FEATURES OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
World practice demonstrates a great many examples of the construction of recreational facilities. The nomenclature of types of recreational objects (buildings, structures and their complexes) is diverse and diverse. This diversity is due to the richness of combinations of various forms of recreation and the structure of the contingent of tourists.
Types of recreational facilities are usually classified on the basis of the introduction of a number of distinctive features, such as stationarity, seasonality of operation, functional specificity, size. These signs are named by many authors and are the basis of the classifications presented in the special and normative literature.
One of the signs of the difference between recreation facilities is stationarity. Stationary structures- these are non-movable objects, all capital buildings belong to them, they are designed for continuous operation until the moment of full depreciation. Non-stationary structures- these are those that can be moved to another place, they include all transportable facilities for lodging and servicing vacationers: tents, trailers, collapsible houses, etc. Non-stationary recreational facilities are divided into stable(tents, houses, etc.) and mobile(caravans, tourist boat, etc.).
Another division criterion is seasonality of operation, in connection with which institutions of year-round and seasonal (say, only summer or, conversely, only winter) operation are distinguished. Year-round and seasonal can be both stationary and non-stationary objects.
Stationary and non-stationary recreational buildings and devices in their various combinations, together with related structures and engineering infrastructure, form recreational complexes (centers), where the bulk of vacationers are concentrated. Complexes, as well as individual buildings and structures, can have one or another functional specialization. According to the functional profile, polyfunctional recreational complexes should be distinguished, in which the functions of resort treatment and recreation, or recreation and tourism, or recreation for adults and children, etc., and specialized ones, where specialization dominates (for example, tourist complexes, children's recreation centers, sports and recreation complexes, spa treatment centers).
The next criterion for the division of recreational institutions is their magnitude, otherwise power (capacity), which is expressed by the number of overnight stays or the number of vacationers at the peak of the load, that is, on the day of the season of maximum load. The size of the recreational complex in the most noticeable way affects both the very construction of its structure, the service system, the organization of transport communications, and the nature and extent of the transformation of the natural environment.
There are various recommendations on the optimal size of recreational complexes. So, for coastal areas with vast expanses of water areas and large beaches, the capacity of recreational complexes is taken in the range from 2 to 10 thousand seats. Recreational centers formed on the basis of lakes and rivers, where recreational resources are lower, usually have a smaller capacity and are divided into small - up to 0.5 thousand places, medium - 0.5-2.5 thousand places, large - more 2.5 thousand places. For the northern regions, the following capacity of recreational centers is recommended: for centers year-round use- 2-15 thousand people, for seasonal (winter or summer) use centers - 1-7 thousand people, for specialized centers - 0.5-2 thousand people.
Important for determining the optimal size of the recreational complex are environmental and psycho-emotional factors recreation. The formation of recreational complexes, taking into account these factors, today should be considered as a priority direction in defiance of the established "economically profitable" approach, which in practice turns into exorbitant exploitation of recreational resources due to reckless entrepreneurial intentions. The recommendations published in the special press on the size of recreational centers, taking into account these factors, are contradictory and require clarification and additional research.
World experience in recreational construction demonstrates examples of the construction of both super-large, with a very high capacity, recreational complexes, as well as small, almost miniature ones. For example, the capacity of large complexes consisting of boarding houses and hotels on the seaside of Antalya is comparable in terms of the number of vacationers to the population of a small town, and the capacity of a small conurbation of villas is limited to a few families. In view of this, it is permissible to classify recreational complexes according to the number of vacationers into mini-complexes with a capacity of up to 500 people, complexes with a capacity of 500-2000 people, macro-complexes with a capacity of 2000-5000 people. and mega-complexes with a capacity of over 5000 people. The term "recreational center", which can often be found in the literature as a synonym for the word "complex", rather refers to macro- and mega-complexes. This term is most often used by authors to characterize large urban developments, such as polyfunctional complexes, specialized tourist villages, or even cities.
One of the leading trends in the world, including domestic, construction practice in recent times there has been a tendency to reduce the popularity of large recreational complexes in favor of small ones, in particular, such as medium-sized boarding houses and rest houses, tourist bases and shelters, camping villages. This indicates the preference for the formation of small recreational complexes in the network of recreational institutions, subordinated in scale to the natural environment, opposed in their architectural design to powerful recreation centers with a high degree urbanization.
Recreational complexes are not only buildings, structures, other artificial and technical objects, but also the territory itself with all the features of its natural landscape. At the same time, it is the qualities of the landscape that determine the recreational opportunities (potential) of the territory and are the motivating reason for the intention to build any recreational device.
Here the second key problem is indicated - the problem of choosing a place for placing a recreational facility. Specialists attach exceptional importance to the location of recreation facilities, especially if we are talking on the placement of elite recreational complexes.
Recently, the problem of assessing territories for recreational use has been actively studied by architects, geographers, psychologists, specialists in the field of tourism and tourism business, and it is widely discussed in special press. There are several approaches to evaluation, the common thing for them is that they are all focused on detailed study certain factors (resources and conditions) recreational activities. As a rule, relief, climate, reservoirs and streams, vegetation (woody vegetation separately), transport accessibility, availability of recreational infrastructure (buildings, complexes, engineering systems) are subject to assessment.
Thus, when analyzing the natural conditions of the USSR for stationary recreation, the following were assessed: climate, forest vegetation, water bodies, relief, conditions for cognitive recreation. Some researchers additionally include the traditions of recreational use of the territory, the way of life of the population, and for areas with snowy winter and for mountainous areas also the height of the snow cover (at the time of maximum snow accumulation), the height above sea level, the degree of avalanche danger.
The complexity of assessing the territory for recreation purposes lies in the fact that different types of recreational activities require different resources and conditions. So, for winter recreation great importance has a height of snow cover, for a resort and medical area, the availability of balneological and medical resources, etc., is paramount. In some cases, preference is given to a flat relief (placement of gardens and summer cottages), in others - mountainous (skiing, mountaineering, etc.). The main types of recreational activities include: recreational and health-improving (walking, beach-bathing recreation, non-categorical hiking trips, etc.), sports and recreational (all types of amateur sports), recreational and educational (excursions "in nature" and cultural and historical places) and recreational and commercial (hunting, fishing, picking berries, mushrooms, herbariums, etc.). Even within the same group of recreational activities, sometimes mutually exclusive natural and climatic conditions are necessary. In other words, each type of recreational activity requires a special grouping of assessed factors and a special reading of their significance. At the same time, attention should be paid not only to "positive", but also to "negative" factors that can limit or even exclude the use of the territory in recreational purposes. So, swampiness reduces the attractiveness of the area, since it creates additional difficulties in organizing routes, besides, swamps are the nuclei of the settlement of blood-sucking insects, which makes rest in wetlands uncomfortable and unpleasant.
The methodology for the recreational assessment of the territory should include an interconnected study of the main aspects of the territorial organization of recreation and provide for a comprehensive analysis of these aspects, and methodologically be based on a systematic methodology. Positive opportunities for solving the problem of recreational assessment of the territory and choosing a place for locating recreational complexes are provided by the apparatus of multivariate statistics, in particular, methods factor analysis.
Factor analysis methods in their most general form are matrix transformations and calculus. The initial stage is the choice of study units and feature extraction. All information collected during the analysis is presented in the form of a data table, in which rows correspond to a set of territorial units, and columns correspond to a set of features that describe them. ecological state, recreational, national economic significance, etc. This form allows a scoring of the territory for the whole range of aspects.
Conducting a comprehensive assessment using factor analysis methods involves the step-by-step implementation of the following procedures (assessment stages):
1 step- allocation and grouping of factors (attributes) on which the assessment is carried out;
2 step- determination of the intensity and level of the factor (feature);
3 step- development of evaluation criteria and evaluation scales;
4 step- scoring for each single factor;
5 step- conducting a comprehensive scoring for the entire group of factors;
6 step- ranking and categorization of units of the territory with the establishment of their priority.
The first question to be answered before conducting an assessment is what should be chosen as the territorial unit of consideration?
In the existing methods, the landscape and its fragments are subject to recreational assessment. In geography, a landscape is understood as a natural geographical complex in which all the main components: relief, climate, water, soil, vegetation and animal world are in complex interaction and interdependence, forming a single inseparable system. Taking "landscape" as the object of study, it is important to make one clarification. The geographical interpretation of the landscape is constantly trying to "grasp", but still does not "grasp" one subtle, but extremely important matter, these are the aesthetic (sensually perceived) qualities of the landscape. These qualities, captured by the ordinary meanings of the word "landscape", seem to remain on the sidelines (besides the geographical interpretation of the word "landscape" there are two others: 1) the general appearance of the area; 2) a picture depicting nature, the same as a landscape).
For an architect dealing with the secrets of the spatial organization of natural-artificial objects of a particular territory, who studies its compositional properties, including aesthetic ones, it seems more familiar and more productive to place the concept of "place" in the center of attention. The word "place" in Russian has universal meaning, it can denote a very small area (a corner of a room, a chair, a mat - "my place"), and very large area(locality). Unlike the concept of "landscape", which is focused on physical (naturalistic) aspects, the concept of "place" contains both physical-geographical and cultural-historical meaning (it is adequate to describe historical place, say, Kulikovo field, Poklonnaya Hill and the Pazyryk tract is impossible only in geographical terms), and phenomenal manifestations ("the spirit of the place"). Thus, the object of study is the landscape, in its broadest sense, or otherwise - the place, its physical-geographical, cultural-historical, phenomenological characteristics.
Any place, from the point of view of rest, recreation, can attract and beckon to itself, or, conversely, repel. Let's call these terrain properties attractive(attractive) and repellent(repulsive) properties.
The development and placement of the recreational economy is subordinated to the task of creating conditions for high-quality treatment and recreation for people. Development of recreational economy in broad sense can be divided into direct and indirect. It is customary to refer to the direct development of recreation as the creation of basic institutions and facilities designed to serve recreants: a sanatorium, boarding houses, camp sites, recreation camps, water and mud clinics, etc. The indirect sectors include recreational social infrastructure sectors used partially or periodically by returnees: transport and communications, a network of restaurants, shops, utilities, household and cultural institutions.
"Another well-known cardiological sanatorium in the Chui Valley named after the twentieth anniversary of Kyrgyzstan. It is located 26 km south of Bishkek, 5 km from the village of Vorontsovka, Alamedin district, in the foothill zone of the Kyrgyz Range at an altitude of 1600 m above sea level.
The territory of the sanatorium occupies 21 hectares and is a green area with many trees, shrubs and flower beds. It operates around the clock at a specialized department, where patients who have had a myocardial infarction are sent for early rehabilitation. long-term plan development, it is planned to expand it to 500 beds.
It has a mild climate, a high intensity of solar radiation with a significant content ultraviolet rays, increased air ionization. chief healing factor resort is a mountain climate, which stimulates the activity of natural systems for the transport of oxygen in the body, has a beneficial effect on metabolic processes. The sanatorium has a good medical and diagnostic base: rooms equipped with modern equipment, clinical and biochemical laboratories, a physiotherapy department, a phototherapy department, an inhalation room, massage and other rooms, a hydropathic clinic, and a heat treatment room. Peat-silt mud of the Kamyshanovskoye deposit is also used, classes are held physical therapy, routes have been developed for recreational walking, tourism is widely used in the picturesque surroundings of the sanatorium. There are special departments for the treatment of patients who have had a myocardial infarction, intensive care, equipped with the necessary equipment to provide emergency care to the patient in case of a sudden deterioration in health. Bishkek, the capital of the republic, is of great interest from the point of view of the development of recreational structures.
Among the medical and health-improving institutions of the recreational complex of the Chui Valley, the Issyk-Ata resort should be highlighted. According to its healing factor, it is a mixed climate and balneological. The resort is located at an altitude of 1775m above sea level, on the northern slope of the Kyrgyz Range, in a narrow gorge formed by the mountain river Issyk-Ata. It is located 78 km from Bishkek and 50 km from railway station Kant.
The Issyk-Ata mineral springs, due to their healing properties, have been known to the local population since ancient times. The discovery of these sources, archaeologists attribute, approximately to the II-III centuries. ad. Patients from different countries - Central Asia, Afghanistan, China, India were treated at hot springs. Since the end of the last century, when reports about them appeared in the works of famous Russian researchers of Central Asia, Europeans began to run into Issyk-Ata. Medicinal properties mineral waters are gaining more and more popularity in 1891. The Red Cross Office built the first building for the sick and several bathing cabins here. By 1918, two dormitories for patients were built at the resort, visits to 12 baths, the number of bathing cabins increased to 23. In 1931, the Issyk-Ata resort was officially opened by the resort administration of Kyrgyzstan. At first, the resort functioned only in the summer, but in 1957 it began to operate all year round. The resort also uses climate therapy. Despite the significant height above sea level (1775), winter in the area of the Yssy-Ata resort is 2.5-3 ° warmer than on the eastern coast of Issyk-Kul. If we compare it with the cities of Pyatigorsk, Sochi, Yalta, then in terms of climatic conditions, landscaping, and resort resources, it is not inferior to these well-known resort cities. In the city there are 6 parks of culture and recreation (Oak, Karagachovaya grove, named after Panfilov, Fuchik, Druzhba, Togolok Moldo), 8 forest parks, 35 squares, 11 city gardens, 2 boulevards. From the south, the city is surrounded by a botanical garden, an exhibition of achievements, from the north by the Lower Ala-Archa reservoir, the city is surrounded by a ring of suburban and suburban areas. The city of Bishkek is actually a continuous park with its own microclimate.
To improve the microclimate of the city in the southern, northern and western parts 9 artificial reservoirs were created (Alamedinskoe, Lower Ala-Archinskoe, etc.). The Ala-Archa River flows through the city, Alamedin, BChK, Bishkek is one of the most interesting cities in Central Asia, in relation to
The Leningrad region can potentially become a strong competitor to Karelia, Estonia and Finland in the field of recreational tourism. Beautiful nature, proximity to the metropolis, as well as climatic features make it possible to develop both summer and winter recreation in the region. But in reality, these opportunities remain not fully realized. In the Leningrad region, only the first examples of the integrated development of attractive territories for vacationers appear. The Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Krasnoye Ozero ski resort tells Expert S-Z about the reasons for the slow development and business prospects Alexander Gordin.
local factor
– A year ago, you opened a clinic for restorative medicine at your resort. Why was it decided to include a non-core facility in the complex?
- The ski resort as a business has its pros and cons. The disadvantages include pronounced seasonality. Winter is the best time for us. We have good tracks, the only ski acrobatics stadium in the region, and an artificial snowmaking system. The quality of the facility is evidenced by the fact that the resort hosts all-Russian and international competitions.
In summer, everything is also not bad - the average occupancy of the room stock exceeds 75%. "Red Lake" is used as a recreation center. In addition to the cottages, there are tennis courts, mini-golf and paintball courts, boat rental, and a SPA center. Tourists have a lot to do. But in spring and autumn there are problems with occupancy. It is especially difficult in October-November: if there is no snow, it is just a dead season. Difficulties arise with personnel: there is no work, but wages must be paid. Therefore, the opening of the clinic is the answer to the problem of attracting clients all-season.
On the other hand, I wanted to make fuller use of my unique competitive advantage - this lake. There are no more. Red Lake - a natural monument regional significance, its purest water is unique in its chemical composition and has medicinal properties. We spent comprehensive research water: it looks cloudy, opaque, but there are no pathogenic bacteria. It is rich in manganese and iron ions, in addition, it contains copper and silver ions. Thanks to the first, the water has a red color, hence the name of the lake - Red. Such mineralized water has a beneficial effect on the human body.
To use this gift of nature, it was decided to build a clinic. We hope that the proposal will be in demand: people will come for a week or two, undergo a complex of wellness procedures, walk in the forest, play sports. Health issues in a steadily aging society, with our stressful life in metropolitan areas, are becoming increasingly important every year.
– How did you choose which clinic to create?
“The choice was easy enough. From the point of view of medical methods, we settled on endoecological rehabilitation according to Professor Levin (ERL). By the way, I myself am a fan of ERL. There are many methods that solve particular problems well: cleansing the blood, liver, intestines. But they are for individual systems organism - the effectiveness of such an impact is low. Meanwhile, the main impurities accumulate in the space surrounding the cells. ERL allows you to prepare all organs for deep cleansing at the intercellular level, and then carry out deep cleansing through channels freed from toxins. The ERL method is recognized in modern medicine, awarded State Prize RF and international awards.
The prototype of the business model was the Karelian sanatorium "Kivach", which also specializes in ERL. They, unlike us, do not have a single local factor: they bring leeches from St. Petersburg, algae from abroad, nutritional supplements from Moscow. There are only people and their skill. Our specialists were trained by Yury Markovich Levin himself and his staff. Our doctors have many years of experience in the Kivach clinic, so we make the most of the Karelian experience.
– What are your competitive advantages? Why should they go to you, and not to the neighboring "Kivach"?
- First, the location. We are located near St. Petersburg, which itself is the second sales market in the country. In addition, it is more convenient to get to us from other regions. Secondly, pricing strategy. "Kivach" has chosen for itself the highest price category, focused on the VIP segment. Patients go to them mainly from Moscow. We decided to enter a different price niche: the cost of treatment is about one and a half times lower than in Kivach. Our basic weekly cleansing program costs about 40 thousand rubles - this immediately expands the potential audience. We hope to win some of the customers from Kivach by the price factor. There are already such examples.
– Is the payback of the project already clear?
- Not quite yet. We are working less than a year, loading did not reach planned indicators. But it's growing. Let's work for a couple of years and see if it makes sense to develop in this direction. If everything goes well, we will build a multi-storey sanatorium on the top of the mountain. The view from there will be just fantastic.
Slopes for intermediates
- Are you going to develop a ski resort?
- Undoubtedly. Sports are fashionable, the demand for ski resorts is growing so fast that we are starting to lag behind. We have ten tracks today of varying complexity, but not all possible varieties are represented. There are slopes wide, gentle and long - for beginners. There are short and steep, so-called "black slopes", for the pros. But we also need medium slopes - for those who have already learned to ride, but are not ready for the most extreme descents. Another problem is that there are not enough cottages and hotels. About 150 guests can be accommodated at the same time. There are not enough places during the season. A man rides, after that he does not want to go to the city, but there are not always places. There is enough space for development: we have more than 100 hectares of land on long-term lease, almost 80% of which has not yet been developed.
What exactly are you going to build?
- Together with the company "Astera" developed a concept for the successful development of the resort. We came to the conclusion that it is necessary to build new routes. No matter what they say, but if a person knows how to ride decently, then he is bored going down the same slope over and over again, he wants variety. If we can offer it, then we will win over our competitors. People will not only visit us more often, but also stay longer. According to the concept, the total number of slopes in the resort can be increased to 25, and the total length of slopes - up to 15 km. Accordingly, at the same time it is necessary to build about 200 cottages, cafes, restaurants. In the longer term, it is necessary to plan the construction of a sports and recreation complex with a swimming pool, a cinema hall, a conference hall. Perhaps it makes sense to think about creating a water park.
But this requires large-scale investments - at least 2 billion rubles for the first stage of implementation. There is a question of an investment resource. Of course, we will build something ourselves, but we will not pull the entire volume. Therefore, it was decided to attract a partner, preferably a large one. We will not find it - we will look for small or medium-sized investors to whom we are ready to lease land.
- What will it give?
– You have to understand that a modern recreational business can only develop in an integrated manner in order to be able to offer customers various possibilities for relax. The more choice, the more attractive the place for vacationers. We are trying to introduce additional services, but Russian Courchevel cannot be built by an investor alone.
If we develop the territory, then in the future there will be a merger of the Red Lake ski pass system with the nearby resorts Zolotaya Dolina and Snezhny. The largest ski area in the North-West of Russia is formed - up to 50 tracks with a total length of 25 km. It will be a huge ski cluster near St. Petersburg. I think it will be attractive to residents of various regions due to the opportunity to combine active recreation with visiting the sights of St. Petersburg and Vyborg.
The development of the resort will make it possible to redirect part of the tourist flow to Finland, especially if a water park appears. Every year, our tourists spend up to 1 billion euros in the neighboring country. Huge potential. But it is not easy to pull these flows over: people go abroad not just to relax, but to breathe different air, disconnect from the flows of information and stress. We cannot provide this feeling. So, they must take others. For example, our trump card is accessibility: you can come to us on any weekend.
Invisible program
- Is there any support from the regional government? For example, what is the effect of the Tourism Development Program in the Leningrad Region for 2010-2015?
- The program, to be honest, was not even noticed. The government of the Leningrad region gathered us, in my memory, the only time. I spoke, made proposals, but I don’t see any changes yet. If we talk about what kind of support we expect from the authorities, then these are, first of all, roads. During the winter, they wear out a lot, and they are in no hurry to repair them. But the success of the recreational business directly depends on the availability of recreational facilities. I would also like assistance in resolving issues with the engineering infrastructure. When the resort was being created, we invested in "engineering", but the electricity capacity is almost exhausted. And connection in Russia, as you know, costs a lot. And the third is the cost of attracted resources. Here, one cannot do without the help of the state: it makes no sense to take loans at 14-15% for the construction of a resort. Not that business.
– What are the complexities of the recreational business that require intervention on federal level?
– Recreation is a tough business, especially in our country. One of the problems is the lack of legislative framework. For example, for recreational purposes, mainly forest lands are allocated, which are leased for 49 years with the right to repeatedly extend the contract for the next 49 years, that is, in fact, forever. But it is difficult to attract a bank loan against such an asset: there are problems with collateral. Of course, this is a solvable issue, but it takes time.
Or another example: the Forest Code of the Russian Federation prohibits the construction of capital structures on forest lands. Is the lift a temporary or permanent structure? You can’t take it and you can’t transfer it to another place. Moreover, each support is calculated and built according to specific place and load. And you can't build a house for 49 years without a foundation, on temporary posts. As a result, the investor incurs capital costs, but this is not legally recognized. Something needs to be changed.
St. Petersburg
6.3. Recreational facilities and systems: features of design and construction
World practice demonstrates a great many examples of the construction of recreational facilities. The nomenclature of types of recreational objects (buildings, structures and their complexes) is diverse and diverse. This diversity is due to the richness of combinations of various forms of recreation and the structure of the contingent of tourists.
Types of recreational facilities are usually classified on the basis of the introduction of a number of distinctive features, such as stationarity, seasonality of operation, functional specificity, size. These signs are named by many authors and are the basis of the classifications presented in the special and normative literature.
One of the signs of the difference between recreation facilities is stationarity. Stationarystructures- these are non-movable objects, all capital buildings belong to them, they are designed for continuous operation until full depreciation. Non-stationary structuresI- these are those that can be moved to another place, they include all transportable facilities for lodging and servicing vacationers: tents, trailers, collapsible houses, etc. Non-stationary recreational facilities are divided into stable(tents, houses, etc.) and mobile(caravans, tourist boat, etc.).
Another division criterion is seasonality of operation, in connection with which institutions of year-round and seasonal (say, only summer or, conversely, only winter) operation are distinguished. Year-round and seasonal can be both stationary and non-stationary objects.
Stationary and non-stationary recreational buildings and devices in their various combinations, together with related structures and engineering infrastructure, form recreational complexes (centers), where the bulk of vacationers are concentrated. Complexes, as well as individual buildings and structures, can have one or another functional specialization. According to the functional profile, polyfunctional recreational complexes should be distinguished, in which the functions of resort treatment and recreation, or recreation and tourism, or recreation for adults and children, etc., and specialized ones, where specialization dominates (for example, tourist complexes, children's recreation centers, sports and recreation complexes, spa treatment centers).
The next criterion for the division of recreational institutions is their magnitude, otherwise power (capacity), which is expressed by the number of overnight stays or the number of vacationers at the peak of the load, that is, on the day of the season of maximum load. The size of the recreational complex in the most noticeable way affects both the very construction of its structure, the service system, the organization of transport communications, and the nature and extent of the transformation of the natural environment.
There are various recommendations on the optimal size of recreational complexes. So, for coastal areas with vast expanses of water areas and large beaches, the capacity of recreational complexes is taken in the range from 2 to 10 thousand seats. Recreational centers formed on the basis of lakes and rivers, where recreational resources are lower, usually have a smaller capacity and are divided into small - up to 0.5 thousand places, medium - 0.5-2.5 thousand places, large - more 2.5 thousand places. For the northern regions, the following capacity of recreation centers is recommended: for year-round use centers - 2-15 thousand people, for seasonal (winter or summer) use centers - 1-7 thousand people, for specialized centers - 0.5-2 thousand pers.
Important for determining the optimal size of the recreational complex are environmental and psycho-emotional factors of recreation. The formation of recreational complexes, taking into account these factors, today should be considered as a priority direction in defiance of the established “economically profitable” approach, which in practice turns into exorbitant exploitation of recreational resources due to reckless entrepreneurial intentions. The recommendations published in the special press on the size of recreational centers, taking into account these factors, are contradictory and require clarification and additional research.
World experience in recreational construction demonstrates examples of the construction of both super-large, with a very high capacity, recreational complexes, as well as small, almost miniature ones. For example, the capacity of large complexes consisting of boarding houses and hotels on the seaside of Antalya is comparable in terms of the number of vacationers to the population of a small town, and the capacity of a small conurbation of villas is limited to a few families. In view of this, it is permissible to classify recreational complexes according to the number of vacationers into mini-complexes with a capacity of up to 500 people, complexes with a capacity of 500-2000 people, macro-complexes with a capacity of 2000-5000 people. and mega-complexes with a capacity of over 5000 people. The term “recreational center”, which can often be found in the literature as a synonym for the word “complex”, refers rather to macro- and mega-complexes. This term is most often used by authors to characterize large urban developments, such as polyfunctional complexes, specialized tourist villages, or even cities.
One of the leading trends in the world, including domestic, construction practice has recently become the tendency to reduce the popularity of large recreational complexes in favor of small ones, in particular, such as medium-sized boarding houses and rest houses, tourist bases and shelters, camping villages. This indicates the preference for the formation of small recreational complexes in the network of recreational institutions, subordinated in scale to the natural environment, opposed in their architectural design to powerful recreation centers with a high degree of urbanization.
Recreational complexes are not only buildings, structures, other artificial and technical objects, but also the territory itself with all the features of its natural landscape. At the same time, it is the qualities of the landscape that determine the recreational opportunities (potential) of the territory and are the motivating reason for the intention to build any recreational device.
Here the second key problem is indicated - the problem of choosing a place for placing a recreational facility. Specialists attach exceptional importance to the location of recreation facilities, especially when it comes to the placement of elite recreational complexes.
Recently, the problem of assessing territories for recreational use has been actively studied by architects, geographers, psychologists, specialists in the field of tourism and tourism business, and it is widely discussed in special press. There are several approaches to assessment, the common thing for them is that they all focus on a detailed study of certain factors (resources and conditions) of recreational activities. As a rule, relief, climate, reservoirs and streams, vegetation (woody vegetation separately), transport accessibility, availability of recreational infrastructure (buildings, complexes, engineering systems) are subject to assessment.
Thus, when analyzing the natural conditions of the USSR for stationary recreation, the following were assessed: climate, forest vegetation, water bodies, relief, conditions for cognitive recreation. The factors that are assessed when determining the recreational properties of the territory, some researchers additionally include the traditions of recreational use of the territory, the way of life of the population, and for areas with snowy winters and for mountainous territories, also the height of the snow cover (at the time of maximum snow accumulation), height above sea level, degree of avalanche danger.
The complexity of assessing the territory for recreation purposes lies in the fact that different types of recreational activities require different resources and conditions. So, for winter recreation, the height of the snow cover is of great importance, for the resort and medical recreation, the availability of balneological and medical resources, etc., is paramount. mountaineering, etc.). The main types of recreational activities include: recreational and health-improving (walking, beach-bathing recreation, non-categorical hiking trips, etc.), sports and health-improving (all types of amateur sports), recreational and educational (excursions “into nature” and cultural and historical places) and recreational and commercial (hunting, fishing, picking berries, mushrooms, herbariums, etc.). Even within the same group of recreational activities, sometimes mutually exclusive natural and climatic conditions are necessary. In other words, each type of recreational activity requires a special grouping of assessed factors and a special reading of their significance. At the same time, attention should be paid not only to “positive”, but also to “negative” factors that may limit or even exclude the use of the territory for recreational purposes. So, swampiness reduces the attractiveness of the area, since it creates additional difficulties in organizing routes, besides, swamps are the nuclei of the settlement of blood-sucking insects, which makes rest in wetlands uncomfortable and unpleasant.
The methodology for the recreational assessment of the territory should include an interconnected study of the main aspects of the territorial organization of recreation and provide for a comprehensive analysis of these aspects, and methodologically be based on a systematic methodology. Positive opportunities for solving the problem of recreational assessment of the territory and choosing a place for locating recreational complexes are provided by the apparatus of multivariate statistics, in particular, methods of factor analysis.
Methods of factor analysis in the most general form are matrix transformations and calculus. The initial stage is the choice of study units and feature extraction. All information collected during the analysis is presented in the form of a data table, in which the rows correspond to a set of territorial units, and the columns correspond to a set of features that describe their ecological state, recreational, national economic significance, etc. This form allows a scoring of the territory for the entire complex of aspects.
Conducting a comprehensive assessment using factor analysis methods involves the step-by-step implementation of the following procedures (assessment stages):
1 step- selection and grouping of factors (features) on which the assessment is carried out;
2 step- determination of the intensity and level of the factor (feature);
3 step– development of evaluation criteria and evaluation scales;
4 step- carrying out a scoring for each single factor;
5 step- conducting a comprehensive scoring for the entire group of factors;
6 step- ranking and categorization of units of the territory with the establishment of their priority.
The first question to be answered before conducting an assessment is what should be chosen as the territorial unit of consideration?
In the existing methods, the landscape and its fragments are subject to recreational assessment. In geography, a landscape is understood as a natural geographical complex in which all the main components: relief, climate, water, soil, flora and fauna are in complex interaction and interdependence, forming a single inseparable system. Taking the "landscape" as the object of study, it is important to make one clarification. The geographical interpretation of the landscape is constantly trying to "grab", but still does not "grasp" one subtle, but extremely important matter, these are the aesthetic (sensually perceived) qualities of the landscape. These qualities, captured by the ordinary meanings of the word "landscape", remain as if on the sidelines (besides the geographical interpretation of the word "landscape" there are two others: 1) the general appearance of the area; 2) a picture depicting nature, the same as a landscape).
For an architect dealing with the secrets of the spatial organization of natural-artificial objects of a particular territory, who studies its compositional properties, including aesthetic ones, it seems more familiar and more productive to place the concept of “place” in the center of attention. The word “place” in Russian has a universal meaning, it can mean a very small area (a corner of a room, a chair, a mat - “my place”), and a very large area (area). Unlike the concept of “landscape”, which is focused on physical (naturalistic) aspects, the concept of “place” contains both physical-geographical and cultural-historical meanings (it is adequate to describe a historical place, say, Kulikovo field, Poklonnaya Gora and Pazyryk impossible in geographical terms), and phenomenal manifestations (“the spirit of the place”). Thus, the object of study is the landscape, in its broadest sense, or otherwise, the place, its physical-geographical, cultural-historical, phenomenological characteristics.
Any place, from the point of view of rest, recreation, can attract and beckon to itself, or, conversely, repel. Let's call these terrain properties attractive(attractive) and repellent(repulsive) properties.
attractiveness place is its fundamental characteristic, which should be studied and taken into account when designing recreational facilities and systems.
Specialists in the field of recreational geography tend to somehow characterize such a side of landscapes as their attractiveness. They identify a number of criteria by which it could be assessed. For example, A.D. Volkov and A.N. Gromtsev believes that the leading features that determine the recreational quality of the landscape are the contrast of relief forms, the mosaic and typological spectrum of forests, the presence of water bodies, berry and mushroom lands, and transport accessibility.
Let us bring into the system those manifestations that determine the attractive properties of the terrain. Three blocks of such properties can be distinguished: topological, functional and aesthetic properties.
Attractive are unique (individual, i.e., inimitable) places, defined by the adjective “most” (largest, highest, deepest, etc.). Any registered monument of nature should be referred to as a unique area, and the higher the status of such a monument, the higher the indicator of its uniqueness. Territories where ordinary recreational resources are intertwined into a ball of rare richness of combinations, for example: a forest, a lake, a river, mountains, flat areas - all in one place, have a high attractiveness. Here, the mosaic, compositional properties of the landscape come to the fore. The presence and quality of water bodies - rivers, lakes, reservoirs, woody vegetation - coniferous or mixed forests, clumps and groves - is important. They enrich the landscape, saturate the color scheme, create additional recreational opportunities and, in general, increase the attractiveness of landscapes. This is topological characteristics of the terrain .
Taking into account the utilitarian, consumer needs of a person in relation to nature, attractive places should include places that have favorable conditions for amateur crafts (mushroom and berry hunting, fishing, non-industrial hunting for animals and birds, etc.) or for gardening and dacha arrangement. Rich phyto- and zooresources are a necessary condition for amateur crafts, soil fertility, the presence of flat areas are a condition for the alienation of the territory for garden and summer cottage development. This is functional (utilitarian) ha characteristics of months values .
The most difficult to formalize characteristic is aesthetic qualities of the place . The concept of “aesthetics of a place”, used here, reflects its ability to influence some of its qualities on the human nervous system, on the psycho-emotional sphere of the recreant. The determining factor is the emergence of positive emotions. Aesthetic qualities with great difficulty can be formulated and expressed in the form of categories that have the appropriate significance for design. However, despite these difficulties, some scientists believe that it is the aesthetic approach to landscape planning that will attract the most intense interest in the future.
What should be the object of study when studying such a characteristic as the aesthetic qualities of the area? Apparently, what has long been of concern to all artists who study and cognize this world in their own way is landscape. “The landscape, which is a special place for the manifestation of the relationship between the individual, society and the environment, is currently gaining social status. It becomes both an object of study and knowledge. It increasingly forces itself to be recognized as an object of conscious creation, ”says Remy Perelman, director of the French National Agronomic Institute for landscape problems. The landscape has become the object of close attention of researchers in the countries old Europe, North America, primarily in industrialized countries.
The most general meaning of the word "landscape" is the view of some locality (in this respect, "landscape" is a synonym for the ordinary meaning of the word "landscape"); in art, a landscape is an image of nature, for example, a picture, a drawing in painting, a description of nature in a literary work.
All our senses take part in the perception of the beauty of nature, while the contemplation of the area, the landscape gives us only a part of what we sensually perceive in it. Between all types of sensory perceptions (visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, olfactory), there is a direct internal connection (synesthesia - the interaction of perceptions), without which the individual as a whole is simply unthinkable. And yet, in the perception of landscapes or their picturesque images - landscapes, the most important role belongs to vision, which, as you know, even Plato, together with hearing, attributed to the "higher" senses, in contrast to the lower ones (smell, taste and touch). Higher senses are also called long-range senses.
Landscape is the most accessible element of nature. Its perception can occur both from a close and from a distant distance. In this respect, it is in the public domain, like, say, the face of a city or building facades. Perhaps, precisely because of the universal significance of such a characteristic of a place as a landscape, the eyes of many specialists have turned to its study in recent decades. The landscape began to interest not only artists, but also urban planners, geographers, and biologists.
The methods of the proposed classifications of landscapes are based on the division of landscapes into smaller and smaller homogeneous units, which are described with greater or lesser accuracy. The description of these units (catenas, ecotypes, tracts, landscape interiors) provides extensive information about the landscape, which can be used in practice. There are three directions in the analysis of landscapes: geographical, biological and architectural. There are a number of works describing methods in certain areas. Each of the directions is based on a specific apparatus developed by the scientific discipline. Thus, the architectural direction solves the problem of composition in the landscape, i.e., reveals the values necessary for its formation.
What values will play a major role in assessing the landscape? A valuable landscape, first of all, should be distinguished by a high degree of naturalness and low saturation with secondary elements. An unaltered natural landscape is becoming a rare phenomenon on the planet, its value is constantly increasing as the "white spots" disappear and the accessibility of previously inaccessible places. It has a particularly high value for a city dweller living surrounded by landscapes of asphalt and concrete; townspeople are most alienated from living, virgin nature and reunite with it only in short moments of country rest.
Point of view
One should agree with the exact statement of one of the recognized experts on tourism, J. Krippendorf: “The main attraction of tourism is not hotels, cable cars, lifts and swimming pools. The focus, as before, is on the aesthetic properties of the landscape. Its originality, beauty, ability to influence the feelings and emotions of people play a decisive role. The value of engineering structures is often overestimated. In the end, they are only means to an end and serve to make it possible to more conveniently and fully enjoy nature and landscape.
Particularly noticeable damage to the natural landscape is caused by elements of anthropogenic origin, which sharply violate its compositional integrity. Let's call this phenomenon the littering of natural landscapes with anthropogenic garbage. The littering of landscapes is one of the obvious repellent characteristics of the area.
The value features of landscapes that can affect feelings, moods, physical and psycho-emotional state of a person, according to some researchers (primarily doctors and psychologists), are color, brightness, shape, spatial structure of objects within the visual fields.
Of great importance is such a characteristic as the diversity of the landscape. One landscape may differ from another by the measure of “discovery” of space, saturation with pictorial objects. In photography, as in painting, there is a gradation: close-up - medium shot - distant (small) shot.
A panorama, as opposed to a portrait, is a large number of observed objects, the presence of several pictorial plans, chosen by the viewer arbitrarily. The higher the degree of “panoramicity” of the landscape, the more potentially “pictorial paintings (plans)” appear in the field of view of a person. Diversity is an essential feature, along with the color-textural qualities, of picturesque landscapes. It is not in vain that it is believed that the mountainous territories are much more picturesque than the plains. Therefore, it is important whether there are elevated places on the assessed area - the top parts of the ridges, passes, etc., that can serve as panoramic viewpoints. With high points the opportunity opens up to survey the greatness, power and beauty of mountain structures. Cliffs, rocks, screes, kurums, canyons of mountain rivers, rapids, waterfalls, etc. have a strong emotional impact on the viewer and, often, forever remain in the memory of a person.
Particularly attractive are places where one panorama can be seen different, contrasting landscapes - mountains and plains, forest and steppe, variegated alpine meadows and snowy peaks.
The attractive properties of landscapes are a key characteristic that determines the recreational potential of a place. It covers such important meanings: while relaxing here, I can “do” - swim, ride down the mountains, fish (functional), study the features of the area (topological), admire nature (aesthetic).
Along with attractive, the terrain may have repellent properties. A high proportion of repellent properties can reduce the recreational potential of the place to zero. The repellent qualities of the place include a high saturation with dangerous and harmful to humans animals and plants (carrier insects, for example, encephalitic mites, poisonous reptiles or plants, cannibals), in the mountains they should include a high probability of stone screes, mudflows, snow avalanches. The presence of midges (midges, mosquitoes, horseflies, flies) also significantly reduces the attractiveness of the area for recreation. Geochemical anomalies of the area (natural radioactive background, natural chemical pollution, etc.) should also be classified as dangerous.
The attractiveness of the landscape, albeit a key one in terms of position, but still one of the evaluation categories necessary for a comprehensive analysis recreational potential territory. In a comprehensive assessment of the area, it is necessary to take into account its medical-geographical and physical-geographical characteristics, cultural and historical significance, microclimatic features, and accessibility for recreants.
The planning organization of any recreational complex has direct relationship to the state of nature, which this complex “consumes”, an imperfect urban structure with a critical state of its elements can become the main cause of degradation of the natural environment. The following factors can be named as planning factors that increase the anthropogenic pressure: the indentation of the natural landscape background with a dense infrastructure network, which serves as a condition for violating the territorial integrity of living matter in nature; placement of aggressive planning elements in valuable environment-producing and environment-protective landscapes; exceeding the capacity of planning elements beyond the limit of stability of natural landscapes; unreasonable polarization of the planning structure, which does not take into account the properties and characteristics of various natural complexes.
For ecologically valuable landscapes, the following principle of urban development of recreational objects and systems can be declared - the higher the ecological value of the landscape, the less anthropogenic interference should be, therefore, the smaller the recreational center should be in size and power, the more clearly environmental measures should be determined during architectural and urban design. Large recreational complexes should be deliberately close to areas with a high degree of urbanization, they will gravitate towards cities, large settlements, especially if the populated place has historical and cultural monuments and is of interest for the development of educational tourism.
Full-fledged preservation of nature is unthinkable without the most careful attitude to the natural landscape. For a designer or architect involved in the design of recreational objects and systems, it is undoubtedly essential today to become a landscape painter. The natural landscape is highest value today and in the future. In the process of recreational development, its inevitable modifications, perceived visually, should be localized and limited, and littering with anthropogenic rubbish within the valuable species pictures is minimized. This approach, hopefully, will become a priority in terms of the initial axiological setting in the environmental design of the 21st century.
EXPERIENCE
The term recreation comes from the Latin "recreation" is rest or restoration. This term was originally used as the name of a change in educational institutions. Now it is a human activity carried out with the aim of restoring and developing the physical and spiritual forces of a person and is characterized by the very value of the process and relative diversity. Recreation is also called a branch of the economy aimed at meeting human needs. Place in the system of sciences: Recreational activities are studied within the framework of geography, sociology, economics, medicine. The complexity of the study of recreational activities is:
1 recreational activity is extremely blurred and is present in a number of human activities
2 people's behavior during the holidays is difficult to predict.
Geography studies recreational processes, manifested in the movement of vacationers and service personnel, as well as in changes in the properties of natural and anthropogenic landscapes. Since the late 50s it has been read everywhere, educational literature few. 1981 Mironenko. Nikolaenko "Recreational Geography"
Course Study Subject- objects and subjects of recreation.
Under object refers to objects, systems, phenomena that are the conditions for the implementation of recreational activities.
Under subjects refers to people who conduct recreational activities within a certain socio-cultural system.
In the study of the territorial organization of recreational activities, the leading role is played by the processes of functioning in 3 directions: 1. production or receipt of products 2. transfer 3. consumption
Features: 1) initial stage movement of people, not production 2) recreational services are not transported, production and consumption coincide in time.
Classification of recreational activities:
An elementary recreational activity is internally integral, homogeneous, inseparable into technological processes, elements of recreational activities. There are about 100,000 activities.
Type of recreational activity Homogeneous grouping Elementary recreational activity, each of which is interchangeable in all major elementary recreational areas of this type. Important properties interdependence, the main rationale for typing is functional orientation. 2 types according to functional orientation: 1) recovery - health-improving classes. 2) development - sports, recreational and educational.
The cycle of recreational activities are interrelated and interdependent combinations of types of recreational activities based on one type of recreational activity. Satisfies 2 requirements 1. usefulness and 2. reactivity.
In the cycle of recreational activities, the types are divided into: target, additional, accompanying. There are 17 cycles of recreational activities:
Water (sea), alpine, climbing, active recreation, commercial and business, resort, cultural and historical, hunting and fishing, pilgrimage, seaside, adventure, entertainment, sports, festival and congress, ecological, exotic, ethnographic (local lore)
28. Definition of "Recreational resources". Har-ka and assessment of the main types of recreational resources.
Attribution of objects to Recreational resources should be based on the following criteria: social necessity or need for use, technical and economic possibilities of use: level of knowledge.
Initially, instead of the concepts of recreational resources, the following terms were used: conditions for recreational activities, medical or health factors: conditions for tourism or excursions. Initially, the term recreational resource was formed in 1977 by Preobrazhensky and Bodrov. Where recreational resources were understood as natural, natural-technical, socio-economic geosystems that can be used to organize a recreational economy. Thus, natural and cultural landscapes and their components are considered as recreational resources. There are: water, hydro-mineral, forest, climatic, cultural. A feature of recreational activity is that it is usually associated not with one type of resource, but with a variety of natural and socio-cultural elements (objects). Thus, it is necessary to single out combinations of natural and socio-cultural elements that determine the possibility of organizing a certain type of recreational activity. Natural and recreational resources are currently understood as a complex of physical, biological and energy-information elements and forces of nature, which are used to restore and develop the physical and spiritual forces of a person. Natural recreational resources are natural complex which, due to their uniqueness and attractiveness, can be used in modern level development of productive forces to meet the recreational needs of society.
Classification of natural recreational resources:
1) By genesis: physical (climatic, mountain); biological; energy information
2) By type of use: 1. perceived visually; 2. are used without direct expenditure; 3. consumed during use
3) By exhaustion rate: 1. Exhaustible; 2. Inexhaustible
4) If possible self-healing: 1. Renewable; 2. relatively recoverable; 3. Non-renewable.
5) If possible, economic replenishment: 1. Renewable; 2. Irreplaceable.
Favorability of the natural environment for recreational activities is determined when assessing the natural recreational potential of the territory. The score is related to the category of value. It consists in comparing the properties of these objects with the criterion of value, which is put forward by society. Objective assessment is the most important task of recreational nature management, since on the basis of this assessment, the most attractive recreational areas are identified. Without an assessment it is not possible to determine the appropriate form of use of a given territory and without correct assessment it is impossible to determine the corresponding recreational load. There are 2 types of load:
1. non-economic assessment - this is determined by environmental, social, cultural and any other value, (as a rule, this assessment is not expressed in monetary units).
2. economic assessment is the definition of the social utility of a given resource. An investment that meets human needs through production and consumption.
Assessment value: 1. opportunity to identify priority types of recreational use; 2 optimization; 3 forecast
Ratings: economic, monetary value, point (relative), natural (well debit, territory area)
Non-economic:- duration of the comfortable season
Estimation of the volume of reserves necessary to determine the potential capacity of the territory:- indicator of the resource distribution area
Non-economic assessment is based on the following qualitative provisions:
High quality recreation is provided by a variety special types recreation within the local territory
Natural recreational resources are usually exhaustible, non-renewable or relatively renewable and irreplaceable
The uniqueness of natural recreational resources determines their universal value
Recreational needs are objective and it is necessary to take into account recreational activities.
Non-economic valuation is
Medicobiological, considers the comfort of the territory for recreation
Psychological and aesthetic - emotional impact natural system per person
Feasibility study - Technological assessment
29. Economic evaluation of recreational resources: main goals, methods and problems. Economic evaluation of natural recreational resources- one of the most complex and undeveloped problems of economic science. A long period natural resources were outside the scope of the system of economic valuations. This is due to the fact that the concept of free natural resources.
For the economic assessment of natural recreational resources, it is necessary to develop estimated indicators of their social value, reflecting the ability of resources to meet the needs of the population in sanatorium treatment, recreation and tourism, the socio-economic effect of recreational nature management, as well as the efficiency of the development of natural resources in various fields use. The latter is essential for selection the best option nature management.
Economic evaluation of recreational resources- this is a definition in monetary terms of the economic value of the use of resources, in the chosen development option under fixed socio-economic conditions and a fixed type of nature management, taking into account environmental restrictions.
In a modern market economy, a "market failure" occurs, when the recreational use of a given natural resource does not have an actually existing market.
Objective assessment is based on the cost-benefit analysis method. When the value of natural goods is underestimated, the benefits from their conservation are reduced.
An adequate consideration of the economic value of nature requires a valuation of 3 natural functions: 1. provision with natural resources 2. assimilation of waste and pollution 3. provision of natural services to people .. all functions are aimed at life support.
Objectives of the Economic Assessment:
1. determination of the cost of resources in monetary terms
2. selection of optimal parameters for their use
3. assessment of the economic efficiency of the inventory
4. definition of losses from irrational use
5. rationale most rational forms ownership of this resource
6. establishing an annuity
economic evaluation of natural resources and natural resources should be carried out on the basis of 4 principles:
1. the principle of complexity - taking into account all the resources that are included in this complex. The resources used are classified in the first group - for this group, both benefits and costs are taken into account. And to the second group - resources that are included in this complex, but will not be developed, but will be subject to any change or impact,
2. the principle of the imperative - the reproduction of renewable natural resources. the part that has been changed and is renewable. This part must be renewable in quantitative form.
3. the principle of ensuring economical reproduction of non-renewable resources - these resources are economically replenished.
4. optimization principle - the principle of optimizing the economic assessment, there is such an option for using the object in which it has the highest assessment.
methods of economic evaluation of the PRR:
direct market valuation methods (traditional methods):
1 . cost method - Originated in the 50s in the USSR. Got great development in a planned economy. The valuation of natural resources depends on the costs of their development and reproduction. Advantages: even the worst resource gets a non-zero rating. Cons: The best recreational resources may get a lower rating.
2 . rental methods of valuation: based on the existence of differentiated rent, which are formed by merging resources of different quality. Cons: there are no cadastral estimates of recreational resources; the book value of fixed assets of recreational enterprises is understated.
3 . effective method - the resource is estimated from the expected profit of its use. AT this moment it is the most common. Minus: It is not possible to single out the actual natural part
4 . Opportunity cost – related to the cost concept. The assessment comes down to determining the lost profit that could be obtained if the object was used for other purposes.
Substitute Market Based Method – Indirect Market Methods
5 . travel cost method - based on the principle that consumers bear the costs of transport and time. Founded in 1949 in the USA.
Vij/Ni = f (TC ij. Tij. Akj, Eij)
i-defined locality, j-certain recreational area, f-function, V-number of visits, N-total population of the territory, TC-transport costs, T-time, A-property of alternative recreational objects kj, E-socio-economic characteristics of visitors j from i.
Zonal method of travel costs:
1. allocation of zones around the recreational area
2. collection of information. Its volume depends on research objectives,
3. counting the number of visitors in relation to the total population of each zone,
4. counting middle length travel and cost of time spent,
5. building a level showing the dependence on the cost of the trip.
6. construction of the demand function.
The individual method of transport and travel costs is similar to the zonal method, but the difference is analysis in progress specifically for each consumer, and not for zones.
Pros: 1. the method of travel costs is based on generally accepted empirical models of a market economy, 2. the application of the method is relatively inexpensive, 3. the results are relatively easy to explain and analyze, 4. the method is based on real human behavior
Disadvantages: 1. measurement of the monetary value of the time spent is rather arbitrary, 2. this method assumes that recreants make a trip for a single purpose, 3. to build demand functions, it is necessary to have a sufficient number of trips with different distances, 4. the method is not applicable to estimate urban and suburban facilities.
The main reasons for the poor application of this method in Russia are: poor knowledge in scientific world, this method is applied only under favorable socio-economic conditions
6. conditional-survey method - consists in a direct survey of people to determine their willingness to pay for the consumption of certain services environment. The level of compensation for the loss of a certain service or quality of the environment can be determined. Stages of the method: 1. determination of the object of assessment, 2. determination of the composition of the respondents, 3. construction of the questionnaire, 4. choice of the survey method, 5. analysis of the results.
Problems when using the method: the hypothetical nature of the estimates obtained, those answers are not subject to the real market situation, 2. availability and availability of the necessary information.
29. Principles, factors and methods of recreational activity management.
Measures to preserve the natural environment in a favorable condition for humans and the economy are an integral part of the tertiary sector of the economy. AT developed countries the state of the environment is included in the environmental reporting, which leads to the priority development of a favorable maintenance of the state of the environment.
The set of measures is aimed at maximizing the satisfaction of human recreational needs and is aimed at minimizing environmental impact this activity is called recreational management.
Recreational nature management should be based on the concept of sustainable development.
Principles of recreational nature management: 1. the principle of caution, it is necessary to consider all side effects both in space and in time. 2. the principle of interconnectedness. 3. the principle of responsibility to the consumer, recreant, society as a whole.
Factors of recreational nature management(natural and socio-economic): 1. fundamental - recreational needs of a person, 2. limiting: - the situation of nature management in general, - legislative validity of recreational nature management (in the law on protected areas), - material and technical capabilities (staffing, equipment and technology ), natural conditions ( ecological structure population). 3. determining: - development organizational structures, - funding, - scientific validity, - the quality of organizational and economic enterprises.
Organizational and economic activities in recreational nature management:
1) organizational: include the creation of specialized structures at the state, regional and local levels. Tasks: - zoning of the territory, - compatibility of various recreational tasks
2) environmental (specialized logging, melioration, bottom cleaning, etc.)
3) improvement: - creation of a path network, places for short-term rest, an information system.
Recreational nature management:
The traditional method of managing recreational nature management is to determine the marginal and actual recreational load. The actual load is currently. Limit - when irreversible changes in natural conditions occur after. Determined: person* hour\ha. Application restrictions this method: 1. The goals of recreants and their behavior are very different from each other. 2. the high cost of the method.
At the moment, the complexity and mediation of connections arising in the process of recreational nature management, the emphasis is on the results. This is the quality of the natural and social environment.
If recreational use of the territory is allowed, then disturbance of the natural environment is inevitable, but the limit must be clearly established. As a result, a methodology was formulated for the maximum allowable changes in the PDI , 9 stages:
1. determination of the nature of the territory, tasks, problems of development
2. description of conformity classes (this is the quantity and qualities of a description of natural and social conditions)
3. choice of indicators of the state of natural and social conditions (determination of the parameters of the social and natural environment)
properties: - measurability, - reliability
– measured simply and by different personnel,
Materiality - indicators should reflect significant characteristics of the environment,
Sensitivity - the indicator should contain vulnerable components of the environment measurable in the first place,
Relevance - should show the changes that should occur in the process of human recreational activities.
Indicators (example) number of camps and camps, random paths, garbage, compaction of the soil cover, occurrence with other recreants.
1. inventory of natural and social conditions selected as an indicator
2. determination of indicator standards for each zone, that is, the threshold value
3. determination of alternatives for placement of conformity qualities (territory planning)
4. definition of management actions for each alternative
5. choosing the best alternative
6. implementation of management and monitoring programs
If monitoring detects the deterioration of the accepted states and their normative violations, then in this case the following management actions are required.
management strategy:
1) reduction of recreational use of the entire territory (impede transport accessibility, overcharge)
2) reduction of recreational use of the most vulnerable areas
3) modification of the temporary mode of use
4) increasing the resistance of natural components to the load
5) modification of the types of recreational activities used
6) development of ecological consciousness of recreants
at the moment, the legal validity of the use of PDI is enshrined only in the law “on specially protected natural areas", that is, only natural and National parks have a legal mandate to use the PDI method.
