The Gold Star medal is the highest award THE USSR. Awarded throughout history 12776 people. Since the number of these signs is very small, the value in the market starts from 250 thousand rubles. But it can reach several million for rare specimens.
Appearance
Medal weight - 34.264±1.5 g. The award is made in the form of a five-pointed star made of 950 gold. The distance from the center of the star to the top of the beam is 15 mm. The distance between the ends of the beam is 28.5 mm. The box is made of silver.
History and quantity
The first presentation took place on November 4, 1939, the medal was awarded to the pilot Lyapidevsky. Further, before the start of the Great Patriotic War, 626 pieces were awarded. During the war years, it was awarded 11144 medals. In the time after the end of the Great Patriotic War before the abolition of the title and its abolition - 1006 awards were presented.
Since the lists of awards were preserved and there was a strict observance of the numbers when receiving the title, you can find out all the data about each Star of the Hero by its number. These artifacts can be purchased exclusively on the Internet or overseas auctions.
pre-war time
The cost of pre-war awards is often higher - not less than 300 thousand rubles. Medals of this period are not massive. The majority of the awards were given to representatives of the senior command staff, senior leadership of the party and civilian specialists. It is very difficult to meet a sign with a number up to 626 on the market and often the prices are unreasonably high. It can be attributed to the stars different period received famous people or for legendary deeds. So the medal of the pilot Antilevsky was sold at auction for 700 thousand rubles.
The Great Patriotic War
The most massive and often found on the market medals with license plates 627 - 11771 (war period). Their price is from 250 tr to three million rubles. Price differences depend on the following facts:
- Award time. Until October 1943, the Golden Star was attached to the block through rigid connecting rings (lugs). After this time and until the end of the awards, the fastening was carried out through a free connecting ring. Eyelet medals are less common since mass awards began in 1944. The price for the first version of the Star is 15-20 thousand higher.
- Numbered awards. In case of repeated awarding on the reverse of the Star, the Roman numeral II was placed in front of the serial number, in the third awarding, the Roman numeral III, in the fourth, the Roman numeral IV. Twice Heroes of the USSR are 154 people, three times - 3, four times - 2. The third and fourth medals have not yet been presented on the market - they are all in museums, and therefore it is problematic to estimate their value. Stars with number II are worth at least three million. It was for this amount that the award of Colonel Fomichev was sold at a foreign auction in 2012. After that, medals marked II did not enter the market.
- Lost and seized. During the Great Patriotic War, the first cases of the loss of the Star on the battlefield appeared. In case of loss during the hostilities, a duplicate was issued with the letter D on the reverse and the previous number of the award. During the entire war, 28 awards were lost, and if one of them hits the market, the cost can be several times higher than the cost of both ordinary and II-marked Stars. Throughout history, 72 people have been deprived of it. Not all of them have returned badges of honour, and these artifacts can be worth as much as a million when they go on sale.
Post-war period
After the end of the Great Patriotic War, honorary badges with numbers 11772 - 12776 were awarded. "Stars of the Hero" with these numbers are the most common on the market. Their regular price 250 - 400 thousand rubles. It depends on the status and reason for the award.
Where and how to buy?
Now it can be purchased exclusively on the Internet or overseas auctions. Due to the small number of offers and high demand - the price can unreasonably soar, there are many fakes. Therefore, when buying, an examination is required.
Medal "Gold Star" - Soviet state award. This award was established in 1939 as an insignia for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. There is currently no award given.
History of the award medal "Gold Star" title Hero of the Soviet Union.
The Gold Star medal was established in 1939 by a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on August 1. Decrees introduced a new, additional insignia for persons who were awarded the highest degree of distinction in the USSR - the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
Description of the award medal "Gold Star" title Hero of the Soviet Union.
The description of the Gold Star medal for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union was approved in 1939 by the relevant decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of October 16. On June 19, 1943, another decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was issued, which amended the decree of October 16, 1939. In particular, according to this decree, the Gold Star medal is awarded to persons awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, and is a distinction of this title.
The medal "Gold Star" for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union was made in several versions:
Option 1. Rectangular block measuring 15 by 25 millimeters, intermediate was missing. The medal was attached to the block using rigid connecting rings. This version of the award was awarded until 1943.
Option 2. Rectangular block measuring 15 by 19.5 mm. In this version, there was an intermediate connecting link - a ring - with the help of which the star was connected to the block.
Option 3. On the reverse of the star, the Roman numeral II was applied - this option was intended to reward persons who were twice awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
Option 4. On the reverse side of the star, the Roman numeral III was applied - this option was intended to reward persons who were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union three times.
Option 5. On the reverse side of the star, the Roman numeral IV was applied - this option was intended to reward persons who were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union four times.
Option 6. This option was made for people who good reasons(during the fighting) lost the original award. For them, a duplicate was made with the application on the reverse of the star of the previous number of the lost award and the letter "D", denoting "Duplicate".
It is also worth noting one very interesting point - the decree of August 1, 1939, it was supposed to put on the star the inscription "Hero of the SS", in which "SS" was the abbreviation of the Soviet Union. But by decree of October 16 of the same year, the inscription was changed in accordance with political environment at that time, since for many the combination of the letters "SS" evoked an association with the Nazi SS units. In this regard, it was decided to put on reverse side stars inscription "Hero of the USSR".
Statistics of awarding the medal "Gold Star" title Hero of the Soviet Union.
As of the beginning of June 1941, 626 people were awarded the Gold Star medal for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
How often do Yandex users from Ukraine search for information on the Gold Star medal of the title of Hero of the Soviet Union in a search engine?
As can be seen from the screenshot of the wordstat system, users search engine Yandex in December 2015 was interested in the query "medal Golden Star"834 times.
And according to this schedule, you can see how the interest of Yandex users in the query "gold star medal" has changed over the past two years:
By a decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of April 16, 1934, the highest degree of distinction was established - the award for personal or collective services to the state associated with the accomplishment of a heroic deed, the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
By a decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of July 29, 1936, the Regulations on the title of Hero of the Soviet Union were approved.
By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of August 1, 1939, in order to distinguish citizens awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union and performing new heroic deeds, to establish the Gold Star medal, which has the shape of a five-pointed star.
Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of May 14, 1973 approved the Regulations on the title of Hero of the Soviet Union in a new edition
Regulations on the medal
Title of Hero of the Soviet Union(GSS) is the highest degree of distinction and is awarded for personal or collective services to the Soviet state and society associated with the accomplishment of a heroic deed.
The title of Hero of the Soviet Union is awarded by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
The Hero of the Soviet Union is awarded:
- the highest award of the USSR - the Order of Lenin;
- badge of special distinction - the medal "Gold Star";
- Diploma of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
Hero of the Soviet Union, who performed a heroic feat for the second time, did not smaller one, for which others who committed similar feat, are awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, awarded the Order of Lenin and the second Gold Star medal, and in commemoration of his exploits, a bronze bust A hero with a corresponding inscription, installed in his homeland, as recorded in the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the award.
The Hero of the Soviet Union, who was awarded two Gold Star medals, for new heroic deeds, similar to those previously accomplished, can be again awarded the order Lenin and the Gold Star medal.
When a Hero of the Soviet Union is awarded the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal, he is simultaneously presented with a letter of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR along with the order and medal.
In the event that the Hero of the Soviet Union is awarded the title of Hero Socialist Labor, then in commemoration of his heroic and labor exploits a bronze bust of the Hero with a corresponding inscription is erected in his homeland, which is recorded in the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on conferring the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.
Heroes of the Soviet Union enjoy the benefits established by law.
Medal "Gold Star" The Hero of the Soviet Union is worn on the left side of the chest above the orders and medals of the USSR.
Deprivation of the title of Hero of the Soviet Union can only be done by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
Description of the medal
The Gold Star medal is five-pointed star with smooth dihedral rays on the front side. The distance from the center of the star to the top of the beam is 15 mm. The distance between opposite ends of the star is 30 mm.
The reverse side of the medal has a smooth surface and is limited along the contour by a protruding thin rim. On the reverse side in the center of the medal there is an inscription in raised letters "Hero of the USSR". The size of the letters is 4 by 2 mm. In the upper beam is the number of the medal with a height of 1 mm.
The medal is connected with an eyelet and a ring to a gilded metal block, which is a rectangular plate 15 mm high and 19.5 mm wide, with frames in the upper and lower parts. There are slits along the base of the shoe; its inner part is covered with a red silk moiré ribbon 20 mm wide. The box has a threaded pin with a nut on the reverse side for attaching the medal to clothing.
The medal is made of 950 gold. The medallion is made of silver. As of September 18, 1975, the gold content in the medal is 20.521 ± 0.903 g, the silver content is 12.186 ± 0.927 g. The weight of the medal without a block is 21.5 g. The total weight of the medal is 34.264 ± 1.5 g
History of the medal
The title of Hero of the Soviet Union - the highest degree of distinction Soviet period, most honorary title in the Soviet award hierarchy. However, it would be wrong to call this title rare: there were much more Heroes of the Soviet Union than knights of any degree of any "military" order.
The title of Hero of the Soviet Union is the first such award in the world. Although in some countries there was the concept of "national hero", but it was not an official award. After the end of World War II, in a number of socialist countries, by analogy with the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, national highest degrees of distinction were established: "Hero of the MPR" (Mongolian People's Republic), "Hero of Czechoslovakia" (Czechoslovak Soviet Socialist Republic), "Hero of the NRB" (People's Republic of Bulgaria), "Hero of Syria", etc.
The title of Hero of the Soviet Union was established by the Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of April 16, 1934. The resolution established that "The Heroes of the Soviet Union are issued a special diploma." No other attributes and insignia were introduced to the Heroes of the Soviet Union at that time.
The regulation on the title of Hero of the Soviet Union was first established on July 29, 1936. It introduced the procedure for awarding the Heroes of the Soviet Union, in addition to the diploma of the Central Executive Committee, also the Order of Lenin - the highest award of the USSR. From that moment on, all Heroes of the Soviet Union received the Order of Lenin until the abolition of the USSR in 1991. Those who received the title of Hero before the release of this Decree also received it retroactively - there were only 11 of them.
The need for a special insignia for the GSS appeared three years later, when there were already 122 Heroes of the Soviet Union (two of them - pilots Levanevsky S.A. and Chkalov V.P. had died by that time, and 19 titles were awarded posthumously).
On August 1, 1939, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On additional insignia for the Heroes of the Soviet Union" was issued. Articles 1 and 2 of the Decree read: “For the purpose of special distinction of citizens awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, the medal “Hero of the Soviet Union” is established, which is awarded simultaneously with the award of the title of Hero of the Soviet Union and the presentation of the Order of Lenin.” Article 3 of the Decree made a major change to the Regulations on the title of Hero of the Soviet Union of 1936, according to which the title of Hero of the Soviet Union could only be awarded once: “A Hero of the Soviet Union who accomplished a secondary heroic deed ... was awarded the second medal “Hero of the Soviet Union”, and ... a bronze bust is being built in the homeland of the Hero. The presentation of the second Order of Lenin during the second award was not envisaged.
The issuance of the Gold Star medals was carried out in the order of conferring the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, including those persons who were awarded the title before the establishment of the Gold Star medal, while the medal number corresponded to the number of the certificate of the Central Executive Committee or the Presidium of the Supreme Council.
The regulation on the title of Hero of the Soviet Union in the new edition appeared on May 14, 1973, some changes were made to it by the Decree of July 18, 1980. It stated that the title of Hero of the Soviet Union "is awarded for personal or collective services to the Soviet state and society associated with the accomplishment of a heroic deed." What was new in it was that with the repeated and subsequent awards of the Hero of the Soviet Union with the Gold Star medal, he was awarded the Order of Lenin each time. In addition, the previous restriction on the number of awards of the Golden Star to one person (three times) was removed, thanks to which Brezhnev was able to become a Hero of the Soviet Union four times (Zhukov became a Hero four times in 1956, bypassing the then Decree of 1.8.39).
In 1988, this provision was changed, and the procedure for awarding the Order of Lenin to the Hero of the Soviet Union was established only at the first presentation of the Gold Star medal. There is evidence that after the war, the Heroes of the Soviet Union began to receive a copy of the Gold Star medal made of non-precious metals for everyday wear.
The title of Hero of the Soviet Union was first awarded on April 20, 1934 by the Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR for the rescue of the polar expedition and the crew of the Chelyuskin icebreaker by the brave Soviet aviators Vodopyanov M.V., Doronin I.V., Kamanin N.P., Levanevsky S.A., Lyapidevsky A.V., Molokov V.S. and Slepnev M.T. . All of them received special letters from the CEC. In addition, they were awarded the Order of Lenin, which was not provided for by the Decree on the establishment of the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Diploma No. 1 was awarded to Lyapidevsky A.V. With the introduction of a special insignia, Lyapidevsky was awarded the "Gold Star" No. 1 (Order of Lenin No. 515). During the Great Patriotic War, Colonel (since 1946 - Major General) Lyapidevsky headed an aircraft factory. He was also awarded two Orders of Lenin, the Order of the Red Banner, Orders of the Patriotic War I and II degrees, two Orders of the Red Star and the Order of the Red Banner of Labor. He died in 1983.
The eighth rank of the GSS in 1934 was awarded to the outstanding pilot Gromov M.M., who made a record non-stop flight over a distance of 12411 km in 75 hours. Members of his crew received only orders.
The next GSS in 1936 were the pilots Chkalov V.P., Baidukov G.F., Belyakov A.V., who made a non-stop flight from Moscow to the Far East.
On December 31, 1936, the title of Hero of the Soviet Union was first awarded for military exploits. Eleven commanders of the Red Army became heroes - participants civil war in Spanish Republic. It is noteworthy that all of them were also pilots, and three of them were foreigners by origin: the Italian Primo Gibelli, the German Ernst Schacht and the Bulgarian Zahari Zahariev. Among the eleven "Spanish" Heroes was the lieutenant of the 61st Fighter Squadron Chernykh S.A. In Spain, he was the first Soviet pilot to shoot down the latest Messerschmitt Bf 109B fighter. On June 22, 1941, he commanded the 9th mixed air division. On the first day of the war, the division suffered huge losses(out of 409 aircraft of the division, 347 were destroyed). Chernykh was accused of criminal inactivity and shot on June 27 . Hero of the Soviet Union Rychagov P.V. received the title of GSS also for participation in the Spanish events. His combat path is interesting. In the summer of 1938, during a conflict with the Japanese at Lake Khasan Rychagov, he commanded the Air Force of the Primorsky Group of the Far Eastern Front. In 1939 he was appointed commander of the Air Force of the 9th Army. Participated in battles Soviet-Finnish war, then appointed to the Main Directorate of the Air Force. In June 1941, Rychagov was accused of treason and shot along with his wife Maria in the village of Barbysh near Kuibyshev on October 28, 1941.
For the first time in the USSR, three of the eleven "Spanish" Heroes were awarded the title of GSS posthumously. Among the three Heroes awarded the high title posthumously was Lieutenant of the Red Army Air Force Karp Ivanovich Kovtun. November 13, 1936 in dogfight Kovtun was shot down over Madrid. The wounded pilot jumped out with a parachute, however, the wind carried him to the positions of the Francoists. On November 15, a box with the hero's body was parachuted onto the airfield where Kovtun's unit was based. In the box was a note "Gift from General Franco." The hero pilot was buried on rural cemetery 12 km from Madrid, indicating on the gravestone the Spanish pseudonym of Kovtun - "Jan".
In June 1937, the title of Hero was awarded to a group of people for organizing and carrying out the delivery by aircraft to the North Pole of the crew of the world's first polar drifting weather station. The heroes of the landing were Academician Schmidt O.Yu. polar aviation USSR Shevelev M.M., head of the organized station Papanin I.D. and 5 pilots, including the famous Mazuruk I.P. and Babushkin M.S.
After 2 months, two more Heroes appeared - pilots Yumashev A.B. and Danilin S.A. - members of the crew of Gromov M.M., who made a record-breaking flight from Moscow to the USA via the North Pole.
In the summer of 1937, the rank of the GSS was first awarded to a group of tankers led by brigade commander D.G. Pavlov. for participation in the battles in Spain. Among them were lieutenants Skleznev G.M. and Bilibin K., who were awarded the title posthumously.
During the war in Spain (1936 - 1939), the title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded to 59 of its participants. Among them were two military advisers: pilot commander Smushkevich Ya.V. and infantryman captain Rodimtsev A.I. (both of them later became twice Heroes of the Soviet Union). One of the "Spanish" Heroes - Pavlov D.G., after 3 years was already an army general, commander of the Western (Belarusian) military district, and a year later he was shot on Stalin's orders, placing all the blame on him for the failures of the Red Army in the summer of 1941 of the year.
In March 1938, the ice drift of the crew of the station "North Pole" ended, for 274 days scientific research. Three crew members (in addition to Papanin N.D.): Krenkel E.T., Shirshov P.P., and Fedorov E.K. also awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. They were the first to receive the Certificates of Heroes not on behalf of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, but from the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, elected shortly before.
Soon the famous pilot Kokkinaki V.K. became the Hero. for testing aircraft and setting world flight altitude records. At the same time, several Heroes appeared who were awarded the title for fighting in China against the Japanese invaders. The first of them was also a pilot, the commander of the aviation group F.P. Polynin.
By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of October 25, 1938, the first mass conferral of the title of Hero of the Soviet Union took place: it was awarded to 26 fighters and commanders - participants in the battles with the Japanese invaders who invaded the territory of the USSR in the region of Lake Khasan near Vladivostok. For the first time, not only the officers of the Red Army, but also ordinary Red Army soldiers (four out of twenty-six) became Heroes.
By decree of November 2, 1938, for the first time, the title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded to women. Pilots Grizodubova V.S., Osipenko P.D. and Raskov M.M. were awarded for a non-stop flight from Moscow to the Far East on a Rodina aircraft over a distance of 5908 km. Two of them soon died in plane crashes. Osipenko died a year later, knocking out one of the first Heroes of the Soviet Union, pilot brigade commander A. Serov, and Raskova died in 1942, having managed to form the world's first women's aviation regiment before her death.
In 1939, another mass conferment of the title of Hero of the Soviet Union took place. Behind military exploits, shown in battles with Japanese invaders on the Khalkhin Gol River on the territory of the Mongolian Republic, friendly to the Soviet Union, the title of Hero was awarded to 70 people (20 of them posthumously). Among the Heroes of Khalkhin Gol there were 14 infantrymen and combined arms commanders, 27 pilots, 26 tankmen and 3 gunners; 14 out of 70 were younger command staff(i.e. sergeant), and only 1 was a simple Red Army soldier (Lazarev Evgeny Kuzmich), the rest were commanders. For differences in the battles at Khalkhin Gol, among other heroes, commander Zhukov G.K. and commander of the second rank Stern G.M. (he was shot without trial or investigation in the autumn of 1941). In addition, for Khalkhin Gol, three more soldiers for the first time became twice Heroes of the Soviet Union. All three of the first two heroes were pilots: Major Gritsevets S.I. (Awarded the title of GSS by Decrees of February 22, 1939 and August 29, 1939), Colonel Kravchenko G.P. (Decrees of February 22, 1939 and August 29, 1939), as well as commander Smushkevich Ya.V. (Decrees of June 21, 1937 and November 17, 1939). None of these three twice heroes lived to see the end of the Great Patriotic War.
Gritsevets shot down 12 enemy aircraft in the sky of Khalkhin Gol. He died in a plane crash on September 16, 1939 (less than a month after the award). Kravchenko, who commanded the 22nd IAP (fighter aviation regiment) at Khalkhin Gol and shot down 7 Japanese aircraft during the conflict, in 1940 became the youngest Lieutenant General of the Red Army (at 28 years old). He fought well on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, commanded an air division, but died on February 23, 1943, jumping out of a downed plane and failing to use a parachute (his exhaust cable was broken by shrapnel). Smushkevich was arrested in the spring of 1941, stripped of all awards, and shot in the fall of 1941 (together with Stern and another former Hero- pilot Rychagov P.V., awarded the title for the war in Spain).
The heroes of Khalkhin Gol were the first to receive the newly introduced insignia - the Gold Star medal.
At the beginning of 1940, the mass conferment of the title of Hero, unique in its kind, took place: the Golden Stars were awarded to all 15 crew members icebreaking ship"George Sedov", drifting in the ice of the Northern Arctic Ocean a whole 812 days since 1937! Later, awarding the title of Hero of the Soviet Union to the entire crew of the ship or to all personnel the unit has never been repeated, apart from three cases of awarding consolidated detachments during the Great Patriotic War (see below). In addition, the head of the rescue expedition on the icebreaker "I. Stalin" to remove from the ice "G. Sedov”, Hero of the Soviet Union Papanin I.D. became Twice Hero, and it is not entirely clear why: his activities as a boss were not at all associated with a risk to his life. Papanin was the only one of the five "pre-war" twice Heroes who was not a pilot.
As a result of the Soviet-Finnish war (winter 1939-1940), 412 people were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Among those awarded for the "Finnish" war were the commander of the troops of the North-Western Front, the commander of the 1st rank Tymoshenko S.K. and commander of the 1st rank Kulik G.M., two years later deprived of this rank after the failures of the Red Army in the Crimea. Pilot Major General Denisov S.P. for battles in Finland he received the second "Gold Star", becoming the last of the five "pre-war" Twice Heroes.
By the end of 1940, another Hero of the Soviet Union appeared - the Spaniard Ramon Mercader, who was awarded this title for the murder in Mexico of the "worst enemy of communism" Trotsky L.D., the former Supreme Commander Armed Forces of the RSFSR and a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. Mercader was awarded the title by a secret Decree under a false name, since after the murder he carried out, he was arrested and held in a Mexican prison. Only twenty years later, after leaving prison, he was able to receive his "Gold Star". He became the last Hero Soviet Union in the prewar period.
In total, before the start of World War II, the title of Hero was awarded to 626 people (including 3 women). By June 22, 1941, five became twice Heroes: military pilots Gritsevets S.I. (02/22/1939 and 08/29/1939), Denisov S.P. (07/04/1937 and 03/21/1940), Kravchenko G.P. (02/22/1939 and 08/29/1939), Smushkevich Ya.V. (06/21/1937 and 11/17/1939) and polar explorer I. D. Papanin (06/27/1937 and 02/03/1940). Before the war, part of the Heroes died, including Chkalov, Osipenko, Serov, and twice GSS Gritsevets. Another twice Hero - Smushkevich - was under investigation as an "enemy of the people."
The vast majority of Heroes of the Soviet Union appeared during the Great Patriotic War: 11,635 people (92% of total number persons awarded this title).
During the Great Patriotic War, fighter pilots, junior lieutenants M.P. Zhukov, S.I. Zdorovtsev, were the first to be awarded the title of GSS. and Kharitonov P.T., who distinguished themselves in air battles with enemy bombers rushing towards Leningrad. On June 27, these pilots on their I-16 fighters used ramming strikes against enemy Ju-88 bombers. The title of GSS was awarded to them by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of July 8, 1941.
Commander of the 46th Fighter Regiment (IAP) of the 14th Mixed Aviation Division (SMAD), Senior Lieutenant Ivanov I.I. performed a ramming of an enemy aircraft in the first minutes of the war. Having taken off on alarm, Ivanov entered into battle with enemy aircraft in the Lutsk region. Having used up ammunition, he damaged the tail of the German bomber He-111 with the propeller of his I-16. The enemy plane crashed, but Ivanov also died. The low altitude prevented him from using a parachute. The title of GSS was posthumously awarded to the brave pilot by Decree of August 2, 1941. However, the primacy of the ram strike in the Great Patriotic War belongs to Kokorev D.V. from the 124th IAP (9th SMAD). On his MiG-3 fighter, he rammed a Ju-88 bomber near the city of Zambrow at 04:15, while Ivanov rammed at 04:25. In total, on the first day of the war, the Red Army Air Force pilots fired 15 (!) Rams. Of these, only one Ivanov became a Hero of the Soviet Union.
July 4, 1941 commander of the 401st special fighter regiment, GSS Lieutenant Colonel Suprun S.P., covering a group of bombers, single-handedly entered into battle with six enemy fighters, received mortal wound and died, having managed to land a damaged fighter. By the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of July 22, 1941, for courage and heroism shown in air battles with superior enemy aircraft, Suprun S.P. the first during the Great Patriotic War was awarded the second medal "Gold Star" (posthumously).
By decree of August 13, 1941, ten bomber pilots who participated in the first raids on Berlin and other German cities were awarded the title of GSS. Five of them belonged to naval aviation - Colonel Preobrazhensky E.N., captains Grechishnikov V.A., Efremov A.Ya., Plotkin M.N. and Khokhlov P.I. Another five officers represented long-range aviation- Majors Shchelkunov V.I. and Malygin V.I., captains Tikhonov V.G. and Kryukov N.V., Lieutenant Lakhonin V.I.
The first Hero of the Soviet Union in the ground forces was the commander of the 1st Moscow Moto rifle division Colonel Kreizer Ya.G. (Decree of July 15, 1941) for organizing defense along the Berezina River.
In the Navy, the title of Hero was awarded to a sailor for the first time Northern Fleet, the squad leader, senior sergeant V.P. Kislyakov, who distinguished himself during the landing in Motovsky Bay in the Arctic in July 1941. The title of GSS was awarded to him by the Decree of the PVS of the USSR of 14 (according to other sources 13) August 1941,.
Among the border guards, the first Heroes were the fighters who entered the battle on the Prut River on June 22, 1941: Lieutenant Konstantinov A.K., Sergeant Buzytskov I.D., Junior Sergeant Mikhalkov V.F. They were awarded the title of GSS by Decree of August 26, 1941.
The first Hero-partisan was the Belarusian secretary of the district committee of the party Bumazhkov T.P. - commander and commissar partisan detachment"Red October" (Decree of the PVS of the USSR of August 6, 1941).
In total, only a few dozen people were awarded the title of Hero in the first war year, and all of them were awarded between July and October 1941. Then the Germans approached Moscow, and the issues of rewarding the soldiers were forgotten for a long time.
The assignment of the title of Hero of the Soviet Union resumed in the winter of 1942 after the expulsion of the Germans from the Moscow region. By decree of February 16, 1942, the 18-year-old partisan Zoya Anatolyevna Kosmodemyanskaya was awarded the highest degree of distinction of the USSR (posthumously). She became the first of 87 women - Heroes of the Soviet Union during the war years.
By decree of July 21, 1942, all 28 heroes - "Panfilovites", participants in the defense of Moscow (see below) became Heroes. In total, according to the results of the battle near Moscow, more than 100 people became Heroes.
In June of the same year, the first twice Hero of the Soviet Union appeared, both times awarded a high rank during the war. They became the commander of the 2nd Guards Red Banner Fighter Aviation Regiment of the Northern Fleet, Lieutenant Colonel Safonov B.F. (Decrees of September 16, 1941 and June 14, 1942, posthumously). He was also the first twice Hero in the Navy since the establishment of the title of Hero. Safonov died on May 30, 1942 while protecting an Allied convoy en route to Murmansk. During his short combat path, Safonov made about 300 sorties, shot down 25 personally and in a group of 14 enemy aircraft.
The next twice Hero of the Soviet Union during the war years was the pilot bomber aviation, squadron commander captain Molodchiy A.I. (Decrees of October 22, 1941 and December 31, 1942).
In general, in 1942, the awarding of the title of Hero went almost as sparingly as in 1941, not counting the above-mentioned awards to the participants in the Moscow battle.
In 1943, the participants of the Battle of Stalingrad became the first Heroes.
In 1943, 9 people were awarded the title twice Hero. Of these, 8 were pilots: 5 from fighter, 2 from assault and 1 from bomber aviation and were awarded one Decree of August 24, 1943. Of these eight pilots, two received the first "Gold Star" in 1942, and six received both "Gold Stars" for several months in 1943. Among these six was Pokryshkin A.I., who a year later became the first three times Hero of the Soviet Union in history.
During offensive operations Soviet army in the second half of 1943, military units had to overcome many water barriers with battles. In this regard, the Stavka directive is curious. Supreme High Command dated September 9, 1943. In particular, it said:
“For forcing such a river as the Desna in the Bogdanovo region (Smolensk region) and below, and rivers equal to the Desna in terms of forcing difficulty, submit for awards:
- Army commanders - to the Order of Suvorov, I degree.
- Commanders of corps, divisions, brigades - to the Order of Suvorov II degree.
- Regiment commanders, commanders of engineering, sapper and pontoon battalions - to the Order of Suvorov III degree.
For forcing a river such as the Dnieper River in the Smolensk region and below, and rivers equal to the Dnieper in terms of difficulty of forcing the above commanders of formations and units to submit to the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
In October, the Red Army crossed the Dnieper - offensive operation 1943. For the crossing of the Dnieper and the courage and heroism shown at the same time, 2438 people received the title of Hero (47 generals and marshals, 1123 officers, 1268 sergeants and privates). This amounted to almost a quarter of all Heroes of the Soviet Union during the war. One of the 2438 was awarded the second "Gold Star" - the commander of the rifle division Fesin I.I., who became the first in history twice Hero not from the Air Force.
In the same year, the title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded for the first time to a person who was neither a soldier of the Red Army nor a citizen of the USSR. They became a lieutenant Otakar Yarosh, who fought in the 1st Czechoslovak infantry battalion (see below).
In 1944, the number of Heroes of the Soviet Union increased by more than 3 thousand people, mostly infantrymen.
The first three times Hero of the Soviet Union was the commander of the fighter aviation division, Colonel Pokryshkin A.I. (Decree of August 19, 1944). The commander of the fighter squadron V.D. Lavrinenkov attached his second Star of the Hero to his tunic in the summer of 1944. (awarded by Decrees of May 1, 1943 and July 1, 1944).
A decree of April 2, 1944 announced the awarding of the youngest Hero of the Soviet Union during World War II (posthumously). They became 17-year-old partisan Lenya Golikov, who died in battle a few months before the Decree.
Back in 1941, during the defense of Kyiv, the commissar of the 206th rifle division, regimental commissar Oktyabrsky I.F., died heroically, personally leading the counterattack. Upon learning of her husband's death, Maria Vasilievna Oktyabrskaya vowed to take revenge on the Nazis. She entered a tank school, became a tank driver and fought heroically against the enemy. In 1944, Oktyabrskaya M.V. posthumously awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union.
In 1945, the awarding of the title of Hero of the Soviet Union continued during the hostilities and then for several months after Victory Day following the results of the war. So, before May 9, 1945, 28 appeared, and after May 9 - 38 twice Heroes. At the same time, two of the twice Heroes were awarded the third "Gold Star": the commander of the 1st Belorussian Front Marshal of the Soviet Union Zhukov G.K. (Decree of June 1, 1945) for the capture of Berlin and the deputy commander of the air regiment, Major Kozhedub I.N. (Decree of August 18, 1945), as the most successful fighter pilot Soviet Air Force who shot down 62 enemy aircraft.
In the history of the Great Patriotic War, there were unique cases when the title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded to the entire personnel of the unit. Personally, I know of only three such awards.
By decree of July 21, 1942, all the fighters of the tank destroyer unit from the 1075th regiment of the 316th rifle division of Major General Panfilov became Heroes. 27 fighters, led by political instructor Klochkov, at the cost of their lives stopped the advanced tank units of the Germans at the Dubosekovo junction, rushing to Volokolamsk highway. All of them were awarded the title posthumously, but later five of them were alive and received the Golden Stars.
By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of May 18, 1943, all soldiers of the platoon of Lieutenant Shironin P.N. were awarded the title of GSS. from the 78th Guards rifle regiment 25th Guards Rifle Division General Shafarenko P.M. For five days, starting from March 2, 1943, the platoon, reinforced by a 45-mm gun, defended the railway crossing near the village of Taranovka south of Kharkov and repeated the feat of the legendary "Panfilovites". The enemy lost 11 armored vehicles and up to a hundred soldiers. When other units approached the "Shironintsy" for help, only six heroes survived, including the seriously wounded commander. All 25 platoon fighters, including Lieutenant Shironin, were awarded the title of GSS.
By a decree of April 2, 1945, the last in the history of the Great Patriotic War was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union to all personnel of one unit. During the liberation of the city of Nikolaev on March 28, 1944, 67 soldiers of the landing detachment (55 sailors and 12 army men), led by Senior Lieutenant Olshansky K.F., performed a heroic deed. and his deputy for political affairs, Captain Golovlev A.F. The landing force was landed in the port of Nikolaev to facilitate the capture of the city by the advancing troops. Against the paratroopers, the Germans threw three infantry battalions, supported by 4 tanks and artillery. Before the main forces approached, 55 out of 67 people died in the battle, but the paratroopers were able to destroy about 700 Nazis, 2 tanks and 4 guns. All the dead and surviving paratroopers were awarded the title of GSS,. In addition to the paratroopers, the conductor also fought in the detachment, however, the title of Hero was awarded to him only 20 years later.
For the liberation of the Czech Republic, the title of the GSS was awarded 88 times, for the liberation of Poland - 1667 times, for Berlin operation- more than 600 times.
For exploits during the capture of Koenigsberg, about 200 people were awarded the title of GSS, and the commander of the 43rd Army, Lieutenant General Beloborodov A.P. and the pilot of the guard senior lieutenant Golovachev P.Ya. became Twice Heroes.
For exploits during the war with Japan, 93 people were awarded the title of GSS. Of these, 6 people became Twice Heroes:
- commander in chief Soviet troops on the Far East Marshal of the Soviet Union A.M. Vasilevsky;
- commander of the 6th Guards tank army General Kravchenko A.G.;
- commander of the 5th army, General Krylov N.I.;
- Air Chief Marshal A. A. Novikov;
- commander of the horse-mechanized group, General Pliev I.A.;
- senior lieutenant marines Leonov V.N. .
In total, 11,626 soldiers were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for military exploits during the Great Patriotic War. 101 people were awarded two Gold Star medals. Three became Heroes three times: Zhukov G.K., Kozhedub I.N., Pokryshkin A.I.
It must be said that in 1944 Decrees were promulgated on rewarding the navigator of the fighter aviation regiment, Major Gulaev N.D. the third "Gold Star", as well as a number of pilots with the second "Gold Star", but none of them received awards due to a brawl they arranged in a Moscow restaurant on the eve of receiving awards. These orders have been cancelled.
The former head of the operations department of the General Staff of the Soviet Army, Marshal Shtemenko, cites the following data: for exploits during the Great Patriotic War, the title of Hero of the Soviet Union (as of September 1, 1948) was awarded to 11,603 people, 98 people were awarded this honor twice, and three times - three.
Among the twice Heroes were three Marshals of the Soviet Union (Vasilevsky A.M., Konev I.S., Rokossovsky K.K.), one Chief Marshal of Aviation Novikov A.I., (a year later demoted and spent 7 years in prison up to death of Stalin), 21 generals and 76 officers. There was not a single soldier and sergeant among the twice Heroes. Seven of the 101 double Heroes received the second Star posthumously.
Of all those awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union during the Great Patriotic War and the war with Japan the largest number were soldiers of the ground forces - over 8 thousand (1800 artillerymen, 1142 tankers, 650 sappers, more than 290 signalmen and 52 rear fighters).
The number of Heroes - Air Force soldiers was significantly smaller - about 2400 people.
AT Navy 513 people became the GSS (including naval pilots and marines who fought on the coast).
Among the border guards, fighters internal troops and security troops - over 150 Heroes of the Soviet Union.
The titles of the GSS were awarded to 234 partisans, including Kovpak S. A. and Fedorov A. F., who were awarded two Gold Star medals.
There are over 90 women among the Heroes of the Soviet Union. Among the Heroes are women representatives of almost all branches of the armed forces, except for the border and internal ones. Most of them were pilots - 29 people. During the war years, the 46th Guards Tamansky Order of the Red Banner and Suvorov, III degree air regiment, equipped with Po-2 light night bombers, became famous. The air regiment was staffed by female crews, and many female pilots were awarded Gold Stars. For example, I will name the commander of the regiment, Lieutenant Colonel Bershanskaya E.D., the commander of the squadron, Major Smirnova M.V., the navigator Pasko E., the pilot, Senior Lieutenant Meklin N.F. Many female heroes were underground partisans - 24 people. More than half of the women were awarded the title of GSS posthumously.
Among all the Heroes of the Soviet Union, 35% were privates and non-commissioned officers(soldiers, sailors, sergeants and foremen), 61% - officers and 3.3% (380 people) - generals, admirals and marshals.
By national composition most of the Heroes were Russians - 7998 people; there were 2021 Ukrainians, 299 Belarusians, 161 Tatars, 107 Jews, 96 Kazakhs, 90 Georgians, 89 Armenians, 67 Uzbeks, 63 Mordvins, 45 Chuvashs, 43 Azerbaijanis, 38 Bashkirs, Ossetians - 31, Mari - 18, Turkmen - 16, Lithuanians - 15, Tajiks - 15, Latvians - 12, Kyrgyz - 12, Komi - 10, Udmurts - 10, Estonians -9, Karelians - 8, Kalmyks - 8, Kabardians - 6 , Adyghes - 6, Abkhazians - 4, Yakuts - 2, Moldavians - 2, Tuvinian - 1 and others.
One of the Heroes of the Soviet Union, participant of the Great Patriotic War Don Cossack K. Nedorubov, is also a full Knight of St. George: he received four soldiers' St. George's crosses during the First World War.
The titles of Hero of the Soviet Union and Hero of Socialist Labor were awarded to 11 people: Stalin I.V., Brezhnev L.I., Khrushchev N.S., Ustinov D.F., Voroshilov K.E., the famous pilot Grizodubova V.S. , Army General Tretiak I.M., 1st Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Belarus Masherov P.M., chairman of the collective farm Orlovsky K.P., director of the state farm Golovchenko V.I., mechanic Trainin P.A.
The title of Hero of the Soviet Union is worn by four full cavaliers Order of Glory: senior sergeant Aleshin A.V., artilleryman of the guard, attack pilot Ensign aviation Drachenko I.G., Marine guards foreman Dubinda P.Kh., artilleryman senior sergeant Kuznetsov N.I. . The title of Hero of the Soviet Union is also worn by 80 cavaliers of the Order of Glory II degree and 647 cavaliers of the Order Glory III degree .
Five Heroes were subsequently awarded the Order of Labor Glory III degree: Captains Dementiev Yu.A. and Zheltoplyasov I.F., foremen Gusev V.V. and Tatarchenkov P.I., senior sergeant Chernoshein V.A. .
During the Great Patriotic War, more than 20 foreign citizens were awarded the title of GSS. The first of them was a soldier of the 1st Czechoslovak separate battalion, commander of the 1st company, second lieutenant (posthumously awarded the rank of captain) Otakar Yarosh. He was awarded the title of Hero on April 17, 1943 posthumously for a feat near the village of Sokolovo on the left bank of the Mzha River near Kharkov in early March 1943.
Another six Czechoslovak citizens became Heroes of the Soviet Union. In the battles for the city of Ovruch in November 1943, the commander of the Czechoslovak partisan detachment, Jan Nalepka, distinguished himself. On the outskirts of the station, he was mortally wounded, but continued to command the detachment. By decree of 2 May 1945, Nalepka was posthumously awarded the title of GSS. Gold Stars were also received by the commander of the Czechoslovak battalion of submachine gunners, lieutenant Sohor A.A., commanders of tank battalions of the tank brigade of the 1st Czechoslovak Corps Tessarzhik R.Ya. and Burshik I., 23-year-old tank officer Vaida S.N. (posthumously), . In November 1965, he was awarded the title of Hero legendary commander 1st Czechoslovak Separate Battalion (and later 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps) General of the Army Ludwig Svoboda.
Three soldiers became heroes of the Soviet Union Polish army who fought against the Nazis as part of the 1st Polish Infantry Division. Tadeusz Kosciuszko (this division was formed in the summer of 1943 and was part of the 33rd Army). The names of Polish heroes are Vladislav Vysotsky, Juliusz Gubner and Anelya Kzhivon.
Four pilots of the French air regiment "Normandie-Niemen", who fought against German troops on the Soviet-German front, were awarded the Gold Star medals. Their names are: the Marquis Rolland de la Puap, his wingman Marcel Albert, Jacques Andre and Marcel Lefebvre.
The commander of the machine-gun company of the 35th Guards Division of the Guards, Captain Ruben Ruiz Ibarruri (son of the chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Spain, Dolores Ibarruri), distinguished himself in a battle with German tanks near the Kotluban station near the village of Samofalovka near Stalingrad. He was posthumously awarded the title of GSS.
Bulgarian general Vladimir Stoyanov-Zaimov, an anti-fascist who had republican views and was executed in 1942, became a hero of the Soviet Union. The title of Hero was awarded to him posthumously in 1972.
The German anti-fascist patriot Fritz Schmenkel, who fought against the Nazis in the Soviet partisan detachment and died in battle, also became a Hero of the Soviet Union. He was awarded the high rank posthumously on October 6, 1964.
It was extremely rare that the title of GSS was awarded from 1945 to 1953. In 1948, the second "Gold Star" was awarded to fighter pilot Lieutenant Colonel (later Air Marshal) Koldunov A.I. for 46 fascist planes shot down during the war.
Among the few post-war Heroes of the Soviet Union, one should name the pilots of the 64th Fighter Aviation Corps, who fought in the sky in 1950-1953 North Korea against American and South Korean aces, test pilots jet aircraft Stefanovsky P.M. and Fedotova I.E. (1948) and the head of the polar weather station "North Pole - 2" Samov M.M. (expedition 1950-1951). Such a high award to the scientist is explained by the extreme importance of the polar expedition: it explored the possibilities of reaching the shores of America under the ice of the Arctic and, unlike the "Papanin" expedition of 1937, was deeply classified.
The second, post-war wave of repression also affected many Heroes of the Soviet Union. Thrice Hero Zhukov G.K. in 1946 he was removed from his post as Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the USSR Armed Forces and sent to command the secondary Odessa Military District. Hero of the Soviet Union, Fleet Admiral Kuznetsov N.G., who spent the entire war as Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, was also removed from his post and demoted in rank in 1947. Heroes of the Soviet Union, Colonel-General Gordov V.N. and Major General (until 1942 - Marshal of the Soviet Union) Kulik G.I. in the early 1950s they were shot.
After Stalin's death, the first Heroes appeared in 1956, at the beginning of the Khrushchev "thaw". One of the first acts was the awarding in 1956 of the Minister of Defense of the USSR Marshal of the Soviet Union Zhukov G.K. the fourth "Gold Star". Here it is necessary to note several points. Firstly, he was formally awarded on the occasion of his 60th birthday, which the Regulations on the title of Hero of the Soviet Union did not provide for. Secondly, this Regulation determined the awarding of one person with only three "Gold Stars". Thirdly, he was awarded a month after the “mutiny” in Hungary, the suppression of which by the forces of the Soviet Army he personally organized, i.e. merits in the Hungarian events and were the real reason awards.
For the suppression of the rebellion in Hungary in 1956, the title of the GSS was awarded posthumously. So, for example, in the 7th Guards Airborne Division, out of four awarded, three received a high award posthumously.
In the same 1956, Marshal Voroshilov K.E. became a Hero of the Soviet Union. (Decree of February 3, 1956). In 1968, under Brezhnev, he received a second "Star" (Decree of February 22, 1968).
Marshal Budyonny S.M. Khrushchev made twice a Hero (Decrees of February 1, 1958 and April 24, 1963), and Brezhnev continued this tradition by awarding the 85-year-old Marshal with the third "Gold Star" in 1968 (Decree of February 22, 1968).
Khrushchev conferred the titles of GSS to Cuban leader Fidel Castro and Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, and a little later to the head of the Algerian government, Ahmed Ben Bella (who was overthrown by his own people a year later) and the communist leader of the GDR, Walter Ulbricht.
During the Khrushchev "thaw" for the feats committed during the war years, the title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded to people branded under Stalin as "traitors to the Motherland" and "accomplices of the Nazis" only because they were captured. Justice has been restored to the defender Brest Fortress Major Gavrilov P.M., hero of the French resistance, Lieutenant Vasily Porik (posthumously), Yugoslav partisan Lieutenant Hussein-Zade M.G. (posthumously), holder of the Italian medal of the Resistance Poletaev F.A. (posthumously) and others. Former pilot Lieutenant Devyataev M.P. escaped in 1945 fascist concentration camp, hijacking a bomber from an enemy airfield. For this feat, Stalin's investigators "awarded" him with a camp term as a "traitor", and in 1957 he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
In 1964, the scout Richard Sorge became a Hero (posthumously).
On the day of the twentieth anniversary of the victory, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of May 9, 1965, the title of GSS was posthumously awarded to Major General Rakhimov. He was the first general who emerged from among the Uzbek people. Cavalier of four orders of the Red Banner, Rakhimov S.U. commanded the 37th Guards division and died on March 26, 1945 from a direct hit by a German shell in a divisional observation post.
Under Khrushchev, there were many cases of conferring the title of Hero for exploits in Peaceful time. So, in 1957, the second "Gold Star" was received by test pilot Kokkinaki V.K. (Decree of September 17, 1957), awarded the first star of the Hero back in 1938 (Decree of July 17, 1938). In 1953 and 1960, his colleagues test pilots Anokhin S.N. became Heroes. and Mosolov G.K.
In 1962, three sailors from the Leninsky Komsomol nuclear submarine, which made a trip to the North Pole under eternal ice: Rear Admiral Petemin A.I., Captain 2nd Rank Zhiltsov L.M. and captain-lieutenant Timofeev R.A.
Since 1961, the tradition of awarding the title of Hero to Soviet cosmonauts began. The first of them was cosmonaut No. 1 Yu.A. Gagarin. This tradition was maintained until the abolition of the USSR - it was cosmonauts who became the last Heroes of the Soviet Union in 1991 (see below).
In 1964, the title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded to N.S. Khrushchev, First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. for his 70th birthday. To his three gold medals "Hammer and Sickle" of the Hero of Socialist Labor, the Gold Star medal was also added.
L.I. Brezhnev, who took his post. continued the awards. In 1965, on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the Victory, a regulation on Hero Cities appeared, according to which these cities (only five at that time) and the hero fortress Brest were awarded the Gold Star medal and the Order of Lenin.
In 1968, on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Soviet Army, Voroshilov K.E. received the second "Gold Star", and Budyonny S.M. - third.
Under Brezhnev, Marshals Timoshenko S.K., Bagramyan I.Kh. became Heroes twice. and Grechko A.A., and Grechko received the first "Gold Star" also in peacetime - in 1958.
In 1978, the title of Hero was awarded to Minister of Defense Ustinov D.F. - a man who during the war years was at the head of People's Commissariat weapons, but never visited the front. Behind labor activity during the war and peacetime, Ustinov, by the way, has already been twice awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor (in 1942 and 1961).
In 1969, the first cosmonauts appeared - twice Heroes, who received both "Stars" for space flights: Colonel Shatalov V.A. and candidate of technical sciences Eliseev A.S. Both "Gold Stars" were received by them within one year (Decrees of January 22, 1969 and October 22, 1969).
Two years later, they were both the first in the world to make a space flight for the third time, but the Golden Stars did not give them a third: perhaps because this flight was unsuccessful and was interrupted on the second day. In the future, the cosmonauts who made the third and even the fourth flight into space did not receive the third "Star", but were awarded the Order of Lenin.
Cosmonauts - citizens of the socialist countries also became Heroes of the Soviet Union, and citizens capitalist states who have flown on Soviet technology, were awarded only the Order of Friendship of Peoples.
In 1966, Brezhnev L.I., who already had gold medal"Hammer and Sickle" received the first "Gold Star" for its 60th anniversary, and in 1976, 1978 and 1981, also for their birthdays, three more, becoming the first and only four times Hero of the Soviet Union and Hero of Socialist Labor in history.
Brezhnev's successors continued to award the title of Hero of the Soviet Union to cosmonauts, as well as to participants in the war in Afghanistan, which began under Brezhnev. At the same time, the future first Vice President in history became the Heroes from among the "Afghans" Russian Federation Rutskoy A.V. and the future Minister of Defense of Russia Grachev P.I.
One of last ranks The GSS in the history of the USSR was awarded by the Decree of the President of the USSR of May 5, 1990. By his Decree, Mikhail Gorbachev posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union to Ekaterina Ivanovna Zelenko (Gold Star medal No. 11611, Order of Lenin No. 460051). Senior Lieutenant Zelenko on September 12, 1941 on his Su-2 bomber rammed german fighter Me-109. Zelenko died after destroying an enemy plane. This was the only ram in aviation history by a woman.
By the same Decree of May 5, 1990, the title of the GSS was awarded (posthumously) to the legendary submariner A.I. ), the most productive female fighter Lidia Vladimirovna Litvyak (she destroyed 11 enemy aircraft in total and died in an air battle on August 1, 1943), a member of the underground organization "Young Guard" Ivan Turkenich (an officer of the political department of the 99th Infantry Division, Captain Turkenich was mortally wounded in Poland on the outskirts of the Wisloka River on August 13, 1944) and others - only about 30 people.
After the "putsch" of 1991, there was an obscure posthumous awarding of the title of Hero of the Soviet Union to three participants in the events who attacked an armored personnel carrier leaving the White House. By decree of August 24, 1991, Dmitry Komar, Ilya Krichevsky and Vladimir Usov posthumously received the "Gold Stars" of the Hero with numbers 11658, 11659 and 11660. The incident is that they were awarded the highest degree of distinction of the state for attacking the troops of this very state, performing government order. In addition, an attack on retreating units can in no way be qualified as "committing a heroic deed", for which, according to the Regulations, the title of Hero of the Soviet Union should be awarded.
A.P. Artsebarsky became the last cosmonaut awarded the title of GSS. - commander of the Soyuz TM-13 spacecraft. Starting on May 18, 1991, Artsebarsky, together with Krikalev S.K. and the English cosmonaut H. Sharman docked with orbital station"Mir", spent more than 144 days in orbit, performed 6 exits in outer space. He returned to Earth on October 10, 1991, together with Aubakirov T.O. and the Austrian F. Fiebeck. The title of Hero of Artsebar was awarded by the Decree of October 10, 1991.
One of the last assignments of a high rank took place by Decree of the President of the USSR No. UP-2719 of October 17, 1991. The title of the GSS was awarded to Lieutenant Colonel Burkov Valery Anatolyevich "for the heroism and courage shown in the performance of tasks to provide international assistance to the Republic of Afghanistan and selfless actions to protect the constitutional order of the USSR."
The last in the history of the Soviet Union, the assignment of the title of GSS took place in accordance with the Decree of December 24, 1991. The last Hero of the Soviet Union was the diving specialist captain of the 3rd rank Leonid Mikhailovich Solodkov, who showed courage and heroism in performing special task command for testing new diving equipment.
Twice Heroes became 154 people. Of these, five were awarded a high rank even before the war, 103 people were awarded the second Star for exploits during the Great Patriotic War, 1 person (tank brigade commander Major General A.A. Aslanov) was awarded the second Star posthumously by Decree of June 21, 1991 , 1 person (Kokkinaki V.K.) was awarded for testing aviation technology, 9 people became twice Heroes after the war in connection with various anniversaries and 35 people received the high title twice of the GSS for the conquest of space.
In general, in the entire history of the existence of the USSR, the title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded to 12,745 people.
Twice Heroes became 154 people.
Three people were awarded with three Gold Star medals: Marshal of the Soviet Union Budyonny S.M. (02/01/1958, 04/24/1963, 02/22/1968), Colonel-General of Aviation Kozhedub I.N. (02/04/1944, 08/19/1944, 08/18/1945) and Air Marshal Pokryshkin A.I. (24.05.1943, 24.08.1943, 19.08.1944).
Four Gold Star medals were awarded to two people: Marshal of the Soviet Union Brezhnev L.I. (12/18/1966, 12/18/1976, 12/19/1978, 12/18/1981) and Marshal of the Soviet Union Zhukov G.K. (08/29/1939, 07/29/1944, 06/01/1945, 12/01/1956).
You can find out about the features and varieties of medals on the website of the USSR Medals
Estimated value of the medal.
How much does the Gold Star medal cost? Below we will give an approximate price for some rooms.
Gold Star Medal was established by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on August 1, 1939 as a distinction of the title called the medal "Hero of the Soviet Union". By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of October 16, 1939, it was renamed the "Golden Star", and the drawing and description were also approved.
Regulations on the medal "Gold Star"
The medal is made in the form of a five-pointed star with polished dihedral 15 mm rays on the front side. The reverse was a smooth surface bordered along the contour by a thin rim. In its center, it was written in raised letters: "Hero of the USSR." The number was in the upper beam. Vesnagrady 21.5 grams, with the help of an eyelet and a link, the medal was attached to a rectangular gilded block covered with a red moire ribbon, the width of which was 22 millimeters. The provision provided for the possibility of repeated awarding. Such a hero was awarded the Order of Lenin and a second medal, and in commemoration of the deeds of the recipient, a bronze bust with a corresponding inscription was erected in his homeland.
According to the first statute (August 1939), the award was called the "Medal of the Hero of the Soviet Union" and was declared the highest award of the USSR, awarded for special valor shown in the defense of the Motherland, as well as for special services to the party and government. Initially, it was planned to place the inscription “Hero of the SS” on the front side (meaning Hero of the Soviet Union), however, due to undesirable associations (with German SS detachments), the inscription was removed already in November of the same year, instead the inscription appeared on the reverse Hero of the USSR. The statute of November 1939 changed the very name of the award, from now on and until the end of its existence it was called the “Gold Star Medal”. In addition, the rules for repeated and third awards were added to the statute. It was established that the second and third stars on the reverse should have serial numbers II and III, respectively (in Roman numerals). Cavaliers were also marked by the installation of bronze busts: at the second award - in their homeland and at the third - in the courtyard of the Palace of Soviets. Special mention should be made of the last rule: at the time of the approval of the statute, the Palace of Soviets was just beginning to be built, it was supposed to be a huge 420-meter skyscraper topped with a 100-meter statue of Lenin. Location - the bank of the Moscow River, especially for this construction, the famous Cathedral of Christ the Savior was demolished. However, with the outbreak of the war, the construction was frozen and never resumed in the future, so the busts of three heroes of the Soviet Union were placed in the Kremlin, although the corresponding change to the statute of the award was made only in 1967.
The medal could be awarded not only to individuals who performed a heroic deed and were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, but also to cities that were awarded the title of Hero City and fortresses that were awarded the title of Hero Fortress.
When awarding the Hero of the Soviet Union with the Order of Lenin, he was also awarded a diploma of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The medal is worn on the left side of the chest above all other awards of the USSR. Twice Hero of the Soviet Union for new heroic deeds, similar to those committed earlier, could be awarded the Order of Lenin and the Golden Star for the third time.
The Golden Star was not awarded to the first Heroes of the Soviet Union, because at that time the title of Hero did not yet have external attributes. Later the highest sign distinctions of this title were awarded to the rescuers of the crew of the sunken Chelyuskin. The first on the list to receive this medal is S. Levanevsky, who did not have time to receive it during his lifetime, as he died in the district North Pole on a non-stop flight to the United States.
In 1939-1940. Many received the Golden Star soviet soldiers who fought on the side of the Republican army of Spain and took part in the defeat Japanese troops in the area of Lake Khasan and the Khalkhin Gol River, as well as those who distinguished themselves in battles on Karelian Isthmus during the Soviet-Finnish armed conflict.
In total, up to 1941, it was awarded to more than 600 people. The Golden Star medal was awarded to the hero cities of Leningrad, Stalingrad, Odessa, Sevastopol, Moscow, Kyiv, Novorossiysk, Kerch, Minsk, Tula, Murmansk and Smolensk, as well as the hero fortress Brest.
More than 90% of the awards fall on the Great Patriotic War: 11,657 soldiers and officers received the Gold Star Medal, 3,051 of them posthumously. A large number of awards is explained, first of all, by mass manifestations of heroism Soviet people, No one got the Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union "for beautiful eyes." Both experienced warriors and completely green boys, yesterday's schoolchildren and students, did not spare their lives for the sake of ridding the Motherland of the fascist infection. Deservedly received the Medal of the Hero of the Soviet Union and the pilot Stepan Zdorovtsev, who rammed a fascist bomber on the first night of the war, and Sergeant Vasily Kislyakov, who alone held the height from the advancing Germans for 7 hours, and Alexander Matrosov, who covered the enemy embrasure with his body, and thousands more selfless men, women and even children, up to last drop the blood of those who fought the brown plague.
After 1945, the Medal of the Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded to participants in the Korean (1950-1953) and Afghan (1979-1989) wars: 22 and 86 cavaliers, respectively, and until the 80s, awards to the heroes of the Great Patriotic War continued, which, by virtue of different reasons have not previously received a well-deserved award. Soviet cosmonauts also received the Star of the Hero (84 awards in total).
The appearance of the highest degree of distinction of the USSR is directly related to the rescue of passengers and crew members of the Chelyuskin steamer.
Considering that for the evacuation of people who were on the sunken ship, Soviet pilots carried out an operation that had no analogues in world history, Soviet government I thought about the need to especially note this feat.
On April 16, 1934, the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, by a special decree, established "the highest degree of distinction - the assignment of the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for personal or collective services to the state associated with the commission."
It should be especially noted that no insignia for the Heroes of the Soviet Union was originally intended. The assignment of the title was marked exclusively by the presentation of a special diploma of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR.
The first assignment of the title of Hero of the Soviet Union took place on April 20, 1934, when the pilots who participated in the rescue of the Chelyuskinites were awarded with it: Anatoly Lyapidevsky, Sigismund Levanevsky, Vasily Molokov, Nikolai Kamanin, Mauritius Slepnev, Mikhail Vodopyanov and Ivan Doronin.
Pilots in the USSR in the 1930s were held in high esteem. No wonder that the first 11 Heroes of the Soviet Union represented exactly aviation.
Initially, the Heroes of the Soviet Union received only a diploma. Photo: Public Domain
Order and medal
The tradition, along with the awarding of the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, to present the Order of Lenin actually developed by itself. The fact is that the first 11 Heroes, along with the title, received the order, which was the highest award of the USSR.
In July 1936, this practice was legalized by the decision of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR - from now on, the Hero of the Soviet Union, along with the diploma, automatically received the Order of Lenin.
The number of Heroes grew - along with " Stalin's falcons” were marked by the military who fought in Spain, as well as participants in the battles on Lake Hassan.
The more Heroes became, the more the need grew for the appearance of some kind of distinctive sign, according to which outstanding person anyone can find out.
This is how the Gold Star medal appeared, the author of the sketch of which was architect Miron Merzhanov. The Gold Star medal as a distinction of the Heroes of the Soviet Union was approved on August 1, 1939, and the first Heroes to receive both the Gold Star and the Order of Lenin were participants in the battles near the Khalkhin Gol River.
Medal "Golden Star". Photo: Public Domain
Zhukov, Brezhnev and Savitskaya
In total, from 1934 to 1991, 12,776 people received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, and absolute majority awards were given to those who distinguished themselves in the battles of the Great Patriotic War: more than 91 percent of all those awarded.
The absolute champions in "heroism" are Georgy Zhukov and Leonid Brezhnev. And outstanding commander, and the Secretary General are four times Heroes of the Soviet Union. At the same time, Brezhnev also has the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. However, Brezhnev's awards have always been treated with a fair amount of humor. Suffice it to say that three titles of the Hero of the Soviet Union were awarded to Brezhnev in the period from 1976 to 1981, when the country's leader was rapidly losing his ability to work and be critical of the surrounding reality.
Oddly enough, but, despite the heroism of Soviet women, only one of them was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union twice. However, it is more than worthy person- astronaut-pilot Svetlana Savitskaya, the first woman to walk in outer space.
Pilot-cosmonaut Svetlana Savitskaya. Photo: www.russianlook.com
Just thank you"
The most recent Hero of the Soviet Union was extremely unusual person — diving specialist, captain 3rd rank Leonid Solodkov. The decree on conferring the title for participation in a diving experiment simulating long-term work at a depth of 500 meters under water was signed on December 24, 1991.
The newly-minted Hero was invited to the Kremlin on January 16, 1992 to receive the award. The situation was extremely strange - the state, whose Hero was Leonid Solodkov, by this moment did not exist anymore three weeks. But the most interesting thing is that, according to military charter, Solodkov as an officer had to say "I serve the Soviet Union!".
It is impossible to quickly change the Charter, and Solodkov decided to act on his own. After Marshal Shaposhnikov presented the Hero with an award, he simply answered: “Thank you!”. This “Thank you” ended the history of the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, who did not live three years before his 60th birthday.
Many at that moment believed that there would be no more Heroes in our country. Like, nowhere, except for the USSR and the countries of the socialist bloc, such a system of distinction was practiced, despite the fact that it exists in almost all countries of the world.
Tradition is stronger than ideology
However, tradition turned out to be stronger than ideological changes in society. Already on March 20, 1992, the Supreme Soviet of Russia approved the establishment of the title of Hero of the Russian Federation.
The fundamental difference between the title of Hero of Russia and the Soviet predecessor is that it is awarded only once.
At the same time, the succession of two higher degrees the difference is confirmed by the fact that four Heroes of the Soviet Union at once became Heroes of the Russian Federation - this astronauts Sergei Krikalev and Valery Polyakov, polar scientist Artur Chilingarov and war pilot Nikolay Maidanov.
Among the Heroes of the Soviet Union were representatives of many nationalities big country- Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Tatars, Jews, Azerbaijanis, Chechens, Yakuts and many others.
No wonder that in many republics former USSR, which became independent states, a similar title was established. Including Russia, it exists in 11 out of 15 states in the expanses of the former USSR.
