The theme of the poet and poetry
In the lyrics of A.S. Pushkin's theme of the poet and poetry is very important place. Pushkin's interest in this topic is quite understandable. One of the most brilliant poets of world significance, who is well acquainted with the poetry of all times and peoples, who devoted his whole life to poetic creativity, he wrote more than a dozen poems, revealing with different parties theme of the poet and poetry. "The Conversation of a Bookseller with a Poet", "Prophet", "Poet", "Poet and the Crowd", "To the Poet", "Echo", "Monument" - these are Pushkin's most important poems on this topic. Who is a poet? What is his place in society? What should be his work? How should he relate to the world around him? Let's see what answers Alexander Sergeevich gives to these difficult questions. Considering this theme in Pushkin's lyrics, it seems to me that first of all we need to turn to his masterpiece "The Prophet". This poem, written in 1826, tells the reader about the spiritual qualities and purpose of the poet. The title and content of the work tell us about Pushkin's use of biblical legend about the prophet Isaiah, who is in despair, seeing the depravity of people, and feels defiled. The hero of the poem is in a dejected state, he is tormented by “spiritual thirst”, and then the messenger of God, the six-winged seraphim, appears to him. He is endowed with an unusual sharpness of vision for a person: And further: He touched my ears, - And they were filled with noise and ringing: And I heard the shudder of the sky, And the flight of the heavenly angels, And the reptile of the sea underwater passage, And the vegetation of the distant vine Now the poet is gifted subtle feeling perception of life, he is freed from doubts and fear, but this is not enough: And he cut my chest with a sword, And took out my trembling heart, And coal, blazing with fire, Inserted an open chest So, according to Pushkin, a poet should strive for knowledge and moral purity, he must have brilliant insight, the ability to see and understand what is often inaccessible ordinary people, and most importantly, the gift of speech, a soul capable of deeply feeling and experiencing. The opportunities that have opened up for the poet, on the one hand, elevate him above people, and on the other hand, impose a difficult task on him. His mission is to "burn people's hearts with a verb", that is, to bring people the truth, fight evil, promote the progress of life, awaken the best that is in a person's soul. The poem "Echo" is also important to consider for a clearer understanding of Pushkin's thoughts about the poet. Written in 1831, it reflects the mood of the poet at the moment of the greatest aggravation of his relations with the noble society. The poet feels alone among empty people busy chasing petty goals. secular society did not understand and did not appreciate creative activity poet, was alien and hostile to him. The whole poem is like one great comparison: the poet is like an echo. As the echo responds to all the sounds of the world, so the poet reflects in his work all the phenomena of the life around him. But, like an echo, the poet does not find a response to his calls. On August 21, 1836, Pushkin wrote the poem "Monument". This work is, as it were, a poetic expression of many years of reflection brilliant poet over questions about the purpose of art, about the essential aspects of his work, about his services to the Motherland and people. He says that his "monument miraculous" "will not overgrow folk trail", that is, the people will turn to his works as an inexhaustible source of ideological, moral and artistic values. great poet considers that his responsible mission is fulfilled: And for a long time I will be so kind to the people, That I awakened good feelings with my lyre? That in my cruel age I glorified freedom And called for mercy for the fallen. The poet addressed all the peoples of his homeland as equal members one family ("and every language that exists in it will call me. And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn, and now the wild Tungus, and the Kalmyk friend of the steppes"). The poet's monument rose above the "head of the recalcitrant" above pillar of alexandria. Pushkin had the right to talk about it. No persecution of the government and its servants broke the freedom-loving views. In ideological and artistic terms, Pushkin's "Monument" stands immeasurably higher than poems on the same theme created by the poet's predecessors (Horace, Lomonosov, Derzhavin). How much more significant in the socio-political sense are the merits of the Poet (with capital letter Poet!) in front of the people, noted by him in his "Monument": the struggle for freedom, the protection of the oppressed ("fallen"), the education of "good feelings". So, firmness, decisiveness, exactingness, contempt for the "court of a fool", for awards and honors - these are the qualities that Pushkin considers obligatory for all poets. The poet hears the whole world and should be deaf only to the opinion of the "uninitiated". It is loyalty to these principles that leads him to immortality. The poem "Monument" is a testament to Russian poetry: By the command of God, oh muse, be obedient, Do not be afraid of resentment, not demanding a crown; Praise and slander were accepted with indifference And do not dispute a fool.
The theme of the purpose of the poet and poetry is traditional for Russian literature. It can be traced in the works of Derzhavin, Kuchelbeker, Ryleev, Pushkin, Lermontov. N. A. Nekrasov is no exception. If Kuchelbecker, Pushkin, the poet - "prophet" is above the crowd in the struggle for the ideals of freedom, goodness and justice, goes to people "to burn hearts with the verb", then Lermontov's prophet is already different: he runs away from people into the desert. Seeing their vices, he does not find the strength to fight. To the poet, Nekrasov is a prophet who was "sent to the people by the god of anger and sorrow", his path is thorny, because the poet goes this path with a punishing lyre in his hands, indignant and denouncing. The poet understands that it is impossible to win universal love in this way:
He is haunted by blasphemy:
He catches the sounds of approval
Not in the sweet murmur of praise,
And in the wild cries of anger.
…………………………………..
From all sides they curse him,
And, only seeing his corpse,
How much he did, they will understand
And how he loved - hating!
But his position is the position of a poet-citizen, the son of his Motherland:
The son cannot look calmly
On the mother's mountain.
poetic manifesto poet became the poem "The Poet and the Citizen" (1856), written in the form of a dialogue between the poet and the reader - a citizen, a democrat in his convictions, who makes demands on the poet's behalf the best people countries - these requirements meet the spirit of the time, the spirit of life itself:
It's time to get up! You know yourself
What time has come;
In whom the sense of duty has not cooled down,
Who has an incorruptible heart,
In whom is talent, strength,
accuracy,
Tom shouldn't sleep now...
………………………………………..
Wake up: smash the vices boldly ...
………………………………………..
No time in chess play,
It's not time to sing songs!
………………………………………..
Be a citizen! Serve the art
Live for the good of your neighbor
Subordinating your genius to feeling
All-embracing love...
Before us is not a duel between two opponents, but a mutual search for a true answer to the question of the role of the poet and the purpose of poetry in public life. The citizen convinces the poet that his role in the life of society is significant and requires from him not only artistic talent, but also civic convictions:
You may not be a poet
But you have to be a citizen.
What is a citizen?
Fatherland worthy son.
………………………………………..
He, like his own, wears on his body
All the ulcers of their homeland.
And in poetry of the 19th century, the Muse of Nekrasov enters - the sister of the suffering, tormented, oppressed people:
Yesterday at six o'clock
I went to Sennaya;
They beat a woman with a whip,
A young peasant woman
Not a sound from her chest
Only the whip whistled, playing ...
And I said to the Muse: “Look!
Your own sister!"
Muse - "a sad companion of the sad poor", "crying, grieving", "humbly asking" for the fate of the people, went along with the poet through his whole life:
Through the dark abysses of Violence and Evil,
Labor and Hunger she led me -
Taught me to feel my suffering
And blessed the world to announce them ...
At the end of his life, the poet, referring to his Muse, says:
O Muse! our song is sung.
Come close the poet's eyes
To the eternal sleep of nothingness,
Sister of the people - and mine!
The poet is sure that his Muse will not allow the “living, blood union” between him “and honest hearts even after his death. In the poem "Elegy", the poet reflects on the most pressing issues of our time, about youth, about his own fate and the fate of the people. "The people are liberated, but are the people happy?" It is this disturbing thought that permeates the entire poem. But the people about whom he thinks, the poet writes, are silent:
Nature listens to me
But the one about whom I sing in the evening silence
To whom are the dreams of the poet dedicated -
Alas! he does not heed - and does not give an answer ...
The poem "Elegy" is a poetic testament of a citizen poet who has fulfilled his duty:
I dedicated the lyre to my people.
Perhaps I will die unknown to him,
But I served him - and my heart is calm ...
Pushkin contributed to the development of the theme of the poet and poetry, traditional for European literature. This important topic runs through all his work. Already the first published poem "To a friend of the poet" contained reflections on the purpose of the poet. According to the young Pushkin, the gift of writing poetry is not given to every person:
Arist, not the poet who knows how to weave rhymes
And, creaking with feathers, he does not spare paper.
good verses not easy to write...
Appeal to the theme of the poet and poetry at the very beginning creative way testifies to the seriousness of Pushkin's approach to writing. From the first steps, he felt responsible for what he wanted to say to readers. AT early poem"To Galich" Pushkin criticizes gloomy court poets, and in the poem "To My Aristarchus" he criticizes "boring preachers." He himself dreams of the role of an accuser of vices, about which he writes in the ode "Liberty":
I want to sing freedom to the world
On the thrones to strike vice ...
Young Pushkin was sure that he could influence society and even the behavior of monarchs through poetry. The poems of this period are optimistic and full of energy. In the poem "To Chaadaev", the poet passionately dreams of dedicating "souls" to his homeland beautiful impulses", to be useful to her. The "autocracy" of the kings is contrary to his freedom-loving nature, the author is sure that the unjust government will soon collapse. The poet expresses the hope for the soon liberation of the peasants from the "wild slavery" in the poem "Village".
As he grew older, Pushkin's views on the role of the poet and poetry changed significantly. A new attitude to poetry sounds in the poem "The Conversation of a Bookseller with a Poet". This poem is built in the form of a dialogue between a bookseller and a poet. The poet wants to create freely, to receive "fiery delight" from the process of creating poems, but the seller cools his impulses, declaring: "... in this age of iron / There is no freedom without money." Yes, the poet is a creator, but he is a living person. The poet agrees with the seller's statement: "Inspiration is not for sale, / But you can sell the manuscript." Poetry is hard labour and can be seen as a means of subsistence. The problem is that a poet can create only in conditions of personal freedom. Only the freedom of the soul gives a person independence.
In the poem "The Prophet" Pushkin argues that society needs a poet-prophet, strong and wise, who could "burn people's hearts with a verb." In this poem, the motif of the poet's election sounds. A peaceful poet giving advice to the authorities is no longer needed. We need a fiery fighter. "Six-winged seraph" miraculously changes the poet, turning his heart into "coal burning with fire", and his tongue into "the sting of a wise snake." Having become a prophet, the poet must fulfill the will of God.
According to Pushkin, the poet must, like a priest, serve his art. Talent is from God. The poet should not pay attention to the judgments of the crowd, which does not understand the value of poetry. In the poem "Poet" Pushkin again points to God's chosenness of a real poet, who is alien to the vanity and spiritual emptiness of the nobles of high society. At first glance, the poet is the same as everyone else, but the ability to write poetry elevates him above the crowd.
The conversation about relations with the crowd continues in the poems "To the Poet" and "The Poet and the Crowd". "Secular mob", soulless people who understand only profit, tell the poet that there is no benefit from his poems, the lines of his poetry are just wind. In annoyance, the poet exclaims:
Go away - what's the matter
The peaceful poet is up to you!
In debauchery boldly stone,
The voice of the lyre will not revive you!
Pushkin urges poets "not to cherish the love of the people." The noise of praise will pass, but the responsibility for one's creativity will remain. The main thing is not to change the ideals of freedom and beauty.
In the poem "I erected a monument to myself not made by hands ..." Pushkin puts poetry on the very high step. He believes that art is above the power of kings, since God gives talent and inspiration. The poet is sure that poetry is immortal, which means that his name will outlive him and be preserved for centuries.
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The image of the poet and the theme of creativity in the lyrics of A.S. Pushkin (on the example of 3-4 poems at the choice of the examinee)
Poems about the appointment of the poet and poetry occupy a significant place in Pushkin's work. The theme of the poet and poetry in Pushkin's lyrics is closely connected with the theme of freedom in the aspect of freedom of creativity. Following Lomonosov, Derzhavin and Radishchev, Pushkin continues to seek an answer to the question of the poet's mission and the high role of creativity. Poems are devoted to this topic: “A conversation between a bookseller and a poet” (1824), “The Prophet” (1826), “The Poet” (1827), “The Poet and the Crowd” (1828), “To the Poet” (1830), “Echo” (1831 ), "Monument" (1836).
In "A Conversation between a Bookseller and a Poet," the Romantic poet enters into a dialogue with a bookseller. The dialogical form of the poem conveys the conflicting points of view on issues of art. The bookseller becomes the bearer of the ideology of the “age of the huckster”, the “iron age”, in which “there is no freedom without money”. The poet, in turn, tries to preserve disinterestedness, freedom of creativity. But to be free, you have to sell your labor:
Inspiration is not for sale
But you can sell the manuscript...
Thus, it becomes quite obvious that the poet's creative freedom depends on the public.
In search of protecting the creative freedom of art from human cruelty and vulgarity, A. S. Pushkin turns to biblical motifs, and his poems acquire a philosophical content.
The poem "Prophet" A. S. Pushkin writes in 1826. The poem is based on a biblical legend. But Pushkin rethinks the content of the legend and presents it in his own way.
The poem begins with the miracle of reviving a lonely weary traveler:
Spiritual thirst tormented,
In the gloomy desert I dragged myself
And a six-winged seraph
Appeared to me at a crossroads...
And if the traveler is devastated and deprived of a specific goal (he is “at a crossroads”), he is powerless (“dragged along”), then the seraphim in his desire for transformative activity is swift and energetic (“appeared”). The appearance of the six-winged seraph at the crossroads can be seen as the salvation of the traveler from not knowing where to go. The actions of the seraph are at first cautious and gentle:
With fingers as light as a dream
He touched my eyes...
He touched my ears...
The traveler acquires new sensations, a new perception of the world is born in him. His vision becomes sharp, and his hearing hypersensitive. The hero of the poem begins to experience suffering, as he "accepts" the whole world, polyphonic and multifaceted:
And I heard the shudder of the sky,
And the heavenly angels flight,
And the reptile of the sea underwater course,
And the valley of the vine vegetation.
The process of turning a person into a poet-prophet continues. But now the actions of the seraphim are becoming more decisive and merciless:
And he clung to my lips
And tore out my sinful tongue,
And idle-talking, and crafty,
And the sting of the wise snake
In my frozen mouth
He invested it with a bloody right hand.
For what purpose does the seraphim produce all these painful transformations? What qualities does he want to give to the future poet? The mission of the prophet is beautiful and terrible at the same time: "Burn the hearts of people with the verb ...". But for gaining the ability to carry out such important mission the traveler will have to renounce the quivering feeling:
And he cut my chest with a sword
And took out a trembling heart,
And coal burning with fire
He put a hole in his chest.
All these transformations should lead to the achievement of the goal: the poet becomes a prophet. Purpose
prophet - not to be indifferent, to teach others to be indifferent. The lines of the poem “burn the hearts of people with the verb” can be interpreted exactly like this: cleanse the world "from filth, lies, betrayal, base desires. The poet's word should serve good, awaken better feelings in the souls of people.
The poem "Echo" was written by A. S. Pushkin in 1831 and occupies a special place.
This poem is based on the myth of the angry goddess Hera, who ordered the nymph Echo to be silent and respond to questions only by repeating the last words.
The poet rethought the content of the myth. The poem is built as a detailed comparison: the poet is an echo. The connection with the world is available to the poet and echo: ease of response, falling in love with all the voices of life. There are no objects despised, discarded, everything is poetry. The poet's ability to perceive the diversity of the world is explained by love for the world, responsiveness. The poet is ready to accept the world in all its manifestations:
Does the beast roar in the deaf forest,
Does the horn blow, does the thunder rumble,
Does the maiden sing beyond the hill...
……………………………
You listen to the roar of thunders,
And the voice of the storm and the waves,
And the cry of rural roosters...
The combinations of sounds are contrasting, but all of them are open and accessible to the poet and reveal his power, omniscience. But the connection with the world turns out to be one-sided, since the world does not send a response to the poetic echo:
You don't have a response ... Such
And you, poet!
The tragedy of the poet is that the poet is in love with the world, open to his every movement, but the world is indifferent to him.
Pushkin comes to the conclusion that poetry is a difficult and responsible business, the poet is different from ordinary people by the fact that he is given to see, hear, understand, anticipate and foresee what a mere mortal cannot. With his gift, the poet influences ordinary people, therefore his responsibility to society is great for what he will write about and how he will influence the minds and souls of his readers.
In the sonnet "The Poet" (1827), Pushkin expressed a paradoxical opinion about the nature of the poet: the poet's soul is not alien to anything human, he can be immersed in the vanity of the world. But the mighty force of inspiration, to which the poet is subject, takes his life in a different direction, tears the poet away from the hustle and bustle. The very beginning of the creative process is inspired by a deity, accompanied by the awakening of the sleeping soul of the poet:
But only the divine word
It touches the sensitive ear,
The soul of the poet will tremble,
Like an awakened eagle...
Another condition for creativity is loneliness. In his striving for loneliness, the poet does not accidentally choose the "shores of desert waves" - it is easier to translate into poetry the sounds and feelings that overwhelm the poet.
In the poem "The Poet and the Crowd" A. S. Pushkin raises the problem of relationships: the poet is the crowd. Therefore, the dialogic form is chosen for this poem. The theme of creative freedom again sounds in the poem. The "crowd" in the poem is called the "rabble" by the poet. But this is not the "common people", not the "black people", this is the secular mob - the St. Petersburg environment of the poet in 1827-1837. It is they who are trying to dictate their will to the poet, trying to make him "sing" under their dictation. "Mobile" expects "bold lessons" from the poet:
We are cowardly, we are insidious,
Shameless, evil, ungrateful,
We are cold-hearted eunuchs,
Slanderers, slaves, fools;
The vices nest in us like a club.
You can, loving your neighbor,
Giving us bold lessons...
But the crowd is ready to take “bold lessons” not for the purpose of changing:
And we listen to you...
The poet does not take on the mission of correction. By the end of the poem, the purpose of poetry, the purpose of the poet, become obvious:
Not for worldly excitement
Not for self-interest, not for battles,
We are born to inspire
For sweet sounds and prayers.
The affirmation of beauty, divine meaning, one's service - this is how A. S. Pushkin defines his position on the issue of the appointment of a poet and poetry in 1828.
In 1830, A. S. Pushkin again turns to the theme of the poet and poetry. He writes a sonnet to the Poet. The poet becomes a "king", he must live alone and not depend on anyone:
Go where your free mind takes you,
Improving the fruits of your favorite thoughts,
Not demanding rewards for a noble feat.
"Free mind" - a guarantee of the fidelity of the path of the poet, he should not pay attention to the evaluation of his work.
In 1836, A. S. Pushkin wrote the poem “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands ...”, which is usually called “Monument”.
At the end of his life, A. S. Pushkin realizes himself as a people's poet. His "Monument" to some extent continues the traditions of Horace "Exigi monumentum" (that is, "I erected a monument"), Lomonosov and Derzhavin.
Pushkin begins his poem with a comparison: poetry, a miraculous monument - and a monument erected in honor of Alexander I - the Alexander Column on Palace Square in St. Petersburg. The difference is not only that what the poet created is a miraculous creation, in contrast to the created monument, but also that poetry is “rebellious” to someone else’s will, it has independence, love of freedom:
He ascended higher as the head of the rebellious
Pillar of Alexandria.
No, all of me will not die - the soul is in the cherished lyre
My ashes will survive and decay will flee...
At the same time, Pushkin gives specific characteristics to real creativity, he calls his poetry “cherished lyre”, thereby giving it love and sincerity. No less important is the motive of the immortality of the poetic heritage. Pushkin sees the main reason for his long life in the memory of the people in goodness "... I awakened good feelings with my lyre." Another source of the posthumous fame of the poet is the glorification of freedom: "I glorified freedom." And a very special place is occupied by the theme of mercy. This is mercy for those who have sinned, stumbled, fallen.
The last stanza of the poem sums up the disclosure of the theme of the poet and poetry throughout the work of A. S. Pushkin. At the end of the poem there is a call from the poet to his muse. He asks her to be obedient to "God's command", to learn not to react either to insults, or to ten, or to an unfair trial. Thus, at the end of his career, the poet managed to formulate the basic requirements for genuine poetry: freedom, independence from the opinion of the crowd, fulfillment of the will of God.
All the work of A. S. Pushkin can be called sunny, bright. All the themes and motifs reflected in Pushkin's work exist in harmonious unity, creating a rich artistic world of his lyrics. And if, after reading the poems of A.S. Pushkin, at least someone will become better, cleaner, more worthy, which means that “good feelings” will prevail over evil ones, and the soul of the reader, like the soul of the poet himself, “will start like an awakened eagle.”
The theme of the appointment of the poet and poetry in literature in in full revealed in the lyrics of the following poets:
- In the lyrics of A. Pushkin. Pushkin considered it his duty to sing freedom to the world, to defeat vice on thrones (ode "Liberty", 1817). He said that not everyone can be a poet, that it is very difficult life path(“To a Poet Friend”, 1814) that the poet is obliged to burn the hearts of people with a verb, serve his people and raise people to fight for truth and freedom (“Prophet”, 1828). He urged the poet to be free from the opinion of the crowd: You are your own supreme court(“To the Poet”, 1830) and compared himself to an echo that responds to all the sounds of life (“Echo”, 1831).
- In the lyrics of M. Lermontov. Following Pushkin, Lermontov recognizes the poet’s special mission, inspiring the people to fight for freedom (“The Prophet”, 1841), and compares the poet with a dagger: he must also be firm and unbending in serving his ideals (“Poet”, 1839).
- In the lyrics of N. Nekrasov. Nekrasov's muse descended from the poetic Olympus to city streets and rural arable land - he compared his muse with a young peasant woman ("Yesterday, at six o'clock", 1848). All his work is permeated with the thought: You may not be a poet, But you must be a citizen (“Poet and Citizen”, 1856).
- In the lyrics of V. Mayakovsky. Mayakovsky argued that today the poet's rhyme is a caress and a slogan, and a bayonet, and a whip. The poet's word heals and burns, so his duty is to roar like a copper-throated siren (“A Conversation with the Financial Inspector on Poetry”, 1926). In the poem "Out loud" (1930), he says that poetry is a weapon, and the poet is not the chosen one and the priest, but the performer of the very hard work(a sewer truck and a water carrier, mobilized and called up by the revolution), his word should not only convey the idea to the reader, but also excite, induce to immediate action - the construction of a new world.
- In the lyrics of A. Akhmatova. For Akhmatova, the process of composing poetry is a disease, languor: If only you knew from what rubbish / Poems grow without shame (“I don’t need anything odic ratis…”, 1940). She considers her main task to be writing poetry under the dictation of the muse, and this ability is bestowed on poets from above. Creation - thorny path where the poet encounters misunderstanding, deafness and blindness on the part of people. The purpose of the poet is to go alone and heal the blind (“We have the freshness of words and feelings of simplicity”, 1915).
An example of a poem dedicated to the topic poet and poetry “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands” by A.S. Pushkin. Let's try to analyze it briefly.
Topic. The poem is considered Pushkin's poetic testament. This is a hymn of poetry, which affirms high appointment poet and poetry. The theme of freedom was introduced: the monument was raised higher than the Alexandrian pillar (the symbol of royal power).
Composition. Consists of five stanzas. The 1st stanza affirms the significance miraculous monument. In the second - the immortality of art. The 3rd stanza is devoted to the theme of the wide posthumous glory of Pushkin himself. In the 4th stanza, the poet defines the essence of creativity. In the 5th - he is ready to accept fate, whatever it may be.
Means of artistic expression. The solemn sound is conveyed by the introduction of the anaphora (And every language that exists in it will call me. And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and Finn ...), the choice of sublime epithets (not made by hands, rebellious, cherished, sublunar). A lot of
Slavicisms: erected, head, piit, until. The author uses only the past and future tense - he cannot evaluate himself in the present, hopes for the future and says what he did in the past.
