Today you will learn about the holidays that are most important in certain countries. After all, on this day, any state celebrates significant event. To keep abreast of all the holidays, we recommend that you read this article.

Holidays in Russia August 1, 2019

Logistics Day of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

"Day of Logistics of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation" was approved back in 1998 on the seventh of May. The order was accepted by the Ministry of Defense. Today, this event is celebrated annually on August 1st. By our time, the armed forces of the Russian Federation is the most important and effective potential of the state.

The country's economy and troops are closely linked. It is worth noting that the rear headquarters consists of nine central offices and three management services of central subordination.

Day of formation of the special communications service of Russia

Back in 1939, the inhabitants of our country celebrated the "Day of the formation of the special communications service of Russia." However, much later, the name changed slightly. Every year, some residents of Russia celebrate this holiday. A couple of years ago, a special service was set up to deliver secret jewels, etc. This process had to take place secretly.

To date, technology has advanced so much that the supply and transfer of any information or accessories does not bring any problems, but quite the opposite. Any thing can be delivered from one point of the world to another in a few hours or even days.

All-Russian day of the collector

To celebrate the Day of the All-Russian Collector, some employees gather annually on August 1. This service was created in 19393 under the State Bank of the USSR. Since at that time it was necessary to transport and deliver money safely.

Special guards were needed to transport money from one point to another. All these actions took place in Kievan Rus. Only then did merchants appear, who in turn became princes and boyars.

After having created new service, some rich people hired people who transported cash. Thus, the profession of inspector arose.

Holidays in the rest of the world August 1, 2019

Civil holiday in Canada

Every year on August 1, Canadians celebrate "Civic Day". On this day, all residents of the country do not go to work. The holiday is considered official. This event does not carry revolutionary conjecture. The main idea of ​​the holiday is that all Canadians need a weekend to relax. Accordingly, the authorities chose the first of August.

Also, it is worth noting that in 1869 a special entry appeared in Toronto, which indicates that the inhabitants of Canada need a short summer rest. Consequently, they came to a consensus to celebrate a new event.

Azerbaijani Alphabet and Language Day

In 2001, by order of Heydar Aliyev, the holiday "Day of the Azerbaijani alphabet of the language" was approved. After this time, this event is celebrated annually on August 1st. Previously, Azerbaijanis used the Arabic alphabet. However, as soon as the Bolsheviks came to power, times in Azerbaijan changed dramatically. The authorities began to conduct cosmopolitan experiments with traditions, and so on. After a certain time, the Russian language was established in Azerbaijan as the state language.

However, in the twenties, certain reforms took place in Azerbaijan. Old Arabic alphabet changed to Azeri. A few years later, the authorities decided to use the Cyrillic alphabet. It is worth noting that the Azerbaijani alphabet changed three times.

Confederation Day is a national holiday in Switzerland

The oldest holiday is considered to be "Confederation Day in Switzerland". This event is celebrated annually on August 1st.

This holiday has been recognized as official since the seventies of the nineteenth century. However, already in 1994, this day was declared non-working. Celebrations are organized for this event. Bonfires are traditionally lit.

Emancipation Day in Jamaica

Every year on August 1, the so-called Emancipation Day is celebrated throughout Britain. This event was customary to celebrate in the Caribbean. Since on this day, many inhabitants of this regional territory does not work.

For 160 years, Jamaica has wanted freedom on its territory. Previously, complete slavery reigned here. So, in 1834, slavery was officially abolished. All slaves were absolutely free.

Establishment Day of the People's Liberation Army of China

In 1927, on August 1, the celebration of the "Establishment of the People's Liberation Army of China" was organized. Every year this holiday is celebrated throughout the country.

Only in 1946, the name of the holiday changed. Prior to that, it had the name "Workers' and Peasants' revolutionary army". Today, this holiday is celebrated mainly by military personnel.

Lammas Day (Lugnasad)

A significant holiday called "Lammas Day" is celebrated annually on August 1. This holiday was mainly celebrated by artisans. "Lugnasad" was considered the god of the Celtic pantheon. He was in turn the patron of agriculture. At this time, various cleaning works were carried out. The first harvest was coming. Almost all members of the community took part here.

On August 1, all family members put on special outfits and went out for the ceremony. On the day of celebration this event, some women handed out cottage cheese cheeses, which brought happiness to all those people who were at that time in the summer pasture.

The main feature of the holiday is the gathering of the Scots on the top of the mountain. Previously, sacrifices were made and games were held in the mountains. The tradition still survives in Scotland. On this day, it is customary to kindle fires on the top of the mountain and dance around.

Feast of the Nineteenth Day of the Month of Kamal

The Gregorian calendar annually celebrates the beginning of the month of Kamal on August 1st. In translation, the word Kamal means "Perfection".

The nineteen-month Baha'i calendar notes important holiday, which is called "The nineteenth day of the month of Kamal". At this time, 'Abdu'l-Bahá instructs to speak with eloquence. Many believers celebrate this holiday according to all religious rules.

Other holidays August 1, 2019

World Breastfeeding Week

The World Health Organization decided to celebrate " World Week breastfeeding» in 1990. This event runs from August 1st to 7th. Today, this holiday is celebrated in 170 countries.

The main goal is to inform all parents about the health of the child. Since breastfeeding has a good effect on the condition and development of any child.

Uncovering the relics of St. Seraphim of Sarov

As early as the beginning of the last century, on the Russian priestess Orthodox Church a new candle is lit. After the miracle worker Seraphim of Sarov died, the glorification of the prayer book took place. This happened in 1903.

The miracle worker and ascetic Seraphim of Sarov was canonized on the nineteenth of July. It was on the day of remembrance of the Saint that his relics were opened and were, in turn, placed in a prepared shrine. Various miracles took place on this day. Seriously ill people could be healed.

August 1, 2019 in the folk calendar

Makrinin day, Mokriny

This significant event is celebrated by the entire Orthodox people. Every year on August 1, believing residents celebrate the so-called "Makrinin Day". The well-known Saint Basil the Great was the brother of Macrina of Cappadocia.

Parents raised their children in strictness and obedience. Its useful to note important fact that St. Macrina often spent time in prayer. According to the legend, Macrina could not appear before the doctors, so she prayed to be healed. The prayer was heard and Saint Macrina was completely healed.

Name day August 1

Roman, Tikhon, Stepan, Dmitry, Grigory, Mitrofan, Evgenia.

Significant events on August 1 in history

• 1774 - Molecular oxygen was first isolated by scientists
• 1903 - Seraphim of Sarov listed as a saint
• 1914 - Russia entered the First World War
• 1936 - Opening of the Eleven Summer Olympic Games in Berlin (Germany)
• 1964 - The state broadcasting company "Mayak" went on the air for the first time
• 1994 - A detachment of special forces of the Ministry of Internal Affairs "Rus" was formed

Born on this day

1. Ada Wojcik 1905 - Soviet film actress
2. Jean Baptiste Lamarck 1744 - French naturalist
3. Valentina Leontyeva 1923 - Soviet TV presenter, People's Artist of the USSR
4. Yves Saint Laurent 1936 - French fashion designer
5. Herman Melville 1819 - American writer.

Day of professional collection officers

For the first time, the collection service was created under the State Bank of the USSR in 1939, although the need for armed guards and escort of funds appeared during the heyday of Kievan Rus. Then the trade caravans were guarded by the forces of the boyar squads, and starting from the 16th century, the Sourozh merchants sent their caravans with an impressive guard, headed by a representative of the richest stratum. Collection stood out later - when it became necessary to collect and deliver funds to banking institutions. The attendants of the service - collectors - deliver money and valuables to the bank's cash desk. Since the turnover of banks is growing, the cash collection service is constantly evolving.

Russian Armed Forces Logistics Day

The Ministry of Defense approved the holiday on May 7, 1998, but the real starting point is 1700, when, by decree of Peter I, all the grain reserves of Russia were transferred to the military people of Okolnichiy Yazykov, and the manager himself received the title of Provision General. The supply of bread and fodder for the army was carried out by a special body - the Provision Order, this was the prototype of food supply, which is still the leading type of supply for the troops.

During the years of the Great Patriotic War there was a separation of the rear as independent species armed forces, headed by the head of the rear of the Red Army. Other departments were subordinate to him - sanitary, veterinary, quartermaster and fuel supply departments. And today the rear is considered important part defense potential of the country and the army, it is really a well-coordinated mechanism linking the country's economy and the troops consuming the products.

Azerbaijani Alphabet and Language Day

The new Azerbaijani alphabet in Latin script began to be used at the end of the 20s of the last century, but actively served only 10 years, then it was decided to switch to Cyrillic. Thus, real language became a real champion in the transition of the alphabet. The new alphabet began to be actively introduced after the collapse of the USSR, and for some time publications were issued in two languages. The transition to the Latin script was fully implemented on August 1, 2001 by decree of President Heydar Aliyev.

Other holidays are celebrated on this day around the world.:

- Swiss Confederation Day - established in memory of the unification in 1291 of the three canon states (Unterwalden, Uri and Schwyz) in eternal union.

- Establishment Day of the People's Liberation Army of China, celebrated since 1927.

- An official day off and a magnificent holiday Emancipation Day of Jamaica, one of the countries of the Caribbean region that gained independence on former territories British colonizer.

- Wedding (gathering) Luga, or the day of Lammas Lugnasad, the holiday of God - the patron of agriculture and crafts in the Celtic region.

Besides:

- Breastfeeding Week, celebrated since 1990 at the initiative of the World Health Organization in support of breastfeeding babies.

- The glorification of Seraphim of Sarov, the discovery of his relics. It first happened in 1903, 70 years after the death of the saint, on the same day a mass healing of the sick who took part in the celebration in Sarov took place.

August 1 in the folk calendar

Makrinin day, Mokriny

Saint Macrina of Cappadocia, sister of Saint Basil. They lived in the 4th century and were brought up in piety and obedience. After taking the vow of monasticism, the nun settled near the Irisa River. Macrina's chastity aroused great respect, many noble ladies and virgins came to her. Even in illness, she did not expose herself to the doctors, but only begged God for healing. The reward for faith soon followed— miraculous healing and the gift of miracles. In Russia, the name of the miracle-working saint is associated with the approach of autumn: "Makrina is wet - and autumn is wet."

If it rained that day, then a good grain harvest was expected, and a lot of nuts would grow in the forest. There is also a special rite of rain, according to which it was possible to cause precipitation. For this girl. The one born on this day dressed up in a festive dress and brought ears of bread to her. If the day turned out to be rainy, then it is better for people born on this day not to leave the house - otherwise the downpour will flood the whole earth. Summer ends on Mokrina for insects - they bite in last time gadflies, fluff begins to fall from aspens and you can go for the first autumn mushrooms.

Historical events on August 1

Thus, the beginning of the work of the department of the mining and geological industry was laid. In various regions of the empire, they began to look for ore and minerals. Persons knowledgeable in metals were trained, ore processing plants were built - Russia ceased to need foreign raw materials. In just 2 decades, Russia was actively trading iron and copper in other countries. As scientific center The Scientific Assembly was opened and the Scientific Committee of Mining was organized. Almost 200 years later, a permanent "Society of Mining Engineers" was opened, where the largest scientists of the 19th century made presentations. In 2000, the 3300th anniversary of the Russian Mining Department was celebrated.

Even Chinese manuscripts of the 8th century mentioned oxygen, and in the 16th century Leonardo da Vinci deeply studied the chemistry of the element, not knowing that it was oxygen, and only Joseph Priestley managed to decompose mercury oxide using the sun's beam directed at the lens. The scientist called the resulting gas "dephlogisticated air", considering it a constituent, but not a separate element.

Later, the scientist found that oxygen, being just a part of air, is contained in many substances. I came to the same conclusion a few years later. Swedish chemist Carl Scheele, having received oxygen, calcining saltpeter. In 1777, he named the resulting gas "Fiery Air". The scientist Lavoisier, Priestley's friend, finally figured everything out, so the discovery of molecular oxygen can be attributed to three scientists.

More events:

Since August 1, 1964, the Mayak radio company has been on the air with round-the-clock broadcasting. There were five-minute newscasts every half hour, with music and broadcast programs in between.

August 1, 1994 - the formation of a special forces detachment of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs "Rus", capable of countering terrorism and freeing hostages, equipped modern views weapons and special equipment.

August 1, 1903 - Saint Seraphim of Sarov, a great ascetic and miracle worker, was canonized.

August 1 were born

Jean Baptiste Lamarck(1744 - 1829), famous French biologist, physicist, chemist and meteorologist.

My scientific activity the scientist began as a compiler of a botanical dictionary, in which he systematized and described 2000 plant genera. Since then, many discoveries have been made in the area. natural sciences- the concept of the biosphere, the creation of the theory of evolution. In 1809, his book "Philosophy of Zoology" was published, which brought worldwide fame. Lamarck lived his life in poverty, having lost his sight, and dictated his works to the record of his daughter.

Herman Melville(1819 - 1891) - American writer, traveler, author famous novel"Moby Dick".

The novels describe adventures in pursuit of a white whale. The central theme is the struggle between good and evil in sketches from the life of whalers, colorful descriptions of the ocean and its inhabitants. Melodrama and philosophy are also reflected in his other books: Taipi, Omu, White Pea Coat. Last sea ​​navigation Melville became trip around the world 1860, after returning from which "John Marr and Other Sailors", the novel "Billy Budd, Fore-Mars Sailor" and other works were written.

Ada Wojcik(1819-1891) - famous film actress Soviet era(“Forty-first”, “House on Trubnaya”, “Merry Canary”, “Dream”, “Killers Take to the Road”, etc.

Yves Saint Laurent(1936-2008), world-class French fashion designer, French aristocrat, artistic director of Dior, and later the creator of his own style of sensual elegance and own house fashion.

Valentina Leontieva(1923 -2007), beloved Soviet TV presenter, (holiday "Lights", "Alarm Clock", "Visiting a fairy tale", " Goodnight, kids"), one of the creators and permanent host of the program "From the bottom of my heart", the author of the book "Declaration of Love". In the year of death, Valentina Leontyevna was erected a monument in Ulyanovsk.

Name day August 1

Evgenia, Stepan, Mitrofan, Roman, Grigory, Dmitry, Tikhon.

- Emancipation Day ( English).

Azerbaijan Azerbaijan - Day of the Azerbaijani alphabet and language.

Angola Angola - Armed Forces Day.

Benin Benin - Independence Day.

People's Republic of China People's Liberation Army Establishment Day.

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya - Armed Forces Day.

Poland Poland - Day of Remembrance of the Victims of the Warsaw Uprising.

Russia Russia - Day of Logistics of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Switzerland Switzerland - Confederation Day.

Russia, Russia :

Professional

religious

Orthodoxy

• the memory of the Monk Macrina of Cappadocia, sister of St. Basil the Great (380);
• the memory of the Monk Diy of Constantinople, hegumen (c. 430);
• the acquisition of the relics of St. Seraphim, the miracle worker of Sarov (1903);
• the memory of the noble prince Roman (Olegovich) of Ryazan (1270);
• the memory of St. Paisius of the Caves, in the Far Caves (XIV century);
• the memory of Blessed Stefan Lazarevich the New (High) (1427) and his mother, the Blessed Princess Milica (in Holy Baptism Euphrosyne) (1405), Serbian.

• Lammas Day ( English)

name day

• Catholic: Alphonse, Mary, Peter, Justina.
• Orthodox (new style date):
  • Men's:
    • Varlam (Varlaam, Varlamy) - Caucasian preacher Varlaam.
    • Gregory - preacher Gregory the New.
    • Diy - Rev. Diy of Constantinople.
    • Dmitry - St. Demetrius of Rostov.
    • Mitrofan - Saint Mitrofan of Voronezh.
    • Paisius - Rev. Paisius of the Caves.
    • Roman the Martyr, Prince Roman Olegovich of Ryazan.
    • Seraphim - Rev. Seraphim of Sarov (acquisition of relics).
    • Stefan (Stepan) - Blessed Stefan Lazarević, King of Serbia.
    • Tikhon - St. Tikhon of Zadonsk.
  • Women's:
    • Eugenia - Saint Militsa (in baptism Euphrosinia, in monasticism Eugenia, in schema Euphrosinia), Princess Serbian
    • Euphrosyne - see above
    • Militsa - see above
    • Macrina - Venerable Macrina of Cappadocia

Events

Until the 20th century

• - Justinian I became emperor of Byzantium.
• - the Swiss cantons of Schwyz, Uri, Unterwalden entered into an "eternal alliance", which laid the foundations of the Swiss Confederation.
• - Coronation of Edward IV, King of England.
• - Christopher Columbus was the first European to visit Venezuela.
• - Grand Duke Vasily III of Moscow entered Smolensk. This event had historical meaning: the city was under the rule of Lithuania for 110 years. In honor of this victory, the Novodevichy Convent was founded in Moscow.
• - first African slaves brought to Jamestown, Virginia.
• - in the battle of Cahul, the Russian army under the leadership of P. A. Rumyantsev defeated the Turkish army of Khalil Pasha.
• - discovered by the English scientist Joseph Priestley chemical element oxygen.
• - Sweden declared its permanent neutrality.
• - the Russian-Austrian detachment under the command of A.V. Suvorov defeated the Turks in the battle of Focsani.
• - Battle of Aboukir: Admiral Nelson's English fleet defeated the French fleet.
• - Napoleonic general Joachim Murat is proclaimed King of Naples.
• - Battle of Klyastitsy.
• - The Imperial River Yacht Club was founded.
• - Colorado became the 38th US state.
• - the football club "Borussia" Mönchengladbach is founded - a five-time German champion, winner of the UEFA Cup and years.

20th century

• - Germany declared war on Russia.
• - In Hungary, the Soviet republic proclaimed in March was overthrown.
• - the first permanent Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania was introduced.
• - All-Union Order of the Red Banner established.
• - by a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, the Leningrad Region was formed.
• - Opening of the Olympic Games in Berlin.
• • The Gold Star medal of the Hero of the Soviet Union was established.
  • The All-Union Agricultural Exhibition was opened (since 1959 - the Exhibition of Achievements of the National Economy, in 1992-2014 - the All-Russian Exhibition Center).
• - People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR Vyacheslav Molotov, speaking at a session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, said that "the working people of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia gladly accepted the news of the entry of these republics into Soviet Union».
• • Japan granted independence to Burma.
  • A uranium enrichment plant began operations at Oak Ridge.
• • Anne Frank did last entry in your diary.
  • Beginning of the Warsaw Uprising in Nazi-occupied Poland.
• - introduced Hungarian currency unit forint.
• - ceasefires in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia came into effect. The end of the French colonial war in Indochina.
• - Israeli pound introduced.
• - The independence of Dahomey (now Benin) is proclaimed.
• - every half an hour, the call signs of the Mayak radio station began to sound.
• - First performance of Paul McCartney's "Yesterday".
• - in Helsinki at the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, the leaders of 33 European states, the United States and Canada signed the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe.
• - The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago declared independence.
• - the debut of the MTV music channel. Exactly six years later, he began to work in Europe.

XXI Century

were born

Until the 20th century

• 10 BC e. - Claudius (d.), Roman emperor.
• - Pertinax (d.), Roman emperor.
• - Andrew Melville (d.), Scottish religious reformer, educator.
• - Sebastiano Ricci (d., Italian artist, representative of the Venetian school of painting.
• - Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet Lamarck (d.), French biologist.
• - Francis Scott Key (d.), American lawyer, author of the national anthem "The Star-Spangled Banner".
• - Countess de Segur (d.), French writer of Russian origin.
• - Xenophon Alekseevich Polevoy (d.), Russian writer, literary critic, journalist, book publisher.
• - Maria Mitchell (d.), American astronomer.
• - Herman Melville (d.), American writer ("Moby Dick").
• - Ilya Ivanovich Ivanov (d.), Russian animal biologist who developed the method of artificial insemination of domestic animals and organized in 1901 the first experimental point for artificial insemination of horses in the village of Dolgoy, Oryol province.
• - György de Hevesy (d.), Hungarian chemist, Nobel Prize winner in 1943 "for his work on the use of isotopes as labeled atoms in the study of chemical processes."
• — Leah Mara, German actress silent cinema.
• - Stepan Kayukov (d.), theater and film actor.

20th century

• - Ada Wojcik (d.), film actress.
• - Gerda Taro (d.), German photographer, first female military photojournalist.
• - Alexei Lebedev (d.), seascape poet.
• • Grigol Abashidze (d.), Soviet Georgian poet.
  • Evdokia Vinogradova (d.), one of the pioneers of the multi-machine movement in the textile industry.
• - Vasily Zakharchenko (d.), writer, former editor-in-chief of the magazine "Technology for Youth".
• - Galina Konovalova (d.), Soviet and Russian theater actress.
• - Arkady Tolbuzin
• - Alexei Glazyrin (d.), Soviet theater and film actor.
• • Valentina Mikhailovna Leontyeva (d.), TV presenter and television announcer, People's Artist of the USSR.
  • Carter Brown (d.), Anglo-Australian detective novelist.
• - Georges Charpak (d.) Ukrainian physicist, Nobel Prize winner (1992).
• — Leila Abashidze, Soviet Georgian film actress
• - Pierre Bourdieu (d.) French sociologist and philosopher.
• - Viktor Slavkin, writer, playwright.
• - Yves Saint Laurent (d.), French fashion designer.
• — Nathalie Delon, French film actress.
• • Giancarlo Giannini, Italian actor.
  • Jerry Garcia (d.), American rock musician.
• — Douglas Osheroff, American physicist, Nobel Prize winner (1996).
• - Boz Burrell (d.), English bass player.
• • David A. Gemmel (d.), English science fiction writer.
  • Ivar Kalninsh, Soviet and Latvian theater and film actor.
  • Lyudmila Shirin, Ukrainian opera singer, People's Artist of Ukraine
• - Kurmanbek Bakiyev, Kyrgyz politician, ex-president Kyrgyzstan (2005-2010).
• - Tommy Bolin (d.), American guitarist.
• - Sergey Debizhev, film director.
• — Joe Elliott, English singer, musician and songwriter, best known as the vocalist of the British rock band Def Leppard.
• — Ilya Kutik, Russian poet.
• - Denis Karasev, actor ("Russian Roulette").
• - Sam Mendes, American film director, Oscar winner (American Beauty).
• - Polina Kutepova, theater and film actress ("Eagle and Tails", "Nastya").
• — Dhani Harrison, British musician, son of George Harrison, former member The Beatles.
• • Bernadette Flynn, Irish dancer.
  • Jason Momoa, American actor ("Game of Thrones").
• - Bastian Schweinsteiger, German footballer who plays for the English Manchester United and the German national team.
• - Elena Vesnina, Russian tennis player, Honored Master of Sports, Olympic champion.

passed away

• 30 BC e. - Mark Antony (b. 83 BC), Roman general and triumvir.
• - Bishop Ademar of Monteil, spiritual leader 1st crusade
• - Louis VI (r.), King of France.
• - Cosimo Medici the Old, founder of the dynasty of Florentine rulers (r.).
• - Anna, Queen of Great Britain (b.).
• - Yakov Petrovich Kulnev (b.), Russian commander, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812.
• - Mikhail Nikiforovich Katkov, Russian publicist, publisher, literary critic (b. or).
• - Amfilohiy (Sergievsky-Kazantsev) (b.), Bishop of Uglich, archaeographer and paleographer.
• - Heinrich Siebel, German historian and politician (b.).
• - Konrad Duden, German philologist, creator of the German dictionary (b.).
• - Jan Kasprowicz, Polish poet, playwright, literary critic, translator (b.).
• - Pavel Fedorovich Chelishchev (b.), Russian artist.
• - Leonid Sergeevich Vivien (b.), Russian and Soviet actor, director, theater teacher, laureate of the Stalin Prize, People's Artist of the USSR.
• - Boris Gmyrya (b.), Ukrainian bass singer.
• - Francis Powers (b.), American reconnaissance pilot.
• - Eduard Izrailevich Kandel (b.), Soviet neurosurgeon, laureate of the USSR State Prize.
• - Margarita Iosifovna Aliger (b.), poetess.
• - Colin Gray (b.), New Zealand ace pilot, participant in World War II.
• - Tadeusz Reichstein (b.), Swiss organic chemist of Polish origin. 1950 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, jointly with Edward Kendall and Philip Hench.
• - Svyatoslav Teofilovich Richter (b.), virtuoso pianist.
• - Behind this soldier, four soldiers, carrying something heavy on their greatcoats, walked past the fire. One of them stumbled.
  “Look, hell, they put firewood on the road,” he grumbled.
  - It's over, why wear it? one of them said.
  - Well, you!
  And they disappeared into the darkness with their burden.
  - What? hurts? Tushin asked Rostov in a whisper.
  - Hurts.
  - Your honor, to the general. Here they are standing in a hut, - said the fireworks, approaching Tushin.
  - Now, dove.
  Tushin got up and, buttoning his overcoat and recovering, walked away from the fire ...
  Not far from the fire of the artillerymen, in a hut prepared for him, Prince Bagration was sitting at dinner, talking with some of the commanders of the units who had gathered at his place. There was an old man with half-closed eyes, greedily nibbling at a mutton bone, and a twenty-two-year-old impeccable general, flushed from a glass of vodka and dinner, and a staff officer with a personalized ring, and Zherkov, uneasily looking around at everyone, and Prince Andrei, pale, with pursed lips and feverishly shining eyes.
  In the hut stood a taken French banner leaning in a corner, and the auditor, with a naive face, felt the fabric of the banner and, perplexed, shook his head, perhaps because he was really interested in the appearance of the banner, or maybe because it was hard for him. hungry to look at dinner, for which he did not get the device. In a neighboring hut there was a French colonel taken prisoner by the dragoons. Our officers crowded around him, examining him. Prince Bagration thanked individual commanders and asked about the details of the case and about the losses. Regimental commander, who presented himself near Braunau, reported to the prince that as soon as the case began, he retreated from the forest, gathered woodcutters and, letting them past him, with two battalions hit with bayonets and overturned the French.
  - As I saw, Your Excellency, that the first battalion was upset, I stood on the road and thought: “I will let these ones pass and meet with battle fire”; did so.
  The regimental commander so wanted to do this, he was so sorry that he did not have time to do this, that it seemed to him that all this had definitely happened. Maybe it even really happened? Was it possible to make out in this confusion what was and what was not?
  “And I must say, Your Excellency,” he continued, recalling Dolokhov’s conversation with Kutuzov and about last date his with the demoted one - that the private, demoted Dolokhov, in front of my eyes captured a French officer and especially distinguished himself.
  “Here, Your Excellency, I saw the attack of the Pavlogradites,” Zherkov, looking around uneasily, intervened, who did not see the hussars at all that day, but only heard about them from an infantry officer. - They crushed two squares, your excellency.
  Some smiled at Zherkov's words, as they always expected a joke from him; but, noticing that what he said was also leaning towards the glory of our weapons and of the present day, they took on a serious expression, although many knew very well that what Zherkov said was a lie, based on nothing. Prince Bagration turned to the old colonel.
  - Thank you all, gentlemen, all units acted heroically: infantry, cavalry and artillery. How are two guns left in the center? he asked, looking for someone with his eyes. (Prince Bagration did not ask about the guns on the left flank; he already knew that all the guns were thrown there at the very beginning of the case.) “I think I asked you,” he turned to the staff officer on duty.
  - One was hit, - the officer on duty answered, - and the other, I cannot understand; I myself was there all the time and took orders, and I had just left... It was hot, really,' he added modestly.
  Someone said that Captain Tushin was standing here near the village itself, and that he had already been sent for.
  “Yes, here you were,” said Prince Bagration, turning to Prince Andrei.
  “Well, we didn’t get together a bit,” said the officer on duty at the headquarters, smiling pleasantly at Bolkonsky.
  “I didn’t have the pleasure of seeing you,” Prince Andrei said coldly and curtly.
  Everyone was silent. Tushin appeared on the threshold, timidly making his way from behind the generals. Bypassing the generals in a cramped hut, embarrassed, as always, at the sight of his superiors, Tushin did not see the flagpole and stumbled on it. Several voices laughed.
  How was the weapon left? Bagration asked, frowning not so much at the captain as at those laughing, among whom Zherkov's voice was the loudest.
  Tushin now only, at the sight of the formidable authorities, in all horror imagined his guilt and shame in the fact that he, having remained alive, had lost two guns. He was so excited that until now he had no time to think about it. The laughter of the officers confused him even more. He stood in front of Bagration with a trembling lower jaw and barely said:
  “I don’t know… Your Excellency… There were no people, Your Excellency.”
  - You could take it from cover!
  That there was no cover, Tushin did not say this, although it was the absolute truth. He was afraid to let the other boss down by this and silently, with fixed eyes, looked straight into Bagration's face, just as a student who has gone astray looks into the examiner's eyes.
  The silence was quite long. Prince Bagration, apparently not wanting to be strict, did not have anything to say; the rest did not dare to intervene in the conversation. Prince Andrei looked at Tushin from under his brows, and his fingers moved nervously.
  “Your Excellency,” Prince Andrei interrupted the silence with his harsh voice, “you deigned to send me to Captain Tushin’s battery. I was there and found two-thirds of the men and horses killed, two guns mangled, and no cover.
  Prince Bagration and Tushin were now equally stubbornly looking at Bolkonsky, who spoke with restraint and excitement.
  “And if, Your Excellency, let me express my opinion,” he continued, “the success of the day we owe most of all to the action of this battery and the heroic stamina of Captain Tushin with his company,” said Prince Andrei and, without waiting for an answer, immediately got up and walked away from the table.
  Prince Bagration looked at Tushin and, apparently not wanting to show distrust of Bolkonsky's sharp judgment and, at the same time, feeling unable to fully believe him, bowed his head and told Tushin that he could go. Prince Andrew followed him.
  “Thank you, you helped me out, my dear,” Tushin told him.
  Prince Andrei glanced at Tushin and, without saying anything, walked away from him. Prince Andrei was sad and hard. It was all so strange, so unlike what he had hoped.

  "Who are they? Why are they? What do they need? And when will it all end?" thought Rostov, looking at the changing shadows before him. The pain in my arm was getting worse and worse. Sleep became irresistible, red circles jumped in my eyes, and the impression of these voices and these faces and the feeling of loneliness merged with the feeling of pain. It was they, these soldiers, wounded and unwounded, it was they who pressed, and weighed, and twisted the veins, and burned the meat in his broken arm and shoulder. To get rid of them, he closed his eyes.
  He forgot himself for one minute, but during this short interval of oblivion he saw countless objects in a dream: he saw his mother and her big white hand, saw Sonya's thin shoulders, Natasha's eyes and laughter, and Denisov with his voice and mustache, and Telyanin , and all his history with Telyanin and Bogdanych. This whole story was one and the same, that this soldier with a sharp voice, and this and that whole story, and this and that soldier so painfully, relentlessly held, crushed, and all in one direction pulled his hand. He tried to move away from them, but they did not let go of his hair, not even for a second on his shoulder. It wouldn't hurt, it would be great if they didn't pull it; but it was impossible to get rid of them.
  He opened his eyes and looked up. The black canopy of night hung a yard above the light of the coals. Powders of falling snow flew in this light. Tushin did not return, the doctor did not come. He was alone, only some kind of soldier was now sitting naked on the other side of the fire and warming his thin yellow body.
  "No one wants me! thought Rostov. - No one to help or pity. And I was once at home, strong, cheerful, beloved. He sighed and groaned involuntarily.
  - What hurts? - asked the soldier, shaking his shirt over the fire, and without waiting for an answer, grunting, added: - You never know they spoiled the people in a day - passion!
  Rostov did not listen to the soldier. He looked at the snowflakes fluttering over the fire and remembered the Russian winter with a warm, bright house, a fluffy fur coat, fast sledges, healthy body and with all the love and care of the family. "And why did I come here!" he thought.
  The next day, the French did not resume their attacks, and the remnant of the Bagration detachment joined Kutuzov's army.

  Prince Vasily did not consider his plans. He even less thought to do evil to people in order to gain an advantage. He was only a man of the world who had succeeded in the world and made a habit out of this success. Depending on the circumstances, according to his rapprochement with people, he constantly drew up various plans and considerations, in which he himself did not fully realize, but which constituted the whole interest of his life. Not one or two such plans and considerations happened to him in use, but dozens, of which some were just beginning to appear to him, others were achieved, and still others were destroyed. He did not say to himself, for example: “This man is now in power, I must gain his trust and friendship and through him arrange for a lump-sum allowance,” or he did not say to himself: “Here, Pierre is rich, I must lure him to marry his daughter and borrow the 40,000 I need”; but a man in strength met him, and at that very moment instinct told him that this man could be useful, and Prince Vasily approached him and at the first opportunity, without preparation, instinctively, flattered, became familiar, talked about that, about what was needed.
  Pierre was at his fingertips in Moscow, and Prince Vasily arranged for him to be appointed to the Junker Chamber, which then equaled the rank of State Councilor, and insisted that the young man go with him to Petersburg and stay at his house. As if absent-mindedly and at the same time with undoubted confidence that this should be so, Prince Vasily did everything that was necessary in order to marry Pierre to his daughter. If Prince Vasily had thought ahead of his plans, he could not have had such naturalness in his manner and such simplicity and familiarity in dealing with all people placed above and below himself. Something constantly attracted him to people stronger or richer than him, and he was gifted with a rare art of seizing precisely that moment when it was necessary and possible to use people.
  Pierre, having suddenly become rich and Count Bezukhy, after recent loneliness and carelessness, felt himself surrounded and busy to such an extent that he only managed to remain alone in bed with himself. He had to sign papers, deal with government offices, the meaning of which he did not have a clear idea, ask the general manager about something, go to an estate near Moscow and receive many people who previously did not even want to know about its existence, but now would be offended and upset if he did not want to see them. All these diverse faces - businessmen, relatives, acquaintances - were all equally well, affectionately disposed towards the young heir; all of them, obviously and undoubtedly, were convinced of the high merits of Pierre. Incessantly he heard the words: "With your extraordinary kindness" or "with your beautiful heart”, or“ you yourself are so pure, count ... ”or“ if he were as smart as you ”, etc., so that he sincerely began to believe in his extraordinary kindness and his extraordinary mind, especially since he always , in the depths of his soul, it seemed to him that he was really very kind and very smart. Even people who were previously angry and obviously hostile became tender and loving with him. Such an angry eldest of the princesses, with a long waist, with her hair smoothed like a doll's, came to Pierre's room after the funeral. Lowering her eyes and constantly flashing, she told him that she was very sorry for the misunderstandings that had been between them and that now she did not feel entitled to ask anything, except for permission, after the stroke that had befallen her, to stay for several weeks in the house that she loved so much and where made so many sacrifices. She could not help but cry at these words. Touched by the fact that this statue-like princess could have changed so much, Pierre took her by the hand and asked for forgiveness, without knowing why. From that day on, the princess began to knit a striped scarf for Pierre and completely changed towards him.
  “Do it for her, mon cher; all the same, she suffered a lot from the deceased, ”Prince Vasily told him, letting him sign some kind of paper in favor of the princess.
  Prince Vasily decided that this bone, a bill of 30 tons, should still be thrown to the poor princess so that it would not occur to her to talk about the participation of Prince Vasily in the case of the mosaic portfolio. Pierre signed the bill, and since then the princess has become even kinder. The younger sisters also became affectionate towards him, especially the youngest, pretty, with a mole, often embarrassed Pierre with her smiles and embarrassment at the sight of him.
  It seemed so natural to Pierre that everyone loved him, it would seem so unnatural if someone did not love him, that he could not help but believe in the sincerity of the people around him. Moreover, he did not have time to ask himself about the sincerity or insincerity of these people. He constantly had no time, he constantly felt himself in a state of meek and cheerful intoxication. He felt himself to be the center of some important general movement; felt that something was constantly expected of him; that if he didn’t do this, he would upset many and deprive them of what they expected, but if he did this and that, everything would be fine, and he did what was demanded of him, but this something good still remained ahead.
  More than anyone else in this first time, both Pierre's affairs and himself were mastered by Prince Vasily. Since the death of Count Earless, he has not let go of Pierre. Prince Vasily looked like a man weighed down by deeds, tired, exhausted, but out of compassion he could not finally leave this helpless young man, the son of his friend, apres tout, [in the end] and with such a huge fortune to the mercy of fate and rogues. In those few days that he spent in Moscow after the death of Count Bezukhy, he called Pierre to him or came to him himself and ordered him what needed to be done, in such a tone of fatigue and confidence, as if he always said:
  "Vous savez, que je suis accable d" affaires et que ce n "est que par pure charite, que je m" occupe de vous, et puis vous savez bien, que ce que je vous propose est la seule chose faisable. You know, I'm overwhelmed with business; but it would be ruthless to leave you like that; of course, what I'm telling you is the only possible one.]
  “Well, my friend, we’re leaving tomorrow, finally,” he once said to him, closing his eyes, running his fingers over his elbow and in such a tone as if what he was saying had been decided a long time ago between them and could not have been decided otherwise.
  - Tomorrow we are going, I give you a place in my carriage. I am very happy. Here we have everything important. And I should have for a long time. Here's what I got from the Chancellor. I asked him about you, and you are enrolled in the diplomatic corps and made chamber junker. Now the diplomatic road is open to you.
  Despite all the strength of the tone of fatigue and the confidence with which these words were uttered, Pierre, who had been thinking about his career for so long, wanted to object. But Prince Vasily interrupted him in that cooing, bass tone, which ruled out the possibility of interrupting his speech and which he used in case of need for extreme persuasion.
  - Mais, mon cher, [But, my dear,] I did it for myself, for my conscience, and there is nothing to thank me for. No one ever complained that he was too loved; and then, you are free, even if you quit tomorrow. Here you will see everything yourself in St. Petersburg. And it's time for you to move away from these terrible memories. Prince Vasily sighed. Yes, yes, my soul. And let my valet ride in your carriage. Oh yes, I had forgotten, ”Prince Vasily added,“ you know, mon cher, that we had accounts with the deceased, so I received from Ryazan and will leave it: you don’t need it. We agree with you.
  What Prince Vasily called from "Ryazan" was several thousand dues, which Prince Vasily left with himself.
  Petersburg, as well as in Moscow, the atmosphere of tender, loving people surrounded Pierre. He could not refuse the place or, rather, the title (because he did nothing) that Prince Vasily brought him, and acquaintances, calls and public pursuits there were so many that Pierre, even more than in Moscow, experienced a feeling of haziness, haste, and all the coming, but not happening some kind of good.

On August 1, 1291, three forest cantons - Schwyz, Uri and Unterwalden - which Austrian Habsburgs considered their lands, concluded an "eternal treaty" of alliance and mutual assistance. This event marked the beginning of the existence of the Swiss Confederation (from the name of the canton of Schwyz) as an independent state. Since then, every year this day has been a national holiday in Switzerland; the treaty of 1291 is read out in a solemn atmosphere in the city squares. The country is currently divided into 26 cantons. Switzerland has been a neutral state for many, many years.

On the same day in 1780, Sweden will declare its neutrality.

In 1514, the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily III entered Smolensk. This event was of great historical significance: the city was under the rule of Lithuania for 110 years, now all Russian lands were reunited within the boundaries of a single Russian state. In honor of this victory, the Novodevichy Convent was founded in Moscow.

On this day in 1708, the Russian ambassador Andrey Matveev was attacked in London. His crew was attacked by three thugs hired by the diplomat's creditors, to whom he owed about £50. The ambassador was given a fair beating before the passers-by who came running to the noise stopped the slaughter. But then the attackers produced promissory notes, and Matveev was taken to prison. The ambassador was released only the next day, when he managed to inform his friends about his misfortune. Matveev expressed an angry protest to the British authorities, in which he was supported by all foreign envoys, many of whom owed much more to the English usurers. But the incident was not over: for the gross violation of international law, Queen Anna had to apologize to Peter I.

And in 1725 in St. Petersburg opened Russian Academy Sciences. In fact, it was established by decree of Peter I back in January 1724. However, August 1, 1725 is still considered the opening date of the academy, when the first meeting of the academicians took place. It is from this day that many count Russian sciences. After all, before the Petrine Academy, such scientific branches as medicine, botany, zoology, meteorology, and others were represented only by scattered notes by various naturalists. The Academy of Sciences was located on Vasilyevsky Island, in the building of the Kunstkamera. Unlike Western academies the Russian one was fully supported by the state, which made it possible to attract prominent European scientists to the country.

Exactly one year later - on August 1, 1726 - Empress Catherine the First established in Russia the Supreme Privy Council, which consisted of seven to eight people and was called upon to decide critical issues countries. The council lasted only four years and was dissolved by another empress, Anna Ioannovna, who suspected that this body wanted to appropriate some of the autocracy's prerogatives. However, even after the dissolution of the Privy Council, the highest official ranks remained in Russia. As you know, Russian officials were divided into fourteen classes according to the table of ranks. The second, practically the highest civilian class were "actual secret advisers" - they held the posts of ministers. The third class was called "secret advisers" - these are comrade ministers (as they would say now - deputies) and those equated with them.

On August 1, 1774, the English scientist Joseph Priestley, when heating mercury oxide, isolated molecular oxygen for the first time. Priestley was one of three scientists eligible to claim the discovery of pure oxygen. It is believed that the Swedish pharmacist Karl Wilhelm Scheele was the first to obtain a relatively pure sample, but he published his discovery later than Priestley did. The third official contender for the discoverers of oxygen is the French chemist Antoine Lavoisier.

On August 1, 1910, the first standard license plates for cars were issued in New York State. On a blue background, the state number and abbreviation were written in white letters. Prior to this, the signs were of all colors and sizes, and were also made from various materials- all at the discretion of the owner of the car.

August 1, 1914 Germany declares war on Russia. The German ambassador to Russia, Count Friedrich Pourtales, visiting Foreign Minister Sergei Dmitrievich Sazonov, demanded a response to the ultimatum put forward earlier and demanding the abolition of general mobilization in Russia, announced by Nicholas II. Having been refused, the ambassador handed Sazonov a note declaring war. Russia entered the First World War.

In 1919, the Soviet republic proclaimed in March was overthrown in Hungary. Bela Kun and most of the members of the government fled to Austria. The rest is not most of led by György Lukács, a former commissar for culture, set about organizing an underground communist party. The Budapest Council of Workers' Deputies elected a new government headed by Gyula Peidl, but it lasted only a few days, until August 6, when the Romanian troops that entered Budapest put an end to the history of the Hungarian Soviet Republic.

In 1936, XI summer schools opened in Berlin. Olympic Games. The German capital received the right to host the Olympics in 1932, when the Nazis were not yet in power. The President of the IOC, the Belgian Count Henri de Baillet-Latour, German authorities formal agreement to abide by the Olympic Charter, and the Nazis had to admit black athletes to the Games, whom they considered subhuman. To the dismay of all Germany and the Fuhrer personally, the American black athlete Jesse Owens not only won four gold medals, but also beat Hitler's favorite Lutz Long in the last attempt in the long jump. Otherwise, the Games justified the hopes of the leaders of the Reich: German athletes were ahead of the Americans and the teams of another 47 countries in the team standings, and during the competition was held great amount propaganda activities. On June 1, anti-Semitic posters were removed from Berlin streets, and concentration camp prisoners were ordered to be used away from busy highways. From among the athletes carefully selected " true Aryans"who were insistently invited to marry members of the Union german girls. The Berlin Olympics went down in history as the first to be televised to a wide audience.

On August 1, 1939, the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (VSNKh) opened. Before the war, she worked for several months a year. After the outbreak of the war, the film "The Pig and the Shepherd" was filmed on it.

On this day in 1939, the medal " Golden Star» Hero of the Soviet Union. Medal sketch designed main artist Goznak I.I. Dubasov.

On August 1, 1940, the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR Vyacheslav Molotov, speaking at a session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, said that "the working people of Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia gladly accepted the news of the entry of these republics into the Soviet Union."

On this day in 1941, the first Jeep was born. It was created as a light and maneuverable vehicle at the request of the army. On this day, Parade magazine devoted three of its pages to describing the new automotive miracle. And in 1943, a uranium enrichment plant began operating in Oak Ridge.

On August 1, 1944, the Warsaw Uprising began in Nazi-occupied Poland. The government in exile in London did not want Warsaw to be liberated by Soviet troops. There were many reasons for this, ranging from a pathological dislike for Russia among a large number Polish authorities those who had before the war. Let's not forget that Poland was created in Versailles as an element of the "cordon sanitaire" of Europe from Bolshevik Russia. Then, betraying the interests of France and England, she helped a lot Nazi Germany destroy the security system in Europe, created in Versailles. And even, on the eve of the Nazi attack, she did not want to accept help from the USSR, despite the persuasion of the British and French. Realizing that if Warsaw was liberated by Soviet troops, the chances of taking power in post-war Poland would be significantly increased by the pro-Soviet Lublin government, and not by the London emigrant government, and the Warsaw Uprising was sanctioned. About 150 thousand died civilian population, most of the city was destroyed (later, special German brigades destroyed the surviving buildings), about 520 thousand inhabitants were expelled from the city. The uprising did not achieve any military or political goals, but became for the Poles a symbol of courage and determination in the struggle for independence. Soviet propaganda interpreted these events as an ill-prepared adventure. All responsibility for the failure of the uprising rested with the government in exile in London.

On August 1, 1946, General Vlasov and 11 of his supporters were hanged. The topic "General Vlasov" is inexhaustible. They almost always talked about him: at first with enthusiasm and admiration, then with contempt and hatred. .

On this day in 1953, the Swiss scientist Auguste Piccard, together with his son Jacques, completed the construction of the Trieste bathyscaphe, on which in 1960 Jacques would descend to the bottom of the Mariana Trench to a depth of 10916 m.

On the night of August 1, 1964, the Mayak State Broadcasting Company went on the air for the first time. Summer 1964 governing bodies The country decided to create a fundamentally new information and music radio station "Mayak", which was supposed to work around the clock instead of the 2nd program of the All-Union Radio. Five-minute news releases were supposed to be on the air every half an hour, and between them - a variety of musical programs and concerts. Preparations for the new radio station to go on the air were entrusted to the main editorial board of Latest News and the main editorial board of the musical broadcasting of the All-Union Radio. And exactly at midnight on August 1, 1964, the call signs of the radio station "Mayak" were heard on the air to the tune of the popular song by Soloviev-Sedoy "Moscow Evenings". A new information and music radio station began to live and work. She quickly gained immense popularity in the country. "Mayak" began to be accepted abroad.

On August 1, 1981, the first broadcast of the MTV channel went on the air. The first viewers saw the clip of the British bands The Buggles under the name "Video Killed the Radio Star". Exactly six years later, he began to work in Europe.

News