When talking about all those poisonous "gifts" that the development of industry has brought us, we usually imagine a chimney that emits a disgusting yellow-black smoke. Or another pipe from which flows something of an unimaginably nasty color and smell. And rarely does anyone associate ordinary writing paper or plastic bottles with poison.

Scientists and technologists were immensely happy when they learned how to isolate and use chlorine and its compounds. In addition to the appearance of dazzling white paper (the result of chlorine bleaching) and a number of new plastics (chlorine-containing polymers) applicable in almost all areas of our lives, many other substances containing chlorine were synthesized, the remarkable properties of which led to their rapid distribution.

However, the "conquest" of nature is an insidious thing. Many products and goods, being familiar to us since childhood, turned out to be extremely dangerous. Free or weakly bound chlorine has never been found in nature. Therefore, it is not surprising that some of its compounds, completely alien to nature, cause unpredictable reactions. In the course of any chemical process in which chlorine comes into contact with any organic compound with slight heating, terrible poisons are formed, substances of the dioxin series. These substances cause many serious diseases: they affect the nervous system and internal organs, being the strongest carcinogens. Many herbicides and pesticides used in agriculture, as well as some types of chemical weapons, belong to the dioxin group. In addition, these substances have an amazing survivability - it takes centuries for their complete decomposition.

No multicellular organism is known to be able to process or promptly remove these foreign substances. Living organisms accumulate dioxins, and the absorption or accumulation of even a very small amount of them leads to disease or death. According to the official opinion of scientists from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USA EPA), there is no safe concentration of dioxins. Only them complete absence can provide safety for life. Dioxins and dioxin-like substances are compounds alien to living organisms that are emitted with products or waste products of a number of technologies. They are continuously and on an ever-increasing scale generated by mankind in the last half century, thrown into the natural environment and accumulated in it. This process knows neither saturation limits nor national borders. Dioxins have never been a target product of human activity, but only accompanied it in the form of microimpurities.

Microimpurities of dioxins in various products used by humans can become one of the reasons for long-term contamination of the biosphere. This danger is incomparably more serious than environmental pollution by other highly toxic substances, such as organochlorine pesticides. At present, the situation is such that the concentration of dioxins in the hydrosphere and lithosphere can reach critical values, at which all mankind will be under the threat of extinction.

The large group of dioxin compounds includes polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated aromatic compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes and others.

Dioxins are a universal cellular poison and affect all animal species and most plants. The particular danger of these poisons lies in the fact that they are extremely resistant to chemical and biological decomposition, remain in the environment for decades and are freely transferred through food chains (algae - plankton - fish - man; soil - plants - herbivores - man) .

PCDD, PCDF and PCB can be found almost everywhere. They are found in air, water, soil, bottom sediments, fish, meat, milk, vegetables, etc. The highest concentrations of dioxins are found in soil, bottom sediments and biota; they are usually lower in water and air, since in the solid state they are heavier than water, insoluble and non-volatile. These substances are allocated to a special group of "superecotoxicants". They selectively and very firmly block the so-called Ah receptor, a key point in the immune-enzyme system of all warm-blooded and, more generally, aerobic (air-breathing) living organisms.

Soil contamination with dioxins leads to the destruction of all living organisms living in it, which, in turn, leads to the complete loss of the soil's natural properties.

Sources of dioxins can be industrial enterprises of almost all industries. The main ones are the chemical, petrochemical, non-ferrous metallurgy, and pulp and paper industries. However, the main rule that should not be forgotten: Dioxins appear only where chlorine is used.

Many agents from the group of dioxins are highly toxic compounds. TCDD in its toxicity surpasses such well-known poisons as strychnine, curare, hydrocyanic acid, yielding only to botulinum, tetanus and diphtheria toxins. The sensitivity of different mammalian species to the toxic effects of TCDD differs by a factor of 10,000! While hamsters and some strains of rats and mice are resistant, guinea pigs are extremely susceptible. An exceptionally important question still remains open: "To whom, in terms of its sensitivity closer man hamsters or guinea pigs?"

The estimated average lethal dose of dioxin for humans with a single intake of dioxin is 70 μg/kg of body weight (about 0.5 mg per average person weighing 70 kg), and the minimum effective dose is approximately 1 μg/kg, which is significantly less than the corresponding dose of known synthetic drugs. poisons. The threshold of chronic general toxic action of dioxin for humans is at the level of 75 pg/kg/day. Taking into account that the calculated values ​​of toxic doses for humans are usually predicted with a margin, it is assumed that the safe dose (the highest one that does not cause harmful effects in a daily intake for a lifetime) can be 0.1-10 pg/kg/day. Actually, these figures correspond to the above DSD.

In acute laboratory experiments in mammals, it has been shown that TCDD affects various bodies and organ systems. In rats, mice, and rabbits, the damage is predominantly to the liver; in guinea pigs, the thymus gland and lymphatic tissues; and in non-human apes, the skin. In general, the action of dioxins is diverse and they are capable of causing pathological changes in epithelial tissues. Special studies have found that various kinds animals TCDD causes a pronounced wasting syndrome, which manifests itself in weight loss. In all animal species that have been exposed to dioxins, the effect of TCDD, even at sublethal doses, is manifested in hepatotoxicity (i.e., in morphological and functional changes in liver cells), immunotoxicity (atrophy of the thymus and lymphoproliferative organs and suppression of cellular and humoral immunity, impaired differentiation thymocytes into immunocompetent T-lymphocytes), myelotoxicity (suppression of hematopoietic function in the bone marrow). A very important aspect of the action of dioxins is the effect on enzyme systems. It has been shown that in various types of laboratory animals, TCDD, depending on the dose, can have an inducing or inhibitory effect on the enzymes of metabolism and biotransformation. In addition, as a result of hepatotoxicity, changes in the activity of a number of key liver enzymes are observed.

Exposure to dioxins leads to an increase in the activity of a special enzyme - aminolevulinic acid synthetase, which causes disturbances in porphyrin metabolism (increased skin photosensitivity) as a result of accumulation in the liver (and with prolonged exposure in the kidneys and spleen) and an increase in their excretion. Dioxins reduce the levels of accumulation in the liver of vitamin A necessary for tissue differentiation.

Disruption of cholesterol metabolism caused by dioxin intoxication also leads to severe and difficult to predict consequences. It is cholesterol that is the basis for the formation of corticosteroids, male and female sex hormones, i.e. those endocrine factors that largely determine metabolic processes, the growth of the body, its sexual and general development, the ability to adapt, and ultimately the ability to live.

In recent years, a number of foreign experts tend to believe that dioxins cause accelerated aging of the body. The reason for this is the reduction in the average life expectancy of persons who have prolonged contact with these substances. If we take into account the fact that dioxins and DPS cause the above-mentioned disorders of vital activity at concentrations much lower than those of true hormones, then one cannot but agree with the authors who define these compounds as "maladaptation hormones", "premature aging hormones", "environmental hormones", "endocrine disruptors". Moreover, we can talk not only about the individual, but also about the population as a whole. As a result, there is a developmental delay (if we are talking about a child), premature aging with the appearance in young people of a wide range of diseases characteristic of old age. Let's list the list common features and symptoms that people develop as a result of exposure to dioxins:

skin manifestations

system effects

neurological effects

reproductive disorders

Given the wide range of diseases causally associated with exposure to dioxins and DPS, it is advisable to provide a shortened list of them in this section (Table 1).

Table 1. pivot table effects of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds on human health

Malignant neoplasms	Soft tissue sarcomas; cancer of the lung, breast, stomach, liver; non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Reproductive toxicity (males)	Decreased sperm count; testicular atrophy; abnormal development of the male gonads; change in the level of male hormones, (decrease in testosterone and androgen) decrease in libido (sex drive); feminization.
Reproductive toxicity (women)	Hormonal changes; reduced fertility; violation of the course and adverse outcome of pregnancy (spontaneous miscarriage, inability to maintain pregnancy); ovarian dysfunction (anovulation, menstrual irregularities); endometriosis.
Impact on the fetus	Birth defects (cleft palate), hydronephrosis; violations of the development of the genital organs; structural changes in the structure of the female genital organs; delayed puberty; neurological disorders; developmental delay and disruption
Skin diseases	Chloracne; hyperpigmentation; hirsutism (excessive hair growth); senile keratosis; Peyronier's disease (hardening of the tunica albuginea and the septum of the penis, which leads to its deformation during erection).
Metabolic and hormonal disorders	Change in glucose tolerance and decrease in insulin levels, which leads to an increased risk of diabetes; changes in lipid metabolism and increased levels of lipids, cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood; changes in the metabolism of porphyrins; weight loss, exhaustion; changes in hormone levels thyroid gland
Damage to the central and peripheral nervous system	Increased irritability and nervousness; decreased skin sensitivity; violation neurological development followed by a decline in learning ability
Liver damage	cirrhosis; an increase in the size of the liver; increased enzyme levels
Immune system disorders	Reducing the size of the thymus gland; an increase in T4 - a subpopulation of T-lymphocytes, an increase in the ratio of thyroxine and TSH cells; increased susceptibility to infectious diseases; increased risk of developing cancer
Respiratory system disorders	Hypersensitivity to irritating agents; decreased lung function; tracheobronchitis.
Other violations	Loss of appetite; nausea; circulatory disorders and heart disease

In the comments to this table, it should be noted that the list of listed diseases is not complete. As S.S. Yufit notes, “it cannot be complete, just like the list for AIDS patients. In this respect, the journalistic nickname of dioxins “chemical AIDS” is correct .... One cannot die from AIDS, but from the diseases that fall on such sick, die - alas! - 100%". Indeed, cardiovascular pathology and malignant tumors are clear to everyone (these are the two main causes of death in the majority of developed countries), but other names for diseases "do not hurt so much."

In January 2011, a scandal erupted in Germany with the supply of dioxin-contaminated animal and poultry feed to agricultural farms.

Dioxin is one of the most toxic man-made substances. TCDD, or 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, discovered in 1872, is called the most poisonous artificial substance and the most toxic organic compound known today. TCDD is lethal at a concentration of 3.1 10-9 mol/kg, which is 150 thousand times stronger than the same dose of cyanide.

Dioxins are substances that do not naturally degrade in the human environment and in himself. About 90% of dioxins come to humans with animal food. Once dioxin enters the human body, it remains there forever, causing long-term harmful effects.

The maximum amount of dioxins enters the environment as a result of industrial organochlorine synthesis, processing and use of its products, high-temperature processes of chlorination of organic substances, heat treatment and combustion of organochlorine compounds in nature.

Dioxin, getting into the soil, where there are other less toxic elements, poisonous products, characterized by rapid decay, etc., affects ecosystems, and this process becomes an avalanche. An unprecedented situation arises when one biologically active substance forms countless synergistic pairs with a variety of organic and inorganic compounds having various mechanisms actions on the body.

The concentration of dioxins in the human body is scanty - it is calculated in parts per trillion, i.e. units per 10-12 g (this is equal to a billionth of a gram of dioxin per kilogram of body fat). There is an opinion that this level is or is close to the threshold, from which the serious impact of dioxin on the state of health begins.

Dioxins cause whole line serious diseases, including the formation of malignant tumors, mental disorders, learning disabilities, decreased immunity, reduced levels of male hormone, diabetes, impotence, endometritis.

The abnormally high toxic properties of dioxins are associated with the structure of these compounds, with their specific chemical and physical properties. Dioxins are not destroyed by acids and oxidizing agents in the absence of catalysts, are stable in alkalis, are insoluble in water, heat treatment does not affect dioxins, their half-life is from 10 to 20 years, when they enter the human or animal body, they accumulate and decompose very slowly and are excreted from the body.

A total of 75 dioxins, 135 furans and 209 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been identified to date. Many of them are also toxic. Usually, their total toxicity is translated into toxicity of 2,3,7,8-TCDD.

• Dioxins are a group of chemically related compounds that are persistent environmental pollutants.
• Dioxins are present in the environment throughout the world and accumulate in the food chain, mainly in the fatty tissues of animals.
• More than 90% of human exposure to dioxins occurs through food, mainly through meat and dairy products, fish and shellfish. Many countries have programs in place to monitor the food supply.
• Dioxins are highly toxic and can cause reproductive and developmental problems, immune system damage, hormonal imbalances, and cancer.
• Because dioxins are ubiquitous, all humans are exposed to background exposure that is not considered to have an impact on human health. However, due to the highly toxic potential, efforts must be made to reduce the current level of background exposure.
• Prevention or reduction of human exposure is best achieved through source-based interventions, i.e. by strictly controlling industrial processes to reduce dioxin production as much as possible.

Background

Dioxins are environmental pollutants. They are part of the Dirty Dozen, a group of hazardous chemicals known as persistent organic pollutants. Dioxins are of particular concern due to their high toxic potential. Experiments show that they affect a number of organs and systems.

Once in the human body, dioxins remain in it for a long time due to their chemical stability and ability to be absorbed by adipose tissues, in which they are then deposited. Their half-life in the body is estimated at 7-11 years. In the environment, dioxins tend to accumulate in the food chain. The concentration of dioxins increases as you move up the food chain of animal origin.

The chemical name for dioxin is 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo para dioxin (TCDD). The name "dioxins" is often used for a family of structurally and chemically related polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF). Some dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) with similar toxic properties are also included in the concept of "dioxins". 419 types of dioxin-related compounds have been identified, but only 30 have significant toxicity, with TCDD being the most toxic.

Sources of dioxin pollution

Dioxins are formed mainly as a result of industrial processes, but can also be formed as a result of natural processes such as volcanic eruptions and Forest fires. Dioxins are by-products a number of production processes including smelting, pulp bleaching using chlorine, and the production of certain herbicides and pesticides. The main contributors to dioxin releases to the environment are often uncontrolled incinerators (solid and hospital waste) due to incomplete waste incineration. There are technologies that allow for controlled incineration of waste with low emissions.

Despite the local formation of dioxins, their distribution in the environment is global. Dioxins can be found anywhere in the world in almost any environment. The highest levels of these compounds are found in soils, sediments and food products, especially in dairy products, meat, fish and shellfish. Minor levels are found in plants, water and air.

There are extensive stocks of PCB-based used industrial oils around the world, many of which contain high levels of PCDF. Long-term storage and improper disposal of these materials can result in dioxin releases into the environment and contamination of human and animal food. It is not easy to dispose of PCB-based waste without polluting the environment and human populations. Such materials must be handled as hazardous waste, and the best way to dispose of them is incineration at high temperatures in specially equipped places.

Incidents of Dioxin Contamination

Many countries control food products for the presence of dioxins. This facilitates early detection of pollution and often prevents large-scale consequences. In many cases, dioxin contamination occurs through contaminated animal feed, for example cases of elevated levels of dioxins in milk or animal feed have been linked to clay, fat or citrus granules used in the manufacture of animal feed.

Some cases of dioxin contamination have been more significant, with wider implications for many countries.

At the end of 2008, Ireland withdrew numerous tons of pork and pork products from the market because dioxin levels 200 times higher than safe levels were found in pork samples taken. This led to a withdrawal from the market due to chemical contamination of one of the largest batches of food products. Ireland's risk assessments have shown that challenges for public health no. It was traced that the source of contamination was contaminated feed.

In 1999, high levels of dioxins were found in poultry and eggs from Belgium. Then dioxin-contaminated animal products (poultry, eggs, pork) were found in some other countries. The source was animal feed contaminated by the illegal disposal of PCB-based waste industrial oils.

In 1976 on chemical plant in Seveso, Italy, there was a release large quantities dioxins. A cloud of poisonous chemicals, including TCDD, escaped into the air and eventually infected an area of ​​15 square kilometers inhabited by 37,000 people.

Extensive research among the exposed population is ongoing to determine the long-term effects of this incident on human health.

There is also extensive research into the health effects of TCDD due to its presence in some batches of the herbicide Agent Orange, which was used as a defoliant during the Vietnam War. Its connection with certain types cancer, as well as diabetes.

Although all countries can be exposed to dioxins, most reported cases of contamination come from industrialized countries where there is adequate monitoring of food contamination, greater hazard awareness and better regulatory tools to identify problems related to dioxins. management.

Several cases of deliberate poisoning of people have also been reported. The most significant of these is the poisoning of Viktor Yushchenko, the President of Ukraine, whose face was disfigured by chloracne.

Effects of exposure to dioxins on human health

Short-term human exposure high levels dioxins can lead to pathological skin changes such as chloracne and focal darkening, as well as changes in liver function. Prolonged exposure leads to damage to the immune system, which is formed nervous system, endocrine system and reproductive functions.

As a result of chronic exposure to dioxins, some types of cancer develop in animals. In 1997 and 2012, the WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) made an assessment of TCDD. Based on animal data and human epidemiological data, TCDD has been classified by IARC as a "known human carcinogen". However, TCDD has no effect on genetic material, and there is a level of exposure below which the risk of developing cancer becomes negligible.

Due to the ubiquity of dioxins, all people are exposed to it and have a certain level of dioxins in the body, which leads to the so-called load on the body. The current normal background exposure has, on average, no impact on human health. However, due to the high toxic potential of this class of compounds, steps must be taken to reduce the level of background exposure.

Sensitive subgroups

The developing fetus is most sensitive to the effects of dioxin. Newborn baby with fast developing systems organs may also be more vulnerable to certain influences. Some people or groups of people may be exposed to higher levels of dioxins through their diet (for example, people in some parts of the world who eat a lot of fish) or their occupation (for example, workers in the pulp and paper industry, waste incinerators, hazardous waste dumps).

Prevention and control of exposure to dioxins

Proper incineration of contaminated materials is the best available method for preventing and controlling exposure to dioxins. PCB-based waste oils can also be destroyed using this method. The combustion process requires high temperatures - over 850°C. To destroy large quantities of contaminated materials, even higher temperatures are needed - 1000 ° and above.

The best way to prevent or reduce human exposure to dioxins is to take source-specific measures, such as strict control of industrial processes to reduce dioxin emissions as much as possible. This is the responsibility of national governments. The Codex Alimentarius Commission adopted in 2001 a Code of Practice on Source Based Measures to Reduce Chemical Contamination of Foods (CAC/RCP 49-2001) and in 2006 a Code of Practice was adopted to prevent and reduce contamination of food and feed dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs (CAC/RCP 62-2006).

More than 90% of human exposure to dioxins occurs through food, mainly through meat and dairy products, fish and shellfish. Therefore, food protection is critical. In addition to taking source-specific measures to reduce dioxin releases, it is also necessary to prevent secondary food contamination in the food chain. Proper controls and practices during primary production, processing, distribution and sale are critical to the production of safe food.

As noted in the examples above, the root cause of food contamination is often contaminated animal feed.

Food contamination monitoring systems are needed to ensure acceptable levels are not exceeded. Feed and food manufacturers have a responsibility to ensure safe raw materials and safe manufacturing processes, and national governments should monitor the security of the food supply and take measures to protect the health of the population.

National governments must monitor food safety and take action to protect public health. In case of suspected contamination, countries should have contingency plans in place to identify, intercept and dispose of contaminated feed and food. The exposed population should be assessed in terms of the level of exposure (e.g. measure levels of contaminants in blood or breast milk) and its consequences (e.g. establish clinical surveillance for signs of bad condition health).

What should consumers do to reduce the risk of exposure?

Removing fat from meat and consuming reduced-fat dairy products can reduce exposure to dioxin compounds. Balanced diet(including fruits, vegetables and grains in appropriate amounts) also avoids excessive exposure to dioxin from any one source. This long-term strategy aims to reduce the burden on the body and is of particular importance for girls and young women, as it helps to reduce the impact on the developing fetus, and then on the breastfed child.

What is needed to detect and measure the level of dioxins in the environment and food?

For quantitative chemical analysis dioxins needed modern methods, available only in a limited number of laboratories in the world. The cost of such analyzes is very high and depends on the type of sample, ranging from more than US$ 1,000 for the analysis of a single biological sample to several thousand US dollars for a comprehensive assessment of emissions from an incinerator.

Everything is being developed more biological screening methods (based on cells or antibodies). The use of such methods for testing food samples is not yet sufficiently legalized. These screening methods will allow more tests to be performed at a lower cost. In the case of a positive screening test, more complex chemical analyzes must be performed to confirm the results.

WHO activities related to dioxins

In 2015, WHO published estimates of the global burden of foodborne disease for the first time. In this context, the effects of exposure to dioxins on fertility and thyroid function were considered. Considering only these 2 dimensions suggests that in some parts of the world such exposures may contribute significantly to the burden of foodborne disease.

Dioxin exposure reduction is important goal public health. To develop guidance on acceptable levels of exposure, WHO has held a series of expert meetings to determine acceptable levels of intake of dioxins in humans.

In 2001, the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)/WHO Expert Committee on food additives(SEKPD) conducted an improved comprehensive evaluation risk of exposure to PCDDs, PCDFs and "dioxin-like" PCBs.

To assess the long-term or short-term health risks associated with these substances, the total or average intake should be assessed after several months, and the acceptable intake should be assessed after at least one month. The experts tentatively set an acceptable monthly intake of 70 picograms/kg per month. This is the amount of dioxins that can enter the human body throughout his life without detectable health effects.

WHO, in collaboration with FAO, through the Codex Alimentarius Commission, has developed a "Code of Practice for the Prevention and Reduction of Contamination of Food and Feed with Dioxins and Dioxin-Like PCBs". This document provides guidance to the relevant national and regional authorities on how to take preventive action.

WHO is also responsible for the Monitoring and Evaluation Program for Food Contamination under the global system environmental monitoring. Known as GEMS/Food, this program provides information on the levels and trends of contaminants in food through a network of participating laboratories in over 50 countries. Dioxins are included in this program.

WHO also conducts periodic studies of dioxin levels in human milk, mainly in European countries. These studies make it possible to assess human exposure to dioxins from all sources. Recent evidence suggests that, over the past two decades, measures introduced in a number of countries to control dioxin releases have led to significant reductions in exposure to these compounds. Data from developing countries are not sufficient to analyze trends over time.

WHO also conducts periodic studies of dioxin levels in human milk. These studies make it possible to assess human exposure to dioxins from all sources. Recent evidence suggests that, over the past two decades, measures introduced in a number of countries to control releases of dioxins have resulted in significant reductions in exposure to these compounds.

WHO continues these studies in collaboration with the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), in the context of the "Stockholm Convention" - international agreement on the reduction of emissions of certain persistent organic pollutants, including dioxins. A number of measures are being considered to reduce the release of dioxins from incineration and production. WHO and UNEP conduct global breast milk surveys, including many developing countries, in order to monitor global trends in dioxin pollution and the effectiveness of measures implemented under the Stockholm Convention.

Dioxins are present as a complex mixture in the environment and foods. The concept of toxic equivalence is used to assess the potential risk of the entire mixture with respect to this group of pollutants.

WHO has established toxic equivalence factors (TEFs) for dioxins and related compounds and reassesses them regularly through expert consultations. WHO-PTE values ​​have been established and apply to humans, mammals, birds and fish.

But, everyone should know: symptoms, first aid, what not to do at home and use, so as not to get dioxin poisoning.

Friends bloggers, vermicolleges and just guests, good time days!

Each of us should know:

1. What not to use so as not to get dioxin poisoning.
2. What to cook and what to season reduce dioxin content obtained earlier.
3. How to get smart on the street don't take a killing breath smoke poisoned with dioxin.
4. At the end of the article, you can also find out the consequences of dioxins entering the body - irreversible and often fatal.

Symptoms of poisoning

Dioxins enter the body through the digestive tract or inhalation.

Toxic effect manifests itself later long time from the beginning of the entry of poison into the body.

Signs of dioxin poisoning:

• a sharp decrease in appetite,
• up to a complete refusal to eat;
• exhaustion; severe muscle weakness;
• specific acne;
• swelling of the face, and later of the whole body.

Like you, we love herring, but only Dutch and Swedish, caught in Norway, since the domestic one can turn into serious consequences for us if we are not picky when choosing it.

Visiting swimming pools where the use of chlorine to disinfect water also leads to the accumulation of dioxins in our body.

What not to eat in order not to get dioxin poisoning

All products grown outdoors in regions with unfavorable technological environment.

1. In areas where chemical and metallurgical enterprises are located.
2. Close to pulp and paper mills.
3. Close to waste processing plants.
4. Smoke from fireworks.
5. In gardens and orchards where any synthetics have ever been burned.

In a 15-minute walk, only one block adjacent to the main street in the resort town of Mineralnye Vody counted five active sources dioxin poisoning, blown by the wind.
Including next to school number 6 and the hospital.

The half-life of dioxins in the soil is 30 years, less than in Chernobyl, but everywhere around us.

Go around at least one block in your city and you will surely see on the streets - if not smoking, then dioxin-dusting bonfires or garbage cans with the remnants of melted synthetics.

We ourselves create a catastrophic man-made environment around us because of our deep ecological illiteracy.

Summary - if you do not take into account the direction of the wind, then you can walk along Min-Vod Street only in a gas mask and a chemical kit.

What to cook and how to season to reduce the content of dioxin obtained earlier

O cleansing ingredients in our recipes.

For example, one day.

For breakfast.

• Millet porridge - 200 gr.
• Your dried fruits - 50 gr.
• Honey - 1 tsp
• Pomegranate- 1 tbsp. l.
• Dogwood - 1 tsp
• Chips - 2-3 pcs.

For lunch.

• Snack from boiled beets With garlic- 30-50 gr.
• Pumpkin soup with garlic - 250-300 gr.

Afternoon - one thing.

• Apple- 100 gr.
• Mandarin- 100 gr.

For dinner.
Vareniki with strawberries.
An hour before bed.
Ryazhenka - 100 gr.

How to contrive on the street, so as not to take a murderous breath of dioxin-poisoned smoke

I choose a path so that the wind does not carry the overly poisonous sweetish-sugary smell of burning synthetics in my direction.

Or I hold my breath as I pass a dioxin-smoking dumpster like this, and there are hundreds of them in the city.

The sources of dioxin smoke are often:

1. Garbage containers and trash cans with synthetic cigarettes smoldering in them from a discarded cigarette butt;
2. Burning bonfires in the streets in Min Vody;
3. Extinct bonfires blown by the wind with poisonous ashes with dioxins;
4. Even barbecues next to cafes and barbecues.

All of us are not averse, at least occasionally in the courtyard of our estate, at the dacha, to pamper the family with a fragrant shish kebab according to our own recipe on coals burning in the grill or in a cafe.
But if there is even the slightest fraction of any synthetics in the subject to fire, then STOP !!!

Before bringing a match to something, think about whether it is better to give this chemistry without burning it for the benefit of "".
Why tightly stuff all the synthetics into a mesh bag and put it in or store it at a great depth.
And I hope to do this, this information will help us, how easily and quickly you can cut cardboard for septic tank vermi.

And now you can learn the consequences of dioxins entering the body - irreversible and often fatal

Even burning in special ovens at temperatures above +1,000°C does not complete confidence is that hazardous substances are completely destroyed, and therefore consideration should be given to preventing the release of polluting microparticles into the atmosphere, which requires the installation of expensive flue gas filters.
We try not to burn anything, and we put everything in boxes, like this cardboard.

the largest environmental safety when burning any household waste, can be achieved using high-temperature pyrolysis reactors with external heating.

Of particular concern are the very persistent organic compounds - dioxins, which may be formed during the burning of garbage and can lead to serious consequences for the environment in the immediate vicinity of the burning site.

Dioxins - a trivial name polychlorine derivatives of dibenzo-1,4-dioxin.

The name comes from the abbreviated name of the tetrachlor derivative - 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-1,4-dioxin; compounds with other substituents - halides - also belong to dioxins.

Dioxins are cumulative poisons and belong to the group of dangerous xenobiotics.

Dioxins are global ecotoxicants with powerful mutagenic, immunosuppressive, carcinogenic, teratogenic and embryotoxic effects.
They weakly split and accumulate both in the human body and in the biosphere of the planet, including air, water, food.
The lethal dose for these substances reaches 10−6 g per 1 kg of live weight, which is significantly less than the similar value for some chemical warfare agents, for example, for soman, sarin and tabun (about 10−3 g/kg).

Mechanism of action of dioxins.

1. dioxins, suppressing immunity and intensively influencing the processes of cell division and specialization, provoke the development oncological diseases.
2. Dioxins also invade the complex well-functioning work of the endocrine glands.
3. They interfere with reproductive function, dramatically slowing down puberty and often leading to female and male infertility.
4. They cause profound disturbances in almost all metabolic processes, suppress and break the work of the immune system, leading to a state of the so-called " chemical AIDS».
5. Recent studies have confirmed that dioxins cause deformities and developmental problems in children.

Ways of penetration of dioxins into our body:

1. 1. • 90 percent - with water and food through gastrointestinal tract,
      • rest 10 percent - with air and dust through the lungs and skin.
      • circulate in the blood deposited in adipose tissue and lipids of all body cells without exception.
      • through the placenta and With breast milk they are transmitted to the fetus and child.

The Seveso disaster is a deplorable example of dioxin poisoning
Explosion on 11 July 1976 in Italian city Seveso at the chemical plant of the Swiss company ICMESA released a cloud of dioxin into the atmosphere. The cloud hung over the industrial suburbs, and then the poison began to settle on houses and gardens.
Thousands of people began to have bouts of nausea, vision weakened, an eye disease developed, in which the outlines of objects seemed blurry and unsteady.
The tragic consequences of what happened began to appear after 3-4 days.
By July 14, Seveso's dispensaries were filled with sick people.
Among them were many children suffering from rashes and festering boils.
They complained of back pain, weakness and dull headaches.
Patients told doctors that animals and birds in their yards and gardens began to die suddenly.
The reason for the toxicity of dioxins lies in the ability of these substances to accurately fit into the receptors of living organisms and suppress or alter their vital functions.

Acute toxicity
Dose that irritates the skin - 0.0003 milligrams per kilogram of body weight
Their half-life in the environment is approximately 10 years.
Once in the human or animal body, they accumulate in adipose tissue and very slowly decompose and are excreted from the body (the half-life in the human body is from 7-11 years).
Dioxins are also formed as undesirable impurities as a result of various chemical reactions at high temperatures and in the presence of chlorine.

The main reasons for the emission of dioxins into the biosphere

1. 1. 1. Use of any high temperature technology
      2. Chlorination and processing of organochlorine substances
      3. Burning production waste.
      4. The presence of ubiquitous polyvinyl chloride and other polymers in the destroyed garbage, various connections chlorine contributes to the formation of dioxins in flue gases.
      5. Up to a temperature of 900 °C, heat treatment does not affect dioxins.

AT hour bike ride on Haapsalu raised the issue bonfires and supervision over them.

Even before putting wood in the fireplace, we carefully check

Is there a piece of polyethylene stuck somewhere?

And you?

From: Galina Chugunova
To: Viktor Dulin
Sent: Friday, March 14, 2014 6:34 PM
Subject: My opinion about the article
Thank you, Victor, for reminding everyone to take care of each other and your loved ones!
In our garden farms, there is often someone "smart" and begins to burn everything in spring and autumn.
He is not stopped by anyone's opinion: "the owner himself is on his site and that's it!"
Probably, amendments are needed in the mouth that it is impossible to burn chemical waste, but how can they be applied if there are only a few people in the common garden, and they are busy with their urgent business?
There are many questions, it would be necessary to place your publications more widely, but how to implement this if those who harm themselves and others will never read all this?
Be healthy! Good luck in the new season!
Sincerely, Galina.

To: Chugunova Galina
Cc: Eifo
Sent: Saturday, March 15, 2014 4:42 AM
Subject: Re: My opinion on the article:
Galina Isaevna, thank you so much for the feedback!
Implementation is very simple - in order to spread our publications wider and faster, you just need to click on the buttons social networks and others - under each of our articles, and each of the visitors to these pages.
And our common pain - due to the ruined nature and ourselves, will affect everyone with whom we communicate on the Internet.
I share your opinion about the “smart”, and if you think that there are none in Estonia, then you are deeply mistaken and my answer is a response cry from the heart.
Sorry for the coincidence of names in the text below, but this is a living and very recent unfortunate fact.
Here is our neighbor - "wise guy" - a dozen years older than us, a big fan of burning everything in a barrel behind the fence of the site.
And the wind we have is mostly western, and even when nothing burns in the barrel, microparticles of dioxins mainly carry to its site, which it continuously mows and literally turns the beds inside out with a cultivator 30-40 centimeters deep twice a year, and this lasts over 10 years.
So, in September 2013, he buried his wife, who died of cancer.
She is a poor fellow, over those black, literally and figuratively, beds soaked through with dioxins, she spent whole days on her knees, with bare hands plucking every blade of grass.
Under the mesh fence with weeds, the “wise guy” fights by spraying “Roundup”, over cabbage, also conjures with a spray gun and some kind of fetid rubbish in it, bred from ampoules.
Our older neighbors are not friends with a computer, the Internet, but about “chemical” councils of Oktyabrina (“Noyabrievna”- as I joke when we talk about her programs from the BMP) from the TV box, in summer conversations with us, all the neighbors often mention and follow her recommendations, and not our example.
Against frequent and many "chemical" DTV broadcasts with our single and only for Estonia "Angels of the Earth" you can not argue.
Now, when meeting with my girlfriend, the “clever” neighbor Nikolai grieves and sheds tears over his Galechka, which he killed himself, and shares his observation with me - they say, how nature feels everything - not a single carrot has risen that she sowed in the spring Galenka.
We never quarrel with any of the neighbors, and how many times, I begged him and not only him not to burn anything - just give us, if it’s so sorry for the money for garbage collection, and not spray herbicides at least along our fence, and when he fires something again and the wind is in our direction, we hastily abandon everything and leave the dacha, and he knows this very well and still the barrel, which is visible behind his bed, is not empty.
Exit one, make the last one chinese warning with the threat of “snitching” on the Inspectorate for the Protection of environment, and there they react instantly and

Dioxin belongs to the group of substances of polycyclic compounds, which are formed due to human activity (anthropogenic). Thus, it turns out that Dioxin is a toxic compound that arose solely through the fault of man. It would be more correct to use the term dioxins.

Substances are solid crystalline structures without color and odor. By their nature, they are inert and thermally stable. Added to dioxins a large number of chemicals: organochlorine, organobromine, organochlorine-bromine ether compounds.

Action of dioxins

Almost all of these substances (about 95%) enter the human body with food and water, in which they are able to accumulate and be stored for a long time. The rest of these compounds can enter the body through inhalation of polluted air or dust. And also do not forget about the percutaneous (percutaneous) method of penetration into the body.

Penetrating inside, toxic compounds move with the blood stream. They are able to be deposited in all cells of the body. Due to the structural features of dioxins, they have the following properties:

• almost insoluble in water;
• better soluble in organic compounds.

Therefore, the substances are very stable in chemical terms compounds. They are extremely slow to decompose, so they do not change in the environment for hundreds of years.

It is recommended to read in which cases it helps the body.

Already minimal doses of dioxin cause changes in the genetic apparatus of the cell, which leads to the development of chronic intoxication (poisoning) and significantly increases the risk of tumor formation. Mutagens and carcinogens manifest themselves in a similar way (see).

Dioxin poisoning is characterized by:

• weight loss
• poor appetite (up to its complete loss);
• skin diseases;
• acute depressive conditions;
• drowsiness;
• damage to nerve fibers;
• dysmetabolic manifestations;
• changes in the composition of the blood.

Dioxins and their effect on the human body are well studied. Once in the body, they inhibit immune processes, disrupt the processes of mitosis and meiosis, and become the cause of oncological pathologies.

The compounds affect the functioning of the endocrine glands, which disrupts metabolic processes, the processes of reproduction and tissue growth. The balance of hormonal production of the pancreas and thyroid glands, sex glands is disturbed, the likelihood of developing diabetes mellitus increases. Puberty is greatly slowed down, the risk of infertility and abortion, and fetal abnormalities increases.

Women notice disruptions in normal menstrual cycle reproductive dysfunction may develop. The peculiarity of these processes is that they go unnoticed. Under the influence of toxins, metabolic processes are disturbed, the immune system, up to the development of immunodeficiency (can reach the state of "chemically induced AIDS").

Developing organisms are extremely susceptible to these poisons: embryos, fetuses and children. And since the substance has a long latent period, it is quite difficult to understand whether a person is sick. In addition, the effect of substances of this type directly depends on the size of absorbed doses and age.

Dioxin compounds can accumulate in pregnant women and be excreted along with breast milk. In addition, they are able to be transferred through the placenta to the fetus. Approximately forty percent of all these toxins are passed into the baby during breastfeeding.

Substances that enhance the action of dioxins

The action of dioxins is imperceptible until a critical dose of these substances is accumulated in the body. That's when the disease manifests itself. The dose that can lead to the death of a person ranges from ten grams per kilogram of body weight. But at the same time, any (including below the critical) dose chemical compounds is toxic. In addition, in nature there are synergists of dioxins - these are substances that can enhance the effect of these poisons. This is especially characteristic of the carcinogenic effect of compounds (see).

To similar substances relate:

• lead and its salts
• cadmium,
• mercury,
• nitrates,
• sulfides,
• chlorophenols,
• exposure to ionizing radiation.

Dioxin and Dioxidin in Medicine

Dioxin and dioxidin (a drug based on it) are used in medicine. After reviewing the above information, the question arises: “Where is dioxin used, is it a deadly poison?”. In extremely small doses, it is used in medicine. The substance belongs to antibacterial drugs with a wide range actions. Its use is highly effective in the fight against pathogens of aerobic and anaerobic infections.

Dioxin preparations are indicated for use in the presence of a purulent-inflammatory process in the chest or abdominal cavity, it is used in the treatment of deep wounds, abscesses and phlegmon. In addition, it is used to prevent infections after the installation of a urinary catheter.

How to remove dioxin from the body

How to remove dioxin from the body:

• ensure the supply of a sufficient amount of clean air;
• perform gastric lavage;
• force the patient to take a large dose of sorbents;
• the patient should drink plenty of fluids;
• the patient is taken to medical institution where he can receive qualified assistance.

It is useful to read about acute and chronic: causes, symptoms, treatment.

It is important to find out how it helps and what water is recommended to drink.

All about: nutritional principles, cooking rules, allowed and prohibited foods.