Need - the need experienced and realized by a person for what is necessary for the maintenance of the body and the development of his personality. There are various classifications of human needs. In fact, they can be grouped into three groups:

biological(natural, innate, physiological, organic, natural) - needs that are associated with the biological (physiological) nature of man, i.e. with everything that is necessary for existence, development and reproduction. Example: Satisfying hunger, thirst, the desire to protect yourself from the cold, breathe fresh air, housing, clothing, food, sleep, rest, etc.

social- needs that are associated with the public (social) nature of man, i.e. determined by a person's belonging to society. Example: Social connections, communication, affection, caring for another person, attention to oneself, participation in joint activities, belonging to a social group, social recognition, work activity, creation, creativity, social activity, friendship, love, etc.

spiritual(ideal, cognitive, cultural) - needs that are associated with the knowledge of the surrounding world, oneself and the meaning of one's existence, i.e. in everything that is necessary for spiritual development. Example: Self-expression, self-affirmation, knowledge of the world around and one's place in it, the meaning of one's existence, and many others. others

Features of human needs:

1. All human needs are interconnected.

For example, while satisfying hunger, a person takes care of the aesthetics of the table, the variety of dishes, the cleanliness and beauty of dishes, pleasant company, etc. The satisfaction of biological needs acquires many social facets in a person: culinary subtleties, the decor, the table setting, the quality of the dishes, the design of the dish, and the pleasant company that shares his meal are important.

2. Not all human needs can be satisfied.

3. needs should not contradict the moral norms of society.

Genuine(reasonable) needs- needs that help develop in a person his truly human qualities: the desire for truth, beauty, knowledge, the desire to bring good to people, etc.

Imaginary(irrational, false) needs- needs, the satisfaction of which leads to the physical and spiritual degradation of the individual, damages nature and society.

4. inexhaustibility, infinity, an infinite number of needs.

Human life safety and environment. Requirements for ensuring the safety of tourists .

Vital activity is everyday activity and rest, a way of human existence. The main goal of life safety as a science is to protect a person in the technosphere from the negative impacts of anthropogenic and natural origin and achieving comfortable living conditions.

The means of achieving this goal is the implementation by society of knowledge and skills aimed at reducing physical, chemical, biological and other negative impacts in the technosphere to acceptable values. This determines the totality of knowledge included in the science of life safety, as well as the place of the BJD, in the general field of knowledge - the ecology of the technosphere. Life safety is the science of comfortable and safe human interaction with the technosphere.

Human life is inextricably linked with its environment. In the process of life, a person and the environment constantly interact with each other, forming the system "man - environment". Habitat - the environment surrounding a person, determined at the moment by a combination of factors (physical, chemical, biological, social) that can have a direct or indirect immediate or remote impact on human activity, health and offspring.

In the system "man - environment" there is a continuous exchange of flows of matter, energy and information.

Man and his environment harmoniously interact and develop only under conditions when the flows of matter, energy and information are within the limits favorably perceived by man and the natural environment. Any excess of the usual flow levels is accompanied by negative impacts on humans and/or the environment.

States of interaction "man - environment":

Comfortable (optimal) when the flows correspond to the optimal conditions of interaction: create optimal conditions for activity and rest; prerequisites for the manifestation of the highest efficiency and, as a result, the productivity of activity; guarantee the preservation of human health and the integrity of the habitat components;

Permissible, when the flows, affecting a person and the environment, do not have a negative impact on health, but lead to discomfort, reducing the efficiency of human activity. Compliance with the conditions of permissible interaction guarantees the impossibility of the emergence and development of irreversible negative processes in humans and in the environment;

Hazardous, when the flows exceed the permissible levels and have a negative impact on human health, causing long-term exposure to disease, and / or lead to degradation of the natural environment;

Extremely dangerous, when high-level flows in a short period of time can cause injury, lead a person to death, cause destruction in the natural environment.

Of the four characteristic states of human interaction with the environment, only the first two (comfortable and acceptable) correspond to the positive conditions of everyday life, and the other two (dangerous and extremely dangerous) are unacceptable for the processes of human life, conservation and development of the natural environment. The interaction of a person with the environment can be positive or negative, the nature of the interaction is determined by the flows of substances, energies and information.

The requirements for ensuring the safety of tourists and sightseers are set out in GOST R 50644–94 “Tourist and excursion services. Requirements for Ensuring the Safety of Tourists and Sightseers”, effective from 01.07.1994 and being the main document for the mandatory certification of tourist services. Risk factors in tourism can be classified as follows:

- injury risk;

– environmental impact;

- fire hazard;

– biological effects;

– radiation hazard;

- chemical influences;

- increased dust and gas pollution;

- specific risk factors.

Injury hazard may result from the movement of mechanisms and objects, bodies, the movement of rocks (rockfalls, mudflows, plains), the use of tourist equipment and inventory that cause injuries (uncomfortable shoes - abrasions of the skin of tourists, etc.).

Reducing the risk of injury is provided by:

- protective devices and fences when using mobile mechanisms;

– use of personal protective equipment (safety ropes, head helmets, ice axes, hooks), etc.

Environmental impact due to increased or decreased ambient temperature, humidity and air mobility in the tourist service area.

Prevention of the harmful effects of this risk factor is ensured by:

- choosing a favorable time of the year, day for a tourist event;

- rational design of the route of the tourist route;

– taking into account the weather characteristics of the area, etc.

fire safety service facilities is ensured by strict compliance with the requirements of approved regulatory documents (Fire Safety Rules).

Biological factors (microorganisms, poisonous plants, reptiles, insects and animals that are carriers of infectious diseases, causing burns, allergic and other toxic reactions).

The impact of these risk factors on tourists is warned:

– compliance with established sanitary standards and service rules;

- the use of equipment and preparations for disinfection, disinsection, sterilization, deratization, automation of production processes, etc.

Dangerous radiation are: increased levels of ultraviolet radiation, radiological radiation.

Increased dust and gas content. Requirements for the permissible level of harmful substances in the air of tourist service areas, premises, vehicles must not be lower than the sanitary and hygienic standards established by regulatory and technical documentation, sanitary standards and rules.

Specific Risk Factors in tourism due to:

- the possibility of occurrence of natural and man-made disasters in the zone of location of a tourist enterprise or route, as well as other emergency situations;

– the technical condition of the used facilities of the material and technical base;

- the level of professional readiness of the attendants (instructors, guides, etc.), etc.

3. Recreational service. Socio-economic essence and functions of recreation. Types of recreational resources. Recreational design goals.

Rekr evolution refers to selective type of activity, which becomes a necessary condition for normal human life, a means of compensating for stress, a means of restoring working capacity and a condition for continuing production itself. Its main task is to restore and develop the physical and mental strength of each member of society, comprehensive development his spiritual world.

Recreational functions can be divided into 3 main groups:

MEDIKO-BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION consists in sanatorium treatment and rehabilitation. Recovery through tourism is one of the ways to solve the problem of removing industrial and non-productive mental fatigue of a person. SOCIO-CULTURAL FUNCTION is the leading function of recreation. Cultural, or spiritual, needs are the needs of knowledge in the broadest sense, knowledge of the surrounding world and one's place in it, knowledge of the meaning and purpose of one's existence. Tourism opens up great opportunities for people to communicate with natural, cultural, historical and social values ​​not only of their country, but of the whole world. ECONOMIC FUNCTION - simple and extended reproduction of labor power. Recreation saves socially necessary time. Thanks to recreation, the ability of workers to work increases, the duration of the period of full-fledged working capacity increases, which leads to an increase in the working time fund due to a decrease in morbidity and an increase in vitality.

Recreation also performs other economic functions: the accelerated development of the economic structure of a certain part of the country's territory; expansion of the sphere of application of labor, that is, an increase in employment of the population through recreational services and in industries related to recreation; increasing the efficiency of foreign tourism as a source of foreign exchange.

It is also important to determine the general trends in the development of recreation in the modern period. These directions of development will undoubtedly determine the ratio of all the recreational functions defined above. With the greatest convention and adjustment for the author's perception, the following trends can be distinguished:

Approximation of places of rest to the centers of recreational demand.

Formation of systems of short-term rest of townspeople.

Organization of national and natural parks, as well as small forest, meadow and hydro parks for active all-season outdoor recreation.

Creation of new forms and types of recreation.

Reducing the seasonality of the functioning of recreational enterprises and routes, i.e., the desire for year-round action.

The most important feature of recreation is its binding to a certain territory, space, which can be local (reading room, beach) or cover entire geographical regions (for tourist packages and trips). Recreational zoning is based on this feature of recreation, that is, the allocation certain zones for various types of recreation. The activity of vacationers (recreants) affects the natural environment, landscapes, and social formations.

Recreational resources - a set of natural and cultural-historical complexes used for recreation, treatment, excursions. The main types of recreational resources include: 1) coasts of warm seas; 2) banks of rivers, lakes and reservoirs; 3) forest and meadow areas; 4) foothills and mountainous countries; 5) cities - capitals and historical centers; 6) resort towns or resort areas; 7) religious and religious complexes and individual structures located within and outside settlements; ancient cities, fortifications (cave cities, fortresses, etc.), catacombs.

The structure of human activity in free time is no less complex than in working time. Rather, even more complex, since during working hours the technology and organization of production
leadership severely restrict the freedom of choice in human activities. In his free time, he has great freedom to subconsciously or consciously choose the method of rebellion.
new forces. Two can be distinguished main functions of free time: 1) the function of restoring the strength of a person absorbed by the sphere of work and other indispensable occupations, and 2) the function of the spiritual (cultural, ideological, aesthetic) and physical development. Recovery functions (psycho-physiological) include: nutrition, sleep, movement. They perform the functions of a simple restoration of psycho-physiological parameters. The function of development (spiritual-intellectual) includes: healing, cognition, communication.

Types of recreational activities have a certain number of ways of implementation, called recreational activities. Among the totality of activities performed in the process of recreational activities, one can single out recreational activities proper (swimming, walking, picking mushrooms and berries, visiting monuments and museums, etc.) in contrast to the satisfaction of everyday physiologically necessary needs (sleep, nutrition). By typology

Actually, recreational activities can be divided into two groups, combining four main types of activities.

1. Recovery group: a) recreational and medical classes; b) recreational and health-improving activities,

2. Development group: a) recreational and sports activities; b) recreational and educational activities.

Recreational and medical classes are a system of classes strictly defined by the methods of sanatorium treatment: climatotherapy, balneotherapy and mud therapy. The type of recreational and health-improving activities is much more diverse. This includes walking, swimming, sun and air baths, games, passive recreation, mushroom picking, etc.

Recreational sports classes are aimed primarily at developing the physical strength of a person. This includes sport games, sailing and motor water sports, skiing, long walks, climbing Mountain peaks. Recreational and educational activities designed to spiritually develop a person. This group includes, for example, inspection of cultural monuments, familiarization with natural phenomena, etc.

Many types of recreational activities are combined in a real situation. For example, walking in new places performs the function of movement and knowledge. A recreant can consciously combine recreational activities for a certain period of time. It is obvious that the more combinations, the more efficient the recreational
activity, since recreational needs are more satisfied per unit of time.
A stable combination of repeated recreational activities over a certain period of time is called c and k l and recreational activities.

It is known that one of the conditions for the existence of living systems is the rhythm of biological processes inherent in living matter. Circadian (circadian) rhythms are the main biological rhythm, an integral property of living systems and form the basis of their organization. Therefore, the daily cycle of recreational activity, as a certain combination of complexes of simultaneous activities or activities performed over short periods of time, can be considered as a primary cell.

Daily cycles can be repeated many times over a certain long period of time. It is possible to single out vacation cycles, a life cycle, a cycle characteristic of a certain age gradation (childhood, youth, maturity, etc.).

The life cycles of recreational activities are manifested in the alternation of types and forms of recreation, geographical areas etc. The cycles of recreational activities can also be distinguished by their social function and technology; medical, health, sports and educational.

Diversity, combination and cyclicality of recreational activities are directly related to the properties of recreational areas and their organization. A variety of activities should correspond to a variety of recreational resources, both natural and cultural and historical. Combination and cyclicality are also possible if there are a variety of resources in a certain area.

In the district planning, the functional diversity of the recreational territory (the choice of natural complexes, the recruitment and placement of engineering structures, etc.) is achieved on the basis of the recreant's time budget, i.e., indicating the set and duration of classes. The cycles of amateur recreation have been poorly studied.

The manifestation of the properties of recreational cycles at the global and macro-territorial levels can be regarded as the task of the territorial organization of the recreational industry as a whole, i.e., as ensuring the diversity of the offer.

It is necessary to note two main trends in the evolution of recreational activities, reflecting changes in the structure of recreational needs. The first trend is manifested in the increase in the relative importance of recreational, health-improving, sports and cognitive activities, on the one hand, and in the relative decrease in therapeutic activities with an absolute increase in all types of activities, on the other. Especially noticeable is the trend of increasing popularity of recreational types associated with the use of natural (untransformed or slightly transformed) landscapes. The second trend is the emergence of new, or rather, previously unpracticed recreational activities.

Classification of recreational activities. AT scientific literature there are various classifications and groupings of recreational activities. Most often they are based on: the purpose of the trip, the nature of the organization, the legal status, the duration of the trip and stay in certain place recreant, seasonality, nature of recreant's movement, his age, occupational activity: swimming, sunbathing, walking along the coast, playing ball on the beach, water skiing.

Walking and fishing recreation- includes activities such as outdoor walks, sightseeing, picking mushrooms and berries, sea clams, corals and other gifts of nature. Route tourism is often identified with tourism in general. It can be sports, or it can be amateur, that is, just a recreational one. By the nature of the obstacles to be overcome, most often it is divided into flat and mountainous. This type of recreation is based on the desire of a person to overcome natural obstacles, to confront nature, to get closer to it. Route tourism is closely connected with educational local history tourism, with the patriotic youth movement. According to the nature of the methods used, it can be pedestrian, motorized, etc. The radius of its action is also different: local (in the vicinity), republican, all-Union.

received great development water tourism both walking and sports. These activities include motorized water sports, water skiing, canoeing, sailing, etc. As a rule, these types of tourism are combined with. bathing and beach tourism in recreational complexes that are dynamically growing on the shores of the seas, lakes and rivers. Becomes more and more popular underwater sports tourism for the purpose of photography and spearfishing for marine animals. Underwater types of sports tourism include not only elements of sports, but also elements of cognitive interest. The cognitive aspect e.g. archaeological underwater tourism, developed in the Mediterranean countries, where tourists are attracted by the ruins of ancient port cities under water. Great prospects for underwater tourism are available in tropical countries on coral reefs. Known popularity fishing tourism. hunting tourism. Hunting is connected with travel and haunts like main goal rest in nature, not material enrichment. Such types of tourism as photo and film hunting are related to the educational form of tourism. Hunting tourism is increasingly regulated in connection with the problems of wildlife protection. It is also one of the most expensive types of foreign tourism. Especially expensive safaris in Africa. Wealthy foreigners are interested in hunting areas in Africa, Asia, the USA, Canada, Europe and Australia. Most of the hunter-tourists in these countries come from densely populated countries with impoverished hunting grounds: from France, Italy, Belgium, Sweden, Great Britain and the USA. Hunting tourism as a source of foreign exchange is actively developed by the Russian Federation.

Ski tourism in last years is developing rapidly. Specialized ski resorts with a developed service system.

Mountaineering is also becoming more widespread. All purely recreational and sports activities make high and rather unambiguous demands on natural territorial complexes. This is reflected in the sports standards that determine the type and number of obstacles to be overcome, the characteristics of the tracks, etc.
Cognitive recreation. Cognitive aspects are inherent in a significant part of recreational activities. However, there are purely educational recreational activities associated with the informational "consumption" of cultural values, i.e. with the inspection of cultural and historical monuments, architectural ensembles, as well as familiarization with new areas, countries, their ethnography, folklore, natural phenomena and economic objects.

For example, the natural object of educational tourism in the Russian Federation is the Valley of Geysers in Kamchatka. One of the cognitive types of recreational activities - animal observation. Thus, in world practice there is a precedent for using a fur seal rookery as a spectacle for tourists. There are 10 fur seal rookeries on St. Paul Island (the Pribylov Islands of the Bering Sea, USA). One of them has a gallery and an observation tower for tourists. Tourists take away photographs and films about the life of the fur seal rookery.

Domestic educational tourism is of great educational importance in the formation of patriotism, especially among young people. Cognitive motives migration recreation are in direct connection with the cultural level of the population, as well as with the targets of the recreational industry. A peculiar place in international and domestic tourism is occupied by congress tourism, exhibitions, fairs, sports competitions, festivals and pilgrimages to "holy places". These events generate quite significant tourist flows.

Congress tourism is associated with the expansion of international scientific and technical contacts between specialists and scientists. Now the number of international congresses has exceeded 3 thousand, and the number of participants reaches 3-4 million people. The expenses of congress participants account for 5-6% of the total income from international tourism. Foreign exchange earnings from each congress participant are 2-3 times more than from an ordinary tourist, so many countries are interested in the development of active congress tourism.

The division of free time depending on the nature of its use into daily, weekly and annual is methodologically important, as it serves as the basis for studying the structure of recreation and the use of free time for recreational purposes. Free time differentiated in this way makes it possible to consider recreational activities by frequency and territorial basis. The use of daily free time and everyday recreation are directly related to housing and the urban environment and their spatial organization. Weekly recreation depends on the placement of suburban recreational facilities. The use of annual free time is associated with the placement of recreational resort-type facilities. Based on the above differentiation of free time, recreation is distinguished within locality; weekly in

According to the nature of the organization, recreation is divided into regulated (or planned) and amateur. Regulated, or, as it is more commonly called, planned recreation represents a journey and an interruption according to a precise, pre-announced schedule. Recreants are provided with a range of services for a pre-purchased voucher for a certain period (vacationers in sanatoriums, rest homes and camp sites). If recreants are provided with only a part of services, then such service will be partial. Under independent unorganized recreation is understood as an independent travel of a recreant not bound by any mutual obligations with recreational enterprises. It is this type of recreation that is at this stage of the tourism industry the most acute problem. So, during the seasonal peak in the Black Sea region, the share of unorganized recreants accounts for about 50-75% of the total number of tourists, which creates particular tension in the functioning of transport and the service sector.

By the number of participants distinguish between individual and group tourism. Under the individual is understood not only the journey of one person, but also the family.

For the purposes of regional planning, such an indicator as the density of social contacts, expressed by the number of recreants per unit area. The desire for maximum solitude can be called "centrifugality", and for maximum contacts - "centripetality". Naturally, the territorial organization of centrifugal forms of recreation will differ significantly from the territorial organization of centrifugal forms of recreation. In the first case, the dispersion of the service sector, a slight density transport network, extensive use of recreational resources. The microenvironment of centripetal types of recreation is approaching urbanized forms of recreation. Given the well-known inconsistency of the individual, the zoning of resorts should combine quiet areas with a minimum of contacts and areas with a maximum of contacts.

By sign Mobility tourism is divided into traditional and nomadic. This is a rather conditional division, since tourism, firstly, is necessarily associated with moving from a place of residence to a place of rest, and, secondly, tourists, even in the so-called places of rest, are highly mobile. When highlighting stationary tourism, it is emphasized that in this case travel is carried out for the sake of staying at a certain resort. Stationary forms of tourism include medical tourism and certain types of health and sports tourism.

nomadic tourism involves constant movement, change of location. Here the stay is subordinate. With the growth of the technical capabilities of the “deportation”, the trend towards nomadic tourism is increasing, the tourist’s tendency towards “consumption of space”.

The change in the degree of mobility of recreational activities is reflected in the geography of the material and technical base of tourism. The growth of mobility, especially the growth of autotourists, reinforces the linear-nodal principle of the territorial organization of tourism. The material and technical base of tourism is increasingly gravitating towards roads. As a result of the growth of individual vehicles, the time spent by tourists in several places is increasing due to a decrease in stay in one place. There is a development of the recreational economy in breadth along with a simultaneous deepening of the territorial division of labor in the recreational area. industries.

The degree of mobility is reflected in approaches to the study of tourism, in particular, to the assessment of recreational resources. For example, the assessment of landscape diversity along highways will differ from the assessment of landscapes for pedestrian and, moreover, stationary tourism. It is clear that the frequency of landscape change for hiking must be greater than for autotourism.

Many types of recreation are seasonal both for natural and socio-economic reasons. Seasonality gives rise to many social and economic problems. First of all, seasonality reduces the profitability of the operation of recreational infrastructure, creates "peaks » and "failures" in labor force employment and service and transport pressures. Thus, employment in coastal recreational areas in winter months decreases by 3-4 times compared with July-August. Most of the people want to relax in the summer, in solar period. The sun, therefore, is the most significant objective factor of seasonality. With the increase in the duration of vacations, there is a tendency to divide the vacation into two parts. Obviously it will holidays in ski resorts in the winter season, which is becoming increasingly popular.

Seasonality in recreation is partly explained by the fact that industrial enterprises and institutions have developed such a rhythm of work that provides for the granting of leave to the majority of workers and employees precisely during the summer. The education system has the same rhythm.

A number of types of recreation, especially of the medical-resort type, are year-round in nature, although even here there is an uneven recreational flow.

The study of the rhythm of tourist traffic is not only of theoretical importance. The tension of the tourist flow must correspond to a certain tension of the entire system of tourist services: transport, Catering, logistics, etc. In addition, the mitigation of seasonal fluctuations should be based on the study of the closeness of the relationship between the indicators of the intensity of the tourist flow (seasonality) and the factors that determine it.

By the nature of the transport services used, tourism is divided into automobile (individual), bus, aviation (flight or charter), railway, pedestrian, sea, river, lake).

Road transport accounts for 3/4 of all world passenger traffic. In Europe, about 70% of tourists travel by individual car In the next decade, we can expect a rapid growth in personal vehicles. In the service of tourism for short distances, bus transport takes the main part, and for ultra-long and partly long distances - air transport. For example, on the Atlantic lines, the development of air transportation has led to a catastrophic drop in maritime passenger traffic. Now they account for only about 10% of all transatlantic passenger traffic.

Widespread charter air transportation tourists. Charter aircraft - (an aircraft rented for a single transportation or several flights. With the help of charter aircraft, the so-called exclusive tours, i.e. group tourist trips on a predetermined route with prepaid transport costs. Railway tourist transportation distributed especially in small countries. Rail transport is trying to withstand internal competition from other modes of transport by increasing comfort and speeds up to 200-250 km per hour. Railways introduce exclusive tours. Role maritime transport in tourism is growing through the implementation of ferry transportation, in particular tourist cars. Also in the last decade growing rapidly cruise tourism. A cruise is a sea journey, usually in a closed circle on the same ship along a certain route, stopping at places of interest or at places that are starting points for excursions. Cruise navigation is becoming the predominant form of operation of the modern passenger fleet.

The main cruise routes are directed to warm seas. The most developed cruise trips in the Mediterranean, the intensity of cruises in the waters of the Greek archipelago is especially high. The Mediterranean is followed by the Caribbean region, where they excel in the number of cruise arrivals. tourists Bahamas. In terms of scope, they also stand out seaports Scandinavian countries. The number of cruise flights in the Pacific is growing rapidly. The port of New York ranks first in the world in terms of the number of cruise ship departures. Among the leading countries of cruise tourism are England, Norway, Greece, Italy, France, Germany , USA, Liberia.

The beginning of sea cruise shipping in the Russian Federation was laid in Black Sea-Azov basin in the 60s. In 1960, the first 18-day cruise on the Black Sea was carried out on the ship "Admiral Nakhimov"; already in 1970, 85,000 people took part in sightseeing and pleasure trips on passenger ships of the Black Sea Shipping Company. Another area of ​​maritime tourism is the Far East basin. The first tourist flight was organized here in 1962 on the ship "Grigory Ordzhonikidze".

The prospects for maritime tourism are enormous. In the world, only 10% of routes suitable for sea tourism have been mastered. Such specific forms of tourist travel are also practiced, such as traveling on reindeer and dog sleds in the regions of the North, and in the future flying over volcanoes by helicopters and traveling by airships are possible.

By legal status tourism is divided into national (domestic), i.e., tourism within one's own country, and international, or foreign, tourism. These two types of tourism in developed countries in terms of tourism are developing conjugated. Otherwise, there may be disproportions in serving domestic and foreign tourists, which violates the atmosphere of hospitality and creates socio-psychological tension.

International tourism is divided into active and passive depending on its impact on the country's balance of payments. For each country, the journey of its citizens to other states is called passive tourism, and the arrival of foreigners is called active tourism.

By length of stay, international tourism is divided for short term and long term. If the duration of a tourist trip or stay is no more than three days, then it is classified as short-term tourism, and more than three days - as long-term tourism. In international tourism, those who travel for recreation for less than 24 hours are included in the category "tourist". An excursion (Latin excursio - a sortie) is understood as a collective visit to a museum, a place of interest, an exhibition, etc.; trip, walk for educational, scientific, sporting or recreational purposes.

The main types of recreational areas. In the decision contemporary problems allocation of areas for long-term country rest, there are two main trends: 1) the development of "urbanized" recreational areas on the basis of resort settlements or entire resort agglomerations; 2) development of recreation in inter-settlement areas through the creation of recreational parks. Intermediate recreational areas include recreational areas in rural areas.

Among the territories of the first type, coastal recreation areas, medical and sanatorium individual resorts and resort areas, mountain-skiing tourist complexes have become widespread throughout the world.

Primorsky recreational areas are perhaps the most rapidly developing of all existing recreational areas. It is hardly possible to be mistaken if we say that in terms of the number of arriving recreants, they take the second place after the capitals of the world, which are intensively visited by tourists. The rapid and often hasty development of sea coasts is the product of a tourist boom that began in the 1950s and continuing even now.

The emergence of mass demand for recreation by the sea, the need to meet it coincided with the intensive introduction of industrial construction methods. In the resort areas, the usual industrial construction methods were used, and often the territorial layout of the resort complexes did not differ much from ordinary cities. This is how the urbanized recreational complexes of Spain, France, Bulgaria and other countries arose. As a rule, the characteristic features of the territorial structure of these regions are linear extension along the coastline and slight separation inland. At the same time, the further growth of coastal complexes is again not inland, but along the perimeter of the coastal strip. Large linear recreational agglomerations are being created, which leads to many negative phenomena: the effectiveness of recreation decreases due to the usual attributes of urban life, natural complexes experience overload, the social problems of the local population become more complicated, etc.

Longshore stretching creates many inconveniences in the functional zoning of the resorts. The deep separation project is partly carried out in the Gagra area. The cable car will deliver vacationers from the seashore to the Alpine zone. More radical steps taken in this regard during the construction of the seaside recreation area in France. According to the project, some tourist facilities are located here at a distance of 10-15 km. from the sea coast. Convenient transport links with the seashore provide the opportunity to take daily sun and sea baths. And for the purpose of more rational functional zoning and economy of beaches, development is carried out not along, but perpendicular to the coast, i.e. the main pedestrian artery runs perpendicular to sea ​​shore, and the main highway running along the sea is significantly removed from it. 3 functional zones are clearly located perpendicular to the coast: 1) directly at the coast - a zone of water sports and entertainment; 2) further zone terrestrial species sports and entertainment; 3) then - the zone of accommodation of tourists (accommodation facilities, catering establishments, parking lots, etc.). In the area of ​​water sports, the port of tourist boats occupies a central place. Strictly fixed sizes of each of these zones do not exist. They are determined by the specific conditions of the territory. This planning principle allows, firstly, to save beach areas and, secondly, to more clearly delineate functional areas. One of the fundamental issues of the territorial organization of coastal recreational areas is the choice of a place for recreational development, and the choice of the best areas for development is questionable.

In a number of Baltic holiday destinations, the recreational village itself is almost empty on a fine day (in Palanga, for example, only 6-7% of people remain in the areas of boarding houses, rest houses, etc.). Vacationers tend to leave the village even when the building area is located in a very beautiful place. Not the village itself, but the area surrounding it is the main center of attraction for vacationers. Therefore, recreational villages should not be located in the most beautiful and favorable places for recreation on the coast - they should be strived to be preserved in a natural (or relatively natural) state. For the placement of buildings, it is advisable to choose more modest places on the coast.

By recruiting recreational activities in coastal areas, predominantly multifunctional centers are being created. At the same time, in recent years there has been a tendency to build specialized centers, for example, centers for fishing enthusiasts, entertainment centers, etc.

Urbanized forms of organization of recreational activities also include health resorts, using a number of factors of the geographical environment for preventive and therapeutic purposes. It has long been known that such natural factors as climate, mineral waters and therapeutic mud can have a curative effect on many diseases, as well as prevent them. Modern balneology has accumulated significant knowledge about the mechanism of influence these factors geographic environment per person.

Widespread and extremely diverse in composition, properties, therapeutic use and effects on the body mineral waters and therapeutic mud, as well as comfortable climatic conditions served as the basis for the development of numerous resort centers and areas.

Currently medical tourism experiencing a certain decline. This is especially true for the capitalist countries. But still, sanatorium and medical recreation continues to be a significant factor in both domestic and international tourism. Many of the foreign resorts are forced to go for a radical restructuring of functions in order to attract tourists. This restructuring often goes along the path of expanding entertainment and sports and recreational functions. With a certain assumption, we can say that sanatorium and medical recreation is a European type of tourism,
as in other parts the globe it is underdeveloped. | great attention balneotherapy is given in the Russian Federation. There are more than 500 resorts. Among them are the world-famous resorts of the North Caucasus - Essentuki, Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk, Tskhaltubo in Georgia, Saki and Feodosia in the Crimea, Matsesta in Greater Sochi, Belokurikha in Altai, Truskavets in the Carpathians and many others.

In recent years, the number of international ski resorts, the necessary conditions for the development of which are such natural factors, as the presence of snow cover for at least three months a year, at least 50-60 cm high, comfortable climatic conditions, slightly or moderately dissected terrain with slopes with an average steepness of about 17 °, snow avalanche safety. The development of recreational activities in inter-settlement territories in its scope, taking into account both suburban and and long-term country rest comes to the fore in the last decade. This is due to structural shifts in recreational activities, expressed in the growth of the activity of recreation, its centrifugal and nomadic character. One of the forms of organizing vast territories for recreation and tourism is the creation of natural recreational parks.

Natural Recreational Park- this is an education that combines the interests of nature protection and the interests of the organization of recreation. These are areas of slightly transformed nature or areas of unique natural and cultural features. In world practice, there is experience in the use of so-called national parks. According to international definitions, natural national parks are predominantly objects of protected nature, and the organization of recreation and tourism in them is limited.

Approximately 100 countries of the world have national parks. In total, there are about 1200 national parks.

National parks have the following main tasks: I) protection of the most remarkable natural (or poorly cultivated landscapes); 2) organization of a base for scientific research in natural conditions; 3) creation of conditions for educational tourism; 4) nature protection educational work.

Recreational activities in national parks, although important, are not the main of its functions. In contrast to the existing forest parks and suburban forests, recreational parks should resemble national parks in terms of organizational structure, and forest parks in terms of recreational functions.

A scientifically based technology for the use of recreational parks in inter-settlement territories involves 1) the creation of a fund of recreational lands with comfortable recreational conditions and a large set of highly valuable recreational resources, both natural and cultural and historical; 2) organization of recreational enterprises that use the fund of recreational lands for the purposes of recreation and tourism.

Recreational enterprises in recreational parks serve tourists and take care of recreational resources, regulate the load on individual sections of parks. Rational nature management of recreational parks does not exclude the versatile use of land with the leading role of recreational specialization. However, it is required to develop a list of industries and land users prohibited for placement in recreational parks. Obviously, it is unacceptable to build individual dachas here, place enterprises of increased hazard, and open pit mining.

The cognitive type of recreational parks performs the function of the spiritual development of a person. Depending on the source of knowledge, two subtypes of cognitive parks can be distinguished: a) cognitive and cultural, which include architectural, historical, ethnographic and other parks; b) cognitive-natural, which include not only places with unique and exotic natural phenomena and objects, but also spaces that have topical features of certain natural areas, belts, landscapes.

The structure of the recreational industry. To clarify the concept recreational industry let us divide the enterprises serving the recreational workers, according to the degree of connection with the actual recreational activity, into primary, secondary and tertiary.

1. Primary enterprises directly serve the recreants. The main form of such enterprises in world practice is a travel and excursion agency. They operate in places of permanent residence of recreants, provide them with accurate information about recreational areas and vehicles that they can use, conclude agreements with travel agencies of recreational areas on the accommodation of recreants of a given settlement, organize excursions, travel, etc. travel in recreational areas includes the accommodation of recreants in hotels, the organization of excursions, control over the fulfillment of the terms of the contract for the provision of services to recreants.

To primary include transport companies that provide transportation of recreants from their permanent place of residence to the recreational area and back, as well as movement within the recreational area.

This type also includes accommodation enterprises (tourist bases, hotels, etc.), catering enterprises for recreants, enterprises for the care of recreational parks, etc.

2. Secondary businesses. These include life support enterprises - a network of public catering, retail, public utilities and consumer services, internal transport and non-specialized in tourist transportation, external transport, construction industry.

3. Tertiary enterprises- these are enterprises related to other sectors of the economy, but involved in recreational services. It is through these enterprises that the recreational industry influences other industries at the regional and national levels. These are, as a rule, industrial and agricultural enterprises that serve the entire population, but also satisfy the needs of recreants. They produce tourist equipment: equipment, special tourist vehicles, etc. "A special survey in the United States showed that 24 industries are involved in the tourist service sector, the economy of the country, for which the "tourism industry" is not the main field of activity.

Enterprises of the third group, of course, cannot be attributed to the recreational industry, since, firstly, although their output of tourist goods is large, it is not a core one, and secondly, when they are included in the recreational industry, the principle technological homogeneity.

Satisfaction of recreational needs can be ensured only on the basis of the coordinated activities of primary, secondary and tertiary enterprises. The coordination of the activities of the constituent elements of the "tourism industry" is carried out in most cases on the basis of rent, without which the functioning of the recreational industry is impossible. For example, funds such as aircraft, passenger ships, trains can only be used by way of lease.

Ensuring the coordinated, coordinated functioning of all elements involved in recreational services is possible only with purposeful planning and regulation. This is, firstly, the need to include the recreational industry in national economic planning and the material balance of production and distribution. Secondly, there is a need to ensure the unity of leadership in the recreational industry. In our country, the creation of the organizational foundations of resort treatment and tourism took place within the framework of trade unions. The Central Council for the Management of Resorts and the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions are directly involved in the organization of spa treatment, recreation and tourism in the trade union system. The specificity of the organization lies in the fact that trade unions are a public organization. In general, a harmonious system of organization has been created and the tasks of developing sanatorium treatment, recreation and tourism of the population are being successfully solved:

The diversification of recreational activities leads to a deepening of the process of intra-industry division of labor in the recreational industry, which, in turn, is fixed in the territorial recreational specialization: resort treatment areas of a certain medical profile, seaside recreation areas, ski centers, etc. The formation of a network of areas is determined by the action of conditions and factors of the territorial organization of the recreational industry.

© S.Yu. Makhov, 2013

© Academy of Safety and Survival, 2013

All rights reserved. No part of the electronic version of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, including posting on the Internet and corporate networks, for private and public use, without the written permission of the copyright owner.

Introduction

In the development of tourism and recreation, the role of recreational resources is great. Therefore, in order to determine the possibilities of using any territory for recreational purposes, it is necessary to study and evaluate the recreational and tourist resources that the territory possesses.

Recreational resources - natural cultural and historical complexes and their elements that contribute to the restoration and development of the physical and spiritual forces of a person, his ability to work and health, which, with the modern and promising structure of recreational needs and technical and economic possibilities, are used for direct and indirect consumption and production of resort and tourist services.

The most important characteristics of recreational resources:

- the volume of reserves (debit of mineral waters; area of ​​recreational territories; excursion potential (in hours) of tourist centers) necessary to determine the potential capacity of territorial and recreational complexes, the level of development, optimization of loads;

- the area of ​​distribution of resources (the size of aquifers, beaches; forest cover, watering of the territory; the boundaries of a stable snow cover), which makes it possible to determine potential recreational lands, to establish sanitary protection districts;

- the period of possible exploitation (the duration of a favorable climatic period, the swimming season, the occurrence of a stable snow cover), which determines the seasonality of tourism, the rhythm of tourist flows;

- territorial immobility of most types of resources, causing the attraction of recreational infrastructure and flows to places of their concentration;

- relatively low capital intensity and low cost of operating costs, which allows you to quickly create infrastructure and receive social and economic effects, as well as independently use certain types of resources;

- the possibility of multiple use while observing the norms of rational nature management and carrying out the necessary measures for reclamation and improvement.

The assessment of recreational resources should be carried out taking into account a set of indicators and a clear indication of the object of assessment (type of resources, objects, territories) and its subject (type of tourism, cycle of recreational activities, category of vacationers).

Chapter 1

1.1. Recreation as a sociocultural phenomenon of modernity

recreation(translated from Polish rekreacja - rest, from Latin recreation - restoration) - these are: 1) holidays, vacations, change at school (obsolete); 2) a room for rest in educational institutions; 3) rest, restoration of human strength expended in the labor process.

The study of recreation as a phenomenon is carried out by specialists from various branches of knowledge - geographers, biologists, psychologists, ecologists, physicians, sociologists, economists. In this regard, it should be noted great difficulty in determining the range of concepts related to recreational activities. Recreation as such is one of the main objects of research in such sciences as recreational geography, recreationology, recreational nature management and others.

In our country, with their research in these areas scientific knowledge the scientists of RMAT (Russian International Academy of Tourism), Sochi University of Resort Business and Tourism, Baltic International Institute of Tourism, Moscow and St. public universities, Smolensk University for the Humanities, the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences and others. Among some of the most prominent specialists, we note the activities of I.V. Zorina, V.A. Kvartalnova, V.S. Preobrazhensky, T.V. and many others.

In domestic and foreign sources, there is still no consensus on the definition of the concept of "recreation". Within the framework of this paragraph, an attempt is made to review the basic concepts related to recreational activities and find out what recreation is. To do this, it is necessary to analyze and compare all the main points of view and views of specialists on recreation as a unique socio-cultural and economic phenomenon.

The definition of the basic concepts associated with the phenomenon of recreation is extremely difficult. This is due to a number of reasons.

First, there is no single international terminological standard on this topic. AT different countries dominated by a significantly different official understanding (and, accordingly, interpretation) of concepts and terms related to recreation and leisure.

Secondly, in our country there is no single legislative framework that would accurately define the range of basic concepts related to recreation and the leisure industry. Under these conditions, there is a complete pluralism of opinions. There will always be such a specialist who will prove the incorrectness of the above strict definition and say that "everything is not so, but vice versa."

Thirdly, due to various reasons such concepts as recreation, tourism, rest, excursion, free and recreational time, leisure and others in real conditions are often not so easily distinguishable. Therefore, we will not focus on extremely accurate and complex definitions(Yes, this is not necessary) - we will describe only the basic concepts that are most often found in modern domestic and foreign literature, their content and correlation only in the most general form, without going into details and details.

Let's start our study with the concept of "recreation". In the scientific literature, the term recreation appeared in the United States in the late 90s of the 19th century with the introduction of a standardized working day, a second day off, and summer holidays. Recreation, respectively, is restoration, improvement and the space where these activities are carried out. As mentioned above, recreation in Latin means restoration, rest. It was this point of view that prevailed in Russian (mainly Soviet) literature. AT contemporary literature published in recent years, there is a transition to a new vision of recreation.

In particular, V.A. Kvartalnov in one of his latest works (Encyclopedia of Tourism, 2000) provides the following definitions for this concept. Recreation is:

- expanded reproduction of the physical, intellectual and emotional forces of a person;

- any game, entertainment, etc. used to restore physical and mental strength;

- the fastest growing segment of the leisure industry, associated with the participation of the population in outdoor activities, falling mainly on the weekend;

- restructuring of the body and human populations, providing the possibility of vigorous activity under various conditions, nature and changes in the environment;

- civilized recreation provided by various types of disease prevention in stationary conditions, excursion and tourist activities, as well as in the process of physical exercise.

Recreation and tourism intersect: recreation includes all activities that are not associated with a change of residence; tourism is education, business tourism, medical recreation, shopping tours, political tourism. Consequently, the zone of their intersection is all types of tourism, which are aimed at restoration, recovery, relaxation, country rest, pilgrimage, ecotourism.

According to the above point of view, three successive phases of recreation are distinguished:

- "image" - reflects the nature and structure of recreational needs and the selectivity of time, places and forms of recreation formed by them;

- "situation" - characterizes the system of recreational activities;

- "trace" - determines the effectiveness of recreation, including emotional aspects - memories.

1.2. Essence, concepts and main functions of recreation

Recreation now refers to such a selective type of activity, which is becoming a necessary condition for normal human life, a means of compensating for stress, a means of restoring working capacity and a condition for the continuation of production itself.

Its main task is the restoration and development of the physical and mental strength of each member of society, the comprehensive development of his spiritual world. At the same time, the highest need, which must be satisfied in the first place, is the development of the spiritual world of a person, his creative abilities.

The recreational needs of society are the needs for simple and expanded reproduction of its social, labor and sociocultural potential.

Recreational activity of vacationers is an activity aimed at the realization of recreational needs, the restoration and development of the physical and spiritual forces of a person, his intellectual improvement and is characterized by the intrinsic value of not only the results, but also the process itself.

Tourist activity of recreation organizers is an activity aimed at creating optimal conditions for recreation of the population, a system for providing services, ways to create, ensure, operate and develop recreational systems.

Recreational activity is the simplest element of recreational activity of vacationers.

Recreational time is the part of social time used for recreational activities.

Recreational space - part of the social space used for recreational activities; is formed as a result of the activities of vacationers and organizers of recreation.

Recreational system (PC) is a social demo-ecological system (i.e., a system in the center of which a person, population is placed), consisting of interconnected subsystems: groups of vacationers, natural and cultural complexes, technical systems, service personnel, management body and having functional integrity; the target function of the system is to satisfy recreational needs.

Recreation as a process of expanded reproduction of the physical, mental and intellectual forces of a person is one of the fundamentals tourism.

The recreational system is a combination of social, demographic, biomedical, economic and other characteristics of a region or territory. Although in science there is still no generally accepted classification public functions of recreation, they could be divided into three main groups:

Biomedical function consists in sanatorium treatment and rehabilitation. Recovery through tourism is one of the ways to solve the problem of removing industrial and non-productive mental fatigue of a person.

Socio-cultural function is the leading function of recreation. Cultural or spiritual needs are the needs of knowledge in the very broad sense, knowledge of the surrounding world and one's place in it, knowledge of the meaning and purpose of one's existence. Tourism opens up great opportunities for human communication with natural, cultural, historical and social values not only in their own country, but throughout the world.

economic function- simple and extended reproduction of labor power. Recreation saves socially necessary time. Thanks to recreation, the ability of workers to work increases, the duration of the period of full-fledged working capacity increases, which leads to an increase in the working time fund due to a decrease in morbidity and an increase in vitality.

Recreation also performs other economic functions: the accelerated development of the economic structure of a certain part of the country's territory; expansion of the sphere of application of labor, that is, an increase in employment of the population through recreational services and in industries related to recreation indirectly; a significant impact on the structure of the balance of cash income and expenditures of the population throughout the country in favor of recreational areas; increasing the efficiency of foreign tourism as a source of foreign exchange.

Based on these characteristics, when solving the problems of nature management for the purposes of resort and recreational development, the primary task is to assess the recreational potential of the area, defined as the interaction of bioclimatic, territorial, natural and hydro-mineral resources of the study area. The assessment of the recreational potential of the territory is based on a consistent analysis of the characteristics of all its elements. These characteristics are grouped into three main blocks:

– biomedical;

– psycho-aesthetic;

- functional and economic.

Each block includes indicators such as activity, heavy metal pollution, the number of days with precipitation, energy supply, etc. Recreational potential can be different, there are three levels:

1. Sufficient potential (favorable climatic and natural conditions, the presence of historical and cultural monuments).

2. Moderate potential (less favorable climatic conditions).

3. Low potential (areas with fairly high pollution levels).

Recreation as a field of activity has all the necessary features of self-sufficiency and autonomy and is one of the leading ones in human life. The significance of recreation is determined not only by the choice of forms of recreation, but also by the range of recreational services offered. The recreational industry offers ample opportunities for the provision of services:

– educational, sports, health tourism, including sanatorium treatment;

– hotel service and stay;

– catering;

- Leisure culture.

In developed countries, recreation as a sector of the economy has become one of the most important profitable industries. AT individual states this profit is up to 70% of the national budget. In this regard, very capacious recreational programs are being developed, conditions are being created to improve the quality of recreation for citizens. As for Russia, where there is a fairly high resource potential, its use is still ineffective, although attempts to develop this industry have been constantly made.

Considerable attention paid by recreational science to recreational activities is due to the fact that the object of recreationology is a person, and the subject of research is leisure activities, which are an integral part of the physical, social and spiritual life of a person.

Recreational needs are defined as human conscious, a group of people, society, the need for the restoration and development of physical and spiritual forces. Needs can be realized only through activity: physical, mental, intellectual; because of this, they act as an incentive to activity.

The concept of " recreational activity" means the activities of a person and groups of the population, the concepts of "recreational activities" and "cycles of activities" are associated with it. Recreational activity has both common to all types of human activity, as well as their specific features. Like many other types, recreational activity is also one of the mandatory areas for the development and knowledge of the world around and by a person. Recreational activity acts as a sphere of contact, interchange of universal and national, urban and rural cultures (Yu. Vedenin).

For recreational activities, orderliness and at the same time periodicity are typical. They are due to both natural rhythms and cycles (daily, seasonal, cosmic) and cyclicality (alternation of work and life) of the social and household activities of vacationers and society (in particular, recreation organizers). Cycles- one of the most characteristic forms of organization of recreational activities of vacationers (cycles of recreational activities) and organizers of recreation (cycles of recreational services). Cycles of recreational activities are formed on the basis of the typification of recreational activities (I. Zorin, A. Zorin, 1999).

Elementary recreational activity (ERZ) is an internally holistic, homogeneous element of recreational activity that is inseparable into technological components. ERZ is the basis for the formation of recreation programs. Sociologists number about 100,000 ERZs, and their number doubles every 10 years. Obviously, the operation of such a database requires the use of ERZ typification and their reduction into more large groups– types of recreational activities (TRD). For this, such ERP properties as alternativeness and interchangeability are used. The condition for combining several ERZ into one TRD is the possibility of replacing one ERZ with another without visible damage to the purposes of recreation. For example, in the non-mushroom period, tourists can be offered to compensate for this lack by picking berries, herbs, nuts, etc.

In essence, TRDs are a kind of "letters" from which the tour operator can make up "words" - cycles of recreational activities, and then from cycles and offers - a recreation program. When constructing cycles of recreational activities, important properties of TRD are interdependence and mutual contraindication. It is they that make it possible to reduce TRD into new combinations - cycles of recreational activities.

The recreational activity cycle (CRC) is an interconnected and interdependent combination of TRD that arises on the basis of the leading TRD. The CRD is like plot outline future tourism program, allows, on the basis of behavioral opportunities and patterns, to realize specific recreational goals, motivations and claims of tourists by choosing combinations of TRD as standards for recreational activities.

In the absence of TRD, each person independently unconsciously constructs the TRD, based on their own ideas about the usefulness and attractiveness of recreational activities, habits, fashion, prices, money income and other factors. More often than not, therefore, self-organized activities cannot satisfy two fundamental requirements of efficiency: recreational utility and individual appeal. The developed procedure for the formation of the CRD allows you to do this work for the tourist and recommend him the best combinations. CRDs act as a structural composition of recreational activities, which have internal integrity and conservatism, are the subject of organization and design in recreational systems and tourist centers. Thus, the CRD constitute a systemic structure that adequately reflects the properties and relationships of both the subject and the object of recreation. With their help, you can take into account recreational needs and formulate requirements for the conditions for their implementation, determine the technology of service.

1.3. The political essence of recreation

Human activity has two polar forms. One of them is associated with the costs of productive forces (the sphere of production activity, production of goods, working time), the other - with their restoration and development (the sphere of everyday life, consumption of goods, non-working time). The dialectical unity of these two polar forms of life activity lies in the fact that without the restoration and development of forces (recreation) there can be no costs. This interaction is historical. In other words, changes in the production sphere objectively lead to the need for changes in the household sphere. Interaction, of course, has a feedback.

The sphere of everyday life covers the entire existence of people outside of their production and socio-political activities; the material and cultural environment in which the needs for food, clothing, housing, recreation, entertainment, health maintenance, etc. are met. The global function of the sphere of everyday life - recreation - has the ultimate goal of restoring and developing the productive forces of individuals.

Recreation is characterized by the time within which the restoration of human strength (physical, intellectual and emotional) takes place, and by activities consciously or instinctively aimed at restoration. Strictly speaking, the value of this time depends on the performance social labor, and the value of working time depends on the "productivity" of recreational activities, on the efficiency of using non-working time, that is, on how fully the global function of the sphere of everyday life is realized. However, the sphere of everyday life, due to the structural complexity and the many factors that determine it, does not always and does not fully fulfill the recreational function; as a result, not all non-working time covering this area can be considered recreational. The share of recreational time in non-working time at the moment is no more than half. According to the function in the process of reproduction of human living forces, recreation can be divided into simple (compensation) and extended (development of forces).

In real life, there are four forms of recreation:

– during the working day (I), inclusive, i.e. included in working hours;

– at the end of the working day (II), daily;

– at the end of the week (III), weekly;

- at the end of the working year (IV), vacation pay.

The functions of these four forms of reproduction of human living forces are different:

I - compensatory, II - compensatory - expanded, III - expanded-compensatory, IV - expanded.

The interconnection of the four forms of recreation is obvious: they constitute a single whole - the life cycle of recreational activities, the implementation of which requires arrays of recreational time corresponding to each form (minutes, hours, days, weeks) and a specially organized environment.

The growth of the productivity of social labor, on the one hand, makes it possible to increase non-working time, on the other hand, it requires its increase, because within the framework of this time, the restoration and multiplication of human productive forces take place.

Since there is a socially necessary working time, there is also a socially necessary time for the restoration of expended forces, i.e., recreational time. By socially necessary recreational time, we mean the time necessary for the simple reproduction of human forces expended on the manufacture of a product under social conditions. normal conditions production, i.e., with an average level of technology, average intensity of labor and skill of workers in enterprises that produce the main products of this type, as well as the time required for expanded reproduction, ensuring a further increase in labor productivity.

Obviously, at each stage of the development of society, recreational time, one way or another, must reach a socially necessary value. Otherwise, progress in the development of the productive forces of society cannot be ensured. Mankind would never have been able to reach the current level of development if the share of recreational time had not increased, within which the productive forces of man, the main driving force of progress, multiply.

Since the costs of forces and their restoration are in a dialectical unity, a change in the nature of the costs should lead to a change in the nature of the restoration.

The scientific and technological revolution has sharply increased the power supply of a person not only in the sphere of production, but also in everyday life, which has dramatically changed the nature of costs, i.e., reduced physical activity. One hundred years ago, 94-99% of all mechanical work was carried out due to the muscular efforts of a person, now 99% of mechanical labor is carried out with the help of machines and only 1% - due to the physical efforts of a person. The energy balance, which in the past was balanced mainly by labor costs during working hours, now requires vigorous physical activity during recreational hours. If this requirement is not met, a person is threatened with pathological changes, leading to the need for medical intervention.

Simultaneously with a sharp drop in the share physical activity the share of intellectual and emotional ones sharply increases. Increasing specialization, pipeline, mass production with the division of production operations into small elements lead to monotony, causing fairly rapid psychological fatigue, which is much more difficult to remove than fatigue caused by physical effort.

Throughout biological evolution a person developed as a physically highly active organism, and therefore he could not help but “learn” to quickly and effectively replenish the expended energy: relatively short-term rest (less than 30% of the time of the day) and a small amount of food (0.75% of his own weight - daily ration) completely restore the physical strength of a person. Nervous tension is not relieved as quickly as physical tension, and has a large cumulative capacity.

The intellectualization of labor and the increase in psycho-emotional stress during working hours dictate their own requirements for recreation, which should provide emotional and psycho-physical “reliability”, “stability” of a person in the labor process. The latter is most effectively achieved not by disconnecting from the environment, but by changing it, not by isolation from sources of information, but by changing the nature of information, not by emotional and intellectual "hibernation", but by changing impressions. The mechanisms for this lie in the features of the central nervous system person. In spite of abrupt change the nature of the expenditure of forces, the nature of their recovery has practically not changed: rest is still absolute majority population is associated with physical rest and abundant nutrition, i.e., needs are realized that are directly opposite to the actual recreational needs of modern man. In addition, nervous tension, unlike physical tension, accompanies a person not only in the sphere of production, but also in everyday life, where it is often higher than production. Man has always strived for the economical use of his physical energy, which cannot be said about the use of nerve forces. The irrational expenditure of nervous resources is unjustified mental stress, emotional “storms” over trifles, a long experience of past events, the transfer of official concerns to the family, and vice versa, the inability to get rid of family and household chores during work. Violations of the mental balance of people are due, in particular, to the imperfection of service industries (transport delays, fuzzy work of shops, workshops, etc.), communication based on hostility, suspicion, when the word hurts. Dozens of other reasons for the "unproductive" expenditure of nervous forces can be named.

Willingly or involuntarily, but modern man finds himself in a state of significant nervous tension during the entire period of wakefulness. It's unavoidable. And it is pointless to try to bring the expenditure of nervous forces to the present level of expenditure of physical ones, but at the same time, reducing irrational expenditures to the possible minimum has a great social and economic sense. To do this, it is necessary to carry out, first of all, targeted measures in the sphere of everyday life, which, according to experts, is the largest source of irrational nervous tension and, rather, the area of ​​application of human forces than their restoration. It is this circumstance that leads many sociologists to the idea that in the structure of non-working time, the time of “immutable occupations” should be reduced and, due to this, free time, i.e., pure time for rest and human development, should increase.

However, a sharp reduction in the time for immutable classes cannot occur. The reasons for this are as follows.

The time spent on the road to the place of work and back cannot noticeably decrease, moreover, in some cases it will increase, as the process of specialization in social production will expand and deepen, and this will inevitably lead to further territorial differentiation. The pace of improvement in the organization of urban transport, the growth of speeds of urban vehicles will hardly be able to keep up with the pace of territorial specialization (G. Golts, 1983).

Time spent cleaning and maintaining homes is likely to increase rather than decrease. The reason is the increase in usable area per person; The “world of things” of a person is expanding and requires increasing time spent on “managing” it. The time spent on shopping cannot be significantly reduced; moreover, the freedom to choose goods (no queues, a wide range) does not shorten the time of the “trading action”, but increases it. It is absurd to set the task of reducing the time spent on personal hygiene, raising children and caring for them, sleeping, eating. Thus, the time of immutable occupations in the short term is not a reserve for a noticeable, qualitatively tangible increase in recreational time. Obviously, along with unproductive or inefficient spending of working time, there are also unproductive or inefficient spending of recreational time.

Therefore, the main stake should be placed on increasing the share of recreational time, increasing or revealing the recreational function of any activity. In other words, it is advisable to set a goal: to turn the entire array of non-working time into recreational time.

The section is very easy to use. In the proposed field, just enter the desired word, and we will give you a list of its meanings. It should be noted that our site provides data from different sources- encyclopedic, explanatory, derivational dictionaries. Here you can also get acquainted with examples of the use of the word you entered.

Find

The meaning of the word recreation

recreation in the crossword dictionary

Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, Vladimir Dal

recreation

French rest from service, from studies, holidays; holiday. Recreational room.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

recreation

recreation, w. (Latin recreatio, lit. restoration) (school obsolete). Break for rest between classes, lessons; the same as a change of 5 digits.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova.

recreation

Rest, recuperation after work (special).

In educational institutions: a room for students to relax (colloquial).

adj. recreational, th, th. R. forest (intended for recreation, recuperation). R. hall (in an educational institution; obsolete).

New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

recreation

Restoration of human strength expended in the labor process.

Rest room in the school building.

1. obsolete Time free from classes; holiday.

   Break between lessons at school; turn.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

recreation

RECREATION (Polish rekreacja - rest, from Latin recreatio restoration)

holidays, vacations, change at school (obsolete expression).

Rest room in educational institutions.

Rest, restoration of human strength expended in the labor process. In many countries, recreational services are a major sector of the economy.

recreation

(Polish rekreacja ≈ rest, from Latin recreatio ≈ restoration),

holidays, holidays, recess at school (obsolete).

Rest room (outdated).

Rest, restoration of human strength expended in the labor process. In this sense, the term "R." been used since the 60s. 20th century in the literature on physiological, medical, socio-economic, architectural and construction, and other problems of organizing recreation for the population. In cases where rest is combined with treatment, for example, in sanatoriums, R. without clear boundaries merges with the restoration of health, treatment. R. is characterized by the amount of time within which the restoration of strength takes place, and by activities consciously or instinctively directed towards this restoration.

The amount of recreational time depends on the level of productivity of social labor and the nature of industrial relations, as well as on age, sex, profession, and a number of other socio-demographic factors. An increase in the productivity of social labor, on the one hand, makes it possible to increase the time for R., and on the other, it requires its increase as a necessary condition for the simple and extended reproduction of a person's physical, spiritual, and intellectual capabilities. Thus, the socially necessary working time corresponds to the socially necessary recreational time. Man's need for R. is a socioeconomic category that changes its content depending on the nature of the productive forces and production relations. Under capitalism, recreational time reaches a socially necessary value, contrary to the interests of those who own the means of production, only as a result of the class struggle; under socialism, as a result of the planned and purposeful activities of the state and the working people.

The scientific and technological revolution increases the share of intellectual and psycho-emotional stresses in labor due to the reduction of physical ones. This changes the nature of R. The predominantly passive R., aimed mainly at replenishing the body's energy resource, is replaced by active R., which requires energy expenditure (due to the energy resource not used up during working hours). Recreational activities cover various types of activities (tourism, physical education, sports, amateur art, technical creativity, collecting, etc.) with an unequal degree of physical, intellectual and emotional stress. Socially promising types of this activity contribute to the harmonious development of the individual and thereby increase social and physiological efficiency of R., and some types connected with labor processes have applied value. Recreational activities are organized, as a rule, through various state and public institutions, clubs, are of a public nature, but can also be individual.

In many countries, recreational services are an independent sphere of labor application and a large branch of the economy, attracting 2-5%, and in individual countries(for example, Italy, France) up to 10≈15% of the employed population; Gross expenditures of the population on recreational services and goods amount to 3-5% or more of the consumption fund (in the USSR about 5%, in the USA 5.5%). In territories that have the most favorable natural and economic conditions for the organization of recreation, and are interesting in geographical, historical, ethnographic, and cultural terms, rest houses, tourist bases, sports camps, sanatoriums, industrial, commercial, and intermediary enterprises, routes and necessary means of communication are being created. .

The main recreational areas in the USSR: the Caucasus, the Crimea, the Carpathians, the Baltic states, some areas of Central Asia, the Urals, South Siberia and the Far East. Great recreational value cultural centers≈ Moscow, Leningrad, Kyiv, and other cities with their environs rich in historical and cultural monuments, as well as nature reserves. Recreational resources are taken into account in regional planning. The search for new recreational territories and the study of the problems of their integrated use determined the emergence of recreational geography, the theoretical foundations of which are being developed in the USSR (Institute of Geography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow State University, etc.); the study and use of recreational resources are carried out by institutions and organizations (taking into account natural and climatic conditions, cultural and historical attractions, infrastructure, labor resources and recreational demand) of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, the ministries of health, culture, agriculture, Gosstroy, etc. Research recreational opportunities conducted in the USA, France, Spain, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and other countries.

══Lit.: Likhanov B. N., Geographic study recreational resources of the USSR and ways of their use, in the book: Geographical study of natural resources and questions of their rational use, M., 1973 (Results of science and technology. Geography of the USSR, vol. 9); Theoretical foundations of recreational geography, ed. V. S. Preobrazhensky, Moscow, 1975 (problems of constructive geography).

V. M. Krivosheev, B. N. Likhanov.

Wikipedia

recreation

Recreation- complex recreational activities carried out in order to restore the normal state of health and performance of a healthy, but tired person.

The concept covers all types of recreation - sanatorium treatment, tourism, amateur sports, recreational fishing, etc. Restoration of emotional and psychological strength, health and working capacity by resting outside the home: in the bosom of nature, on a tourist trip, etc. Sanatoriums, dispensaries, boarding houses and others are considered specialized enterprises for recreation. The concept began to be used in the 1960s in the physiological, medical, socio-economic literature, on the problems of restoring the strength and health of workers.

The obsolete meaning is a recreation room.

In the post-Soviet countries, large recreation areas have formed, which can be divided into several groups. Areas that have arisen on the basis of natural conditions and resources: Caucasian Mineral water, Marcial Waters, the Black Sea coast of Russia, Abkhazia and Georgia, mountain resorts of the Caucasus, resorts of Issyk-Kul, National parks of Bashkortostan, Southern coast of Crimea, etc.

Examples of the use of the word recreation in the literature.

The fact is that both in the teaching staff and in the library they have long used modern yandaric lamps, but here, in recreation, still lit naphthas, the light of which was softer and more pleasing to the eye.

Waving his wings, Panteleimon fluttered through the half-open door into recreation, and a moment later he was again next to Lura.

For me, this is the first recreation, and the imagination draws something unusual, fabulous, impossible.

Our recreation flew by with the most insulting speed, and before we even had time to get properly tired, the sun had already set behind the jagged wall of the forest, and twilight had come.

Bending her head to her knees, Lura darted along the table like an arrow and darted through the door. recreation and froze as if rooted to the spot in the middle of the room.

Traditionally, after dinner, professors gather in recreation to enjoy a good glass of wine and roasted poppy seeds.

But then the meetings of this Council should be held in the palace, and certainly not in recreation College of the Waters of the Jordan.

There was another knock on the door, and recreation the butler and Thorold, Lord Asriel's valet, appeared.

Judging by the way scientists have moved forward in recreation, they were clearly trying to do the same.

I hope you remember, - sounded in recreation Uncle Azriel's voice that communication with the Grumman expedition had been interrupted a year and a half ago.

Lyura again heard the clicking of locks, the whistle of intake air, and then in recreation there was dead silence.

You know, in recreation there was a professor, from another college, very sassy.

AT recreation, on that memorable evening when Lord Asriel spoke to the professors of the College of the Waters of the Jordan.

Started from the same evening when I hid in recreation, and so on without missing anything.

He once saw how Pushkin played in the hall during recreation into the ball, his movements were quick, he was sharp and hot.

Recreation and tourism can only be understood in the context of human evolution. They never existed on their own and always carried a certain socio-cultural content. The only exception is the daily recreational cycle, but this is a biological phenomenon. In the weekly cycle of recreation, social and socio-cultural patterns, characteristic of all times and peoples, begin to appear. The relationship of quarterly and annual recreational cycles with the processes of socio-cultural development of territories is attributive in nature and is equally inherent in all SCSs. The current state is no exception. It determines only specific forms of recreation, the choice of areas and some particular features of implementation.

Recreation is not only an orientation towards learning something new, but also a reaction to stress and fatigue. It is believed that the more stressful the living conditions of a person, the greater his need for recreation. Sluggish work, lack of fatigue does not generate much interest in recreation. This pattern allegedly leads to the fact that the most active recreants are often residents major cities as well as people with stressful working conditions. In particular, this behavior is most typical for residents of millionaire cities and professionals engaged in intensive work, for example, systematically working with computer technology.

Despite its popularity, this statement has no real justification. The noted types of recreation are fully characteristic of all people, regardless of the intensity of their work. Computers as a mass product began to spread only from the late 1960s and later. Indeed, they have a very tiring effect on a person, and people who systematically work with computer technology are potentially active recreants, which is also facilitated by the combination of high incomes with great fatigue. However, this does not lead to the intensification of recreation. Overloads are removed due to recovery within the same daily, weekly, quarterly and annual cycles - new cycles do not arise. Therefore, there is no reason to believe that the introduction of any technical innovation is able to change such a fundamental phenomenon as recreation cycles.

From a spatial point of view, two standards of recreation are distinguished - passive and active. By "passive recreation" is meant rest within one's main residence, associated with minor movements in space; “active recreation” implies significant movements outside the main place of residence.

Based on the criterion of repeatability of recreational activities, five types of recreation are distinguished:

daily rest - cycle 24 hours;

weekly rest - a cycle of 7 days;

"quarterly" rest - a cycle of 65 - 90 days;

annual rest - a cycle of 365 days;

life rest - a cycle covering 10 - 15 years.

The reasons for recreation, depending on its type, are somewhat different. The daily and weekly cycles of recreation are undoubtedly generated by the biological characteristics of the process of human life. The reasons for daily recreation are daytime fatigue: you need to sleep for a certain time and spend outside the workplace. The reasons for weekly recreation are about the same. 40 - 50 hours of working time per week - and by the end of it there is a desire to relax. All this is natural biological response to fatigue, and, as a result, two types of recreation are present in a variety of cultures and have found a place in all, arbitrarily ancient times. Daily and weekly types of recreation, as a rule, do not find spatial expression: the movements between the “place of fatigue” and the “place of rest” are the most insignificant.

It is simply impossible to imagine modern life without schools, hospitals, shops, catering establishments, museums, etc. All these types of enterprises are part of the service sector (service sector). The location of service enterprises coincides with the geography of the population. However, the level, quality, and completeness of the set of services provided differ not only by region, but also within each of them - between the countryside and the city, even within big city- between the central and outlying ("sleeping" and "industrial") areas. The location of service enterprises is also determined by the different frequency of demand for different types of services. The volume of demand for services also plays a role. A theater cannot exist in a village or town. Perhaps the only service industry that has large regional differences is the recreational economy.

Quarterly recreation is a more complex phenomenon, but its cause is quite obviously connected with the accumulation of fatigue from a long stay in one place - the place of permanent residence. This is also a universal phenomenon, inherent in all people, although the forms of implementation of quarterly recreation can dramatically differ depending on the stage of evolution and the type of socio-cultural education. Spatially active quarterly recreation associated with movements over relatively remote distances is a function high level development of the territory. Accordingly, it occurs quite late. The social load of quarterly recreation is more significant than daily or weekly.

Spatially active annual and, especially, peak life types recreation - the product of an even higher level of development of space, manifesting itself only in strictly defined periods of socio-cultural evolution. Their specific expressions depend on the type of socio-cultural education and the stage of its evolution. Depending on a number of factors, the annual and life types of recreation can take on completely different forms and intensity. The annual recreation is not exclusively a product of the late 19th century and beyond. This type of recreation took place in very ancient times. Another thing is that over time it changes the form of implementation - from a spatially passive to an active one, associated with moving to increasingly remote distances from the main place of residence. Annual recreation is a complex phenomenon that is characteristic only for a certain part of the population and does not always depend on its immediate capabilities.

Thus, the reasons for recreation of different cycles are somewhat different. At the levels of quarterly and annual types of recreation, the involvement of the SCS in the affairs of the vacationer is manifested. A person works for his SCS in any condition, including during rest. Quarterly and annual cycles of recreation play an important role in this respect.

Recreation is not so much about moving to a pleasant but remote place as it is about finding variety. The desire for diversity is the most common and significant characteristic of recreation. Once a year it is necessary to achieve maximum diversity; once a quarter - a smaller, but also definitely pronounced variety. Diversity can be achieved without moving from the main place of residence. From a spatial point of view, this is a passive form of recreation, but, nevertheless, it performs its functions and does not fundamentally differ from a spatially active one. For an annual holiday, it is absolutely not necessary to go somewhere - you just need to categorically change your lifestyle.

The evolution of spatially active recreational activities

Recreation is not only a phenomenon of the recent past: people have always rested. Another thing is that with the evolution of mankind and depending on the characteristics of socio-cultural conditions, specific manifestations of recreational activities change. Description of the evolution of recreation is a very complicated matter. It is not completely distinguishable from other activities and is never present on its own. It is no coincidence that the history of tourism development is most often reduced to the history of the development of professional tourism companies. We have compiled such a description, linking recreation and its evolution with the processes of territorial development.

were taken into account following characteristics and parameters:

• 1. Temporary rhythms of people's movements in space. These are the weekly, quarterly, annual and life cycles of movements described above.
• 2. Levels of development of space. The following types of space development are distinguished.

"Unknown space" - a space that lies outside the living space of people of a certain socio-cultural community. People may have certain information about the existence of a given space, but never visit it. Ideas about it are extremely abstract. This is largely a passed stage of the development of the Earth. It is characteristic of the very early historical stages of cultural contacts.

“Place” is a privatized space well developed by a person or a group of people. The place can be both the space of permanent residence, and the most famous places of one's SCS, with which a short-term or correspondence acquaintance has been made. For example, the city of Moscow and, in particular, some of its districts are a place for Russian people in general, regardless of their specific residence. A place is a space filled with the meaning and values ​​of a person of a certain socio-cultural community.

“Own space” is a space assigned to a certain socio-cultural community of people. This is, in fact, homeland in the understanding of this term in the theory of socio-cultural systems. The main characteristic is connected precisely with the attachment to a certain socio-cultural standard. The development of one's space can be of a very different nature.

"Pioneer space" - a space assigned to a certain socio-cultural entity, but located at the initial stage of development. In the presence of a pioneer space, a strategically important task is its early development, which can take place in a variety of forms, up to the generation of environmental crises. Pioneer space is very attractive for travel and sports tourism.

“Periphery” is a space assigned to a certain socio-cultural standard, which is characterized by poor development. This can be judged by contrast with the most developed in terms of development of the territories of this socio-cultural formations. Periphery is a historical concept. It arises at a certain stage of development and disappears upon reaching a certain level of development. The development of the periphery is also largely carried out through mass tourism.

“Alien space” is a space assigned to a different socio-cultural formation. The degree of its development can be completely different, but it is important that it is controlled by a different socio-cultural standard. With the development of mankind, the delimitation of one's own and other people's space acquires a linear character. Ideally, this is a socio-culturally justified state border, tied to natural objects. For example, the Russian-Chinese border, which runs along the Amur, where periodic conflicts take place, but in general, problems of separation of Russia and China do not arise and there is nothing like the western border.

The meaning of spatially active recreation is largely reduced to the privatization of SCS space. Acquaintance with it leads to the fact that it ceases to be an abstract or pioneer space and becomes a “place” or “its own space”. That is why in different periods of time tourism and, especially, mass tourism receive such powerful support from the state. It's not about the rest of people - it's about the development of territories. For a real vacation, there is no need to travel thousands of kilometers - this is too tiring and expensive for both the state and the population. But in the process of developing space, tourism and travel are stimulated as a mass phenomenon - a manifestation of a strictly defined stage in the development of the territory of socio-cultural education.

3. Types of recreational activities and movement of people in space: excursions, tourism, mass tourism, travel and sports tourism, migration for the purpose of developing territories (see Glossary of terms and concepts).

The results of the analysis of the evolution of recreational activities and its connection with the processes of development of territories are shown in Table 1 (see file image-1), which clearly shows that, as the development of the territory increases, the types of recreational activities also change. Spatially active recreation is largely the result of a certain level of development of the territory and the path of its further development.

The initial stage of the socio-cultural development of territories (lack of statehood, a large number of unknown territories, undeveloped social organization of society) is characterized by the following:

poor visibility of such types of recreational activities as excursions and tourism. They flow within the framework of “place” and “their own space”, but there is no clear distinction between them;

complete indistinguishability of travel, pioneer tourism and migrations with the aim of developing new territories. In reality, the initial level of development is most often associated with a nomadic lifestyle; the latter sets its own standard for spatially active recreation.

For a developed level of socio-cultural development of the territory (statehood appears, which often takes the form of empires associated with the control of large spaces; there are no unknown, but many vacant territories that do not have a clear socio-cultural affiliation, which become the subject of struggle of various socio-cultural formations; the socio-cultural structure of the organization of space in the form of buffer zones, enclaves, etc. is being actively formed), the following is typical:

there is a clear distinction between such types of spatially active recreational activities as excursions, tourism, travel and sports tourism;

tourism is gaining mass character and is an important factor development of territories. It proceeds within the framework of the quarterly and annual cycles of recreation, is realized within the framework of “its own space” and the periphery;

travel becomes very active. They acquire an organized character and can become the direction of an unprecedented mass tourism;

migrations for the purpose of pioneer development of territories have a life cycle and extend to pioneer space;

foreign tourism associated with going beyond the limits of its SCS can become very active. It is also largely associated with the study of space within other socio-cultural formations.

For high degree development of the territory (certainty of internal political boundaries, the absence of vacant internal territories, the presence of a formed complex structure of the socio-cultural organization of space) is characterized by the following:

there is still a clear separation of different types of spatially active tourism (excursions, tourism, sports tourism);

there is a division of the space of socio-cultural development. A clear division into “own” and “foreign” space appears;

the concept of periphery loses its meaning. A relatively evenly developed space of its own SCS appears, without sharp gradients in the level of development;

migrations focused on the development of territories are preserved only within the limits of “their own space”.