Derzhavin Gavriil Romanovich, whose biography formed the basis of this article, forever entered the Russian history not only how outstanding poet and playwright, but also how statesman, past way from private guard to the head of the Ministry of Justice. Having provided a huge impact on the further development Russian literature, he became at the same time a model of a true citizen and patriot.
Childhood of a young poet
Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin was born on July 14, 1743 in his family village of Sokura near Kazan. The family had many children, and due to the early death of its head, Roman Nikolaevich, the mother of the future poet, Fyokla Andreevna, could not give the children a proper education. This was hampered by frequent relocations caused by various everyday circumstances.
Nevertheless, studying at the Orenburg school, and then at the Kazan gymnasium, young Gavriil Derzhavin early became addicted to classical Russian poetry, the highest examples of which at that time were the poems of M. Lomonosov, V. Trediakovsky and A. Sumarokov. His first own poetic experiments also belong to this time. However, the early poems of the novice poet came out somewhat clumsily and awkwardly - the lack of knowledge of the basics of versification and the opportunity to consult with someone more experienced in this area affected.
Army service
In 1762, Gavriil Derzhavin was appointed as a private in the Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment who took part in coup d'état, which resulted in the accession to the throne of Empress Catherine II. The years spent in the army, by the poet's own admission, were the most bleak period of his life. The hard military service took almost all the time and effort, allowing me to write poetry only in rare free moments.
Subsequently, Gavriil Derzhavin, briefly describing in his memoirs the features of army life, said that in those years he often attached himself to the common vice of the guards regiments - playing cards. Moreover, having got into an environment where cheating flourished, he himself quickly learned their picaresque tricks, and only thanks to “God and motherly prayers” - that's what he wrote in his memoirs, did not slide to the bottom of society.
Looking forward to a future career
Since 1772 further biography Gabriel Derzhavin took a different direction: he was promoted to officer, and in the period from 1773 to 1775 he took part in the work state commission, who investigated the circumstances of the Pugachev rebellion.
Experiencing severe financial difficulties, Gavriil Romanovich turned to the Empress herself for help, since in those days the autocrats did not disdain to read the letters of their subjects. His direct superior, Commander-in-Chief General-in-Chief A. Bibikov, attached his own report to the message, in which he praised Derzhavin's merits in "establishing law-abidingness among the Kalmyks." As a result, very soon the young man was granted the rank of collegiate adviser and became the owner of 300 serf souls, bestowed on him personally by the Empress.
First marriage and creative maturity
In the same 1775, another important and joyful event took place in the life of Gabriel Derzhavin - he got married. His wife was the sixteen-year-old girl Ekaterina Bastidon, whose father was once the valet of the murdered sovereign Peter III, and his mother - the nurse of the future Emperor Paul I. As befits a true poet, Derzhavin sang his chosen one in verse, calling her Plenira - from the verb "captivate".
Most researchers of the poet's work consider these years to be the period of gaining his own literary style, which made it possible to create a cycle of outstanding works in the genre philosophical lyrics. At the same time, his works for the first time begin to be printed, but they do not bring the author widely known in literary circles.
Golden snuffbox from the hands of the Empress
Glory came to Derzhavin only after writing the ode "Felitsa", dedicated to Empress Catherine II. In this work, filled with the most loyal feelings, the author presented the Russian autocrat as the ideal of an enlightened ruler and mother of nations.
Such obvious flattery, dressed in a highly artistic form, was not left without due reward. The “Mother of Nations” granted the poet a golden snuff-box studded with diamonds and filled with gold coins, after which the career of Gavriil Romanovich went uphill. Appointments to various high positions, however, Derzhavin's character traits prevented him from getting along with other officials and served as a reason frequent transfers from place to place.
At the head of the Olonets region
In 1776, the previously created Olonets province was transformed into a governorship, and by decree of the Empress, Gabriel Derzhavin was appointed its first governor. His duties, among other things, included monitoring the observance of the law by all subordinates to him. officials. This was the cause of many of the troubles that followed soon after.
In those early years, embezzlers of public funds were not yet called corrupt officials, but this did not make them less. Theft was ubiquitous, and even the expression "take according to rank" came into use. This meant that petty bureaucrats could swipe with impunity only a small fraction of what they had access to. Middle-level officials were secretly allowed to profit in a much larger volume, but that’s all, “the greedy crowd standing at the throne,” as M.Yu. wrote. Lermontov, - with impunity they put their hand into the treasury up to the very elbow.
It was with these lawlessness that once happened in Russia that Gavriil Romanovich encountered in his new post. Being a decent and law-abiding person, he did his best to fight the evil that surrounded him, but as a result he only amassed numerous ill-wishers both in his subordinate structures and in court circles, which caused his subsequent resignation.
Nevertheless, during the years spent as governor, and having a residence first in Petrozavodsk, and then in Tambov, Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin managed to do many good deeds before his resignation. So, through his efforts, the first Tambov theater was opened, a city school was built, a hospital for the poor opened its doors, and a printing house began to work.
Cabinet secretary of the Empress
The next step on career ladder Gabriel Derzhavin began to serve as a personal cabinet-secretary of Catherine II. Ignoring the slanders that rained down on the poet from all sides, the Empress brought him closer to her as a token of gratitude for the ode once written in her honor.
But even in this position, Gavriil Romanovich did not hold out for a long time, since he used to report on all matters, presenting them in a true, and sometimes unsightly, light, which greatly upset his benefactor. He bothered her with constant petitions for those in need and suffering from injustice. It ended up that the empress got tired of him, and she sent him out of sight - transferred to the Senate.
Creator of the first Russian anthem
Being in this honorable exile, Derzhavin created his own famous work. In 1791, inspired by the news of the capture of the Turkish fortress of Izmail by Russian troops under the command of A.V. Suvorov, he wrote the poem “Thunder of victory, resound.” Set to music by composer Osip Kozlovsky, over the next years it was the official anthem of Russia, which was replaced only in 1833 by the famous "God Save the Tsar", written by another outstanding Russian poet - V. Zhukovsky in collaboration with composer A. Lvov.
remarriage
In 1794, the wife of Gavriil Romanovich died - the muse that he once sang in verse, giving her the romantic name Plenira. After a year, the still far from old widower remarried. He joined his fate with Daria Alekseevna Dyakova, who also became the heroine of his poems, this time under the name of Milena.
Both marriages famous poet, although they were filled with love, turned out to be childless. Having no offspring of their own, the couple raised children dead friend family of P. Lazarev. One of them - Mikhail - later became a famous admiral, discoverer and explorer of the Arctic.
Career Peak
During the reign of Paul I, Derzhavin served as president of the College of Commerce and state treasurer, and Alexander I, who ascended the throne after that, appointed him minister of justice. But wherever he happened to serve, Gavriil Romanovich tried with all his might to eradicate bribery and embezzlement, which invariably made enemies for himself. In 1803 he petitioned for highest name and finished state activity devoting himself to literature.
The subsequent life and work of the poet
Even before his resignation, Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin loved Zvanka, an estate that belonged to his second wife, Daria Alekseevna. In it he spent last years his life, writing about 60 poems and preparing for publication the first volume of his works. Except poetry works in the field of dramaturgy are associated with his name. These include librettos created for several operas, as well as tragedies: "Herod and Marianne", "Eupraksia" and "Dark".
Derzhavin's poetry had a huge impact on early work A. S. Pushkin, who read his poems from childhood and studied them at the Lyceum in the lessons of Russian literature. They only met once. In 1815, Derzhavin was invited to the lyceum exam, where the still very young Alexander Pushkin read his famous poem"Memories of Tsarskoye Selo". A reproduction from the painting by I. E. Repin, reproducing this episode, is presented in the article. The venerable master, having seen his brilliant successor in the swarthy young man and touched to the depths of his soul by his poems, wanted to hug Pushkin, but he ran away, unable to restrain his sobs.
The death of the poet and the subsequent fate of his remains
Death overtook him in 1816 at the Zvanka estate, which, as mentioned above, Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin loved until his retirement, often visited, and where he spent the rest of his life. His ashes, transported along the Volkhov to Veliky Novgorod, were buried in the Transfiguration Cathedral, located on the territory of the Varlaamo-Khutynsky Monastery. Later, his second wife, Daria Alekseevna, was also buried there.
During the years of the Great Patriotic War the monastery was in the war zone and was completely destroyed. The grave of the Derzhavins was also badly damaged. In 1959, their remains were reburied, placed in the Novgorodsky detinets, and in 1993, when the 250th anniversary of the poet was celebrated, they were returned to the Varlaamo-Khutynsky monastery, which had been revived by that time.
Among the names of outstanding Russian poets who brought fame to Russian literature, Gavriil Derzhavin is invariably mentioned, short biography which has been presented in this article. The study of his life and work has great importance not only from the aesthetic side, but also from the educational side, since the truths that he preached are eternal.
And a few days later on July 20 - 200 years since the death of the poet. He passed away a week after celebrating his 73rd birthday.
It can be said about Derzhavin that he lived for several different lives, its individual periods differed so much from each other. Gavriil Romanovich went from a poor soldier to the Minister of Justice and the first poet of the empire.
Poverty and soldiers
Derzhavin was born in a poor noble family in the estate of Sokura near Kazan. The father died when the boy was 11 years old. The widow with her children moved to Kazan, where she had to “go through the courts with her little sons, stand in their front for several hours, no one wanted to listen decently, but everyone passed by with cruelty.”
When a gymnasium was opened in Kazan, 15-year-old Gabriel was sent there, but he failed to complete his education: Derzhavin was requested to go to St. Petersburg to join the Preobrazhensky Regiment. It turned out that the minor - either due to the negligence of his parents, or by mistake - was not enrolled from childhood (as was customary) in military service. And he should serve not in the officer rank, but simple soldier. 19-year-old Gabriel arrived in the regiment the day before palace coup July 28, 1762, became a member historical events and swore allegiance to Empress Catherine II.
The soldiers were given ten years of life, and during the suppression of the uprising of Yemelyan Pugachev, Derzhavin was already an officer and showed such courage that it even became known at court.
After retiring former soldier won a seat in the Senate.
Ode to the Empress
Derzhavin began to write poetry at the time military service, they were printed, but remained unnoticed.
Glory came after the creation of just one poem, but what! This is the famous ode "Felitsa", glorifying Catherine II. The empress showered the poet with blessings: she presented a golden snuffbox with diamonds and five hundred chervonets inside. Derzhavin's dizzying career began. He was appointed Olonetsky, then Tambov governor. In high positions, Gavriil Romanovich is very active, because he is sure: “ statesman more than other fellow citizens should be animated, moved and guided by love for the Fatherland. However, the seeker of truth and justice quickly made enemies, which was facilitated by his quick temper.
Catherine appoints the poet as her secretary of state, but in the end, even the poet's truth-seeking began to irritate her. In 1803, Derzhavin retired, although he was appointed senator and president of the College of Commerce.
The rise of an administrative career took place under Alexander I, when Gavriil Romanovich became the Minister of Justice of the Russian Empire.
“Old man Derzhavin noticed us. And, descending into the coffin, he blessed ”(A. S. Pushkin). Exam at the Imperial Lyceum in the painting by I. E. Repin. Photo: commons.wikimedia.org
There were no children
Derzhavin's family life is also not without drama. In 1778, 35-year-old Gavriil Romanovich married 16-year-old Ekaterina Bastidon, daughter of the valet of Peter the Third, the Portuguese Bastidon. The couple lived for 18 years, but at the age of 34 Catherine died. Six months later, Derzhavin married Daria Dyakova. They said that without Great love. There were no children in either marriage.
However, Gavriil Romanovich took care of the children of his deceased friend Pyotr Lazarev, among whom was Mikhail Lazarev, the future admiral, discoverer of Antarctica, governor of Sevastopol. The orphaned nieces of Darya Alekseevna were also brought up in the house.
Petersburg and Zvanka
Derzhavin's life was mainly connected with St. Petersburg, and, fortunately, the poet's estate on the Fontanka, where his museum is located, has survived to this day.
Gavriil Romanovich and his first wife bought this two-storey stone house in 1791. The work on the alteration of the mansion and the arrangement of the garden with a vegetable garden and greenhouses required considerable expenses. I had to lay down several villages and keep strict records, which is reflected in the Book of Cash Costs for a Stone House. From August 1791."
Derzhavin at the Monument "1000th Anniversary of Russia" in Veliky Novgorod. Photo: commons.wikimedia.org
The poet's house became the center cultural life capitals, meetings were held here literary society“Conversation of lovers of the Russian word”, and performances were staged in the home theater.
In St. Petersburg, the family lived in the winter, but in the summer they moved to the Zvanka estate in the Novgorod province. The estate belonged to the second wife - Daria Alekseevna. The poet loved Zvanka, about 60 poems were written here.
The estate was destroyed during the Great Patriotic War. It's interesting that German soldier Karl Augustin took many photographs of Zvanka, which could help in the restoration of the estate. Such plans exist.
"Old man Derzhavin noticed us..."
Even those who have no idea about Derzhavin know these Pushkin lines dedicated to Gavriil Romanovich. The story is also known when, in January 1815, Derzhavin arrived for an exam at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Tests in the sciences lasted a long time and very tired the 72-year-old poet. “His face was meaningless, his eyes were cloudy, his lips drooped.” The last examination of Russian literature began. “Here he perked up: his eyes shone, he was completely transformed. He listened with extraordinary vivacity. Finally, they called Pushkin. With a voice breaking with excitement, the lyceum student read "Memoirs in Tsarskoe Selo", where there were lines dedicated to Derzhavin. The poet got up from his seat, wanted to hug Pushkin, but he ran away. They searched for him, but did not find him.
In the evening, at home, Gavriil Romanovich wrote down in a special notebook: "Pushkin at the lyceum exam." And Alexander himself, at the request of Derzhavin, rewrote "Memoirs in Tsarskoe Selo" for him. The poet also filed this sheet into a notebook and never tired of saying to all the guests that "Pushkin outdid all writers even at the Lyceum."
Well, the famous Pushkin lines: “Old Derzhavin noticed us. And, descending into the coffin, he blessed” appeared much later, in “Eugene Onegin”, when Gabriel Romanovich was no longer in the world.
The grave of the four Derzhavins in the Varlaamo-Khutynsky monastery. Photo: commons.wikimedia.org
Derzhavin died in Zvanka in 1816 and was buried in the Varlaamo-Khutynsky Monastery near Novgorod. In 1842, his wife Daria Alekseevna also rested in the crypt. During the war, the monastery was destroyed, so in the 50s the remains of the spouses were reburied in the Novgorod Kremlin. In the 90s, the monastery began to be restored, and on the 250th anniversary of the death of the poet, in 1993, the ashes of Gavriil Romanovich and Darya Alekseevna rested in the family crypt.
Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin
WORKS
Drafting, biographical sketch and comments by I. I. Podolskaya
Illustrations and design by E. E. Mukhanova and L. I. Volchek
(C) Pravda Publishing House, 1985 Compilation. Biographical sketch.
Comments. Illustrations.
DERZHAVIN
At the beginning of October 1803, Alexander I called the sixty-year-old Minister of Justice Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin to his place and irritably told him: “You serve very zealously.” A few days later, a royal decree was issued on the resignation of Derzhavin. Life seemed to come to a halt. Derzhavin was out of work.
Although at the beginning of the new year 1804 Derzhavin wrote to his friends the Kapnists that he was “very pleased that he had resigned from the yoke of office,” which oppressed him, he felt resentment, anxiety and emptiness in his soul.
Calmness came to him only on Zvanka, where he spent every summer. This estate, bought by him in 1797, was one hundred and seventy miles from St. Petersburg, on the high bank of the Volkhov, surrounded by meadows and forests. Here Derzhavin taught literacy and prayers to children in the yard, watched field work, half-heartedly listened to the headman, reluctantly checked the accounts, tirelessly admired the amazing Zvan echo that wafted around the neighborhood, and every day he sat at the head of a cheerful and magnificent dining table, at which numerous relatives of his second wife, Darya Alekseevna, and guests who willingly visited the hospitable house.
Assuring himself and others that he was satisfied with his lot, Derzhavin, a few years after his retirement, wrote:
Blessed is he who is less dependent on people,
Free from debts and from the hassle of clerks,
Does not seek gold or honor at court
And alien to various vanities!
Is it possible to compare that with golden liberty,
With solitude and silence on Zvanka?
Contentment, health, harmony with his wife,
I need peace - days left.
“Eugene, Zvanskaya Life”
But he did not need rest: he was tormented by the need for work, a habit he had learned from a young age. And the case suddenly came up.
In 1805, chance brought Derzhavin to Yevgeny, at that time vicar of Novgorod. Before taking the monastic vows, his name was Evfimiy Alekseevich Bolkhovktinov. Evgeny was a man of broad and versatile interests. He graduated from the Theological Academy and listened to lectures at Moscow University. He had a special inclination towards history, bibliography and literature. “A simple enumeration of his compositions. published and handwritten,” wrote academician Ya.K. Grot, “shows how extensive and varied his knowledge was, how numerous were the subjects that occupied his active mind” [Grot Ya.K. Correspondence between Evgeny and Derzhavin. SPb., 1868, p. 65].
Evgeny's meeting with Derzhavin was one of those cases in which we tend to see the finger of fate, but in fact they help to realize what was to happen; maybe they just speed things up.
At that time, Eugene worked on compiling a dictionary of Russian writers, secular and spiritual. Gathering materials for a dictionary and having no information about Derzhavin, Yevgeny decided to write to D. I. Khvostov, a friend of the poet: “You know G. R. Derzhavin briefly. And I don't have the slightest trace of his life. The letter D is close. Write, do me a favor, to him and ask him in the name of all writers who revere him to tell you notes: 1) what year, month and date he was born and where, as well as something at least about his parents, 2) where he was brought up and what he studied , 3) although the shortest outline of his service, 4) from which year he began to write and publish his works and which of them was the very first. 5) Will he tell you some anecdotes about himself and related to literature? [Ibid., p. 61].
This letter was destined to play special role in the biography of Derzhavin - both during his lifetime and posthumously. The questions posed by Yevgeny fell, puff of grain, on the ground, ready to receive them. And, like grains, they sprouted: the famous "Notes" and no less famous, although more mysterious, "Explanations on the writings of Derzhavin."
Yevgeny's request, transmitted by D. I. Khvostov to Derzhavin, interested him, and he responded to it vividly. Having received a letter from Khvostov in mid-May, Derzhavin hastily replied to him: “I have just received Your Excellency's letter of the 15th of this month. Thank you very much for that. From it I see that Bishop Evgeny of Novgorod demands my biography. I eagerly wish to meet this venerable archpastor. I will write to him and ask him to come to me. After 30 versts, perhaps, he will deign to visit me in my hut. Then I will talk to him about this matter personally; for it is not very clever to put down on paper about oneself, and especially some anecdotes that have happened in my life<…>and I'll tell you this:
Who led him to Helikon
And controlled his steps?
Not schools of ornate sodoms:
Nature, need and enemies.
An explanation of these four lines will make up the history of my poetry, the reasons for it and the need for it ... ”[Derzhavin G. R. Works. In 9 currents, vol. 6, St. Petersburg, 1871, p. 169 - 170]
However, the "explanation" written at Yevgeny's request carried Derzhavin far beyond the limits of "these four lines." Together with the compilation of this explanation, the poet opened new time- it's time to sum up. Work on the "Notes" and "Explanations" became last thing Derzhavin; capturing him, she occupied his mind and soul. Resurrecting in memory the distant and near past, he seemed to live anew; at the same time, thought either consciously or unconsciously processed memories, and therefore, under Derzhavin’s pen, a “white version” of his life sometimes arose - the version that seemed to him, wiser by experience, more worthy and brighter. However, there was no fiction in this; there was a somewhat different attitude to the experience, a somewhat different assessment of it.
“Former Secretary of State under Empress Catherine the Second, Senator and President of the College of Commerce, then under Emperor Paul a member of the Supreme Council and State Treasurer, and under Emperor Alexander Minister of Justice, Acting Privy Councilor and various orders of the cavalier, Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin was born in Kazan from noble parents, on July 3, 1743” [Derzhavin was not born in Kazan, but in one of the villages of the Kazan province - Karmachi or Sokura], - this is how Derzhavin began his autobiography. His enchanting fate seemed amazing and admirable to himself. Moreover, he wanted to preserve all the vicissitudes of his life for the memory of his descendants and partly for their edification.
The “noble parents” of the poet were poor nobles. They did not have enough money to hire teachers for their sons Gabriel and Andrei. Derzhavin learned to read and write from "churchmen," that is, deacons or sextons. From the subsequent teaching he took out a fair knowledge of the German language and the ability to draw. Both later determined much in the nature of his work: German was at that time the key to European education, and Derzhavin, like many other poets, began with translations and imitations; ability to draw affected the extraordinary plasticity of his poetic images.
At the age of nineteen, before he could finish the Kazan gymnasium, Derzhavin became a soldier of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. Into the dark winter evenings in the barracks he composed letters for his fellow soldiers, "ate bread and water and scribbled poetry by the faint light of a half-collar tallow candle."
Hot, simple-minded and honest, he was slowly promoted and was long time bypassed by ranks and awards.
The start of Derzhavin's military service coincided with the palace coup of 1762, in which his Preobrazhensky Regiment played a significant role. However, Derzhavin himself did not immediately understand what had happened.
Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin was born 275 years ago, on July 14. Russian poet, playwright and statesman.
Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin was born in the summer of 1743 in a village. His parents were poor nobles. The poet's father was a major, but died when Gabriel was a child. The boy studied at the gymnasium from 1757. He was a diligent and diligent child. Gabriel did not complete his studies, as he was called to Petersburg. There, the young man became a guardsman, and then an officer. He was a participant in the palace coup, thanks to which the power changed.
The poet married in 1778, but in 1794 his wife died. Six months later, the poet married a second time. Gabriel had no children by his wives. But he looked after his friend's children after his death. One of these children, M. Lazarev, when he grew up, became a navigator and admiral. Also in the house of Gabriel, his wife's nieces found shelter: three girls.
He gained popularity after he published an ode, dedicated to Catherine II. In this work, Gabriel praised the empress, her reign, ideas. The poet became a member of the academy in 1783. He was one of the compilers explanatory dictionary Russian language.
The poet traveled around his homeland, on the orders of Catherine, performing various duties.
The poet was the governor of the region created by the Empress. He sought to ensure that the officials were conscientious. After all, it was the only way to achieve order in the Empire.
Then he was moved to another region (Tambovskaya), retaining his post. Most of the population there was uneducated. The affairs of the province were launched, even its borders were not precisely defined. Gabriel created various classes for teenagers. The children had the opportunity to study mathematics, grammar, music. The poet also opened a school and a theater. In general, the statesman began a thorough development of the Tambov region. Gabriel was awarded the order, as the improvements that had taken place in the region were evident.
The nobles and landowners of the province were dissatisfied with the activities of Gabriel, they were engaged in corruption, fraud, and the statesman greatly interfered with them. They denounced the poet, complained, wrote reports.
He eventually retired in 1803. But his work has paid off in the region. Then the poet held the positions of secretary, minister, senator. He continued to compose odes. The poet did not get along with Paul I, as the style of his reports was very unusual. The poet often expressed himself, swore and was rude. Alexander I completely removed him from public office.
Gabriel moved to his estate and fruitfully engaged in literature. Gabriel's contribution to poetry was great. Thanks to the writer, the number of topics that literature touched upon increased. Gabriel composed his poems in absolutely different topics. He described natural phenomena, praised the rulers, wrote about ordinary people, animals, birds. The poet was a fan of classicism. During his retirement, Gabriel was in literary circle and took in it Active participation. Many poets took the example of Derzhavin, his work influenced the further development of literature.
The talented poet and statesman died in 1816. He was buried in a cathedral near Veliky Novgorod. Gabriel's wife was also buried there. But in 1959, Gabriel and his wife were reburied, as their graves were badly damaged during World War II. In 1993, the poet's grave was again transferred to the monastery.
In honor of Gabriel, a university, a square, a street were named. Many monuments to the poet stand in different cities.
Biography
On July 3, 1743, in the village of Karmachi, in the Kazan province, the famous Russian playwright, writer and statesman - Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin. Also in early age he had to deal with the death of his father. The mother raised her two sons on her own and tried to educate them, but living not in major city It was extremely difficult to find worthy teachers.
With the opening of a gymnasium in Kazan in 1758, he went there to study at the first opportunity. During this period, he managed to prove himself by drawing a map of the Kazan province (1760), for which he was awarded a place in the engineering corps at the end of the gymnasium. But this was not destined to happen, since in 1762 a request came to call him to serve in the Preobrazhensky Regiment. His restless character and low rank made the soldier wait for his officer rank long 10 years. In the next three years (1773-1775) he took part in the suppression of the Pugachev uprising. During these years, he was simultaneously engaged in translations of Prussian king Friedrich II. It was during this period that he began to form his own style of writing, different from the manner that he learned from his idols: Lomonosov and Sumarokov.
For all the time that he was in the service, his literary fame did not spread further than his inner circle, so that fame could be forgotten. But being a competent soldier, he was first transferred to the noble guard, and soon received a promotion to corporal and was resigned. Having received 300 souls in Belarus in 1777, he became a collegiate adviser, and six months later - an executor in the Senate. Gradually developing his writing talent, he was better known in noble circles as a man who loved the truth and did not put up with bureaucratic abuses, because of which he made himself a myriad of enemies.
Two years later, he began to serve under the Empress as cabinet secretary (1791-1793). But the lover speaks only the truth to his face, he was deprived of this position and went to the Senate in 1793. And since 1794 he became the president of the College of Commerce. Appearing as a wise man, he in 1802-1803. served as Minister of Justice, and then resigned at the age of 60.
Finished with public service, he is completely immersed literary activity. After writing the odes, he decided to take up drama, and subsequently he wrote a number of works: Dobrynya, Pozharsky, or the Liberation of Moscow, Miners. After his retirement, his life was full of trips to different provinces, where he was a guest in many gymnasiums and lyceums. Once he listened to the works of the young Pushkin, who entered the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum.
Is it necessary to feel sorry for people who find themselves in a difficult life situation? How can we help them? What is more important: just pitiful reasoning or real deeds? These and other questions arise in my mind after reading VF Khodasevich's text.
The author raises the problem of attitude to ordinary people in your text. It tells the story of the famous Russian poet Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin, who retired against his will. He had nothing to do. He did not know how to conduct economic affairs, and his wife managed the estate. Derzhavin rested, blaming ingratitude " three kings and the Fatherland itself”, and even “rulers and nobles of all times and peoples”.
The more he blamed the mighty of the world of this, the more he loved the weak, considering them "victims of historical giants, cannon fodder in history." He not only loved, but took an active part in their fate, sought to help. He opened a hospital for peasants on the estate, bought cows and horses for poor peasants, gave them bread, and built new huts. And in this he saw the meaning of his life.
I believe that the position of the author is as follows: you need to help those who need it. If you have the opportunity, please help. Helping, Derzhavin stopped feeling sorry for himself, living offended. He got new meaning life: active participation in the fate of ordinary people. Despite the obstacles that his wife made, he managed to help them.
Than just feel sorry for yourself, complaining about life circumstances better get down to business. And what could be better than helping others, those who need it. This is what teaches us fiction. Need help. This is the noblest occupation, which brings benefit to another, and satisfaction to you.
In the story of A.I. Kuprin “ Miraculous doctor» Dr. Pirogov in the park accidentally met a desperate man who, at that very moment, decided to take his own life, it seemed so unbearable to him. Despite Mertsalov's harsh tone, his unwillingness to talk to a pleased stranger, the doctor did not leave. He questioned the man about everything, learning that both he and his family were in a desperate situation and they needed help. The doctor does not postpone for later, does not promise, but on the same evening helps the stalemate family. All that was needed was a few banknotes, medicine for a sick child, food and ... good word that everything will be fine. Everything got better, the head of the family found a job, the girl recovered, and well-being returned to the family. It is hard to imagine what would have happened to them if it were not for a passer-by who not only took pity, but helped.
I also remember "The Tale of Captain Kopeikin" in "Dead Souls" by N.V. Gogol. Captain Kopeikin, participating in the campaign of 1812, lost an arm and a leg. He had nothing to live on, and he went to St. Petersburg to ask for the favor of the sovereign, for benefits. The sovereign was not there, and Kopeikin was forced to wait for him for several days. Such petitioners were like "beans on a plate." The nobleman was at first supportive. But when Kopeikin ran out of money and could no longer wait, which he bluntly informed the nobleman about, he, without showing any compassion for the poor man, ordered him to be taken out of St. high road. Two months later, it became known that robbers appeared in the Ryazan forests, led by a mutilated serviceman. And what did the nobleman need to treat Kopeikin with understanding?
From all of the above, I would like to draw a conclusion: we need to help those who find themselves in a difficult life situation. We must remember that help may be needed for us and our loved ones. Imagine a world where no one helps anyone. And everyone lives only for themselves. A terrible sight. Feel free to do good. This, I am sure, is the meaning of our life.
Effective preparation for the exam (all subjects) - start preparing
Updated: 2018-01-03
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