Languages of history. Na "vi: a real language created by a linguist for the movie Avatar

His sound means of expression and artistic possibilities were sung by many famous people. It was spoken by Pushkin, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Dobrolyubov, Chernyshevsky... and more than 260 million people continue to speak it. It arose not so long ago as the rest of its "brothers", however, it already has rich history. It's about, of course, about the Russian language, the history of the emergence and development of which we will tell today.

Origin: Versions by several scholars

According to a legend that exists in India, seven white teachers can be considered the "fathers" of the Russian language. In ancient times, they came from the cold North (the Himalayas region) and gave people Sanskrit, an ancient literary language that became widespread in India from the 1st century BC. BC, - thereby laying the foundation of Brahmanism, from which Buddhism was later born. Many believe that this North at that time was one of the regions of Russia, so modern Indians often go there as pilgrims .

However, what does Sanskrit have to do with the Russian language?

According to the theory of the ethnographer Natalya Guseva, who wrote more than 150 scientific papers According to the history and religion of India, many Sanskrit words completely coincide with Russian ones. But why did she even come to that conclusion? One day on a tourist trip northern rivers Russian Guseva was accompanied by a respected scientist from India. Communicating with the inhabitants of local villages, the Hindu suddenly burst into tears and refused the services of an interpreter. Seeing puzzled looks, he replied that he was very happy to hear his native Sanskrit. Natalya Guseva was very interested in this case, so she decided to devote her whole life to the study of the Russian language and Sanskrit.

By the way, the famous philologist Alexander Dragunkin fully supports his colleague and claims that the great language of the Russian people really comes from a simpler one - Sanskrit, which has fewer word-forming forms, and its writing is nothing more than Slavic runes slightly modified by the Hindus.

Text in Sanskrit.
Source: wikimedia.org

According to another version, which is approved and accepted by most philologists, people about 2.6 million years ago (the time of the appearance of the first person) were simply forced to learn how to communicate with each other in the course of collective work. However, in those days the population was extremely small, so individuals spoke the same language. Thousands of years later, there was a migration of peoples: the DNA got mixed up and changed, and the tribes isolated themselves from each other, and so many different languages, which differed from each other in form and word formation. Later, there was a need for a science describing new achievements and things invented by man.

As a result of such evolution, so-called matrices arose in people's heads - language pictures peace. These matrices were studied by the linguist Georgy Gachev, at one time he studied more than 30 of them. According to his theory, the Germans were very attached to their home, and so the image of a typical German-speaking person was formed - organized and thrifty. And the mentality of the Russian speaker came from the image of the road and the way, because. in old times Russian-speaking people traveled a lot.

The birth and formation of the Russian language

Let's bring some specifics to our article and talk in more detail about the birth and development of our native and great Russian language. To do this, let's go back to India in the III millennium BC. Then among Indo-European languages the Proto-Slavic dialect stood out, which a thousand years later became the Proto-Slavic language. In the VI-VII centuries. already n. e. it was divided into several groups: eastern, western and southern (the Russian language is usually referred to as eastern). In the ninth century (the moment of formation Kievan Rus) the Old Russian language reached its maximum development. At the same time, two brothers, Cyril and Methodius, invented the first Slavic alphabet and alphabet.

However, the creators Slavic writing they did not limit themselves only to the alphabet: they translated and wrote down gospel sermons, parables, liturgical texts and apostolic letters; and also for about three and a half years they were engaged in the education of the Slavs in Moravia (the historical region of the Czech Republic).

Thanks to the work and knowledge of the enlightenment brothers, the Slavic language began to develop rapidly. By that time, in terms of popularity, it could already be compared with Greek and Latin, which, by the way, also belong to the Indo-European language family.

Separation of language and normalization of writing

Then came the era of feudalism, and the Polish-Lithuanian conquests in the XIII-XIV centuries. divided the language into three groups: Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian, as well as some intermediate dialects. By the way, until the XVI century. Russian was under huge influence two others - Belarusian and Ukrainian and was called "prosta mova".

In the XVI century. Muscovite Rus decided to normalize the writing of the Russian language, and then they introduced the predominance writing connection in sentences and the frequent use of unions "yes", "and", "a". Also, the declension of nouns became similar to the modern one, and the basis literary language the features characteristic of modern Moscow speech became: “akanye”, the consonant “g”, the endings “ovo” and “evo”.

Russian language in the 18th century

The Petrine era greatly influenced Russian speech. It was at this time that our language was freed from the guardianship of the church, and in 1708 the alphabet was reformed and made it similar to the European one.

"Geometry of Slavonic Land Surveying" is the first secular publication printed after the reform of the Russian alphabet in 1708.

Option 9

Read the text and complete tasks 1-3

(1) Language at any moment in the history of its development is a system that is naturally connected with the previous one and is the basis for the future one. (2) Just as the same character clarifies his character for the viewer in various scenes of the play, so does the language, over the centuries, trying on different needs different eras, comes to each generation as a treasury of the entire previous life of the people. (3) the enduring and paramount value of the language is that it preserves and transmits to the future the original view of the people on the world and life, as well as all the corrections and clarifications made to it by subsequent generations.

1. Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) natural language is a multi-level sign system, serving primarily for the transmission of information during communication.

2) The language system is constantly changing depending on the goals that the era sets for it.

3) The significance of the language as a time-changing system is that it preserves the foundations of the people's worldview, supplementing them with the views of subsequent generations.

4) At every moment of its development, the language system is always the basis, the base for those changes that sooner or later will be reflected in works of art, in particular in various plays.

5) Language being continuous developing system, conveys not only the original view of our ancestors on the world, but also all the amendments made by descendants, and this is its special value.

2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).

If you want to write out a word with a comma, you do not need to enter it in the answer.

Against,

For example,

Thus,

3. Read dictionary entry, in which the meanings of the word SYSTEM are given. Determine in what meaning this word is used in sentence 1. Write the number corresponding to this meaning in dictionary entry.

SYSTEM, -s; well.

1) A certain order in the location and connection of actions. Bring in your observations. Work according to a strict system.

2) Form organizing something. Electoral s. C. agriculture.

3) Something whole, which is a unity of regularly arranged and interconnected parts. Grammar s. language. Periodic s. elements(D.I. Mendeleev). S. views. Philosophical s.(teaching). Pedagogical s. Ushinsky. C. channels.

4) social order, the form social structure. Social s. Capitalist s.

5) A set of organizations that are homogeneous in their tasks, or institutions, organizationally united into one. Work in the system of the Academy of Sciences.

4. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in the formulation of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted INCORRECTLY. Write out this word.

kitchen

cork up

5. In one of the sentences below, the underlined word is WRONGLY used. Correct the mistake and write this word correctly.

The stranger's eyes were as colorless as RAIN water.

In order to turn the tide, the niece undertook a rather EFFICIENT and traditional move for such cases.

“Do not get in the way,” muttered Popov, a very intelligent man, but a rude and ignorant one.

By morning, a storm came up and destroyed almost the entire ENEMY fleet - main part the besieging army.

As soon as Natalya Arsenovna left, Arkady Viktorovich, in a CONFIDENT tone, for some reason began to tell that this lady was by no means simple.

6. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.

BOTH students

SLIP AND FALL

Ride straight

five tomatoes

new JUMPERS

7. Match between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are allowed: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS

SUGGESTIONS

BUT) wrong construction offers from inconsistent application

B) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

C) a violation in the construction of a sentence with dee participle turnover

D) incorrect construction of a sentence with participial turnover

D) a violation in the construction of a sentence with homogeneous members

1) The impossibility of returning to the old order after the war of 1812 was widely felt in a society that had experienced a national upsurge.

2) Each gun brings highest benefit in the hands of those who have studied it as deeply as possible.

3) Today in Ch. Aitmatov’s novel “And over a century the day lasts" carries the deep burden of memory, because "the human mind is a clot of eternity that has absorbed our past, present and future."

4) Nature heals not only the human soul, but can also be blind and cruel to him.

5) B latest novel In his epic "Katorge" Pikul talks about hard labor on Sakhalin.

6) Upon returning to the capital, Vostryakov firmly decided to make a marriage proposal to Marya Alekseevna.

7) After finishing reading, something turned over in my soul.

8) The crowd of listeners, as soon as the performance was over, jumped up from their seats and began to shout loudly.

9) It seemed to me that everyone looked at me with condemnation.

8. Determine the word in which the unstressed alternating vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.

inelegant

pok..rive (peace)

listen..vlyat

upstart..chka

algorithm..rhythm

9. Find a row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write these words out with the missing letter.

under..yachiy, from..yat

(not) .. hefty, without .. for a fee

from..warm, pos..yesterday

pr .. high, pr .. lying down

be..tasty, ra..winged

10.

accumulate

sneaky..vy

furnish..

peas..nka

11. Write down the word in which the letter E is written in place of the gap.

repentant

notice..sh

independent..my

offended .. former

obl..ny (mongrel)

12. Identify the sentence in which NOT with the word is spelled CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write out this word.

The action of V. Nabokov's novel "Under the sign of the illegitimate" takes place in an (UN) NAMED police state headed by the dictator Paduc.

In the story "Cut off" Shukshin showed the villager in a by no means (NOT) CHARACTERISTIC role.

Our trains stood side by side, like twin brothers, (NOT) RECOGNIZING each other, and parted forever.

(NOT) LOOKING at his comrades, Kirill quickly walked down the corridor.

In life, he was overly diplomatic and tried to act (NOT) DIRECTLY, as his father would have done, but in a blunt, hint.

13. Determine the sentence in which both underlined words are spelled ONE. Open the brackets and write out these two words.

The house opposite was (HALF) in the woods, and on the open part of the brick facade was overgrown with ivy, so that inside it always reigned (HALF) DARKNESS.

WHATEVER my father decided then, I was ready to accept it, (because) I respected his opinion.

The sun disappeared behind an aspen grove (B) NEAR the garden, the shadow from it (WITHOUT) END stretched across fixed fields.

A cloud, black, with a (WHITE) SNOW edge, froze in the east, and on the western side (BETWEEN) THEN the sun shone.

(NOT) DESPITE the fact that most of the story is devoted to the experiences of Timofey Ivanovich, EVERYTHING (SAME) the author pays enough attention to describing the morals and way of life of his heroes.

14. Indicate all the numbers in the place of which HH is written.

Pushkin easily left the walls of his native home and never mentioned his father or mother in his poems, but at the same time his heart was not deprived of (1) kinship (2) feelings: he dearly loved his brother and sister all his life, selflessly (3 )o helped them, even being in the strait (4)th material circumstances.

15. Use punctuation marks. Choose two sentences in which you want to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) The information of contemporaries about the character of Prince Ivan Dolgoruky is contradictory, and this is not only a contradiction in the points of view of memoirists, but also the inconsistency of the character of Prince Ivan Alekseevich himself.

2) Pushkin was physically strong and enduring, he had strength and good health.

3) Cold and bright shines over heavy clouds blue sky and from behind these clouds ridges of snow clouds slowly emerge.

4) Along the seashore and parallel to it, long lakes and swamps stretched in rows.

5) Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba spoke leisurely, thoughtfully looking either at the listeners, or as if inside himself.

16. Put all the punctuation marks:

But she still would not have seen his face, if again the lightning (1) that hid the stars (2) did not illuminate him. In the light of lightning, she saw his whole face and (3) seeing calmness and joy on him (4) smiled at him.

17. Arrange everything missing signs punctuation: indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.

Hm! um! Noble Reader (1)

Are all your relatives healthy (2)?

Allow: can be (3) anything (4)

Now learn from me

What does native mean.

The native people are:

We have to caress them

love, sincerely respect

And (5) according to the custom of the people (6)

About Christmas to visit them ...

18. Put all the punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.

Near a picturesque old house (1) not far from (2) from which (3) an orchard grew (4) I stopped (5) to make a sketch on paper.

19. Put all the punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.

The legend says (1) that (2) when Yesenin saw Isadora Duncan (3) he was captivated by her plasticity (4) wanted to scream about his instantaneous falling in love (5) but Sergei did not know in English.

20. Edit the sentence: correct lexical error, excluding superfluous word. Write out this word.

Often works of art are autobiographical. It is known that, while creating the story "Flight to America", Alexander Grin wrote his autobiography.

Read the text and complete tasks 21-26

(1) Let's, dear reader, think about whether a fairy tale is something far from us and how much we need it. (2) We make a kind of pilgrimage to magical, coveted and beautiful lands, reading or listening to fairy tales. (3) What do people bring from these parts? (4) What draws them there? (5) What does a person ask a fairy tale about and what exactly does she answer him? (6) A person has always asked a fairy tale about what all people, from century to century, will always ask about, about what is important and necessary for all of us. (7) First of all, about happiness. (8) Does it come by itself in life or does it have to be mined? (9) Are labors, trials, dangers and exploits really necessary? (10) What is the happiness of a person? (11) Is it in wealth? (12) Or maybe in kindness and righteousness?

(13) What is fate? (14) Is it really impossible to overcome it and a person remains to meekly sit and wait for the weather by the sea? (15) And the fairy tale generously tells how to be a person at the crossroads of life's roads and in the depths of the forest of life, in trouble and in misfortune.

(16) What is more important - outer shell Or invisible beauty? (17) How to recognize, how to smell the beautiful soul of the monster and the ugly soul of the beauty?

(18) And finally, is it true that only the possible is possible, and the impossible is really impossible? (19) Are there any possibilities hidden in the things and souls surrounding us that not everyone dares to talk about?

(20) This is what a person, and especially a Russian person, asks about his fairy tale. (21) And the fairy tale answers not about what does not exist and does not exist, but about what now is and always will be. (22) After all, a fairy tale is the answer of antiquity, which has experienced everything, to the questions of a child's soul entering the world. (23) Here, wise antiquity blesses Russian infancy for a hard life contemplating from the depths of his national experience difficulties life path.

(24) All people are divided into people living with a fairy tale, and people living without a fairy tale. (25) And people living with a fairy tale have the gift and happiness ... to ask their people about the first and last life wisdom and with open mind listen to the answers of his original, prehistoric philosophy. (26) Such people live, as it were, in harmony with their national fairy tale. (27) And it’s good for us if we keep an eternal child in our souls, that is, we know how to both ask and listen to the voice of our fairy tale.

(according to I.A. Ilyin*)

*Ivan Alexandrovich Ilyin(1883-1954) - Russian philosopher, writer and publicist.

21. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Specify the answer numbers.

1) When reading fairy tales, a person is immersed in a world of fantasies that are not related to reality.

2) A fairy tale gives a person answers to many important questions: about happiness, about fate, about true beauty.

3) Fairy tales are useful for children, because this folk wisdom prepares the child for adulthood However, adults no longer need to read fairy tales.

4) The fairy tale talks about what is and will always be, and not about what is not and does not happen in life.

5) To awaken children's interest to a fairy tale, you need to introduce a child to it through theatrical performances, art films, national music.

22. Which of the following statements are faithful? Specify the answer numbers.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) In sentences 1–5, reasoning is presented.

2) Sentences 8-12 provide a description.

3) Proposition 23 clarifies and supplements the content of Proposal 22.

4) Sentences 13–17 present reasoning.

5) Sentences 26-27 present the narrative.

23. From sentences 3-6 write out the phraseological unit.

24. Among sentences 22-26, find one(s) that is(-s) related to the previous one using coordinating union and lexical repetitions.

Write the number(s) of this offer(s).

25. “While talking with the reader about the fairy tale, I.A. Ilyin creates a text that is very concise in terms of form, but at the same time saturates it with emotionality and imagery, competently using a whole range of expressive means of speech. In an effort to involve the reader in his thoughts, the author actively uses such syntactical device, like (A)________ (for example, sentences 3, 4, 13). Often there is such a technique as (B)________ (for example, sentences 16, 17), which helps to understand how difficult it is to find an answer to the questions that arise before a person. A special pathos to the text is given by such a trope as (B) _______ (proposal 23), as well as such lexical device expressiveness, as (D) _________ ("inquire", "listen" in sentence 25)".

List of terms

1) impersonation

2) obsolete words

3) parceling

4) hyperbole

5) epiphora

6) interrogative sentences

7) lexical repetition

9) antithesis

26. Write an essay on the text you read. Formulate one of the problems posed by the author of the text.

Formulate the position of the author (narrator). Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the read text. Explain why. Justify your opinion based on reading experience, as well as knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account).

The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

1. Answer: 35|53.

2. Answer: in this way|in this way

3. Answer: 3.

4. Answer: sent

5. Answer: ignorant

6. Answer: go.

7. Answer: 58714

8. Answer: upstart

9. Answer: sduzhilfree

10. Answer: padlock

11. Answer: offended

12. Answer: unnamed

13. Answer: half dark | half dark

14. Answer: 234

15. Answer: 23|32

16. Answer: 1234

17. Answer: 1356

18. Answer: 145

19. Answer: 12345

20. Answer: your

21. Answer: 24|42

22. Answer: 134

23. Answer: 25

25. Answer: 6912

Approximate circle problems
1. The problem of the role of fairy tales in human life. (What role does a fairy tale play in a person's life?)	1. A fairy tale is the wisdom of national experience, which has experienced everything in antiquity; it is able to give a person answers to all questions that interest him: moral, ethical, philosophical.
2. The problem of preserving the "eternal child" in the human soul. (Is it necessary to keep the features of a child in your soul?)	2. Even in adulthood, it is very important and necessary to be able to ask and listen to the voice of our fairy tale. It is easier for people who have kept the eternal child in themselves: they are in harmony with the national fairy tale, and therefore with national wisdom, from the depths of prehistoric philosophy one can draw answers to many eternal questions.
3. The problem of understanding the concept of "fairy tale", the problem of the relationship between a fairy tale and national consciousness. (Is a fairy tale just a fantasy, beautiful country dreams or is it something more, important and necessary? Is the fairy tale connected with the national consciousness, the wisdom of the nation?)	3. 3. A fairy tale is the wisdom of antiquity that has passed through time, illuminating the real, and not fictional, difficulties of the life path and helping to cope with them. Story inextricably linked with national identity, so it is very important and necessary.

* To formulate the problem, the examinee may use vocabulary that differs from that presented in the table. The problem can also be cited from the source text or indicated by references to sentence numbers.

Option No. 6619638

The answer to tasks 1-25 is a word (phrase), number or sequence of numbers. Do not copy the answer words from the browser, enter them by typing from the keyboard. Do not use spaces when writing answers.

If the option is set by the teacher, you can enter the answers to the tasks of part C or upload them to the system in one of the graphic formats. The teacher will see the results of the assignments of part B and will be able to evaluate the uploaded answers to part C. The points given by the teacher will be displayed in your statistics. The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

Version for printing and copying in MS Word

Indicate the numbers of sentences in which the MAIN information contained in the text is correctly conveyed. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) Natural language is a multi-level sign system that primarily serves to convey information during communication.

2) The language system is constantly changing depending on the goals that the era sets for it.

3) The significance of the language as a time-changing system is that it preserves the foundations of the people's worldview, supplementing them with the views of subsequent generations.

4) At every moment of its development, the language system is always the basis, the base for those changes that sooner or later will be reflected in works of art, in particular in various plays.

5) Language, being a continuously developing system, conveys not only the original view of our ancestors on the world, but also all the amendments made by descendants, and this is its special value.

Answer:

Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).

If you want to write out a word with a comma, you do not need to enter it in the answer.

Against,

For example,

Thus,

Answer:

Read the dictionary entry for the meaning of the word SYSTEM. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in sentence 1. Write the number corresponding to this value in the dictionary entry.

SYSTEM, -s; well.

1) A certain order in the location and connection of actions. Bring in your observations. Work according to a strict system.

2) The form of organization of something. Electoral s. C. agriculture.

4) Social system, form of social structure. Social s. Capitalist s.

5) A set of organizations that are homogeneous in their tasks, or institutions, organizationally united into one. Work in the system of the Academy of Sciences.

Answer:

In one of the words below, a mistake was made in the formulation of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted INCORRECTLY. Write out this word.

kitchen

cork up

Answer:

In one of the sentences below, the underlined word is WRONGLY used. Correct the mistake and write this word correctly.

The stranger's eyes were as colorless as RAIN water.

In order to turn the tide, the niece undertook a rather EFFICIENT and traditional move for such cases.

“Do not get in the way,” muttered Popov, a very intelligent man, but a rude and ignorant one.

By morning, a storm came up and destroyed almost the entire ENEMY fleet - the main part of the besieging army.

As soon as Natalya Arsenovna left, Arkady Viktorovich, in a CONFIDENT tone, for some reason began to tell that this lady was by no means simple.

Answer:

In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.

BOTH students

SLIP AND FALL

Ride straight

five tomatoes

new JUMPERS

Answer:

Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are made: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS

SUGGESTIONS

A) incorrect construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

B) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

C) a violation in the construction of a sentence with participle turnover

D) incorrect construction of a sentence with participial turnover

D) violation in the construction of a sentence with homogeneous members

1) The impossibility of returning to the old order after the war of 1812 was widely felt in a society that had experienced a national upsurge.

2) Each tool brings the highest benefit in the hands of those who have studied it as deeply as possible.

3) Today in Ch. Aitmatov’s novel “And the day lasts longer than a century” bears the deep burden of memory, since “the human mind is a clot of eternity that has absorbed our past, present and future.”

4) Nature heals not only the human soul, but can also be blind and cruel to him.

5) In the last novel of his epic "Katorga" Pikul talks about hard labor on Sakhalin.

6) Upon returning to the capital, Vostryakov firmly decided to make a marriage proposal to Marya Alekseevna.

7) After finishing reading, something turned over in my soul.

8) The crowd of listeners, as soon as the performance was over, jumped up from their seats and began to shout loudly.

9) It seemed to me that everyone looked at me with condemnation.

A	B	AT	G	D

Answer:

Determine the word in which the unstressed alternating vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.

inelegant

pok..rive (peace)

listen..vlyat

upstart..chka

algorithm..rhythm

Answer:

Find a row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write these words out with the missing letter.

under..yachiy, from..yat

(not) .. hefty, without .. for a fee

from..warm, pos..yesterday

pr .. high, pr .. lying down

be..tasty, ra..winged

Answer:

accumulate

sneaky..vy

furnish..

peas..nka

Answer:

Write down the word in which the letter E is written in place of the gap.

repentant

notice..sh

independent..my

offended .. former

obl..ny (mongrel)

Answer:

Identify the sentence in which NOT with the word is spelled CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write out this word.

The meeting was held in the (NOT) BIG, but luxurious apartment of Lyubov Markovna.

Tale " dog's heart"is distinguished by an extremely clear author's idea: the revolution that took place in Russia was a (NOT) RESULT of a natural spiritual development society, but irresponsible and premature

experiment.

The envelope with the wax seal is still (NOT) PRINTED.

The man took a deep breath, pulled on his hat and left in an (UN)KNOWN direction.

All the thoughts (NOT) SPOKEN aloud, I painstakingly wrote down in the evenings in a thick notebook.

Answer:

Determine the sentence in which both underlined words are spelled ONE. Open the brackets and write out these two words.

The house opposite was (HALF) in the woods, and on the open part of the brick facade was overgrown with ivy, so that inside it always reigned (HALF) DARKNESS.

WHATEVER my father decided then, I was ready to accept it, (because) I respected his opinion.

The sun disappeared behind an aspen grove (B) NEAR the garden, the shadow from it (WITHOUT) THE END stretched across the motionless fields.

A cloud, black, with a (WHITE) SNOW edge, froze in the east, and on the western side (BETWEEN) THEN the sun shone.

Answer:

Indicate all the numbers in the place of which HH is written.

Answer:

Place punctuation marks. Choose two sentences in which you want to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

2) Pushkin was physically strong and hardy, had strength and good health.

3) The blue sky shines coldly and brightly above heavy clouds, and behind these clouds ridges of snow clouds slowly float up.

4) Along the seashore and parallel to it, long lakes and swamps stretched in rows.

5) Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba spoke leisurely, thoughtfully looking either at the listeners, or as if inside himself.

Answer:

Fill in all the missing punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.

Hm! um! Noble Reader (1)

Are all your relatives healthy (2)?

Allow: can be (3) anything (4)

Now learn from me

What does native mean.

The native people are:

We have to caress them

love, sincerely respect

And (5) according to the custom of the people (6)

About Christmas to visit them ...

Answer:

Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.

Near a picturesque old house (1) not far from (2) from which (3) an orchard grew (4) I stopped (5) to make a sketch on paper.

Answer:

Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.

The legend says (1) that (2) when Yesenin saw Isadora Duncan (3) he was captivated by her plasticity (4) wanted to shout about his instantaneous falling in love (5) but Sergei did not know English.

Answer:

Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Specify the answer numbers.

1) A fairy tale tells a person what to do in difficult life circumstances.

2) In fairy tales, a beautiful soul is certainly hidden behind an ugly appearance, and behind external beauty- internal deformity.

3) Modern people Those who believe in fairy tales evoke a sense of surprise in those around them.

4) A fairy tale is able to give answers to the most different questions that stand before a person on his life path.

5) All people, both adults and children, met in life with a fairy tale, but in the process of growing up, the ability to listen and hear a fairy tale disappears.

(according to I.A. Ilyin*)

*Ivan Alexandrovich Ilyin

Answer:

Which of the following statements are faithful? Specify the answer numbers.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) In sentences 1–5, reasoning is presented.

2) Sentences 8-12 provide a description.

3) Proposition 23 clarifies and supplements the content of Proposal 22.

4) Sentences 13–17 present reasoning.

5) Sentences 26-27 present the narrative.

(16) What is more important - the outer shell or invisible beauty? (17) How to recognize, how to smell the beautiful soul of the monster and the ugly soul of the beauty?

(20) This is what a person, and especially a Russian person, asks about his fairy tale. (21) And the fairy tale answers not about what does not exist and does not exist, but about what now is and always will be. (22) After all, a fairy tale is the answer of antiquity, which has experienced everything, to the questions of a child's soul entering the world. (23) Here, wise antiquity blesses Russian infancy for the difficult life they have not yet experienced, contemplating from the depths of their national experience the difficulties of the life path.

(24) All people are divided into people living with a fairy tale, and people living without a fairy tale. (25) And people living with a fairy tale have the gift and happiness ... to ask their people about the first and last wisdom of life and listen with an open mind to the answers of his original, prehistoric philosophy. (26) Such people live, as it were, in harmony with their national fairy tale. (27) And it’s good for us if we keep an eternal child in our souls, that is, we know how to both ask and listen to the voice of our fairy tale.

(according to I.A. Ilyin*)

*Ivan Alexandrovich Ilyin(1883-1954) - Russian philosopher, writer and publicist.

Answer:

From sentences 13–15 write out synonyms (synonymous pair).

(16) What is more important - the outer shell or invisible beauty? (17) How to recognize, how to smell the beautiful soul of the monster and the ugly soul of the beauty?

(20) This is what a person, and especially a Russian person, asks about his fairy tale. (21) And the fairy tale answers not about what does not exist and does not exist, but about what now is and always will be. (22) After all, a fairy tale is the answer of antiquity, which has experienced everything, to the questions of a child's soul entering the world. (23) Here, wise antiquity blesses Russian infancy for the difficult life they have not yet experienced, contemplating from the depths of their national experience the difficulties of the life path.

(24) All people are divided into people living with a fairy tale, and people living without a fairy tale. (25) And people living with a fairy tale have the gift and happiness ... to ask their people about the first and last wisdom of life and listen with an open mind to the answers of his original, prehistoric philosophy. (26) Such people live, as it were, in harmony with their national fairy tale. (27) And it’s good for us if we keep an eternal child in our souls, that is, we know how to both ask and listen to the voice of our fairy tale.

(according to I.A. Ilyin*)

*Ivan Alexandrovich Ilyin(1883-1954) - Russian philosopher, writer and publicist.

Answer:

Among sentences 18-23, find one that is related to the previous one with the help of a coordinating conjunction and word forms.

(16) What is more important - the outer shell or invisible beauty? (17) How to recognize, how to smell the beautiful soul of the monster and the ugly soul of the beauty?

(20) This is what a person, and especially a Russian person, asks about his fairy tale. (21) And the fairy tale answers not about what does not exist and does not exist, but about what now is and always will be. (22) After all, a fairy tale is the answer of antiquity, which has experienced everything, to the questions of a child's soul entering the world. (23) Here, wise antiquity blesses Russian infancy for the difficult life they have not yet experienced, contemplating from the depths of their national experience the difficulties of the life path.

(24) All people are divided into people living with a fairy tale, and people living without a fairy tale. (25) And people living with a fairy tale have the gift and happiness ... to ask their people about the first and last wisdom of life and listen with an open mind to the answers of his original, prehistoric philosophy. (26) Such people live, as it were, in harmony with their national fairy tale. (27) And it’s good for us if we keep an eternal child in our souls, that is, we know how to both ask and listen to the voice of our fairy tale.

(according to I.A. Ilyin*)

*Ivan Alexandrovich Ilyin(1883-1954) - Russian philosopher, writer and publicist.

Answer:

Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed in tasks 20-23.

This snippet discusses language features text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps (A, B, C, D) with the numbers corresponding to the numbers of the terms from the list. Write in the table under each letter the corresponding number.

Write down the sequence of numbers without spaces, commas and other additional characters.

“While talking with the reader about the fairy tale, I.A. Ilyin creates a text that is very concise in terms of form, but at the same time saturates it with emotionality and imagery, competently using a whole range of expressive means of speech. In an effort to involve the reader in his thoughts, the author actively uses such a syntactic tool as (A)________ (for example, sentences 3, 4, 13). Often there is such a technique as (B)________ (for example, sentences 16, 17), which helps to understand how difficult it is to find an answer to the questions that arise before a person. A special pathos to the text is given by such a trope as (B) _______ (sentence 23), as well as such a lexical means of expressiveness as (D) _________ ("to ask", "to listen" in sentence 25)".

List of terms

1) impersonation

2) obsolete words

3) parceling

4) hyperbole

5) epiphora

6) interrogative sentences

7) lexical repetition

9) antithesis

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

A	B	AT	G

(16) What is more important - the outer shell or invisible beauty? (17) How to recognize, how to smell the beautiful soul of the monster and the ugly soul of the beauty?

(20) This is what a person, and especially a Russian person, asks about his fairy tale. (21) And the fairy tale answers not about what does not exist and does not exist, but about what now is and always will be. (22) After all, a fairy tale is the answer of antiquity, which has experienced everything, to the questions of a child's soul entering the world. (23) Here, wise antiquity blesses Russian infancy for the difficult life they have not yet experienced, contemplating from the depths of their national experience the difficulties of the life path.

Formulate one of the problems posed by the author of the text.

Comment on the formulated problem. Include in the comment two illustration examples from the read text that you think are important for understanding the problem in the source text (avoid over-quoting). Explain the meaning of each example and indicate the semantic relationship between them.

The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

A work written without relying on the text read (not on given text), Not Evaluated. If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite original text without any comments, then such work is rated 0 points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

(16) What is more important - the outer shell or invisible beauty? (17) How to recognize, how to smell the beautiful soul of the monster and the ugly soul of the beauty?

(20) This is what a person, and especially a Russian person, asks about his fairy tale. (21) And the fairy tale answers not about what does not exist and does not exist, but about what now is and always will be. (22) After all, a fairy tale is the answer of antiquity, which has experienced everything, to the questions of a child's soul entering the world. (23) Here, wise antiquity blesses Russian infancy for the difficult life they have not yet experienced, contemplating from the depths of their national experience the difficulties of the life path.

(24) All people are divided into people living with a fairy tale, and people living without a fairy tale. (25) And people living with a fairy tale have the gift and happiness ... to ask their people about the first and last wisdom of life and listen with an open mind to the answers of his original, prehistoric philosophy. (26) Such people live, as it were, in harmony with their national fairy tale. (27) And it’s good for us if we keep an eternal child in our souls, that is, we know how to both ask and listen to the voice of our fairy tale.

CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT OF LANGUAGE

1. The problem of change and development of language in the history of linguistics.

2. Theories of stages in the development of language and thinking.

3. Form and source of change linguistic phenomena.

4. Internal and external causes change and development of the language.

5. Language contacts as a factor in the change and development of the language.

The problem of change and development of language in the history of linguistics.

Language, like any other phenomenon of reality, does not stand still, but changes, develops. Theoretical linguistics from the time of formation was interested in the processes of change and development of the language.

Changing language wears controversial character. One of the first to point this out W. Humboldt: “According to its real essence, language is something permanent and at the same time in each this moment transient." He spoke about the inconsistency of the change and existence of language S. Bally in his famous paradox: "Languages are constantly changing, but they can only function without changing."

Comparatives also pointed out the contradictions associated with the evolution and development of the language. From a historical point of view, it is constantly changing, but in the process of direct functioning it remains the same. The identity of the language to itself is an indispensable condition for normal communication in a team.

Finding out the specific causes of changes in linguistic phenomena requires considering their history, studying their connections in the language system from a synchronic and diachronic point of view. The dichotomy of synchrony and diachrony in language learning is associated with the name F. Saussure.

According to F. Saussure, it is necessary to distinguish between two axes of time: a) the axis of simultaneity, where any interference of time is excluded; b) the axis of the sequence, on which it is impossible to consider more than one thing at once. Saussure illustrates the relationship of the two time axes with a graph in the form of two straight lines intersecting at right angles. Accordingly, he distinguishes two linguistics: synchronic (static) and diachronic (evolutionary).

Synchronic linguistics should deal with logical and psychological relationships connecting coexisting elements and forming a system. It must study them as they are perceived by the same collective consciousness.

Diachronic linguistics must study the relationships connecting elements, following friend after each other in time and not perceived by the same collective consciousness.

Saussure believed that systemic relations are possible only on the axis of simultaneity. For speakers, the synchronic state of language is the true and only reality. The purpose of the linguist is to know this reality. Linguistics, according to Saussure, from the very beginning paid too much attention to diachrony, the history of language. Now linguistics must explore language in synchrony. "Language is a system, all parts of which can and must be considered in their synchronic interdependence." This thesis of Saussure was strongly opposed by the Prague Linguistic Circle. Scientists argued that the very change of a particular linguistic element often occurs under the influence of systemic relations. In turn, a change in an element of the system entails a shift in the relationship with other elements of the system associated with it, that is, to a change in the end of the system itself. For example, a change in the system of vowels and consonant phonemes in the Old Russian language under the influence of the fall of reduced vowels; the development of the opposition of the name and the verb and, as a result, a more grammatically strict systemic formulation of the sentence.

Synchronic and diachronic linguistics have different laws. The synchronic law is a general, regular, but not imperative law, i.e. "there is no force in the language that guarantees the preservation of the regularity established at any point." The diachronic law, on the contrary, is private, but imperative, it is "imposed on the language."

Synchronic and diachronic linguistics differ in their methods of studying language. Synchronic linguistics "knows only one perspective, that of the speakers, and its whole method is to collect linguistic facts from them." Diachronic linguistics must distinguish between two perspectives: prospective, following the passage of time, and retrospective, backward.

Synchronic linguistics has as its object a set of facts relating to one or another language. Diachronic linguistics considers facts that do not necessarily belong to the same language. Synchronization makes it easier to detect interaction various factors language, while in diachrony they are more hidden, they are more difficult to determine.

Saussure believed that "everything diachronic in language is such only through speech." Speech is the source of all change. Any innovations appear in the speech of individuals and turn into a fact of language when they are accepted by the entire speaking community.

Saussure, however, could not satisfactorily explain the nature and form of the change in the language and its system.

Portal for the student. Self-training

Origin: Versions by several scholars

The birth and formation of the Russian language

Separation of language and normalization of writing

Russian language in the 18th century

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