Lermontov, Dostoevsky and so on, and this is not only a matter of their general cultural level .<…>
I'll start with education. It seems to me that it is impossible to study the Russian language, it is impossible to save the Russian language in isolation from other, let's say, humanitarian spheres. No wonder we have teachers of the Russian language and literature. This is absolutely fair! The Russian language, in my opinion, exists in literature. I mean, first of all, classical literature, and not modern (with all my respect for it). And therefore, talking about the Russian language in the field of education at school means talking about literature and vice versa. We have had a tragic, it seems to me, separation of these things in connection with the introduction of the Unified State Examination, which Sergei Mikhailovich already spoke about today. The fact that literature has ceased to be an educational subject in our country, the fact that we have lost the essay as a form of reporting for schoolchildren, in my opinion, may not be a national catastrophe (loudly speaking), but this is a very serious thing, because it leads to a direct dehumanization of society. Here's the problem! And therefore, the opponents with whom I would like to talk would be, in my opinion, exactly those people who thought of this thing.<…>
<…>Tragic, sad speeches are heard that we no longer have a people, that we already have a population, that everything is lost. I beg to disagree with this. In recent years, I have been traveling quite a lot in Russia, I have been to the North, and to the West, and to Far East. I meet with different audiences: with schoolchildren, and with students, and with soldiers, and even with prisoners, it happens (this, of course, is a separate story), but nevertheless I want to say that when you see faces, when you hear questions, when you see the eyes - this is a people, this is a very good people, but this people requires a different attitude towards itself. Thank you.
M.V. Gorbanevsky, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Deputy Chairman of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, Chairman of the Guild of Expert Linguists:
<…>Need sovereign's eye, which will supervise, monitor, in a slang term, specialists, monitor violations of the law in the field related to the language. And this is not only the Law of the Russian Federation “On the Languages of the Peoples of the Russian Federation”, this is not only the Federal Law of 2005 on Russian as the state language, there are provisions of the Federal Law “On Advertising”, which also relate to the use of the language, and much more.
How else can good, effective laws be violated?
My colleagues and I wrote the 1997 law on street names. Article 9 of this law is written in black and white: a memorial street name can be assigned only in exceptional cases as a token of a person's merits and only 10 years after the death of this person. Together with Deputy Prime Minister of the Government of Moscow Petrov, I presented the draft of this law at a meeting of the Moscow City Duma, it was adopted unanimously. What then happened? They killed Mr. Kadyrov Sr., and in violation of this law, the name of the street was given "Kadyrov street" in South Butovo, which caused mixed reactions in society.
What happened a year ago, dear colleagues? A year ago, something extraordinary happened. Victory Avenue in the capital of one of our republics, named in honor of the Victory over fascism, was renamed in honor of Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin. This is Victory Avenue in Grozny. I think this is something out of the ordinary. But this is also applied linguistics. What does this indicate? About a lot. And, by the way, Vladimir Vladimirovich, if he wanted to, could pull Kadyrov Jr., and Pobedy Avenue would return to the map of the city of Grozny.
Therefore, I am entirely for the optimization of this law. I am all in favor of the philological community (there are very experienced linguists here who have experience working as legal drafting consultants) to take part in this. I am for the fact that after all the pies are baked by piemen, and the boots are sharpened by shoemakers.<…>
A.N. Kachalkin, Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov:
Council for State Culture, Policy for the Preservation and Development of Language Culture… It is very good that the legal aspect is being considered. I am entirely for the approval by high authorities of the proposals that will come from professionals. Until now, the rules of Russian spelling and punctuation, prepared over four years in the 50s, are actually functioning, although there are a lot of discussions about the truth of these rules. Perhaps, at a certain stage, a revision of the rules is also needed, but with the preservation of the variance that will contribute to the development of the language.
Indeed, own the norm, but do not be its slave, rationally look for new suitable means for expressing this or that concept. It is this creativity that will be evaluated, especially if arguments are given in favor of precisely such forms, precisely such words, their use in precisely such a meaning. And here I am reminded of the words spoken two years before my death by the supervisor of my thesis, Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov. It was a great pleasure to work under his leadership. At that time (it was the turn of the 1950s and 1960s), he said: you know, we lack a “synthetic dictionary”. Now such a synthetic dictionary could be called a "universally erudite dictionary of the Russian language."
G.A. Bogatova, Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences named after V.V. Vinogradov:
<…>It is necessary not only to talk about the spoken language, about the spoken element, it is necessary to fill the school with dictionaries so that the habit of using the dictionary begins right from the first grades of school.
But we must also remember something else, remember our historical experience. It was during the period of Catherine, when the state was being built by Catherine, that they began to make the first national dictionary, the Dictionary of the Russian Academy ...<…>
The dictionary was created by the elite of that time, even starting directly from the confessor of Catherine. Ekaterina herself created, and Dashkova wrote dictionary entries, and Derzhavin wrote dictionary entries. And Derzhavin at that time was not only a poet, but also a very busy statesman, he was the governor of Tambov and the Minister of Justice.
Therefore, I urge that we do not lower the bar.<…>
Viktor Vladimirovich Vinogradov, creating a plan for the development of vocabulary in the 50s, laid the foundation for fundamental lexicography, that is, it is also a dictionary of Russian folk dialects, the 37th edition of which is now out. Means, the words of the departed, we have not lost the village lost to us, they are there. It is also a dictionary of the Russian language of the XI-XVII centuries and other dictionaries. We must also think about the fact that the Russian language is one of the Slavic languages. Therefore, both the etymological dictionary of the Russian language and the etymological dictionary of all Slavic languages are also our culture ... These three dictionaries are not finished, and this is a tragedy for the near future, which is why I am talking about this. We need to finish them ... and it's time already to the people who develops his language, to have them in electronic form.
V.A. Nedziwiecki, Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov:
<…>An example from a two-page dictation conducted recently for first-year students at the Faculty of Journalism of Moscow State University. It contains a recent applicant with 100 points in Russian, received at the final exam in USE system, made 23 mistakes. The first-year student with 58 exam points made 41 mistakes. Another first-year student, who managed to get into the faculty, having only 22 points in Russian, made 47 mistakes in the dictation. And these are future journalists, that is, people for whom their native language is the means and essence of their future specialty.
Finally, another example, this time from a written speech by a government official, in this case a military commissar. On a subpoena received by one of the young men to be mobilized, this young man read the following explanation of the duties of a citizen subject to military service: “In accordance with the Federal Law on ... (and so on) ... citizens, not and who are in the reserve are obliged to appear on the agenda to clarify the information of military registration or mandrels in military unit for passing military service(direction to alternative civilian service)”, two words together, and so on. Here it is, the whole memo. It has 10 biggest mistakes.<…>It remains to add that this memo, mocking the Russian language, was printed in a typographical way and, of course, was replicated in tens of thousands of copies.<…>
In Russia, where literature has always been more than literature, because it was both sociology and ontology of Russian, Russian morality and morality, Russian philosophy and eschatology, the best way to say about the creative possibilities of a young person is an essay on Russian literature. It should be made mandatory for all graduates, both for the ninth and eleventh grades.
A.S. Melkov, Institute of the Russian Language. A.S. Pushkin, member of the Union of Writers of the Russian Federation:
<…>It is necessary not only to prohibit the use of non-assimilated foreign borrowings that phonetically, orthographically or syntactically distort the Russian language, incorrect variants of words in the media, advertising, office work, but also to introduce legal liability for violations of the provisions of the law on the state language. It is necessary to introduce restrictions into the law on the unreasonable use of foreign words in public, official speech, mainly substitute words and words that distort the appearance of the Russian literary language, the so-called incorrect Russian words, that is, jargon, swearing, network slang, distortion of stress, and so on. To protect the Russian language, it is necessary to create a special body under the Government of the Russian Federation, which should include scientists, philologists, university professors, as well as persons with generally recognized authority in the field of Russian philology: writers, poets and critics.<…>
R.N. Kleimenova, museum director. IN AND. Dalia, Scientific Secretary of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature:
<…>Dictionaries are a necessary component of the educational process, self-education of schoolchildren, students, specialists in various fields of knowledge. Therefore, it is necessary to publish dictionaries in mass circulation, to ensure that libraries at all levels are supplied with dictionaries, and with the help of the state, to put up a barrier to the publication of fake dictionaries, which I encounter. Now there are a lot of "Dal's dictionaries", Dal is everywhere, but to call them Dahl's dictionaries simply does not turn the tongue.<…>
The Russian language is the state language in the Russian Federation, a means of interethnic communication between the peoples of Russia and the CIS, one of the six official and working languages of the UN and other international organizations. Of the 3,000 currently active languages, Russian is included in the group of the twelve most common world languages, which have an audience of over 100 million people.
next meeting women's club"Business Glory of Russia", which was created on the initiative of the intersectoral almanac "Business Glory of Russia", the Senate Club of the Federation Council and the Council for the Preservation of the Natural Heritage of the Nation, is dedicated to the problems of preserving and developing the Russian language. The meeting is chaired by the head of the Women's Club "Business Glory of Russia" Zotova Tatyana Vladimirovna, member of the Presidium of the Council for the Preservation of the Natural Heritage of the Nation, head of development programs for the Senator Club of the Federation Council, vice-president of the interregional public organization "Natural Heritage of the Nation", assistant to the chairman of the Federation Council Committee on Education and science.
Loss of language - the destruction of civilization and culture, the disappearance of peoples and states
Tatyana Vladimirovna Zotova,
Head of the Women's Club "Business Glory of Russia"
The Russian literary language is the direct successor of the Old Church Slavonic language, created by the Slavic first teachers Cyril and Methodius. He is rich and great, capacious and precise at the same time... Everything in a person should be beautiful, as the classics said long ago. Autoplasma will help transform the appearance, and excellent possession mother tongue make attractive inner world every Russian.
The great Russian educator Ushinsky wrote: “Language is the liveliest, most abundant and strong bond that connects the obsolete, living and future generations of the people into one great, historical living whole. He not only expresses the vitality of the people, but is precisely this very life. When the national language disappears, the people are no more! If there is a language, then there is a people, and if it does not exist, then there is no people. This is common truth which requires neither confirmation nor refutation.
Let's look at the experience of world history. Turning its pages, we can say that the destruction of civilization and culture, the disappearance of peoples and states from the face of the Earth always began with the loss of language, with the rejection of linguistic independence, with surrender to linguistic expansion. With the loss of the language, the people as a person cease to be aware of their originality, their culture, their identity.
As for the Russian language, with the established cultural and historical traditions, it is the main means of interethnic communication between the peoples of Russia. Our country has never displaced and is not displacing other languages, does not assimilate them, but carries out the functioning and implementation of its own public functions in parallel with them.
The problem of preserving the Russian language and raising its culture should now become one of the priorities for both legislative and executive bodies authorities. In confirmation of this, as historical example You can bring Japan. Having suffered a crushing defeat in 1945, the revival of their country, the Japanese began with the creation of a theory and a program to increase the culture of the language as decisive factor national and cultural progress.
The Russian language is the most important factor in ensuring state interests and state security. This is the language of life of almost thirty million Russian compatriots in the near abroad, which is the strongest integrating factor in the post-Soviet space.
The problem of the functioning of the Russian language is inextricably linked with the support of Russian culture and education in Russian. In fact, language, culture and education constitute a triune organism, the health or disease of any of its components determines the state of others.
On the preservation of the Russian language in the CIS
Nadezhda Vasilievna Gerasimova,
Deputy Chairman of the State Duma.
Concern for the preservation and prosperity of the Russian language is an important and urgent task of the national Russian state, embodying the people's interests and caring for the people's welfare.
The Russian language is one of the components that can unite all Russians, regardless of their nationality and religion. It is gratifying that now, within the framework of the linguistic union of the CIS countries, the Russian language is official language interethnic communication, a means of intellectual communication, contributing to the development and enrichment of the peoples inhabiting the CIS countries. The preservation of human ties and spiritual community in the post-Soviet space is the most important political task, one of the main directions for solving which is the preservation of the linguistic space. Therefore, the spread and preservation of the Russian language in the CIS is key mission and the strategic task of Russia.
At present, there is a problem of ousting the Russian language from the socio-political and cultural life of a number of CIS member states, which requires measures to restore and strengthen the Russian cultural and linguistic space in the Commonwealth countries.
Effective and constructive work is needed to preserve the positions of the Russian language in the states of the post-Soviet space, which will allow raising new generations of people who know the Russian language and are oriented towards Russia. We should also not forget that the Russian language is our national treasure, and we must treat it like a national wealth, preserving and increasing it.
Language as a worldview
Galina Semenovna Buslova,
Advisor to the Chairman of the Federation Council.
The Russian language is one of the most important forces that unites our multinational people. Language is the main means of communication within the people, sets a common set of concepts that people live and think with. It's a kind of worldview.
“In days of doubt, in days of painful reflections on the fate of my homeland, you are my only support and support, O great, powerful, truthful and free Russian language! Without you, how not to fall into despair at the sight of everything that happens at home? - once exclaimed the writer Ivan Turgenev.
The study of the Russian language and knowledge of it is one of the most effective ways cultural education of a person and his familiarization with enduring humanistic values, which is especially important in the difficult conditions of modern social life. It is recognized throughout the civilized world that Russian literature and Russian culture in the broadest sense of these words occupy one of the leading places in such education.
The Russian language today is a necessary and extremely important tool consolidation of society and ensuring the state integrity of Russia, uniting an element of the political, economic and cultural spheres of life in our country.
The greatest value of a people is its language, in which it speaks, writes, and thinks. All conscious life a person passes through his native language. Therefore, the best way to know a person - his mental development, moral character, character - is to listen to what and how he says. Human language is important indicator general culture of the individual. But today, in the homeland of Tolstoy and Dostoevsky, a situation has developed in which we have to struggle daily and hourly for the survival of our great language.
Currently, there is a feverish alteration of the Russian language. Foreign analogues of Russian words are selected, and then people are taught to use them through radio, television and the press. There is an aestheticization of thieves' folklore and propaganda of criminal jargon. Curse words, polluting the Russian language, fall upon us from the pages of books, newspapers and magazines, television and movie screens, theatrical stages. Not only the vocabulary of the everyday Russian language is subjected to ugliness, but also the structure of the phrase, rhythm, and intonation.
The protection of Russian culture and the Russian language should become a national task. Russian language as a way of Russian existence national thinking and Russian culture needs protection and its correct use. And the Russian language as a symbolic system for transmitting information requires further improvement at a new stage in the development of civilization.
The modern period is characterized by a widespread increase in interest in the Russian language, an increase in the number of people who want to learn Russian. The study of the Russian language is carried out in Russian cultural and language centers, training in Russian-language programs is expanding in national universities, the number of applications for education in Russian universities is growing, the study of the Russian language in national schools. The positive changes taking place in the position of the Russian language in the world are closely interconnected with the increased overall political activity of Russia and with specific activities carried out by the Russian side. This is the aim of the federal target program"Russian language (2006-2010)", events of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, activities of Rossotrudnichestvo, Russian embassies, numerous centers of Russian culture and the Russian language. In order to support the Russian language as state language of the Russian Federation and the national language of the Russian people, in order to expand the use of the Russian language in interethnic and international communication, improve the culture of Russian language proficiency at the initiative of the Chairman of the Federation Council Committee on Education and Science Kh. D. Chechenov and a member of the Presidium of the Council for the Preservation of the Nation's Natural Heritage, The head of the Women's Club "Business Glory of Russia" T. V. Zotova, an Expert Council was created under the Federation Council Committee on Education and Science to support, preserve and develop the Russian language in the Russian Federation and abroad. Members of this Expert Council will be invited to participate in various meetings of the Women's Club "Business Glory of Russia" on this issue.
