Total
% water surface
322,460 km²
1,4
Total ()
Density
16 962 491 people
53 people/km²
Republic of Ivory Coast(before the name was officially translated into Russian as Ivory Coast listen)) is a state in West Africa. It borders on Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana, from the south it is washed by the waters of the Gulf of Guinea. Former colony of France.
The country has more than 60 ethnic groups. The capital is Yamoussoukro (150 thousand inhabitants), the main city of the country is Abidjan (the economic capital with a population of about 3 million people). The official language is French, the main local languages are Gyula, Baule, Bete. National holiday- Independence Day (August 7).
natural conditions
Mostly flat country, covered with tropical rain forests in the south and tall grass savannah in the north.
The climate is equatorial in the south and subequatorial in the north. The average annual temperature is from + 26° to + 28°. Annual precipitation amounts are from 1100 mm in the north to 5000 mm in the south.
Natural resources - oil, gas, diamonds, manganese, iron ore, cobalt, bauxite, copper, gold, nickel, tantalum.
Inland rivers
The main rivers are the Sasandra, Bandama and Komoe, however none of them are navigable for more than 65 km from the mouth due to numerous rapids and a sharp drop in the water level during the dry period.
Vegetation
The coastal zone is covered with dense tropical forests. In the north and in the center of the country lies a vast savannah.
Animal world
In Côte d'Ivoire, there are a jackal, a hyena, a panther, an elephant, a chimpanzee, a crocodile, several species of lizards and poisonous snakes.
Story
Pre-colonial period
The territory of modern Côte d'Ivoire was inhabited by pygmies who lived in the conditions of the Stone Age, hunting and gathering in the 1st millennium BC. Then other African peoples began to move there, the first of them were the Senufo, who came in the 11th century from the northwest.
AT XV-XVI centuries the Mande tribes (Malinke, Diula, etc.) came from the north, pushing back the Senufo. AT early XVIII In the 1900s, the Mande created the state of Kong, which became an important trading center and center for the spread of Islam in West Africa.
colonial period
For the first time, Europeans began to land on the shores of modern Côte d'Ivoire in the 15th century. The Portuguese, Dutch, Danes visited here then. The Portuguese visited here in the 1460s. Europeans bought ivory, gold, slaves from the natives.
The first settlers from Europe were French missionaries who landed there in 1637. This first settlement was soon destroyed by the natives. Half a century later, in 1687, a new French mission was created, this time with armed guards. At the beginning of the 18th century, the French tried to establish two more settlements on the coast, but they lasted only a few years.
The French again took up the development of the Ivory Coast from 1842. They restored the fort of Grand Bassam (on the coast, not far from present-day Abidjan), and by 1846 they had established their protectorate over almost all coastal tribes.
Inland, the French began to move in 1887. Within two years, the French made treaties with most of the tribes from the coast to the modern northern border of the country. In 1892, borders were established with Liberia, in 1893 - with the British colony of the Gold Coast (modern Ghana).
In 1893, the Ivory Coast was separated into a separate French colony (from the colony of Senegal), and in 1895 BSC was included in French West Africa.
During the colonial period, the French began to develop the production of export crops (coffee, cocoa, bananas, etc.), as well as to mine diamonds, gold, manganese ore, and developed forest wealth. The French were engaged in the development of infrastructure, in particular the construction of railways and highways, seaports.
In October 1946, the Ivory Coast was granted the status of an overseas territory of France, and a general council of the territory was created.
Post-independence period
Political system
On average, a country's economy over recent years shows a steady economic growth of 2.5 - 3% per year (after inflation), and the per capita income in Côte d'Ivoire in 2007 was 840 dollars, which is quite high by the standards of Sub-Africa.
About 70% of the active population of the country is employed in agriculture; the production of this sector of the economy provides more than 60% of export revenues to the budget. Côte d'Ivoire is Africa's largest exporter of palm oil and natural rubber. In addition to coffee and cocoa, the main export crops include bananas, cotton, sugar cane, and tobacco. The cultivation of coconut palms and peanuts is also developed.
In the forests, valuable species of wood (including black (ebony) wood) are harvested, and hevea sap is collected (for the production of rubber). For agricultural needs, sheep and goats are bred; fisheries are being fished.
Oil and gas are produced mainly on the continental shelf. Deposits of nickel, manganese and iron ores, as well as bauxite, diamonds and gold are also being developed.
Main trading partners: countries of the European Union (primarily France). The second place after the EU in the foreign economic relations of Côte d'Ivoire is occupied by the ECOWAS countries, as well as South Africa, Morocco and Tunisia. The United States, China, India, Canada and Japan are active in developing trade and economic ties with Côte d'Ivoire.
Notes
Links
- Official website of the President of Côte d'Ivoire (fr.)
- Materials on the recent history of the country, incl. about the civil war of 2002-2007
- Films about the conflict in Côte d'Ivoire from the documentary series "In the Line of Fire"
The Republic of Côte d'Ivoire (until 1986 the name was officially translated into Russian as the Republic of the Ivory Coast) is a state in West Africa. It borders on Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana, from the south it is washed by the waters of the Gulf of Guinea. Former colony of France.
Most of the territory is occupied rolling plains, passing in the north into a plateau with a height of more than 400 m above sea level. In the northwest there are large mountain ranges Dan and Tura with deep gorges. The highest point is Mount Nimba (1752 m).
State
State structure
Côte d'Ivoire is a presidential republic. The President of the country is directly elected for a term of 5 years with the possibility of re-election only once. He has all the fullness executive power appoints and dismisses the prime minister. The president has legislative initiative along with a unicameral parliament.
Language
Official language: French
African languages are also widely used - Yakuba, Senufo, Baule, Anyi and Diola.
Religion
Muslims in the country are about 40%, Christians - 33%, aboriginal cults are common among 11% of the population, atheists - 16%.
Currency
International name: KFA
Currency exchange can be done at banks and exchange offices, the exchange rate can vary significantly, so you should carefully clarify the conditions. Some exchange points work not only seven days a week, but also around the clock.
The use of credit cards is possible only in the capitals and major tourist centers on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, preference is given to Visa and MasterCard. best course exchange have checks and credit cards French banks.
Popular Attractions
Ivory Coast Tourism
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Details Category: West African countries Posted on 18.03.2015 12:15 Views: 2073Until 1986, in Russian, the name of the state sounded exactly like this: Republic of the Ivory Coast.
The elephant is the country's most valuable animal, the source Ivory. In honor of this, the country was named. Ivory Coast - former colony France.
Côte d'Ivoire is a country of great ethnic diversity, with more than 60 ethnic groups.
It borders on Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana, and from the south it is washed by the waters of the Gulf of Guinea of the Atlantic Ocean.
State symbols
Flag- is a rectangular panel with an aspect ratio of 2:3 with vertical stripes of orange, white and green.
The orange stripe symbolizes the savannah and the fertility of the land in the north of the country, the white one symbolizes peace and unity, the green one symbolizes hope and the forests of the south of the country.
The flag of Niger has similar colors and the same interpretation, on which the orange, white and green stripes are located horizontally. Flag adopted 4 December 1959
Coat of arms- in the center of the emblem - the head of an elephant. This is the most common animal in Côte d'Ivoire, the source of ivory, after which the country and people are named. Rising Sun- a traditional symbol of a new beginning. The name of the state is written in French on the ribbon at the bottom. Coat of arms adopted in 2001
State structure
Form of government- presidential republic.
head of state The president is directly elected for a term of 5 years with the possibility of re-election once. He appoints and dismisses the prime minister.
Incumbent since 2011 Alassane Ouattara
Head of the government- Prime Minister.
Capital- Yamoussoukro.
The largest city- Abidjan.
Official language- French. There are about 60 African languages, of which the most widely spoken gyula(language of inter-tribal communication).
Territory- 322,460 km².
Administrative division– 19 regions, which are divided into 81 departments and 2 districts.
Population– 22 400 835 people Average duration life: 55 years for men, 57 years for women. The urban population is about 50%.
Religion- Muslims 39%, Christians 33% (represented by Catholics, Pentecostals from the Assemblies of God, Methodists, Adventists), Aboriginal cults 11%, atheists 17%.
Currency- CFA franc.
Economy– well-developed agriculture; an important producer of cocoa (first place in the world) and coffee (third place in the world).
Relatively good infrastructure. Growing oil and gas industry, significant foreign investment. The country is Africa's largest exporter of palm oil and natural rubber. The main export crops, in addition to cocoa and coffee, include bananas, cotton, sugar cane, and tobacco. The cultivation of coconut palms and peanuts is also developed.
Wood harvesting
In the forests, valuable species of wood (including black (ebony) wood) are harvested, and hevea sap is collected (for the production of rubber). For agricultural needs, sheep and goats are bred; fisheries are being fished.
Oil and gas are produced mainly on the continental shelf. Deposits of nickel, manganese and iron ore, bauxite, diamonds and gold are also being developed. Export: cocoa, coffee, timber, oil, cotton, bananas, pineapples, palm oil, fish. Import Keywords: oil products, industrial goods, food.
Education– literacy: 60% men, 38% women. Compulsory primary 6-year education from the age of 6. Secondary 7-year education from the age of 12, takes place in two cycles. A network of educational institutions providing vocational education has been established. into the system high school includes 3 universities and 8 colleges.
Sport The most popular sport is football.
National football team at the 2010 World Cup
Military establishment – national army formed in 1961. The armed forces consist of ground forces, air force, navy, a paramilitary presidential guard and a 10,000-strong contingent of reservists. Gendarmerie and police units. people In December 2001, compulsory military service was introduced.
Nature
A tropical forest
This is a predominantly flat country, the coastal zone is covered with dense tropical forests. In the north and in the center of the country there is a vast savannah. The climate is equatorial in the south and subequatorial in the north.
Main rivers: Sasandra, Bandama and Komoe. None of them is navigable for more than 65 km from the mouth due to numerous rapids and a sharp drop in water levels during the dry period.
There are many national parks, in this respect the country occupies one of the first places in West Africa.
african leopard
Fauna: jackals, hyenas, leopards, elephants, chimpanzees, crocodiles, antelopes, hippos, buffaloes, cheetahs, wild boars, lions, monkeys, panthers, etc. Several species of lizards and poisonous snakes. Plenty of fish.
culture
Traditional folk dwelling
Wooden sculpture is popular, including ritual masks. In addition to traditional figurines depicting ancestors, animals and patron spirits, Baule craftsmen make small figurines-toys for children.
House painting
Artistic folk crafts are developed: weaving baskets and mats from ropes, straw and reeds, pottery, painting the outer sides of houses, making jewelry from bronze, gold and copper, weaving.
The production of batik is developed - original paintings on fabrics depicting animals or floral ornaments.
Professional art began to develop after independence. Famous artist Kajo Jaimes Hura.
Artist Ben Heine was born in 1983 in Abidjan (Republic of Côte d'Ivoire), and now lives and works in Brussels. He is not only a talented illustrator, but also a polyglot: he is fluent in English, French and Dutch, and also speaks a little Polish , Spanish and Russian.Exhibitions of his work are held in many countries around the world.
He recently presented a series of huge 3D pencil drawings. The highlight of them is that the master himself penetrates "inside" virtual reality, according to at least when looking at the pictures, that is the impression that is created.
Modern literature based on oral tradition folk art and develops mainly in French. The largest of the writers is considered a poet, prose writer and playwright. Bernard Dadier.
Musical and dance art is important part cultures of the peoples of Côte d'Ivoire. From musical instruments, balafons, tom-tom drums, guitars, bark (xylophone), rattles, horns, harps and lutes, rattles, pipes and flutes are common.
In 1938, the Indigenous Theater was created in the city of Abidjan.
The first film "On the Dunes of Solitude" was directed by T. Basori in 1963.
Tourism
The conditions for the development of the tourism industry are good: a favorable climate, a variety of rich flora and fauna, sandy beaches on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea and the original culture of local peoples. Attractions in Abidjan: National Museum(traditional arts and crafts, including a rich collection of masks), Chardi art gallery.
UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Ivory Coast
Mon Nimba
A conservation area in the Nimba Mountains in the territories of Guinea and Côte d'Ivoire.
There are three main types of vegetation in the reserve: mountain meadows, forests and savanna. Meadows grow on the top of the mountain. Below the slope there are myrtle. The forests are mainly located in the valleys and at the foot of the mountains. Endemics also live on the territory of the reserve. The viviparous toad is found here, as well as the western subspecies of the chimpanzee.
Tai National Park
Located in the west of the country, on the border with Liberia. Created to protect one of the last tracts of humid equatorial forest in West Africa.
Located at an altitude of 80 to 396 m, highest point- Mount Nyonokue. The park is located on a plateau crossed by several deep valleys. The entire drainage from the park goes to the basin of the Cavalli River. There are swamps in the southwest of the park.
The park is the last large remnant of the Upper Guinean selva, which once occupied the territories of modern Ghana, Togo, Côte d'Ivoire, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea and Guinea-Bissau. About 90% of the tropical forests of Côte d'Ivoire were destroyed in the last 50 years. 1,300 species of higher plants grow in the park, of which about 50 are endemic.
Of the mammals, there are 11 species of monkeys, including chimpanzees and several species of monkeys, pygmy hippopotamus, bongos, African buffalo, and several species of duikers.
The number of elephants is about 750 individuals.
Komoe National Park
Established in 1977, the park was originally listed as a World Heritage Site due to the diversity of vegetation along the banks of the Komoe River, including intact areas of tropical rainforest.
The floodplains along the Comoe River create seasonal grasslands that are pastures for the hippopotamus population. Three existing species of African crocodiles (Nile, African narrow-nosed and blunt-nosed) live in different areas of the park, and migratory birds use its seasonal wetlands. The park is inhabited rare species animals: golden-helmeted kalao, hyena-shaped dog, blunt-nosed crocodile.
Gold-helmed kalao
hyena dog
Historic city of Grand Bassam
French colonial capital from 1893 to 1896, when administration was transferred to Bingerville after a yellow fever outbreak. Grand Bassam remained the main port of the colony until the 1930s, when this function was taken over by Abidjan.
Other sights of the country
Abidjan
The largest city of Côte d'Ivoire and the second most populous French-speaking city in the world after Paris. Its population is 3,802,000 people. Located on 4 peninsulas on the banks of the Ebrier lagoon. Founded in 1896.
Yamoussoukro
Presidential palace
The administrative capital of Côte d'Ivoire. Yamoussoukro is home to the world's largest church, the Basilica of Notre Dame de la Paix, whose architecture reinterprets the motifs of St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome.
The 158 m high building accommodates 7,000 for seated parishioners and another 11,000 for those standing. For the construction of the basilica, marble was imported from Italy and colored glass from France.
Story
On the territory of modern Côte d "Ivoire in the 1st century BC lived pygmies(a group of undersized Negroid peoples). It was the time of the Stone Age, the pygmies were engaged in hunting and gathering. Gradually, other African peoples began to move here, the first of them were the Senufo.
In the XV-XVI centuries. the Mande tribes came from the north, pushing back the Senufo. At the beginning of the XVIII century. The Mande created the state of Kong, which became an important trading and Islamic center in West Africa.
colonial period
The first Europeans began to land on the shores of modern Ivory Coast in the 15th century. First of all, they were the Portuguese, as well as the Dutch, Danes. Europeans bought ivory, gold, and slaves from the natives.
But the first settlers were French missionaries who landed there in 1637. Their first settlement was destroyed by the natives. In 1687 a new French mission was created.
Since 1842, a new wave of French interest in the Ivory Coast began. They restored the fort of Grand Bassam and their protectorate over almost all coastal tribes.
From 1887, within two years, the French concluded treaties with most of the tribes from the coast to the modern northern border of the country. In 1892, borders were established with Liberia, in 1893 with the British colony of the Gold Coast (modern Ghana).
In 1895 the Ivory Coast was incorporated into French West Africa. The French began to develop the production of export crops (coffee, cocoa, bananas, etc.), extract diamonds, gold, manganese ore, and develop forest resources. They also developed infrastructure: they built railways and highways, seaports.
In 1946, the Ivory Coast was granted the status of an overseas territory of France. In March 1958, the autonomous Republic of the Ivory Coast was proclaimed.
Independence
The country's independence was proclaimed on August 7, 1960. Leader of the Democratic Party Houphouet-Boigny became its president.
The principle of the inviolability of private property was proclaimed, but the country continued to be an agricultural and raw material appendage of France, although with a good economy: in 1979, the Ivory Coast became the world leader in the production of cocoa beans.
But in the 1980s prices for coffee and cocoa on world markets fell, moreover, in 1982-1983. there was a severe drought in the country. The economic downturn has begun. In 1993, Houphouet-Boigny died, and the country was headed Henri Conan Bedier.
In the late 1990s increased political instability. On December 25, 1999, a military coup took place in the country, organized by Robert Gay, a former army officer. He held presidential elections in 2000, but did not win them, the leader of the opposition was declared the winner of the elections Laurent Gbagbo.
On September 19, 2002, in Abidjan, a military mutiny was committed against him, organized by Robert Gey. During the rebellion, Gaea was killed. The rebellion was suppressed, but served as the beginning of a civil war between political factions representing the north and south of the country.
Since the end of 2002, Liberia has intervened in the conflict. France took the side of Gbagbo and helped the president with its armed forces.
In 2003, an agreement was reached between the official authorities and the rebels to end the clashes, but the situation continued to be unstable.
A lasting peace agreement was signed only in the spring of 2007.
At the end of 2010, presidential elections were held in Côte d'Ivoire, which resulted in a sharp political crisis and then in civil war. During a joint operation by the UN and French troops, Laurent Gbagbo was removed from power, and the new president became Alassane Ouattara.
Côte d'Ivoire, Republic of Côte d'Ivoire (République de Cote d'Ivoire).
Since the 2nd half of the 20th century, the population of the country has increased more than five times (3.9 million people in 1960; 20.8 million people in 2008); the average annual rate of natural population growth is declining (2.2% in 2008; 4.4% in 1973-82). The birth rate (32.7 per 1,000 inhabitants; 2008) significantly exceeds the death rate (11.2 per 1,000 inhabitants). Fertility rate 4.2 children per woman; infant mortality 69.8 per 1000 live births. The age structure is dominated by the population of working age (15-64 years old) - 56.3%, the proportion of children under 14 years of age is 40.9%, of persons 65 years of age and older - 2.8%. The average age of the population is 19 years (2008). Average life expectancy is 54.6 years (men - 53.9, women - 55.4 years). The ratio of men and women is approximately equal. The balance of external migrations is positive, most of labor migrants come from neighboring countries(mainly from Burkina Faso, Mali, Guinea). The average population density is 64.5 people / km 2 (2008; one of the highest in Sub-Saharan Africa). The south of the country is most densely populated (up to 384 people / km 2 in the Abidjan region, 106.2 people / km 2 in the Fromage region). In the northern, economically less developed regions average density the population is much lower (14.6 persons/km2 in the Dengele region). The share of the urban population is rapidly increasing due to the constant influx of rural residents and immigrants (24% in 1965; 42% in 1985; over 50% in 2008). Large cities (thousand people, 2008): Abidjan (3900), Bouake (624.5), Daloa (234.7), Yamoussoukro (227), Korhogo (200.2), San Pedro (160.2). The economy employs 6.9 million people, of which about 68% is in agriculture (2007). Unemployment rate 40% (estimate). 42% of the country's population lives below the poverty line (2006).
3. I. Tokareva.
Religion
About 40% of the population (2006, estimate) of Côte d'Ivoire are Sunni Muslims, about 28% are Christians (including about 19% are Catholics, about 6% are Protestants), about 30% are adherents of traditional cults. There are also adherents of Afro-Christian syncretic cults (Harrism, etc.), Buddhists, Hindus, Bahais, etc.
There are 4 metropolises and 11 dioceses of the Roman Catholic Church. The largest Protestant organization is the United Methodist Church of Côte d'Ivoire (founded in 1924, independent status since 1985). Orthodox parishes are under the jurisdiction of the Alexandrian Orthodox Church.
Historical outline
Ivory Coast before independence. archaeological finds(the so-called Neolithic workshops along the banks of the rivers) testify to the settlement of the territory of Côte d'Ivoire in the Stone Age. In the 3rd-2nd millennium BC, the development of agriculture began in the savanna zone, and then in the forest zone; in the 1st millennium AD, iron-making, pottery, weaving, and gold mining became widespread. At the beginning of the 2nd millennium, the Senufo peoples who came from the northwest settled here; the city of Kong founded by them became one of the largest centers of caravan trade in West Africa. In the 15th-16th centuries, the Senufo were pushed to the northwest by the Mande-speaking peoples (Malinke, Gyula, etc.), who created a state formation with a center in Kong at the beginning of the 18th century. In the 15th century, in the interfluve of the Kamoe and Black Volta rivers, the state of the Abron people - Bono was formed; to the west of the Bandama River - the early state formation of anya and baule.
The northern part of the territory of Côte d'Ivoire was included in the sphere of influence of the states of Western Sudan - Ghana, Mali and Sotai.
At the end of the 15th century, Europeans began to penetrate the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, mainly the Portuguese, who exported ivory from here (the name of the country - Côte d'Ivoire in French means Ivory Coast, BSK), gold and slaves. The beginning of the colonization of Côte d'Ivoire was laid in 1637 by French missionaries. In the 1840s, the French gained a foothold on the coast of Côte d'Ivoire, in the 1880s they began to move inland. In 1887-89, France imposed a series of so-called allied treaties on the rulers of African states and tribal leaders. In 1892, under the Franco-Liberian convention, the boundaries of French possessions and Liberia were determined (subsequently, the decisions of the convention were repeatedly revised in favor of France), in 1893, under the Franco-British convention, the boundaries with the British colony of the Gold Coast.
In 1893 BSK was declared a colony of France (before that, the territories seized by the French were administratively part of the colony of Senegal), and in 1895 it was included in French West Africa. Main industry colonial economy BSC has become a mining industry (extraction of gold, diamonds, manganese ore), as well as the development of forest resources; the plantation economy was developed, export crops were cultivated - cocoa, coffee, bananas.
In the late 1930s, trade unions and public organizations of Africans arose in the BSC, demanding political rights for them. In October 1946, the BSC received the status of an overseas territory of France (within the French Community); part of the population of the BSC began to participate in the election of representatives to the French parliament, as well as to the general council of the territory, endowed with advisory functions (in 1952 it was transformed into a territorial representative assembly, in 1958 into a constituent assembly). The first party of the African population, the Democratic Party (DP; the territorial section of the African Democratic Union), was created in 1946, headed by D. F. Houphouet-Boigny. According to the law of 1956, in the development of which Houphouet-Boigny took part, universal suffrage was introduced, the division of voters into two curia (African and European) was abolished, and the rights of the territorial legislative assembly were expanded. According to the results of the referendum held on September 28, 1958, the BSC received the status of a member state of the French Community. A government was formed, Houphouet-Boigny became its chairman.
Ivory Coast since 1960. The Republic of Côte d'Ivoire was proclaimed on 7/8/1960. She withdrew from the French Community, but retained close ties with the former metropolis (in 1961, the government of Côte d'Ivoire concluded a number of agreements with France on economic and military cooperation). In November 1960, the country's constitution was adopted. Formally, it did not prohibit the activities of opposition political parties, but in fact the only party in Côte d'Ivoire was recognized as the Democratic Party, under whose control all trade union and public organizations were placed. In November 1960, the Democratic Party won the elections in National Assembly, then D. F. Houphouet-Boigny was elected president of the republic. The subsequent presidential and parliamentary elections were also held on a non-alternative basis. The government pursued a liberal economic policy; a course was taken to attract foreign capital, the development of private entrepreneurship. In the 1960s-80s, the economic growth rates were very high (due to the use of funds received from the export of coffee and cocoa beans), which largely contributed to maintaining internal political stability in the republic.
In the 1980s, as a result of falling world prices for coffee and cocoa beans, the country's economy entered into a protracted crisis. Inflation, mass unemployment and a sharp drop in the standard of living of the population have caused an increase in anti-government sentiment. In May 1990, D. F. Houphouet-Boigny legalized the activities of opposition political parties and organizations. In the presidential elections of 10/28/1990, he defeated opposition candidate L.K. Gbagbo.
On the eve of the 1995 presidential elections, the National Assembly of Côte d'Ivoire adopted an amendment to the constitution, according to which only those who had Ivorian parents (one or both) could run for the presidency. This amendment deprived the leader of the opposition party United Republicans (founded in 1994 as a result of a split in the Democratic Party), A.D. Ouattara, a Burkinian by origin, the opportunity to participate in the elections. On 10/22/1995, the representative of the Democratic Party, E. A. K. Bedier, was elected president (other candidates boycotted the elections).
The period of Bedier's presidency was marked by further destabilization of the domestic political situation, caused, among other things, by the government's discriminatory policy towards immigrants (about a quarter of the population of Côte d'Ivoire are from other countries, mainly from Burkina Faso, Benin, Ghana, Guinea). In 1999, on the eve of new presidential elections, mass demonstrations took place in the capital and other cities of the country in support of AD Ouattara. Taking advantage of the situation, the military, led by retired General R. Guei, carried out a coup d'état. It was announced the suspension of the constitution, the removal of the president, the dissolution of the government and parliament. Power passed to the National Committee of Public Safety. In January 2000, a transitional government was formed, in which Huey took over as president of the republic and minister of defense.
On July 23, 2000, the new Constitution of Côte d'Ivoire was approved by referendum (entered into force on August 1, 2000); the article on the requirements for a presidential candidate remained unchanged. The presidential elections on 10/22/2000 ended with the victory of the leader of the Ivoire Popular Front (INF; established in 1983 in France) L. K. Gbagbo. According to the results of the parliamentary elections (10.12.2000 - 14.1.2001), the FNF and the DP received an approximately equal number of seats. The elections did not lead to the normalization of the situation in the country. On September 19, 2002, the military seized power in the cities of Abidjan, Bouake and Korhogo. The rebellion was suppressed, but the rebel groups took control of all the northern, as well as part of the central and western regions. Ethnic clashes began (between Ivorians and immigrants, as well as between representatives of different peoples).
In March 2003, a coalition government of national reconciliation was formed, which included members of the INF, DP, rebel organizations and the United Republicans. However, a year later, the ministers representing the opposition announced a boycott of the work of the government in connection with the dispersal of demonstrations by the security forces of Côte d'Ivoire (more than 100 people died). In early April 2004, UN military units were sent to assist the government in resolving the conflict in the country.
In the summer of 2004, the city of Accra (Ghana) hosted a summit of 13 African heads of state, at which an agreement was reached between the government of Côte d'Ivoire and the rebels to resolve the internal conflict. However, the situation remained unstable as the warring parties refused to disarm. Under these conditions, L.K. Gbagbo decided to transfer to more late deadline presidential elections, which were originally scheduled to be held in 2005 (they were later postponed several times). In early March 2007, in the capital of Burkina Faso, the city of Ouagadougou, negotiations ended between Gbagbo and the leader of the Ivorian opposition forces, GK Soro. The parties signed an agreement providing for the creation of a new transitional government of the country headed by Soro (formed on April 7, 2007). The government of Côte d'Ivoire is faced with the task of disarming the rebel groups, restoring the destroyed infrastructure, resolving interethnic conflicts, as well as ensuring the holding of presidential and parliamentary elections.
Diplomatic relations between the USSR and Côte d'Ivoire were established in 1967 (interrupted by the government of Côte d'Ivoire in 1969, restored in 1986). The trade turnover between the two countries is 153.2 million US dollars (2004). the Russian Federation has consistently advocated a political settlement of the conflict in Côte d'Ivoire.
Lit .: Blokhin L.F. Ivory Coast. M., 1967; Tokareva Z. M. Republic of Côte d'Ivoire. Directory. M., 1990; Encyclopedia of African peoples. N.Y., 2000; Coulibaly A. A. Le système politigue ivoirien: de la colonie a la Pe République. R., 2002; countries and regions of the world. 3rd ed. M., 2009.
economy
The basis of the economy of Côte d'Ivoire is agriculture. Since the early 2000s, the economic situation has become more complicated due to domestic political instability. Since 2004, lending to Côte d'Ivoire by the World Bank has been discontinued. The prospects for the development of the country are connected with the diversification of the economy, increasing the role of the private sector, attracting foreign investment, and overcoming poverty.
The volume of GDP is 33.1 billion dollars (purchasing power parity; 2007); 1.7 thousand dollars per capita. Index human development 0.432 (2005; 166th out of 177 countries). Real GDP growth 1.6% (2007; 11% in the 1960s, 6% in the 1970s and early 1980s, 5% in the late 1990s). In the structure of GDP, the service sector accounts for 50%, agriculture - 28%, industry - 22%.
Industry. An important role is played by hydrocarbon production in the eastern part of the shelf of the Gulf of Guinea. Overall volume oil production (started in 1980) 52 thousand barrels / day (2007; 15 thousand barrels / day in 2002). The largest deposits (2007): Espoire (28.1 thousand barrels / day), Baobab (21.1 thousand barrels / day), Layon (1.9 thousand barrels / day). Mining is carried out mainly under control state company"Société Nationale d'Operations Pétroliéres de la Сôte d'Ivoire" ("Petroci"). About 60% of oil is exported, of which 2/3 - to the countries Western Europe(mainly to Germany) and to Canada.
Natural gas has been produced since the early 1990s (16 billion m 3 in 2002; 22 billion m 3 in 2006). Leading companies: Foxtrot International, Petroci, Energy de Сôte d'Ivoire, etc. All gas is used domestically (the main consumer is the electric power industry).
Electricity needs are fully covered by our own fuel resources. The installed capacity of power plants is 1.1 thousand MW (2005). Electricity production 5.3 billion kWh, export - 1.1 billion kWh (2006). Most of the energy produced is produced at thermal power plants (run on natural gas). The largest thermal power plant is Azito in the Abidjan region (1999; installed capacity 288 MW, over 1/3 of the electricity generated). About 1/5 of electricity is produced by hydroelectric power plants; the most important are "Ayame I" and "Ayame II" on the Bio River, "Kossou" and "Taabo" on the Bandama River, "Viuo" on the Sasandra River.
Société Ivoirienne de Raffinage (SIR)'s only refinery in the country is located in Abidjan (capacity 65,000 barrels per day; 47.3% of the shares belong to the state). A second oil refinery is under construction (since 2008, commissioning in 2011) in the Abidjan region (capacity is 60,000 barrels per day). Export of petroleum products to Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger.
Gold is being mined (1.3 tons in 2006, 3.6 tons in 2002; Iti and Subre deposits; the largest companies are the French La Mancha Resources Inc. and the state-owned Société pour le Développement Minier en Cote d'Ivoire), diamonds (300 thousand carats in 2006; Tortia and Seguela regions in the north and west of the country).
There are small metallurgical and metalworking enterprises (production of steel sheets from imported blanks, metal roofing materials, fittings, pipes, wire, etc. in Abidjan), factories for assembling cars, motorcycles, bicycles and household electrical products (Abidjan), numerous chemical enterprises ( production of paints and varnishes and plastics, perfumes and cosmetics, household chemicals, fertilizers, pesticides, etc.), a pulp production plant (San Pedro; about 200 thousand tons of pulp per year), two textile mills (Bouake and Dimbokro; mainly cotton fabrics from local cotton and, in small quantities, synthetic fabrics from imported raw materials). There are several small leather and footwear enterprises, a match factory (60-100 million boxes a year), shipbuilding and ship repair yards (in Abidjan). The logging and woodworking industries are rapidly developing (about 600 thousand m 3 of lumber per year); Most of the enterprises are concentrated in the southern regions of the country. A significant role in the economy is played by the production of building materials. Sand, gravel, limestone and other building materials are being mined. There is a ceramic factory in Abidjan. The food industry is of great importance. The main products of numerous small enterprises are palm oil, cocoa butter, instant coffee, canned pineapples and fruit juices, canned fish. Large flour mills and bakeries are in Abidjan and San Pedro.
Agriculture. The leading industry is crop production. Along with modern agrotechnical methods (especially in plantation farms), a system of shifting agriculture is practiced. 10% of the country's territory is cultivated (always about 4%), of which about 1/2 falls on cocoa plantations. For the production of cocoa beans, Côte d'Ivoire ranks 1st in the world (over 1 million tons in 2005; an average of about 46% of world production; 15% of the value of GDP). Coffee is also of export importance (collection of 130.8 thousand tons of green grains in 2005; 11th place in the world, mainly Robusta variety, about 5% - Arabica), peanuts (72.5 thousand tons); cashew nuts (59 thousand tons; 7th place in the world), bananas (36.1 thousand tons), pineapples (34.8 thousand tons; 18th place in the world), sugar cane (22.8 thousand tons), coconuts, avocados, mangoes, cotton. Significant areas are occupied by oil palm plantations (cultivated for the production of palm oil), under hevea plantations. Côte d'Ivoire is Africa's largest producer of natural rubber (72.4 thousand tons in 2005; 8th in the world). The most important food crops (collection, thousand tons; 2005); yams 605, plantain 299, rice 245, cassava 108, corn 106. Animal husbandry is developed mainly in northern regions, in the central and southern regions is focal in nature. The livestock (thousand heads; 2005) is dominated by goats and sheep - 2700; cattle 1500, pigs 333.
One of the promising industries is fishing. The annual catch is about 70 thousand tons (mainly tuna and sardines).
Transport. Côte d'Ivoire has an extensive road network, its density is especially high in the southern regions. The length of roads is 80 thousand km, including 6.5 thousand km with a hard surface (2006). Motor transport ensures the delivery of almost all export products to the export points on the coast and the transportation of imported goods to various regions of the country. By roads running along the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire is connected with Ghana, Togo, Benin, Cameroon, and Nigeria. The length of the only railway (Abidjan - the border with Burkina Faso) - 660 km; volumes of passenger and cargo transportation are declining due to increasing competition from road transportation. Seaports - Abidjan (cargo turnover of about 19 million tons per year, the largest in West Africa; provides over 90% of foreign trade) and San Pedro (mainly the export of timber and lumber). 7 airports have paved runways (2007). International airports are in Abidjan, Yamoussoukro and Bouake.
International trade. The value of merchandise exports is $18.5 billion, imports are $6.1 billion (2007). The commodity structure of exports is dominated by agricultural products: cocoa beans (about 30% of the value) and cocoa products, coffee, cotton, rubber, palm oil, fruits; about 25% of export value is provided by oil and oil products. Among other goods - timber and lumber, canned fish. Major buyers (2006): Germany (9.7% of value), Nigeria (9.1%), Netherlands (8.4%), France (7.3%), USA (7%), Burkina Faso (4 ,4%). Côte d'Ivoire imports oil and oil products (over 33% of the value), machinery and equipment, vehicles, food. The main suppliers of goods are Nigeria (30.5% of the cost), France (16.4%), China (6.7%).
Lit.: Pasco Bakayolo M. Сôte d'Ivoire: démocratie en peine, rien ne va plus en Afrique. R., 2005; Koffi Koffi R. La défi du développement en Сôte d'Ivoire. R., 2008.
3. I. Tokareva.
armedstrength
The Armed Forces (BC) of Côte d'Ivoire consist of ground forces(SV), Air Force, Navy, presidential guard and gendarmerie (over 17.1 thousand people; 2007), and there are also paramilitary formations - the police (1.5 thousand people; 2007). Annual military budget $300 million (2007).
The Supreme Commander is the President, who directs the BC through the Ministry of Defense and the BC Headquarters. SV (6.5 thousand people) include 4 military regions, 1 tank and 3 infantry battalions, a separate artillery battalion, an airborne group, an engineering company and an anti-aircraft artillery battery. It is armed with 15 tanks (including 5 light ones), 31 armored personnel carriers, 25 armored personnel carriers, 4105-mm howitzers, 16 120-mm mortars, anti-tank and anti-aircraft weapons. The Air Force (700 people) includes a fighter, transport, communications and helicopter squadron (several aircraft and helicopters, including 4 combat aircraft). The Navy (950 people) has several landing and patrol boats. The number of presidential guards is 1.4 thousand people, the gendarmerie is 7.6 thousand people. Weapons and military equipment are mainly French-made.
BC recruitment based on the universal conscription males at the age of 18, as well as selectively by contract. The training of officers and non-commissioned officers is carried out mainly in France. Some of the junior officers are trained at the national military school and at the flight school in Bouaké. Mobilization resources 4 million people, including 2.1 million fit for military service. In 1961, France and Côte d'Ivoire signed a joint defense treaty (deployed French troops- about 3.8 thousand people).
V. D. NESTERKIN.
healthcare
In Côte d'Ivoire, there are 12 doctors, 60 nurses, 2 dentists, 6 pharmacists per 100,000 inhabitants (2004). Total health spending is 3.9% of GDP (2005) ( budget financing- 27.6%, private sector - 72.4%) (2003). Legal regulation The health care system is implemented by the Law on the Protection of Public Health and the Environment from the Effects of Industrial and Radioactive Wastes (1988). The health care system includes the city's private medical and dental facilities. AT countryside health care limited in volume and quality due to lack of staff. The most common infections are bacillary dysentery, hepatitis A, malaria, yellow fever, schistosomiasis (2008). Leading causes of adult death: AIDS, malaria, lower respiratory tract disease, tuberculosis, cardiovascular disease, trauma, cancer (2004). Seaside climatic resort of Grand Bassam.
V. S. Nechaev.
Sport
The National Olympic Committee was founded in 1962, recognized by the IOC in 1963. Athletes from Côte d'Ivoire have been participating in the Olympic Games since 1964 (with the exception of 1980); the only award was won by the athlete G. Tyakoh, who took 2nd place in the 400 m (Los Angeles, 1984). The Ministry of Youth and Sports was established in 1960. In the 1960s, the first sports federations were created in the country and a number of national championships were held.
The most popular sports are judo, boxing, football, handball, athletics, rowing and canoeing. The Ivory Coast national football team successfully performs at international competitions - the winner (1992) and finalist (2006) of the Africa Cup, a participant in the final of the World Cup in Germany (2006). The strongest footballers of the country play in the leading European clubs: D. Drogba - as part of the London "Chelsea" champion of England (2005, 2006); A. K. Keita - in the "Lyon" champion of France (2008); K. H. Toure - at Arsenal (London, since 2002); his brother J. Toure - in Barcelona (since 2007); B. Sanogo - in Werder Bremen (Bremen, since 2007), etc. Goalkeeper A. Guamene participated in 7 African Cups.
V. I. Linder.
Education. Scientific and cultural institutions
Control educational institutions carried out by the Ministry national education and scientific research. The network of preschool institutions is poorly developed; they mainly operate in large cities. The education system includes (2008) compulsory free 6-year primary education for children from the age of 6, 7-year secondary (4-year incomplete and 3-year full) education in state and non-state educational institutions(colleges and lyceums), vocational education (on the basis of primary and incomplete secondary schools) in apprenticeship centers and technical lyceums, higher vocational education. preschool education 3% of children are covered, primary education - 71%, secondary - 32%. The literacy rate of the population over the age of 15 is 62.1% (2006). The system of higher professional education includes: Cocody University, University d'Abobo-Ajame (both in Abidjan); University of Bouake - all universities spun off in 1995 from the National University (founded in 1958 as the Center higher education in Abidjan), National Polytechnic Institute (1996) in Yamoussoukro, National School of Management (1960), Graduate national school fine arts(1963) - both in Abidjan; National School of Engineering (1963), Graduate School of Agronomy (1996) - both in Yamoussoukro. The main museums, libraries, scientific institutions are located in Abidjan, Bouake, Korhogo.
Mass media
Leading periodicals: daily government newspapers "Fraternité Matin" (published since 1964, circulation 25 thousand copies), "Ivoir 'Soir" (since 1987, 10 thousand copies); the monthly government gazette Journal Officiel de la République de Cote d'Ivoire (since 1958, 25,000 copies); daily independent newspapers Le Jour (since 1994), Le Patriote (since 1991), La Nouvelle République, Notre Voie; the monthly magazine Eburnea (since 1967) (all in the city of Abidjan, in French) and others. the public service "Radiodiffusion-Télévision Ivoirienne" and others. The national information agency - Agence Ivoirienne de Presse (AIP; established in 1961).
Literature
The literature of Côte d'Ivoire develops in French. In the 1930s, national dramaturgy was born. In 1938, the "Native Theater" was created, where everyday, historical plays, as well as those that raised the theme of colonial exploitation (the work of B. B. Dadier, F. J. Amon d'Aby, and others) were staged. The People's Academy of Literature and Poetry was established in 1952, and the National Association of Writers Writing in French in 1962. The heyday of drama began after independence. In the 1960s and 70s, the heroic-historical drama appeared. The influence of French classicism marked the dilogy of E. Derven: the dramas "Saran, or the Crime Queen", in which the image of a wise African ruler, politician and commander, and "Language and Scorpion" (both 1968) are created. Sh. Nokan in the play "Sorrows of Chaco" (1968) posed the problem of the ruler and the people; The socio-utopian play Abraa Poku, or the Great African Woman (1970) was based on the legend of the origin of the Baule people. The struggle of the African peoples against the colonialists was reflected in the plots of the epic dramas “Beatrice of the Congo” (1970) and “Islands of the Storm” (1973) by Dadier, whose work is also associated with the birth of a satirical comedy (“Mr. Togo-Nyini”, 1970; “ Mua-Sel", 1979). The glorification of the historical past is at the heart of the play "Sofa" by B. Zadi Zauru (1975).
Poetry and prose began to flourish in the 1950s. A striking example of revolutionary anti-colonial poetry: the collections "Africa in full growth" (1950), "People of all continents" (1967) B. B. Dadier; The Severe Appeal of Hope by J. M. Bognini (1961). In the 1970s, the tendencies of romanticization of the past of Africa are clear in poetry (creativity of B. Zadi Zauru, A. Kanie). The formation of prose is also associated with the name of Dadier: the collection African Legends (1954), the book of fairy tales based on folklore The Black Bandage (1955); the autobiographical novel Clembier (1956) and others. The theme of the collapse of the illusions of a "man of two cultures" is revealed in the novel "Kokumbo - a black student" by A. Loba (1960). The sharpness of anti-colonial pathos, romantic pathos, and stylistic syncretism (a combination of lyricism and publicism) distinguish the novels Black Dawn (1962) and The Wind Was Strong (1966) by S. Nokan. In the 1970s, moral novels began to spread, in which traditional African values came to the fore. In line with negritude - the novels "Young Man from Bouaké" by M. Kone (1963), "Wazzi" by J. Dodo, "Masseni" by T. Demas, "The Pacified Arsonist" by P. du Prey (all - 1977). "Black" everyday life, the image of the gloomy phenomena of the traditional African society (magic, witchcraft, secret societies) is typical for the novel "At the Threshold of the Unreal" by A. Kone (1976). In the intellectual novel-parable Identity Card by J. M. Adiaffi (1980), a call is expressed in symbolic form to restore the ties with the spiritual and cultural heritage of the ancestors, cut off by the colonialists. An example of a highly artistic synthesis of the individual author's ironic style, elements of the oral tradition of the Malinke people and modern novel technique was the work of A. Kuruma ("Monnet, or the Humiliated Defy", 1990; "Waiting for the vote of wild animals", 1998, etc.).
Lit .: Lyakhovskaya Ya. D. Poetry of West Africa. M., 1975; she is. Features of the Formation and Development of Drama in Francophone Literature Tropical Africa// Development of genres in modern literatures Africa. M., 1983; she is. Literature of Côte d'Ivoire // Francophone Literature of Tropical Africa. M., 1989; Lezou G. D. Creations romanesques devant les transformations actuelles en Сôte d'Ivoire. Dakar, 1978; Makouta-Mboukou J. R. Introduction à l'etude du roman négro-africain de langue française. 2ed. Dakar, 1983; Ivory Coast Writers: A Bibliographic Index. M., 1988.
Ya. D. Lyakhovskaya.
Architecture and fine arts
The peoples of the southern, forested part of the country build rectangular dwellings with a roof of palm branches. Among the Baule and Anyi peoples, oval houses in plan are surrounded by a canopy. In the northwest, round houses with conical thatched roofs are common. This type of dwelling in the east of the country is replaced by adobe rectangular houses with a flat roof. In the central part of Côte d'Ivoire, houses have a rectangular plan with rounded ends and are divided into 3-4 rooms. The walls of houses are often painted with geometric ornaments, figures of people and animals.
After the declaration of independence, 1-4-storey residential buildings began to be built; multi-storey buildings are being built, uniting the located in the lower part shopping center, hotels, restaurants and apartment or office buildings: the Nur al-Hayat center (architects A. Lage, J. P. Lupy, J. Mae), the La Pyramid office complex with aluminum trim (architect R. Olivieri, engineer R. Morandi, both in Abidjan, 1960-70s), an airport near Abidjan (1969, architects M. Ducharme, J. Moreau, J. P. Mino), the Cascades Hotel in Manet (1969, Ducharme , K. Larra, Mino); administrative building SCIAM in Abidjan (1975, J. Semichon) in an international style. Some hotels (in Sassandra, architect Benoit-Barne; in Asini, architects J. Semichon, L. Renard, A. K. Vee) are stylized as huts with thatched roofs. Cultural centers have been created in Abidjan and Bouake, covered markets. Reinforced concrete and glass are used in construction. finishing work local artisans are involved. In the 1970s, O. K. Kakub developed the general plan of the city of Yamoussoukro and built a complex of public buildings in the forms of brutalism: the Congress Palace, the Presidential Palace, the President Hotel, the buildings of the city hall and the Houphouet-Boigny Foundation. Built in the 1980s Catholic churches: St. Paul's Cathedral in Abidjan (1985, architect A. Spirito) with elements of postmodernism, the grand Cathedral of Notre Dame de la Paix in Yamoussoukro (1986-89, architect P. Fakhuri; the building repeats the composition of St. Peter's Cathedral in the Vatican) ; both buildings are decorated with stained-glass windows.
Painting as an independent art form appeared in Côte d'Ivoire only in the 1960s. Among the artists of this period are M. Codio and E. J. Santoni; both were educated in France. At the turn of the 1980s and 1990s, J. Bat gained fame, in whose works abstract art techniques are combined with the local ornamental tradition. Special place in artistic life, representatives of naive art (3. Macre, F. Bruli-Boisbre) continue the handicraft tradition of making signboards. The most famous sculptor is K. Lattier, who worked in France and at home; creates works of metal, basket weaving elements, ropes and fabrics. S. Dogo Yao is engaged in ceramic sculpture in the spirit of the Baule traditions for the design of architectural structures; K. Murufier also works in this genre. Woodcarving (masks, figures of people), processing of gold, bronze and copper, weaving are developed. In the Katiola region, the production of pottery is concentrated, the Seguela region is famous for its elegant canari vessels, in the Korhogo region, spherical pots and huge grain tanks are made. The traditional painting of houses is developing.
Lit.: Castel J. Inventaire des forms de representation graphique en Côte d'Ivoire et propositions d'exploitation. Abidjan, ; Architecture coloniale en Cote d'Ivoire. Abidjan, 1985; L'Art des enseignes. Abidjan, 1985; Lerat J.-M. Chez bonne idée: Images du petit commerce en Afrique de l'Ouest. R., 1986; Blanditi A. Bronzes et autres alliages: Afrique de l᾿Ouest. Marignane, 1988; Magiciens de la terre. . R., 1989; Contemporary African artists: Changing tradition. . N.Y., 1990; Boyer A.-M. Arts premiers de Cote d'Ivoire. Saint Maur, 1997; Bonneau R. Ecrivains, cinéastes et artistes ivoiriens: Aperçu bio-bibliographique. Abidjan, 1973.
V. L. Voronina, E. N. Silversvan.
Music
The musical culture is typical of West Africa; represented by professional traditions Dan, Malinke (Mandingo group), Baule, Ve (Kru group), Senufo. Wu dan music is singled out as an independent branch of traditional culture, its connection with cult practice has largely been preserved (the origin of music is associated with the world of spirits; begbo masks that distort the voice are used for magical purposes). Professional musicians unite in associations, specialization is inherited; the skill of improvisers is still highly valued (solo singing is accompanied by playing the harp, lamellaphone). Music is an integral part of initiation rites, rituals preceding the hunt, etc. Drumming accompanies the labor actions of farmers, wrestling competitions and dances. A caste of professional singers and musicians among the Malinke - jeli (griots; they accompany themselves on the bark, xylophone, harp, etc.); among the socially significant functions of the jeli are parting words to soldiers and their glorification. high status has professional music in the social life of the baule: songs in honor of deities and ancestral spirits are widespread; in judicial practice, drums are used, which are considered intermediaries between people and the spirits of ancestors; at public meetings, accompanied by drums and signal idiophones, they sing poetic texts and proverbs. The baule is characterized by two-voice (singing and playing instruments in parallel thirds).
We use the so-called talking drums in the signal function, they also play songs of praise to the leaders and warriors. The Senufo have no caste of musicians, but music has great importance in the rites of men's and women's secret societies; especially interesting are the songs of initiation rites, which are accompanied by large instrumental ensembles. Leisure forms of music-making are common in cities. Musical education and the study of traditional music is concentrated in Abidjan.
A. S. Alpatova.
Theatre, dance
The national theatrical tradition originates in the art of griots. In 1938, graduates of the U. Ponty school (Dakar) organized the "Native Theater" in Abidjan, which paid special attention to plays directed against the quackery of sorcerers (Bussatier, or the Secret of the Black Sorcerer, F. J. Amon d'Aby, 1939, etc.). ). In the early 1940s, satirical productions by G. Coffey (one of the founders of the African theater) appeared based on his own plays - Our Wives (1940) and My Husband (1941); in 1943 he staged his anti-colonial play The Song Returns. In 1953, the "Native Theater" was transformed into the "Cultural and Folklore Circle", which took a prominent place in cultural life throughout West Africa. The repertoire included plays of domestic and historical content(including "A Crown from the Auction" by Amon d'Aby, "Yahonda" by Coffey, "The Adventures of a Goat" by D. Mahamana). In 1958, the Theater Society of the Ivory Coast was founded under the leadership of C. Nguan. At this time, plays by local playwrights were widely staged (The Rural Witch by M. Berte, The Termites by E. Derven, and others). The troupe of the University of Abidjan "Masks and Balafons" was a success. In 1959, the School of Dramatic Art opened in Abidjan, which was later transformed into a theater school at the National Institute of Arts (created in 1967). Among the significant performances of this period: "Three applicants, one husband" G. Oyono Mbia (1968), "Mr. Togo-Nyini" B. B. Dadier (1970), "Tussio" G. Deman-Go (1971). In 1971, the comedy The Inspector General by N. V. Gogol was staged on the Abidjan stage. In the 1980s and early 2000s, productions by the playwright and director M. Ekissi were popular (The Time of the Red Berets, 1988; The Tragedy of King Christoph, 1993; Cruel Holiday, 1999; My Name is Brahima, 2001). One of the largest theatrical figures in Côte d'Ivoire at the beginning of the 21st century is the actor and director S. Bakaba. Since 1993, the International Arts Festival has been held in Côte d'Ivoire every 2 years.
Dance performances based on folklore are especially popular in Côte d'Ivoire. In 1974, the National Ballet of Côte d'Ivoire was created in Abidjan. The most famous dance groups are Mantche (1998), Jigiya (1999), Duncan (2006), 1 Somniak (2008). Among the performers (early 2000s) are A. B. Bamba, A. Drame, K. Mamady.
Lit .: Lvov N.I. Contemporary theater Tropical Africa. M., 1977; Lvova E.S. Ethnography of Africa. M., 1984; The world encyclopedia of contemporary theater / Ed. D. Rubin. N.Y., 2000. Vol. 3: Africa; A history of theater in Africa / Ed. M. Banham. Camb., 2004.
G. M. Sidorova.
Cinema
The birth of national cinema is associated with the name of T. Basori, who made short films “On the Dunes of Solitude”, “The Sixth Furrow”, “Fire in the Bars”, etc. in the 1960s. In 1969 he also released the first national feature film “Woman with a knife ”, which touched upon the issues of the relationship between African and Western civilizations. In the 1970s, the problems of national reality were reflected in the films "Amanye" and "The Hat" by R. M'Bal and "The Cry of the Muezzin" by E. N'Dabian Vodio. In the 1980s, the films "A Man from Afar" by M. Traote, "Jelly" by C. Lansike Fedike, "AnjaTio" by J. L. Kula, "Dalokan" by M. Dos, "The Healers" by S. Bakaba were released in the country. In 1983, the film "Petanques" by I. Kozoloa was released (together with Nigeria). The Exotic Comedy by K. Toure (1985) aroused considerable audience interest - about the life of the traditional Senufo society. The most famous filmmakers are directors D. Ecaré (“Concert for the Exile”, 1968; “France for the Two of Us”, 1970; “Faces of Women”, 1985) and A. Duparc (“Moon, or the Artist’s Dream”, 1969; “Family ", 1972; "Wild grass", 1977; "I chose life", 1987; "Ball in a cloud of dust", 1988; "Sixth finger", 1990; "Coffee color", 1998), raising in their works relevant moral and public topics and gravitating towards the genre of tragicomedy. In 1974, the Association of Professional Filmmakers of Côte d'Ivoire (part of the Pan-African Filmmakers Federation) was formed. Since 1969, films from Côte d'Ivoire have been participating in the All-African Film Festival (FESPACO) in Ouagadougou.
Lit .: Cinematography of foreign countries. M., 1996; Shakhov A.S. Duparc A.; Ekare D. // Cinema of Asia, Africa, Australia, Latin America: Director's Encyclopedia. M., 2001.
A. S. Shakhov.
Bertrand, DF3FS will be active from Cod Divuar, 20 - 29 October 2018 as TU5MH.
He will operate on the HF Bands CW, SSB.
Latest DX Spots TU5MH
He will also take part in the CQ WW DX SSB Contest, 27 - 28 October 2018, in the SO category. TU5MH Search for connections in the logTo find
QSL via home call direct, LOTW, ClubLog OQRS.
Address for QSL direct:
Bertrand Le Divenah, Postfach 12 47, Gelnhausen, 63552, Germany.
Previous activity:
Bertrand DF3FS, Norbert DJ7JC, Heie DJ9RR will be active from Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) 22 January - 2 February 2017 as TU5MH.
They will operate on 80 - 10m CW, SSB, RTTY.
QSL via DJ5BWD, OQRS Club Log, LOTW.
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Brigitte Weis-Dittko, Ammerbaumweg 44, 44357 Dortmund, Germany.
Côte d "Ivoire - a country where eternal summer
Do you dream of seeing the largest Christian cathedral on the planet, touching African culture and getting to a place where summer is endless? Then you should definitely visit the country with the exotic name Côte d'Ivoire - small in size, but one of the most developed in Africa. This place, called the Ivory Coast until 1986, will surprise you with its unusualness and amaze with its color. Every year it is explored and opened for yourself to thousands of tourists.
Ivory Coast, Ivory Coast. DX Expedition TU5MH. Logo.
One country, two capitals
The state, located in the west of the black continent, is washed by the waters of the Gulf of Guinea. It borders on Liberia, Ghana, Mali, Guinea and Burkina Faso.
Ivory Coast has two official capitals - and this is the first paradox. The political and administrative center is the city of Yamoussoukro, the economic and cultural center is Abidjan. Both do not compete with each other, but live in complete harmony and alliance.
Being a French colony until 1960, today it is a presidential republic, which, however, has retained French as the official language. Abidjan is the third French-speaking metropolis in the world. Along with it, there are also languages of the indigenous population - Anyi, Baule, Diola.
Where does coffee and cocoa come from?
The territory is divided into two climatic zones - equatorial and subequatorial. The average annual temperature here is 25-26 degrees Celsius. In the north there are chains of mountain ranges - Tura and Dan, to the south plains and plateaus dominate. It is hard only in the winter months, when in some areas the harmattan winds from the Sahara sweep dust and bring not only hot air, but also sand, making it difficult to breathe and see.
The country is agrarian, lives off agriculture, exports pineapples, bananas, olives, coffee and cocoa. The volumes of the latter give the right to be leaders in their sale. The wood and metalworking industries, textile and petrochemical industries are well developed, and shipbuilding is flourishing.
Ivory Coast, Ivory Coast. The author of the photo is Jillaume Mignot.
mask i know you
Representatives of many nationalities and linguistic communities live in the republic, so the culture is replete with diversity and amazes with its extraordinaryness. In a word, if you want to get acquainted with art, music and history of the second largest continent, you definitely need to come here.
Ceremonies, rituals and holidays are held with enviable regularity. And many of them are accessible to the eyes of curious tourists.
The festival of masks - Fete de Masques - takes place in February. March is famous for the traditional carnival in Bouaké, and April for night rituals to exorcise evil spirits. The important Muslim holiday of Ramadan in December ends with a huge feast.
Masks, mostly wooden, along with sculptures, occupy a leading place in art. African peoples. Here you can also get acquainted with pottery, reed and straw weaving of mats and baskets, weaving, jewelry technology. The local artisans will offer large human-shaped spoons for cooking pilaf - they will fit as a souvenir and for practical purposes.
World temples and African Paris
The second paradox lies in the architectural structures of the country.
The Church of Notre Dame de la Paix - Shrine of Our Lady of Peace - is the main attraction of Yamoussoukro. It is the largest among all Christian shrines and is listed in the Guinness Book of Records. The construction of the basilica caused a huge outcry: a luxurious building made of Italian marble in a city where many live below the poverty line and are not Christians. Built in the late eighties of the last century, by analogy with St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, it is famous for its unique French stained-glass windows that adorn the huge hall.
Abidjan was once provincial and poor, today it is referred to only as the "Paris of West Africa." A population of many millions, a network of hotels, chic restaurants and magnificent residential areas are a vivid confirmation of this. The main attraction is St. Paul's Cathedral - Roman Catholic. It is also decorated with European stained glass windows. There is a magnificent view from the platform.
The Kong Mosque is an example of 17th-century architecture that has survived to this day - a kind of Islamic center. Built in the Sudanese style, it is recognized national treasure republics.
Marial - the temple of Our Lady of Africa - is another religious building of the 20th century. Unusually stylized, with a spiral road upwards, colored stained-glass windows and wooden sculptures, it is active and welcomes everyone.
Ivory Coast, Ivory Coast. The author of the photo is Louis.
Pygmy hippopotamus and elephants at a watering hole
Côte d'Ivoire is one of the few countries on the continent that does not lack drinking water. A dense branched network of rivers and canals is the best reward of nature. That is why there are many national parks and reserves here. Some of them, for example, Tai, are listed world heritage UNESCO. Centuries-old trees up to 50 meters high grow here and animals listed in the International Red Book live. One of these representatives is the pygmy hippopotamus, similar in size to a large dog.
Komoe National Park will allow you to observe the behavior of animals in their natural habitat. Chimpanzees, hyenas, elephants, jackals, panthers, antelopes, cheetahs - not a complete list. The popular "animal trail" to the watering hole is a unique sight for tourists from all over the world.
Ivory sand and fufu for dinner
It is impossible not to say about the beautiful beaches concentrated near the port city of Sassandra. Scattered all over the place fishing villages Fanti people will be amazed by the ethnic flavor. Hospitable residents treat with palm wine - bangi, which has no analogues. Poli and De Bivac beaches are the best for surfers.
And of course, the picture would not be complete without the features of West African cuisine. You will be offered "atyeke" - a kind of cassava couscous, "kejenu" - chicken fried with vegetables and rice, "fufu" - baked banana or yam balls. The abundance of sauces, the most important of which is "grain" from palm grains, will satisfy any gourmet.
In a word, Africa, so distant and mysterious, never ceases to amaze and is ready to show everyone its uniqueness and beauty.
