Indeed, why don't we, my friends, unwind? And then somehow sat up.

The first trip around the world was made by Ferdinand Magellan. It was on the border of optics, scary to say, in 1519-1521. At such a distance, the context and scale of the event are completely lost: what was it then - to go around Earth. Here is the route map:

The first stage of a long journey is logical and already mastered. Boats (according to the official version) swim to the Caribbean for thirty years. Further Magellan (he has five ships with a crew of 250 people) turns south. Logical decision. The most important task of the journey is to go around the "Non-India", and open a direct path to the West. BUT. In 1520, the configuration of South America is COMPLETELY UNKNOWN. Even the coast of modern Brazil Terra Incognita. The mouth of the Amazon has just been discovered. No one knows where the New World ends. Let's take Magellan's point of view. It descends to the mouth of La Plata. This is a grandiose hydrographic hub, a base for internal colonization and for the construction of first-class seaports. JACK POT. True, it is believed that the mouth of La Plata was discovered by the Spanish conquistador Juan Diaz de Solis in 1516. I won't argue. It is important that the Indians killed him along with the entire crew and the discovery remained a “thing in itself”. Cabot rediscovered La Plata in 1527. At the same time, he did not hear anything about Magellan (why, more on that below).

So, carramba, America goes on and on. SHE IS HUGE. But on the other hand, THIS is good. Very good. Why go to hell where to India, when breathtaking panoramas of new lands open up under your nose. Every day the declared goal of Magellan becomes more and more ephemeral, but real result expeditions are increasingly significant. What would happen if Magellan's expedition actually took place? The scales would gradually outweigh and somewhere in the La Plata region the moment of truth had come. ENOUGH. We turn back - for honors and awards. They opened new lands for the crown, received unique materials about the configuration of the new continent. Cabot did just that. But the stubborn Magellan goes on and on. Down.

I admit that in the case of exceptional obstinacy, Magellan could have reached Tierra del Fuego or Cape Horn. Where it is cold (for a southerner it is very cold), and a heavy wind is constantly roaring. It's just too dangerous to go any further. On fragile boats, with a tired crew, AFTER THE REVOLT AND THE CRASH OF ONE OF THE SHIPS, Magellan turns into the future Strait of Magellan. The Strait of Magellan is the moment when Stanislavsky must shout his "I don't believe" from the audience. But this is only the beginning. The expedition passes an incredibly difficult strait (giant month-long surfing between rocks in strong currents and constant fog), turns north along the coastline, swims for some time and - this is fantastic - leaves the rich and unknown coast to nowhere. AT open ocean.

Further. Very naive people who believe that the world's oceans are teeming with fish. The ocean is a biological desert. Fish are found only near the coast, in shallow water. In extreme cases - on the routes of seasonal migration. The area that Magellan sailed after turning from South America to the West is the DEATH ZONE. North American whalers (that is, PROFI) got into one of these zones at the beginning of the 19th century. The result is mass cannibalism. At first they ate the corpses of the dead, then they switched to fresh meat. The story of Magellan's journey describes how people ate rusk dust mixed with worms for four months, drank rotten water, ate cowhide, sawdust and ship rats. At the same time, on the three remaining vessels, very small, by the end of the voyage through Pacific Ocean(this is half the planet, and even sailed DIAGONALLY) there were 140 people left. These are not only sailors, but also passenger soldiers.

And that is not all. After the death of Magellan and 24 crew members in the open Philippines (for some reason, named by the Spaniards in honor of the king, who ascended the throne much later), the expedition lays a route in the southern, desert and completely unexplored regions of the Indian Ocean. And nothing. HAVE ARRIVED.

In this regard, it is reasonable to ask the question: when was the SECOND trip around the world? It turns out that in 1577-1580, that is, after half a century or so. Here is the scale of Magellan's fantastic journey.

And that's not quite. Who made the second trip around the world? English state mythology character Francis Drake. Any person who reads Drake's biography with cotton in his ears (so as not to hear the cries of British commissioners) will quickly be convinced that this is literary character like Baron Munchausen. What is the story of the sinking of the Great Armada by Drake. In reality, Drake was a small-time cutter, one of the first English pirates who hunted not in the north of Europe, but in the Atlantic. Drake got the Spaniards, Spain declared war on England. The English grimaced for some time, then on their knees they cried forgiveness from Great Spain, indemnifying all losses. The scale of then Spain and then England is the scale modern USA and modern Mexico. It is believed that Drake robbed the coastal cities of Latin America and, in order to avoid meeting with the Spanish fleet, crossed the Pacific and Indian Ocean s, rounded Africa and returned to England. Actually not that circumnavigation, and even sailing from America to Asia across the Pacific Ocean was considered certain death. In reality, the Spaniards were slowly probing the Pacific Ocean, relying on their ports on the west coast of America. The probing was very unsuccessful, with a lot of losses. Data about open lands in the Pacific were classified. The British received them only in the middle of the 18th century, after the capture of Manila as part of the Seven Years' War. The Spaniards classified them, because. it was feared that the coordinates of the islands would be used by pirates, as well as by the French and British. Apart from the Philippines, the Spaniards did not colonize anything - all the islands were small things.

The real development of the Pacific Ocean by the British and French is the 18th century. Then there were the first trips around the world. Formally, several round-the-world travels of the Englishman William Dempier can be considered somewhat plausible. This is the end of the 17th century. Travels turned out by themselves, were described in the style of "calculate for yourself" and, to a certain extent, were the fruit of outstanding literary ability author. THE CONCEPT of round-the-world travel arose in the era of the Anglo-French state jigitovka of Bougainville and Cook. This is the second half of the 18th century. Subsequently, Austria, Russia (since 1803), etc., joined the state sport.

Now back to Magellan. WHERE? Everything is very simple. In the second half of the 18th century, the concept of "circumnavigation" was invented, and in the second half of the 18th century one should look for the origins of Magellanomania. It turns out that the entire journey of Magellan in the smallest details of the novel quest was described by a member of the Pigafetta expedition. BUT. Pigafetta's notes remained in the manuscript. And they forgot about Magellan, with his amazing, even incredible journey. Finally, a manuscript about one copy was found in Italy and published. In ... 1800. In the 19th century, Pigafetta's work became a European bestseller, and in the 20th, Stefana Zweig's became a cant.

Found the manuscript of Pigafetta interesting little man. Serious. Carlo Amoretti. Do you remember the manuscripts of the supergenial genius, the Grand Master Leonardo da Vinci? Drawings of aircraft, submarines, tanks? Everything is at the level of engineering fantasies of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. IS HE. Published after Pigafetta in Milan in 1804.

In fact, the Magellan historian should be drowned at the very beginning, like blind kittens. Otherwise, until the end of life real history you won't get. I traveled here for fun, and the puncture of the legend is at the very beginning. The Spanish expedition, having crossed the Atlantic, was supposed to enter the Spanish port. Refuel with provisions, repair gear. And most importantly - check in with a local official.

About his stay on one of the Koralin Islands, Litke wrote: “... Our three-week stay on Yualan not only did not cost a single drop of human blood, but ... we could leave the good islanders with the same incomplete information about the operation of our firearms, which they consider to be intended only for killing birds ... I don’t know if there is similar example in the annals of early travels to the South Sea” (F.P. Litke. Journey around the world on the military sloop “Senyavin” in 1826-1829).

In the first half of the XIX century. Russian navigators made more than 20 round-the-world voyages, which significantly exceeded the number of such expeditions undertaken by the British and French combined. And some Russian navigators circumnavigated the world twice and thrice. In the first Russian circumnavigation of the world, Bellingshausen was the midshipman on Kruzenshtern's sloop Nadezhda, who after some time would be the first to approach the shores of Antarctica. On the same ship, O. Kotzebue made his first voyage, subsequently leading two round-the-world trips: in 1815-1818 and in 1823-1826.

In 1817, Vasily Mikhailovich Golovnin, who had already completed his legendary circumnavigation on the sloop Diana, set out on his second circumnavigation. Get on the team famous navigator considered a great honor. On the recommendation of the captain of the 2nd rank I. S. Sulmenev, later admiral, Golovnin took on board his pupil, 19-year-old midshipman Fyodor Litke, who had already managed to take part in naval battles with the French and earn an order.

On the sloop "Kamchatka", which was preparing to sail around the world, a wonderful company gathered - the future of the Russian fleet. Litke met here with volunteer Fyodor Matyushkin, a former lyceum student and classmate of Pushkin, a future admiral and senator, and with junior watch officer Ferdinand Wrangel, later a famous explorer of the Arctic, admiral. The team also included a very young midshipman Theopempt Lutkovsky, who at first would be carried away by the ideas of the Decembrists, and then become a rear admiral and a naval writer. In the course of a two-year voyage, the Kamchatka passed the Atlantic from north to south, rounded Cape Horn, reached Kamchatka across the Pacific Ocean, visited Russian America, Hawaii, the Marianas and the Moluccas, then crossed the Indian Ocean and, bypassing Africa, September 5, 1819. returned to Kronstadt.

In 1821, on the recommendation of Golovnin, Litke, who had already become a lieutenant, was appointed head of the Arctic expedition on the brig “ New Earth". The expedition explored the Murmansk coast, west coast Novaya Zemlya, Matochkin Shar Strait, north coast Kolguev Islands. were held astronomical observations. Having processed the expedition materials, Litke published the book "Four-fold trip to the Arctic Ocean on the military brig Novaya Zemlya in 1821-1824." This work was translated into several languages ​​and brought the author well-deserved recognition in scientific world. The maps compiled by the expedition served sailors for a century.

In 1826, Lieutenant Commander Litke, who at that time was not even 29 years old, took command of the Senyavin sloop, built specifically for the new circumnavigation. In August of the same year, the ship left Kronstadt, accompanied by the second sloop Moller, commanded by M. N. Stanyukovich (father famous writer). According to the instructions, the expedition was to make an inventory of the shores of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Bering Sea, as well as the Shantar Islands, and carry out research in Russian America. AT winter time she was to conduct scientific research in the tropics.

Stanyukovich's sloop turned out to be much faster than the Senyavin (for some reason, in most Russian round-the-world expeditions, pairs were completed from ships with significantly different driving performance), and the second had to catch up with the first all the time, mainly in the parking lots in ports. Almost immediately, the ships separated and then sailed mostly separately.

After stops in Copenhagen, Portsmouth and Tenerife, the Senyavin crossed the Atlantic and arrived in Rio de Janeiro at the end of December, where the Moller was already moored. In January 1827, the sloops headed for Cape Horn together. Rounding it, they fell into a fierce storm - one of those that seem to be specially waiting for ships entering the Pacific Ocean - and again lost each other. In search of the Moller, Litke went to Concepción Bay, and then to Valparaiso. Here the ships met, but Stanyukovich was already leaving for Kamchatka, in transit through the Hawaiian Islands.

Litke stopped at Valparaiso. There he carried out magnetic and astronomical observations, and the naturalists of the expedition made excursions in the surroundings and collected collections. In early April, the Senyavin went to Alaska. We reached Novoarkhangelsk on June 11 and stayed there for more than a month, repairing the sloop, collecting collections, and doing ethnographic research. Then the expedition explored the Pribylov Islands and surveyed the island of St. Matthew. In mid-September, "Senyavin" came to Kamchatka, where the expedition, waiting for mail, remained until October 29, studying the surroundings.

Moving south, Litke reached the Caroline Islands at the end of November. At the very beginning of 1828, the expedition discovered a hitherto unknown part of this vast archipelago, naming it the Senyavin Islands after their ship. Then the sloop went to Guam and others Mariana Islands. Hydrographic work was constantly carried out; Litke, moreover, performed astronomical, magnetic and gravimetric measurements. On the islands, naturalists continued to add to their collections. At the end of March, the sloop went north to the Bonin Islands (Ogasawara). The sailors examined them and picked up two Englishmen who had been wrecked. In early May, Litke headed for Kamchatka.

They stood in Petropavlovsk for three weeks, and in mid-June, Litke's second northern campaign began. "Senyavin" carried out hydrographic surveys in the Bering Sea. Moving north, the expedition determined the coordinates of points on the Kamchatka coast, described Karaginsky Island, then headed for the Bering Strait and determined the coordinates of Cape Vostochny (now Cape Dezhnev). Work on the inventory of the southern coast of Chukotka had to be interrupted due to unfavorable weather. At the end of September, the Senyavin returned to Kamchatka, and a month later, together with the Moller, they entered the Pacific Ocean.

In early November, the ships were again separated by a storm. The agreed meeting place was in Manila. Before moving to the Philippines, Litke decided to once again go to the Caroline Islands. And again, successfully: he managed to discover several coral atolls. After that, he headed west and approached Manila on 31 December. Moller was already there. In mid-January 1829, the sloops moved home, passed through the Sunda Strait, and on February 11 ended up in the Indian Ocean. Then their paths parted again: "Moller" went to South Africa, and "Senyavin" to the island of St. Helena. There, at the end of April, the sloops were reunited, and on June 30 they reached Le Havre together. From here, Stanyukovich headed straight for Kronstadt, and Litke also went to England to check the instruments at the Greenwich Observatory.

Finally, on August 25, 1829, the Senyavin arrived at the Kronstadt raid. He was greeted with a cannon salute. Immediately after returning, Litke was promoted to captain of the 1st rank.

This expedition, which lasted three years, became one of the most fruitful in the history of navigation, and not only in Russia. 12 islands were discovered, the Asian coast of the Bering Sea and a number of islands were explored for a considerable extent, the richest materials on oceanography, biology, ethnography were collected, an atlas was compiled from several dozen maps and plans. Physicists were greatly interested in Litke's experiments with a constant pendulum, as a result of which the magnitude of the polar compression of the Earth was determined, and measurements of the magnetic declination in various points world ocean. In 1835-1836. Litke published a three-volume "Journey around the world on the sloop-of-war "Senyavin" in 1826-1829", translated into several languages. It was awarded the academic Demidov Prize, and Litke was elected corresponding member Academy of Sciences.

However, Litke's journey on the Senyavin was his last - against his own will. In 1832, Emperor Nicholas I appointed an officer and scientist as the educator of his second son Konstantin. Litke remained at court as an educator for 16 years. He was not happy with this highest mercy, but he did not dare to disobey. It was during these years that Fyodor Petrovich Litke became one of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society (along with the sailor Wrangel and academicians Arseniev and Baer) and was elected its vice-chairman, while Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich, a pupil of Litke, became the honorary chairman. By the way, he was an intelligent naval officer and rose to the rank of admiral, played a prominent role in carrying out liberal reforms in Russia, and in 1861 became chairman State Council. Good upbringing.

In 1850-1857. there was a break in Litke's geographical activity. At this time, he was the commander of the Revel port, and then of Kronstadt. On his shoulders lay the organization of defense Gulf of Finland from the British and French during Crimean War(1854-1855). For the brilliant performance of this task, Litke received the rank of admiral and was appointed a member of the State Council, and in 1866 received the title of count. In 1857, Litke was again elected vice-chairman of the Society; Petr Petrovich Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky became his deputy. Achievements of national geography are largely associated with the activities of the Society and not least with the ability of Litke and his successors to attract talented young people to their enterprises. In 1864, Litke took over as president of the Academy of Sciences and continued to lead the Geographical Society until 1873.

NUMBERS AND FACTS

The protagonist

Fedor Petrovich Litke, Russian navigator, geographer

Other actors

Sailors V. M. Golovnin, M. N. Stanyukovich, F. P. Wrangel; Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich; geographers K. I. Arseniev, K. M. Baer, ​​P. P. Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky

Time of action

Route

Around the world from east to west

Goals

Description of the Far Eastern coast of Russia, research in Russian America and in the tropical region of the Pacific Ocean

Meaning

The Asian coast of the Bering Sea was explored, the richest scientific materials, the magnitude of the polar compression of the Earth was determined, 12 islands were discovered

3147

Hypothetical continent around the South Pole depicted on maps in the 15th-18th centuries © Public Domain

January 17, 1773, during the second round the world expedition, British explorer crossed the Antarctic Circle for the first time in history.

The expedition began in the summer of 1772. On the sea expanses, European competitors breathed in Britain's back. France equipped more and more expeditions to the South Seas. It is known for sure that at least four French expeditions were sent in the late sixties in search of the southern mainland.

The British captain did not set specific goals for the expedition, at least no information about this has come down to us. Apparently, this was an attempt by the British to be the first to discover Antarctica.

The British Admiralty gave Cook a few weeks' rest after him and offered to equip a new voyage.

So, on July 13, 1772, two ships "Resolution", commanded by Cook himself and "Adventure" left Plymouth and headed towards Cape Town.

It is worth noting that the Admiralty did not give Cook clear instructions on the route, the captain was free to choose his own path.

On this occasion, Cook wrote in his diary:

“I was obliged to make every effort to discover new territories in the south, following either in the east or in westbound, at my sole discretion. At the same time, it was necessary to keep to the highest latitudes and sail to the South Pole as long as our supplies, the state of health of the crew and the condition of the ships themselves would allow. Under any circumstances, it was necessary to have on board a reserve supply of food sufficient for a safe return to their homeland in England.

Cook's expedition arrived in Cape Town on October 30, 1772. Taking on board the Swedish botanist Anders Sparrman and replenishing supplies, the team headed south.

Expedition progress

James Cook went in search of Circumcision Island, the land that Bouvet first saw. However, due to an error in the coordinates, Cook's team could not find the land they were looking for there. Presumably, the island was located approximately 1700 miles south of Cape Good Hope. Having unsuccessfully completed the search, Cook went further south.

For the first time, as it erroneously seemed to Cook's team, South Land opened to the eye on December 11, 1772. The crew of the "Resolution", seeing something big ahead, suggested that in front of them southern continent. In fact, this object turned out to be a huge iceberg.

On January 17, 1773, the expedition crossed the Antarctic Circle for the first time (66 ° 33' S), and by the end of the day the ship was in the middle of the ice. During a storm on February 8, 1773, Cook lost sight of the second ship, the Adventure, under the command of Tobias Furneaux. For three days, the Resolution team made attempts to find Adventure, but everything was unsuccessful. Cook decided to head southeast, and subsequently a new course was taken for New Zealand. After 6 weeks at anchor in Tumanny Bay, the ship set off for Queen Charlotte Bay.

This situation was agreed in advance by the two captains. The meeting point was Queen Charlotte Bay.

Meanwhile, the captain of the "Adventure" Furno examined the island of Tasmania, his task was to establish whether Tasmania is part of the Australian mainland or an independent island. Mistakenly believing that Tasmania is part of Australia, the Adventure team also headed for the rendezvous point in Charlotte Bay.

The ships met safely at the specified location in May 1773, from where they headed west, Cook decided to explore the little-studied areas of the Pacific Ocean near New Zealand.

The expedition's plans were disrupted by an outbreak of scurvy that occurred at Adventure. It was decided to visit Tahiti, where the abundance of fruits allowed the entire team to be cured of the disease.

Resolution and Adventure in Matawai Bay (Tahiti)

Gaining strength and replenishing supplies, the expedition went to the island of Hua Hin, where Cook managed to purchase about 300 pigs from the islanders. There was also a skirmish between the crew and local residents - the botanist of the expedition, Andreas Sparrman, was robbed and beaten.

On the evening of September 7, the expedition visited the island of Uljeta, where they bought another batch of pigs. Cook himself estimated that there were about 400 heads on board in total.

Having reached the coast of New Zealand, "Adventure" and "Resolution" fell into a storm, again losing each other. Cook's ship headed for the place designated in such situations - Charlotte Bay, where it stood for about three weeks, but Furno did not arrive. Leaving a message with the coordinates of the further route, Cook headed south.

The Adventure arrived in Charlotte Bay a week after Cook's departure. There the ship's crew encountered savagery local residents- Eight sailors, led by two boatswains, who went ashore in search of food, were killed and eaten by New Zealanders. Impressed by what happened, Captain Furno decided to return to England.

Meanwhile, on December 21, 1773, James Cook's team crossed the Antarctic Circle for the second time, and by January 30, 1774, the Resolution had reached its highest point. southern point of their journey 71° 10' S, where their path was blocked by a solid field of pack ice.

Turning back, on March 12, 1774, Cook visited Easter Island, then the Marquesas Islands, going to the shores of Tahiti. Here, James Cook was caught by the Tahitian navy, which was preparing for war with the inhabitants of the neighboring island of Mure.

On this occasion, Cook's journal has the following entry:

“The fleet consisted of 160 military ships and 150 ships intended for the transport of provisions. Warships were 40 to 50 feet long<…>All the ships were adorned with multicolored flags and presented a majestic spectacle such as we did not expect to see in these seas. In front was the admiral's ship, consisting of two large warships joined together. It was ridden by the commander of the fleet, Admiral Tovga, an elderly man with a beautiful, courageous face.

After Cook visited the islands of Huahine and Raiatea, Friendship Islands and Fiji. In the coming months, Cook discovered and mapped islands such as New Caledonia, the Sandwich Islands, South Georgia and Norfolk.

March 21, 1775 Cook returns to Cape Town for repairs, and July 30, 1775 enters Spithead.

Captain James Cook - traveller, explorer and cartographer on a New Zealand postage stamp

During the expedition, it was not possible to reach Antarctica, and Cook himself suggested that the Southern Land does not exist at all. For three years of the campaign were opened whole line islands and archipelagos in the Pacific Ocean, it has been proven that in southern latitudes there are no significant lands.

Materials used in the article: http://dmi-ridel.org.ru/students/more/item/7-three_travel_james_cook.html

The modern world seems so small. Just think, because today it is possible to get from one corner of the planet to a completely different one even in a day. Every day, millions of passengers travel by plane over distances that even 200 years ago would have been difficult to dream of. And all this became possible thanks to the brave and purposeful people, who once made a sea trip around the world. Who was the first to take such a bold step? How did everything happen? What results did it bring? Read about this and more in our article.

background

Of course, people did not immediately cross the globe. It all started with small trips on ships that were less reliable and faster than modern ones. In 16th-century Europe, the production of goods and trade reached such a level that there was objective necessity search for new markets. But first of all - the search for new sources of useful and affordable resources. Apart from economic aspects, a suitable political environment has developed.

In the 15th century, trade in the Mediterranean fell sharply due to the fall of Constantinople (now Istanbul). The ruling dynasties of the most developed countries set their subjects the task of finding shortest way to Asia, Africa and India. last country at that time it was considered truly a treasure country. Travelers of those times described India as a country where gold and gems cost nothing, and the number of such expensive spices in Europe was unlimited.

By the 16th century, the technical component was also on required level. New ships could carry more cargo, and the use of instruments such as the compass and barometer made it possible to move away from the coast for considerable distances. Of course, these were not pleasure yachts, so the military equipment of the ships was important.

Leader among countries Western Europe by the end of the 15th century, Portugal was speaking. Its scientists have mastered the knowledge of sea tides, currents and the influence of the wind. Cartography developed at a rapid pace.

It is possible to divide the era of great sea voyages around the world into two stages:

• Stage 1: Late 15th - mid 16th century Spanish-Portuguese voyages.

It was at this stage that such great events took place as the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus and the first round-the-world trip of Ferdinand Magellan.

• Stage #2: Mid XVI - mid XVII century - Russian-Dutch period

This includes the development North Asia Russians, discoveries in North America and the discovery of Australia. Among those who committed were scientists, soldiers, pirates and even representatives of the ruling dynasties. All of them were outstanding and outstanding personalities.

Ferdinand Magellan and the first trip around the world

If we talk about who made the first trip around the world, then the story should begin with Ferdinand Magellan. This sea voyage initially did not bode well. Indeed, even immediately before the departure, most of the team refused to obey. But still it happened and played huge role in history.

Journey start

At the end of the summer of 1519, five ships left the port of Seville on a journey without specific purpose as they thought at the time. The idea that the earth could be round was, to put it mildly, distrusted by most people. Therefore, Magellan's idea seemed nothing more than an attempt to curry favor with the crown. Accordingly, people filled with fear periodically made attempts to disrupt the trip.

Due to the fact that on board one of the ships there was a person who carefully entered all the events into the diary, the details of this first round-the-world trip reached contemporaries. The first serious skirmish took place near Canary Islands. Magellan decided to change course, but did not warn or inform the other captains about this. A riot broke out, which was quickly extinguished. The instigator was thrown into the hold in shackles. Discontent grew, and soon another riot was organized demanding a return. Magellan proved to be a very tough captain. The instigator of a new rebellion was immediately executed. On the second day, two other ships attempted to return without permission. The captains of both ships were shot.

Achievements

One of Magellan's goals was to prove that a strait existed in South America. In autumn, the ships reached the modern shores of Argentina, Cape Virgines, which opened the way for ships to the strait. The fleet passed through it in 22 days. This time was used by the captain of another ship. He turned his ship back home. Having crossed the strait, Magellan's ships fell into the ocean, which they decided to call the Pacific. Surprisingly, during the four months of the team's journey across the Pacific Ocean, the weather never deteriorated. It was pure luck, because in most cases it can not be called the Quiet.

After the opening of the Strait of Magellan, the team faced a four-month test. All this time they wandered the ocean, not meeting a single inhabited island or piece of land. Only in the spring of 1521 did the ships finally land on the shores. Philippine Islands. So Ferdinand Magellan and his team crossed the Pacific Ocean for the first time.

Relationship with local population did not work out right away. Magellan's team received an unexpectedly hospitable welcome on the island of Mactan (Cebu), but was involved in tribal feuds. As a result of clashes on April 27, 1521, Captain Ferdinand Magellan was killed. The Spaniards overestimated their capabilities and opposed an enemy that outnumbered them many times over. In addition, the team was severely exhausted by the journey. The body of Ferdinand Magellan was not returned to the team. Now there is a monument to the great traveler.

Out of a team of 260 people, only 18 returned to Spain. Five ships left the Philippines, of which only the Victoria ship reached Spain. It was the first ship in history to circumnavigate the world.

Pirate Captain Francis Drake

No matter how strange it may sound, but one of the most prominent roles in the history of navigation was played by a pirate. In addition, this navigator, who made the second trip around the world in history, was also in the official service of the Queen of England. His fleet defeated the Invincible Armada. The man who was the second to circumnavigate the world, the navigator Francis Drake, went down in history as a pirate captain and fully confirmed his status.

History of formation

In those days when the slave trade was not yet prosecuted by Britain under the law, Captain Francis Drake began his activity. He transported "black gold" from Africa to the countries of the New World. But in 1567, the Spaniards attacked his ships. Drake came out alive from that story, but the thirst for revenge seized him for the rest of his life. Begins new stage in his life, when he single-handedly attacks coastal cities and sinks dozens of ships of the Spanish crown to the bottom.

In 1575, the pirate was introduced to the Queen. Elizabeth the First offered the pirate a service to the crown in exchange for financing his expedition. The only official document stating that Drake represents the interests of the queen was never issued to him. The main reason for this was that, despite the official purpose of the trip, England pursued completely different interests. Initially, losing to Spain in the development of lands across the ocean, the queen made cunning plans. Its goal was to slow down the progress of Spanish expansion as much as possible. Drake went to rob.

The results of the Drake expedition exceeded all expectations. In addition to the fact that the Spaniards' confidence in their superiority at sea was badly undermined, Drake made a whole series of important discoveries. First, it became clear that Tierra del Fuego (Tierra Del Fuego) is not part of Antarctica. Secondly, he discovered the ocean separating Antarctica and the Pacific Ocean. He was the second in history to travel around the world, but was able to return from it alive. And also very wealthy.

Upon the return of Captain Francis Drake, a knighthood awaited. So the pirate, the robber became the queen's knight. He became national hero England, who was able to put in place the fleet of conceited Spain.

Invincible armada

Whatever it was, but Drake only slightly besieged the ardor of the Spaniards. In general, they still dominated the sea. To fight the British, the Spaniards created the so-called Invincible Armada. It was a fleet of 130 ships, the main purpose of which was to invade England and eliminate the pirates. The irony is that Invincible armada actually received a resounding defeat. And largely thanks to Drake, who at that time had already become an admiral. He always had a flexible mind, used tactics and cunning, more than once putting the enemy in a difficult position with his actions. Then, taking advantage of the confusion, strike with lightning speed.

Became the last glorious fact in the biography of the pirate. After he failed the task of the crown to capture Lisbon, for which he fell out of favor and was sent to prison at the age of 55. New World. Drake did not survive this trip. Not far from the coast of Panama, a pirate fell ill with dysentery, where he was buried at the bottom of the sea, dressed in battle armor, in a lead coffin.

James Cook

The man who made himself. He went from cabin boy to captain and made a number of important geographical discoveries, having made three round-the-world sea voyages.

Born in 1728 in Yorkshire, England. Already at the age of 18 he became a cabin boy. I have always been very passionate about self-education. He was interested in cartography, mathematics and geography. From 1755 he was in the service of the Royal Navy. Took part in Seven Years' War and as a reward for years of work he received the rank of captain on the Newfoundland. This navigator circumnavigated the world three times. Their results are reflected in further history development of mankind.

Circumnavigation of the world between 1768 and 1771:

• He proved the assumption that New Zealand (NZ) is not one island, but two separate ones. In 1770 he discovered the strait between the North and southern islands. The strait was named after him.
• First paid attention to the study natural resources NZ, as a result of which I came to the conclusion about high potential using it as dependent territory Great Britain.
• Carefully mapped eastern part coast of mainland Australia. In 1770, his ship sailed around S east side a bay was discovered where Australia's largest city, Sydney, is now located.

Circumnavigation of the world between 1772 and 1775:

• The first person to cross the Antarctic Circle was in 1773.
• He was the first to observe and mention in reports about such a phenomenon as Polar Lights.
• In 1774-1775 he discovered many islands off the coast of Australia.
• Cook was the first to demonstrate South ocean.
• He suggested the existence of Antarctica, as well as the low potential for its use.

Sailing from 1776 to 1779:

• Rediscovery in 1778 Hawaiian Islands.
• Cook was the first to explore the Bering Strait and the Chukchi Sea.

The voyage ended in Hawaii with the death of Captain Cook himself. The attitude of local residents was unfriendly, which, in principle, given the purpose of the visit of the Cook's team, is quite logical. As a result of another conflict in 1779, Captain Cook was killed.

It is interesting! From Cook's on-board notes, the concepts of "kangaroo" and "taboo" for the first time reached the inhabitants of the Old World.

Charles Robert Darwin

Charles Robert Darwin was not so much a traveler as a great scientist who became the founder of the theory natural selection. For constant research, he traveled around the world, including a sea trip around the world.

In 1831, he was invited to take part in a voyage around the world on the Beagle. The team needed naturalists. The circumnavigation lasted five years. This journey in history is on a par with the discoveries of Columbus and Magellan.

South America

South America turned out to be the first part of the world on the way of the expedition. In January 1831, the ships reached the coast of Chile, where Darwin conducted a series of studies on the coastal rocks. According to the results of these studies, it turned out that the hypothesis of changes occurring gradually in the world, distributed over very long time periods (theory geological changes) is correct. At the time, this was a completely new theory.

Having visited Brazil, near the city of Salvador, Darwin spoke of her as "the land of fulfillment of desires." What could not be said about the Argentine Patagonia, where the explorer headed, moving further south. Although the desert landscapes did not fascinate him, it was in Patagonia that the fossilized remains of huge mammals similar to sloths and anteaters were discovered. It was then that Darwin suggested that the change in the size of animals depends on changes in their living conditions.

While exploring Chile, the great scientist Charles Darwin repeatedly crossed the Andean mountains. After examining them, he was extremely surprised that they consisted of streams of petrified lava. In addition, the scientist focused on the differences in the composition of flora and fauna in different climatic zones.

Probably the most important event of the entire sea voyage around the world was Darwin's visit to the Galapagos Islands in 1835. Here Darwin first saw many unique species that do not live anywhere else on the planet. Of course, the giant tortoises made the strongest impression on him. The scientist noted such a feature: related islands lived on neighboring islands, but not the same species plants and animals.

Pacific Ocean Exploration

Having explored the fauna of New Zealand, Charles Darwin was left with an indelible impression. The scientist was surprised by such flightless birds as kiwi or an owl parrot. The remains of moa, the largest birds that lived on our planet, were also found here. Unfortunately, moa completely disappeared from the face of the earth in the 18th century.

In 1836, this navigator, who made a trip around the world, landed in Sydney. Apart from the English architecture of the city, nothing attracted the explorer's special attention, as the vegetation was very monotonous. At the same time, Darwin could not fail to note such unique animals as kangaroos and platypuses.

In 1836, the voyage around the world was over. The great scientist Charles Darwin set about systematizing the collected material, and in 1839 the Diary of a Naturalist's Research was published, which was later continued. famous book about the origin of species.

The first Russian round-the-world trip 1803-1806 by Ivan Kruzenshtern

In the 19th century, the Russian Empire also entered the arena of maritime research. The round-the-world voyages of Russian sailors began precisely with the voyage of Ivan Ivanovich Kruzenshtern. He was one of the founders of Russian oceanology, served as an admiral. Largely thanks to him, the formation of the Russian geographical society.

How it all began

The first sea voyage around the world took place in 1803-1806. The Russian navigator who circumnavigated the world with him, but did not receive the same fame, was Yuri Lisyansky, who took command of one of the two ships of the circumnavigation. Kruzenshtern repeatedly submitted petitions to finance a trip to the Admiralty, but they never received approval. And most likely, the round-the-world trip of Russian sailors would not have taken place if it were not for the financial benefit of the highest ranks.

At this time, developing trade relations with Alaska. The business is super profitable. But the problem lies in the road, which takes five years. A private Russian-American company sponsored Krusenstern's expedition. Approval was received from the emperor Alexander the First himself, who was also a shareholder. The emperor approved the request in 1802, adding to the purpose of the trip the assignment of the embassy of the Russian Empire to Japan.

They sailed on two ships. Kruzenshtern himself and Yuri Lisyansky, his closest comrade, led the ships.

Travel itinerary and results

From Kronstadt the ships were heading for Copenhagen. During the trip, the expedition visited England, Tenerife, Brazil, Chile (Easter Island), Hawaii. Further, the ships went to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Japan, Alaska and China. The latest destinations were Portugal, the Azores and the United Kingdom.

Exactly three years and twelve days later, the sailors entered the port of Kronstadt.

results sea ​​travel:

• For the first time the Russians crossed the equator.
• The shores of Sakhalin Island were mapped.
• Kruzenshtern published "Atlas South Sea».
• Updated maps of the Pacific Ocean.
• In the science of Russia, knowledge about intertrade countercurrents has been formed.
• For the first time, water measurements were taken at a depth of up to 400 meters.
• Information about atmospheric pressure, ebbs and flows.

The great navigator made a round-the-world trip, and later became the director of the Marine cadet corps.

Konstantin Konstantinovich Romanov

Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich was born in 1858. His father was Nikolaevich, who recreated the Russian fleet after Crimean campaign. Since childhood, his mission has been maritime service. Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich's round-the-world trip took place in 1874. At that time he was a midshipman.

Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich set himself the goal of traveling around the world, as he was one of the most educated people of that era. He was interested in seeing the whole world. The prince was fond of art in all its manifestations. He wrote poetry, many of which were set to music by the greatest classics of our time. His favorite friend and mentor was the poet A. A. Fat.

AT total the Grand Duke devoted fifteen years to service in the navy, remaining at the same time a true admirer of art. Even on a trip around the world, Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich took with him the painting “Moonlight Night on the Dnieper”, acting on him in a magical way, despite the threat to its safety.

Grand Duke Konstantin died in 1915, unable to withstand the trials of fate. By that time, one of his sons had been killed in the war, and he never recovered from the blow he received.

Instead of an afterword

The era of great discoveries lasted more than 300 years. During this time, the world has changed rapidly. New knowledge, new skills appeared, which contributed to rapid development all branches of science. Thus, more advanced vessels and instruments appeared. At the same time, "white spots" disappeared from the maps. And all this thanks to the exploits of desperate sailors, prominent people of their time, brave and desperate. It is easy to answer the question of which navigator was the first to circumnavigate the world, but the whole point of the discoveries is that each of the voyages is important in its own way. Each of the travelers has contributed to the world that surrounds us today. The opportunity to travel today, and if desired, repeat the interesting and fascinating path of any of them, but in more comfortable conditions, is their merit.

On January 7, 1887, Thomas Stevens of San Francisco completed the first bicycle trip around the world. In three years, the traveler managed to cover 13,500 miles and discover new page in the history of world travel. Today about the most unusual circumnavigations.

Thomas Stevens' cycling around the world

In 1884, "a man of average height, dressed in a worn-out blue flannel shirt and blue overalls ... tanned as a nut ... with a protruding mustache", this is how the journalists of that time described Thomas Stevens, bought a penny-farthing bicycle, captured minimum stock things and a Smith & Wesson .38 and hit the road. Stevens crossed all north american continent, overcoming 3700 miles, and found himself in Boston. There he came up with the idea of ​​traveling around the world. He sailed to Liverpool on a steamboat, passed through England, crossed by ferry to French Dieppe, crossed Germany, Austria, Hungary, Slovenia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey. Further, his path ran through Armenia, Iraq and Iran, where he spent the winter as a guest of the Shah. He was refused passage through Siberia. The traveler crossed the Caspian Sea to Baku, reached Batumi by railway, and then sailed on a steamer to Constantinople and India. Then Hong Kong and China. And the end point of the route was where Stevens, by his own admission, was finally able to relax.

Around the world in an amphibious jeep

In 1950, Australian Ben Carlin decided to travel around the world in his modernized amphibious jeep. Three-quarters of the route with him was his wife. In India, she went ashore, and Ben Carlin himself completed his journey in 1958, having overcome 17 thousand km by water and 62 thousand km by land.

Hot air balloon trip around the world

In 2002, American Steve Fossett, co-owner of Scaled Composites, who by that time had already managed to earn the fame of an adventure pilot, flew around the Earth at hot-air balloon. He tried to do this for more than one year and achieved the goal on the sixth attempt. Fossett's flight was the first solo round-the-world flight without refueling or stopping.

Round the world taxi ride

Somehow, the British John Ellison, Paul Archer and Lee Purnell calculated the costs associated with drinking the morning after drinking and found out that a taxi home would cost them much more than the drink itself. Probably, someone would have decided to drink at home, but the British acted radically - they bought a 1992 London cab and set off on a round-the-world trip. As a result, in 15 months they covered 70 thousand km and went down in history as participants in the longest taxi ride. History is silent, however, about their activity in the pubs along the way.

Travel around the world on an ancient Egyptian reed boat

Norwegian Thor Heyerdahl made a transatlantic crossing on an easy reed boat, built to the layout of the ancient Egyptians. On his boat "Ra" he managed to reach the coast of Barbados, proving that ancient navigators could make transatlantic crossings. It is worth noting that this was Heyerdahl's second attempt. The year before, he and his crew nearly drowned when the ship, due to design flaws, began to bend and break apart a few days after launch. The Norwegian team also included the well-known Soviet TV journalist and traveler Yuri Senkevich.

Travel around the world on a pink yacht

Today, the title of the youngest navigator who managed to complete a solo circumnavigation of the world belongs to Australian Jessica Watson. She was only 16 years old when, on May 15, 2010, she completed her circumnavigation of the world, which lasted 7 months. The girl's pink yacht crossed the Southern Ocean, crossed the equator, rounded Cape Horn, overcame the Atlantic Ocean, approached the shores of South America, and then returned to Australia through the Indian Ocean.

Cycling around the world for a millionaire

75-year-old millionaire, former producer of pop stars and football teams Janusz River repeated the experience of Thomas Stevens. He changed his life dramatically when he bought a $50 mountain bike in 2000 and hit the road. Since that time, River, who, by the way, being Russian by mother, speaks excellent Russian, has traveled to 135 countries and traveled more than 145 thousand km. He learned ten foreign languages and managed to be captured by militants 20 times. Not life, but a continuous adventure.

Jogging around the world

Briton Robert Garside bears the title "Running Man". He is the first person to circumnavigate the world by running. His record was included in the Guinness Book of Records. Robert had several failed attempts make a round trip. And on October 20, 1997, he successfully started from New Delhi (India) and finished his race, the length of which was 56 thousand km, at the same place on June 13, 2003, almost 5 years later. Representatives of the Book of Records meticulously and for a long time checked his record, and Robert was able to receive a certificate only a few years later. On the way, he described everything that happened to him using his pocket computer, and all those who were not indifferent could get acquainted with the information on his personal website.

Motorcycle trip around the world

In March 2013, two Britons - Belfast Telegraph travel expert Geoff Hill and former racing driver Gary Walker - left London to recreate the world tour that American Carl Clancy made 100 years ago on a Henderson motorcycle. In October 1912, Clancy left Dublin with a fellow traveler whom he had left in Paris, while he himself continued south of Spain, through North Africa, Asia, and at the end of the tour traveled across America. The journey of Charles Clancy lasted 10 months and contemporaries called this circumnavigation of the world "the longest, most difficult and most dangerous journey on a motorcycle."

Non-stop solo circumnavigation

Fedor Konyukhov is the man who made the first solo circumnavigation of the world non-stop in the history of Russia. On the 36-pound Karaana yacht, he sailed the route Sydney - Cape Horn - Equator - Sydney. It took him 224 days to do this. Konyukhov's circumnavigation of the world began in the fall of 1990 and ended in the spring of 1991.

Fedor Filippovich Konyukhov - Russian traveler, artist, writer, priest of the Russian Orthodox Church, Honored Master of Sports of the USSR in sports tourism. He became the first person in the world to visit the five poles of our planet: the North geographic (three times), the South geographic, the Pole of relative inaccessibility in the North Arctic Ocean, Everest (height pole) and Cape Horn (yachtsmen pole).

A Russian crosses the Pacific Ocean in a rowboat
Russian traveler Fedor Konyukhov, who has five round-the-world voyages behind him, is currently crossing the Pacific Ocean on the Turgoyak rowboat. This time he decided to make the transition from Chile to Australia. As of September 3, Konyukhov has already managed to overcome 1148 km, more than 12 thousand kilometers of the way across the ocean remain to Australia.

A great example for a beginner traveler can be the experience of Nina and Gramp, married couple who has been married for 61 years. They packed their bags and created .