Growing peanuts as a business. Growing peanuts at home

Selection has achieved considerable success; thanks to her, it became possible to cultivate plants in initially unsuitable climatic conditions for them. Specially bred varieties are now grown in greenhouses, with agronomists sometimes doing the almost impossible. urban legend that bananas are grown in Iceland was true in the middle of the last century. Therefore, compared with such agricultural experience, growing peanuts in Russia no longer seems like a fantasy. In fact, this plant has long been successfully cultivated in this country, but, of course, only farmers in the southern regions can deal with it.

However, due to the fact that peanuts are used in huge number industries, and many food products, problems with the implementation of the harvest should not arise. At the same time, peanuts are a relatively expensive crop, and in a diversified farm, they can become a very good additional source of income. However, in addition to requirements for suitable natural conditions, the cultivation of peanuts has a number of difficulties characteristic only for this plant.

If peanuts become the first cultivated crop and it is planned to grow them on an industrial scale, then you need to register as a subject entrepreneurial activity. If the work will be carried out on an area of \u200b\u200bless than one hectare, then all activities will fall under the definition of personal subsidiary farm(LPH) and do not require registration. If there is more land, then it is optimal to register a peasant farm (KFH), although you can just stay as an individual entrepreneur or even register entity. There is no actual difference between individual entrepreneurs and peasant farms; farmers also pay taxes on simplified system taxation (but they call it ESHN - a single agricultural tax), while remaining individual. In general, a peasant farm involves the association of citizens rather than individual entrepreneurship, although, according to the law, a peasant farm can be established by only one person. The cultivation of peanuts is fully covered by the code (OKPD 2) 01.11.8 Soybeans, ground nuts, cotton seeds. The entire registration procedure will require no more than 20 thousand rubles and one month of time.

While the registration is being carried out, you can start searching for land, if this has not already been done. For industrial cultivation and for good profitability, as well as for the fastest payback of the entire project, it is better to rent or buy about 50 hectares of land. Exact size is determined by the amount of available funds and the estimated sales volumes, which are determined by the presence of potential consumers. It is necessary to first study the market in order to make sure that sales will be possible in your region, that enterprises need the product and that there are no serious competitors. Due to the exotic nature of peanuts, all these conditions are very often met. If the land is not available, then you will have to look for it to rent. Peanuts love a warm climate, so they are most often cultivated in the southwest of this country, exactly where the price of one hectare of land with black soil can reach three and a half thousand rubles.

AT recent times peanut plantations can also be seen in the central part of Russia, here the cost of a hectare is somewhat more democratic, and can be two thousand rubles a year. However, the farmer, before starting his activity, probably already knows whether this plant is grown in his region. For, if not, then sometimes it is connected precisely with the impossibility of cultivation. But often and simply with the fact that the peanut growing business is still in its infancy. One way or another, in the most unfavorable case, about 175 thousand rubles should be allocated only for the land itself.

As a rule, only one type of peanut is grown, in any case, only one can grow in Russia - cultivated peanut or Arāchis hypogaēa. It is also called underground peanuts and even peanuts. The latter is fundamentally wrong, since all types of peanuts belong to the legume family. The plant itself is an annual grass, the seeds of which ripen already in the ground, which is why it got the name peanut. In fact, the peanut fruit is just a bean, a full-fledged seed, which is intended for planting a plant. In peanuts, of course, first of all, its beans are valuable, but the green parts are also fed to livestock as additional feed.

But if everything is extremely simple with a view, then the process of choosing a variety sometimes becomes a very serious issue. The peanut variety must be bred under climatic conditions specific region, this alien from South America completely unsuitable for the Russian climate in its original form. Peanuts grow best in the south of the country, at one time the Krasnodarets-13 and Krasnodarets-14 varieties were popular, by the name of which you can guess which part of Russia they were intended for. Zoned varieties can differ greatly in seeding rates, stability and yield, but the use of the wrong variety will be a deliberate failure.

AT middle lane It became possible to grow this crop in Russia relatively recently, but in northern regions unlikely to ever do so. In any case, soon. After all, peanuts should be planted in already warm soil, and the growing season of this plant is relatively long - up to 160 days. Thus, in regions with a short warm period of the year, peanuts simply will not have time to ripen before the onset of cold weather, which will destroy all plants in the bud.

But peanuts make much less demands on the quality of the soil, and can grow where other plants do not survive. The soil can be loamy, sandy loam or even almost sandy. The main thing for him is loosened soil, a lot of light and heat, and also relatively a large number of moisture. Peanuts, of course, are not rice and do not grow in water, but irrigation methods show an increase in peanut yields by several times. That is, if you provide the field with a supply of water for constant soil moisture, you can significantly increase the profitability of your production.

Being a legume, peanuts are a very good precursor for many plants, such as cereals, because they fertilize the soil with nitrogen - this is a natural property of many members of the legume family. In this regard, peanuts can replace crops such as beans or peas in crop rotation. The peanut itself can also grow on fields that have not been cultivated for a long time, but with the condition that perennial grass grew on it. But in this case, you still have to make a large amount of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers.

Interesting fact that may affect profits is that peanuts are a crop that reacts to soil color. Therefore, it is better to sow it on light soils, because then the resulting oil will be lighter. This product is highly valued in the market. Dark oil is already considered second-rate.

Peanut seed is applied to the soil at a temperature of about 15 degrees Celsius, so in some regions it can be sown in March or even early June. At the same time, even short-term frosts of the plant will not endure. The seeding rate is radically different depending on the variety, the average can be considered approximately 50 kilograms per hectare. Such a high figure is also due to the fact that each bean is enough large seed, their absolute number is not very large.

The cost of one kilogram of planting material is about 120 rubles, for fifty hectares, therefore, an amount equal to 300 thousand rubles will be required. Some varieties require about 70 kilograms of seeds per hectare for planting, while others require no more than 20 kilograms. That is, the difference is significant. But in general, in Russia, the seeding rate is somewhat higher than in the regions of natural peanut growth.

This plant is not planted in open ground, already slightly sprouted plants are introduced into the soil, sometimes they are engaged in a specially equipped greenhouse, while cultivating tomatoes and peanuts in one place. Due to the fact that these plants are not related and absorb different substances, then their productivity in mutual cultivation even slightly increases. But it is not necessary to plant them close to each other, because in order to obtain a peanut crop, very loose soil is needed, into which the resulting seeds can burrow.

Growing in greenhouses with tomatoes is advisable only when it is possible to harvest by hand (that is, when a small number of plants are grown), otherwise there may be difficulties when harvesting plants with machinery. The growing season for peanuts does not coincide with many other plants, so a separate field with large quantity this plant. Peanut flowering takes only one day, pollinated flowers quickly turn into ovaries, after which they begin to gradually, in the process of their formation, fall to the ground. The ovaries that do not sink into the soil will never become a fruit.

For the successful cultivation of peanuts, you need to find out the rate of fertilizers for each variety, but the rules are common for all plants: when the first shoots appear - phosphorus, with further growth nitrogen and potassium are added, during the formation of buds - more nitrogen, when the beans ripen - all three element. If organic fertilizers were applied, then the rate of mineral fertilizers is slightly reduced.

Peanuts have their own agricultural pests and their own diseases, which are inherent not only to him, but also to many legumes. But experienced farmers note that birds pose the greatest danger to the crop. They bring great benefit plantations, destroying many insects, but some species, especially during the period of feeding chicks, become dangerous agricultural pests. A site completely not protected from birds may not produce any crop at all, everything will be destroyed by birds. As a legume, peanuts are very loved by birds, and a lot of effort must be made to get rid of them, or at least reduce their interest in the field. For this, many methods are used. The method of installing an ordinary stuffed animal, proven for centuries, can also be effective, since many species of birds react to the human figure and are afraid of it. Against crows, it is better to install a scarecrow in the form of a killed relative or even change them appearance because crows are smart enough birds to a short time recognize deception. Birds are also afraid of rustling and shiny things, which is why many plantations hang empty aluminum beer cans.

Most modern methods fights involve the installation of an ultrasonic repeller, the signal of which is not audible to humans, but is perceived by birds. Its disadvantage can be called the fact that it can also negatively affect domestic animals, therefore, ultrasound is not abused in a diversified economy where livestock is provided for. It is worth studying the habits and behavior of the birds that will be adjacent to the field, because some of them are dangerous only in certain time(for example, before flights), otherwise coping with cleaning the field from insects better than all kinds of pesticides.

Growing peanuts involves the use of not only universal technology, such as a tractor, plow and transport equipment, but also specialized, made specifically for harvesting this particular crop. The peculiarity lies in the fact that ripe peanuts must be uprooted from the ground and turned over to dry, otherwise the beans will begin to rot under the influence of moisture, which means there is a risk of losing the entire crop. Machines have long been invented that independently dig up peanut bushes, shake off the ground from them, exposing the seeds, and turn them over to dry. The most modern technology on the go processes plants, separating the tops, cleaning the seeds and sending them to a special compartment. The Chinese industry has been especially successful in the manufacture of peanut harvesting equipment, which offers the consumer inexpensive harvesters with all the functions.

There is also a more economical option, which is a special combine-trailer that is coupled with a tractor and performs all the same functions. The cost of a full-fledged Chinese harvester is about 500 thousand rubles, the low price is due not only to the country of manufacture, but also to the small size of the equipment and the not particularly complex technical component. European samples will cost several times more. The output will be already peeled seeds, but they can and should be subjected to further processing. Peanut seeds are also eaten raw, but roasted peanuts are still more common. To do this, it is removed from the upper reddish-burgundy skin and fried in special machines.

A farmer may sell raw seeds, perhaps simply by packaging and packaging them, but some farms also have full-fledged lines for roasting and even further preparation (for example, crushing) of these beans. The technique can be represented by deep fryers, ovens and braziers, and their use significantly increases the cost of their products, making it also possible to trade not only with dealers and wholesale buyers, but also with shops and food enterprises. Although the latter may be interested in raw peanuts too.

The yield of peanuts is about one and a half tons per hectare. From fifty hectares, in this way, 75 tons of crops can be harvested. Unprocessed peanuts can be sold at the same price of 120 rubles per kilogram, and then the income from the sale of beans alone will be 9 million rubles. You just need to remember that not all seeds have a marketable appearance, so this indicator is the actual limit at the most favorable conditions, which can be reached from 50 hectares.

But if you deal with the processing of peanuts, then the income can be increased to more than eleven million. With all this, you can also sell tops, but its price is much lower than the price of beans. But in order to make money on the sale of a semi-finished or already finished product (raw peanuts, although they can also be a ready-to-eat product, are still opposed in Food Industry fried and salted) you need to equip a powerful production line, as well as organize the production of your own packaging or order it separately. The cost of this entire organization can be several million rubles, the construction of a separate building for a peanut processing plant will generally cost a couple of tens of millions, but it will be possible to recoup all investments in one or two seasons.

Thus, peanuts, although not a typical crop for Russia, can become a good source of income for a farmer. This is due to the fact that peanuts are consumed with pleasure by a large number of people (although peanuts, along with shrimp, are considered one of the strongest and most well-known allergens). It is consumed not only raw or fried, but also halva is made from it, added to confectionery, oil is extracted from beans, and delicious peanut butter is also made. The high consumption of peanut seeds makes growing them a profitable undertaking.

Matthias Laudanum

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Economic value. Peanut seeds contain from 45% to 60% high-quality food non-drying oil (iodine value 90-103), 30-35% protein and 18-20% carbohydrates. In terms of taste, it is a good substitute for expensive Provencal (olive) oil, which is extracted from olive fruits. It is used for food, for the manufacture of the highest grades of canned food, margarine, as well as in the confectionery, canning, fish, perfumery, and soap industries. More than 60 different confectionery products are made from peanut seeds, and when fried they are used as a delicacy.

Peanut cake contains up to 45% protein and 8% oil and is used in the confectionery industry for making halva, cookies, chocolate, coffee, sweets and other products. The leaves and stalks of peanuts after harvesting can be used for livestock feed; in terms of fodder qualities, they are not inferior to alfalfa and clover hay. As a row legume, peanuts are a good forerunner for many field crops.

Since ancient times, peanuts have been cultivated by the peoples of South America. Introduced to Europe in early XVI in. First appeared in Ukraine in late XVIII in.

In the world, peanuts rank third among oilseeds in terms of sown area and are sown on almost 15 million hectares. Most of the peanut crops are located in the tropics and subtropics of Asia, Africa, and America. In Ukraine, the average yield is 14-16 centners / ha, and under irrigation conditions at the BRILOVSKAYA experimental station, the average for 7 years was 25.7 centners / ha.

In spite of high value peanut production, its crops in Ukraine occupy insignificant areas. The main obstacle to expanding them is the complexity of production processes.

Morphobiological and ecological features. Peanuts, or peanut(Arachis hipogeae L.) is an annual herbaceous plant 60-70 cm high with densely branched leafy stems. Belongs to the legume family (Fabaceae). Flowers (yellow, orange, 1-3, rarely 5-15 in racemes) are aboveground, after fertilization they form gynophores for the penetration of fruits into the ground and underground (cleistogamous), giving the main crop.

Peanut is a heat-loving plant, seeds begin to germinate at 10-12 ° C. Stairs are damaged by frosts of minus 0.5-1 ° C. Optimum temperature for plant growth 25-28 ° C. The greatest need for heat is observed during flowering and fruit formation. At temperatures below 12 ° C, the fruits do not develop. Autumn frosts of minus 0.5 ° C damage plants, at minus 3 ° C, plants die, and freshly dug and undried beans lose their germination capacity; at minus 4 ° C, the beans become unsuitable for processing.

Peanut is a moisture-loving plant. However, during the period from germination to flowering, it can grow in drought conditions, and during the fruiting period it is very picky about soil moisture. Critical period according to moisture requirements, it starts from 30-40 days of age of plants (second half of June) and lasts up to 3 months (until mid-August).

At this time, peanuts require constant moistening of the top 20 cm soil layer. At the end of the growing season, the need for water decreases, but the drying of the topsoil leads to a decrease in yield.

To the fertility and mechanical composition of soils, peanuts are highly powerful. With a crop of beans of 1 t / ha and tops of 2 t / ha, it removes from the soil 80-85 kg of nitrogen, 10-20 kg of phosphorus and 30-45 kg of potassium. Alluvial soils, chernozems, gray soils, chestnut soils of light mechanical composition are the best for it. Saline, flooding, heavy loamy, as well as waterlogged soils are of little use.

The growing season of peanuts is 115-130 days, in mid- and late-ripening varieties up to 150-170 days. Seedlings appear on the 8-10th day after sowing. 25-30 days after germination, flowering occurs, which continues until harvest. Up to 600 or more flowers are formed on one plant during the growing season. Flowers form first at the bottom of the stem. The flower lives 1-2 days. Simultaneously with flowering in peanuts, the vegetative mass grows, beans are formed. Such a combination of development phases causes increased demands of plants for moisture, nutrients, especially during the period of mass flowering and fruit formation. From flowering to fruit ripening takes 45-50 days.

Growing technology. Peanut crops are placed after winter crops sown after fertilized black fallow, as well as after fertilized corn or other row crops.

A high effect is obtained by applying 20-30 t / ha of manure for peanuts together with phosphorus and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers (P40K30), as well as complete mineral fertilizer N40P40K40. On irrigated lands, peanuts are fed before flowering (N40P30) and during the period of mass fruit formation (N60P30).

Basic tillage includes one or two peelings, depending on the composition of the soil, and autumn plowing, the depth of which after grain crops on fields clear of weeds is 20-22 cm, and in the presence of perennial weeds and when sowing peanuts after tilled crops, 25-30 cm.

Spring tillage consists in harrowing the plough, the first cultivation to a depth of 8-10 cm and pre-sowing to 6-8 cm with simultaneous harrowing.

For sowing Peanuts are used as shelled seeds as well as beans. However, according to the Kherson Breeding Experimental Station of melon growing, the yield of peanuts when sown with seeds is higher by 2 - 6 centners / ha than when using whole or crushed beans.

Before sowing, the seed material is treated with TMTD (4 kg of the drug per 1 ton). On the day of sowing, the seeds are treated with rhizotorfin.

Peanuts are sown when the soil at a depth of 10 cm warms up to 14-15 ° C. The sowing method is wide-row with row spacing of 70 cm. 10-12 seeds or 4-6 beans are sown per 1 m of row, which corresponds to a seeding rate of 50-80 kg / ha, beans - 25-30% more. The optimal plant density, depending on the litter and moisture conditions, is 100-120 thousand / ha. The seeding depth is 6-8 cm, in arid conditions 8-10 cm. Peanuts are sown with seeders with a special device.

Care . Following the sowing, the field is rolled with ringed rollers. Before germination, harrowing is carried out with light toothed harrows. In the phase of 2-3 leaves, cislash harrowing is used. Further crop care consists of cultivating row spacings: the first to a depth of 12-14 cm, the second to 8-10 cm, the third and subsequent - to 6-8 cm.

During the period of mass flowering and the formation of gynophora, plants are spudded, best of all - immediately after rainfall or the next watering. Hilling depth 8-10 cm.

Growing peanuts under irrigation provides a 2-3 times increase in yield compared to land. During the growing season, peanut crops are watered 8-10 times with an interval of 10-20 days, and more often during the fruiting period.

To cleaning peanuts begin when the beans are easily separated from the gynophore, and the seeds - from the bean shells, and acquire a color characteristic of the variety. In the south of Ukraine, peanuts are usually harvested in the second half of September - the first decade of October in a two-phase way. First, the peanut harvester cuts the roots, pulls out the plants, shakes them off the ground and wraps them in a swath. After drying, the windrows are undermined and threshed by a harvester with a device. It is impossible to delay the harvesting time, because fresh beans and seeds lose their germination capacity during autumn frosts, become bitter and unsuitable for food. Wet beans are dried at a temperature of no more than 40 ° C, then cleaned for vorohoochischuvachi and stored at a humidity of 8%.

An interesting fact that can affect profits is that peanuts are a crop that reacts to the color of the soil. Therefore, it is better to sow it on light soils, because then the resulting oil will be lighter. This product is highly valued in the market. Dark oil is already considered second-rate.

Peanut seed is applied to the soil at a temperature of about 15 degrees Celsius, so in some regions it can be sown in March or even early June. At the same time, even short-term frosts of the plant will not endure. The seeding rate is radically different depending on the variety, the average can be considered approximately 50 kilograms per hectare. Such a high figure is also due to the fact that each bean is a fairly large seed, their absolute number is not very large.

This plant is not planted in open ground, already slightly sprouted plants are introduced into the soil, sometimes they are engaged in a specially equipped greenhouse, while cultivating tomatoes and peanuts in one place. Due to the fact that these plants are not related and absorb different substances from the soil, their yield even slightly increases when grown together. But it is not necessary to plant them close to each other, because in order to obtain a peanut crop, very loose soil is needed, into which the resulting seeds can burrow.

Growing in greenhouses with tomatoes is advisable only when it is possible to harvest by hand (that is, when a small number of plants are grown), otherwise there may be difficulties when harvesting plants with machinery. The growing season for peanuts does not coincide with many other plants, so a separate field with a large amount of this plant is suitable for industrial cultivation. Peanut flowering takes only one day, pollinated flowers quickly turn into ovaries, after which they begin to gradually, in the process of their formation, fall to the ground. The ovaries that do not sink into the soil will never become a fruit.

Peanuts have their own agricultural pests and their own diseases, which are inherent not only to him, but also to many legumes. But experienced farmers note that birds pose the greatest danger to the crop. They are of great benefit to the plantation, destroying many insects, but some species, especially during the period of feeding chicks, become dangerous agricultural pests. A site completely not protected from birds may not produce any crop at all, everything will be destroyed by birds. As a legume, peanuts are very loved by birds, and a lot of effort must be made to get rid of them, or at least reduce their interest in the field. For this, many methods are used. The method of installing an ordinary stuffed animal, proven for centuries, can also be effective, since many species of birds react to the human figure and are afraid of it. Against crows, it is better to install a stuffed animal in the form of a killed relative or even change their appearance, because crows are smart enough birds to recognize deception in a short time. Birds are also afraid of rustling and shiny things, which is why many plantations hang empty aluminum beer cans.

The most modern methods of struggle involve the installation of an ultrasonic repeller, the signal of which is not audible to humans, but is perceived by birds. Its disadvantage can be called the fact that it can also negatively affect domestic animals, therefore, ultrasound is not abused in a diversified economy where livestock is provided for. It is worth studying the habits and behavior of the birds that will coexist with the field, because some of them are dangerous only at certain times (for example, before flights), otherwise they cope with cleaning the field from insects better than all kinds of pesticides.

Growing peanuts involves the use of not only universal equipment, such as a tractor, plow and transport equipment, but also specialized, made specifically for harvesting this particular crop. The peculiarity lies in the fact that ripe peanuts must be uprooted from the ground and turned over to dry, otherwise the beans will begin to rot under the influence of moisture, which means there is a risk of losing the entire crop. Machines have long been invented that independently dig up peanut bushes, shake off the ground from them, exposing the seeds, and turn them over to dry. The most modern technology processes the plants on the go, separating the tops, cleaning the seeds and sending them to a special compartment. The Chinese industry has been especially successful in the manufacture of peanut harvesting equipment, which offers the consumer inexpensive harvesters with all the functions.

The yield of peanuts is about one and a half tons per hectare. From fifty hectares, in this way, 75 tons of crops can be harvested. Unprocessed peanuts can be sold at the same price of 120 rubles per kilogram, and then the income from the sale of beans alone will be 9 million rubles. It is only necessary to remember that not all seeds have a marketable appearance, therefore this indicator is the actual limit under the most favorable conditions, which can be achieved from 50 hectares.

But if you deal with the processing of peanuts, then the income can be increased to more than eleven million. With all this, you can also sell tops, but its price is much lower than the price of beans. But in order to make money on the sale of a semi-finished or already finished product (raw peanuts, although they can also be a ready-to-eat product, are still opposed to roasted and salted ones in the food industry), you need to equip a powerful production line, as well as set up the production of your own packaging or order her separately. The cost of this entire organization can be several million rubles, the construction of a separate building for a peanut processing plant will generally cost a couple of tens of millions, but it will be possible to recoup all investments in one or two seasons.

Address: Tovarnaya, 57-B, 121135, Moscow,

Phone: +7 971-129-61-42 , Email: [email protected]

selection has achieved considerable success; thanks to her, it became possible to cultivate plants in initially unsuitable climatic conditions for them. specially bred varieties are now grown in greenhouses, with

it would be more accurate to call this crop leguminous vegetables. The fact is that the nutritional value mature bean seeds is slightly less than the value of cereal seeds. growing legumes, including

#agriculture@catalogbi the specifics of growing legumes, however, although there are really a lot of varieties of legumes, they all have their own characteristics, which must be taken into account when choosing plants,

the task of baiting is to attract the fish, but not to feed them. bait consists of a “skeleton” (oatmeal, crackers, bran, cake, etc.), a feed base (bloodworm, maggot, chopped worms, tubifex) and additives (various oils and

The seeds of which are valued in gastronomy due to their nutritional and taste properties. Many people are surprised how peanuts grow because they do not grow on trees, unlike other nuts. This unique plant is a herb that blooms above the surface of the earth, and the fruit itself is formed underground.

History of cultivation

Genetic studies conducted in 2016 revealed that the modern cultivated peanut is a hybrid from two wild species. It appeared as a result of crossing the pollen of the peanut duranensis, common in the north of Argentina, and the ovule of the peanut ipaensis, which grows in the Brazilian selva. Research scientists believe that this interbreeding occurred under the influence of human activities and natural insect pollination in the Andean region of southern Bolivia approximately 9,400 years ago.

As a result of the development of agriculture in South America , cultivated peanuts began to grow 7000 - 8000 years ago. American archaeologists discovered the remains of this nut, which turned out to be 7840 years old, in the valley of the city of Cajamarca in Peru in the upper part of the Zanha River. It is this place that is considered the most ancient zone of cultivation of this crop.

The Indians actively used peanut seeds in gastronomy. They ate the oil of the fruit, made soup from it and even the alcoholic drink chicha. In the west of Peru, some statues of gods that date back to 1200 BC have an image of this nut.

AT modern world The main walnut producing countries are China and India, where most of the product is used to produce valuable peanut butter, and the seed shell is used as a fuel.

plant description

Peanuts belong to the legume family, which includes many species of economic value to humans.

Peanut cultivated is an annual herbaceous plant that grows up to 70 cm in height. Its stem is hairy, branches begin at its base, when these branches touch the ground, they take root. Its leaves are pinnate, oblong, 4-8 cm long, slightly pointed at the end. The flowers are tubular in shape, about one centimeter in diameter and bright yellow in color.

After the flowers have been pollinated, a stem 3–10 cm long develops from them, which gradually pushes the ovary into the ground. As a result, the fruits are underground at a depth of 3-10 cm, have sizes from 1 to 7 cm and contain 4 seeds in a pod.

There are two main types of peanuts:

upright;
creeping.

In this regard, it is recommended to plant another crop on next year after the peanut. Also, before planting, it is recommended to water the soil abundantly and apply organic fertilizers. If the soil is acidic, that is, its pH is below 7, then it is recommended to add to it. There are no specific recommendations for enriching the soil for planting this crop with specific minerals, however, zinc and copper are known to negatively affect yields.

Technologies in agriculture are now so advanced that they allow the cultivation of walnuts without soil. To do this, use a forced supply of a nutrient liquid mixture to each bush. This technology is called hydroponics.

The main problem in growing cultivated peanuts is the weed. Weeds can be controlled with herbicides different way actions.

Harvesting

Probably the most difficult phase in growing a peanut is the moment when you need to determine whether the fruit is ready for harvest or not. The fact is that the fruits ripen unevenly, and if you wait for the time that is necessary for the ripening of belated fruits, then the first nuts can overripe and begin to sprout in the ground. Premature harvesting will result in many nuts being underripe and not having the appropriate taste and value.

The crop is harvested by digging the plant completely out of the soil with a shovel or mechanically. After that, the plants are stacked on special wooden structures in the shape of the letter "A" with their roots up, giving them the opportunity to ripen and dry in the air.

Once the fruits are completely dry, they are subjected to further processing on special machines that clean them from the shell. There are technologies that allow you to get seeds with shells if you need to save them. long time. In many tropical areas, seeds are extracted from the pods by hand, for this the pods are wrapped in burlap and beaten with sticks.

Considering that the answer to the question: peanuts, where they are grown, are mainly tropical regions, we can say that on average 600 kg / ha are obtained here. Under favorable conditions and fertile soil, this figure can be 3 times higher.

In areas with a cold climate, for the productive cultivation of peanuts, it is recommended to choose its early-ripening varieties that ripen within 100 days. Another trick is to plant it in fields that are oriented to the south. You can also get some advantage in growth rate if you plant seeds in a greenhouse 5-8 weeks before planting them in open ground. The landing site should be as long as possible during the day illuminated by the sun. Young plants are recommended to be protected with plastic structures from possible frosts during the spring period.

Pests and diseases

The main disease in tropical and humid regions of the earth that affects cultivated peanuts is its wilting and subsequent rapid death. The cause of this disease is a bacterium. This bacterium also infects soybeans, tobacco and eggplant. In such cases, it is recommended, firstly, to plant peanut varieties resistant to wilting, and secondly, to increase the normal crop rotation up to 6 years.

The appearance of red spots on peanut leaves is another common disease that is active during the wet season. To combat this disease, crop fields are pollinated with sulfur dust at a rate of 25 kg/ha. To date, the exact cause of this disease is not known. genetic level, so in this direction active research is underway.

In addition to this disease, there are a number of others that are currently being studied, for example, it turned out that some subspecies of peanuts that are cultivated in southern Africa are susceptible to viral diseases. Thanks to the knowledge gained, varieties are developed that are able to resist insect pests, fungi, bacteria and viruses.

To fight various diseases and pests of peanuts, there is a whole range of different herbicides and insecticides, however, it is not recommended to use them when the plant is young. Since young shoots are too sensitive to chemicals, which can harm their development, which, in turn, will lead to a significant reduction in the quantity and quality of the crop.

* Calculations use average data for Russia

Selection has achieved considerable success; thanks to her, it became possible to cultivate plants in initially unsuitable climatic conditions for them. Specially bred varieties are now grown in greenhouses, with agronomists sometimes doing the almost impossible. The urban legend that bananas are grown in Iceland was true in the middle of the last century. Therefore, compared with such agricultural experience, growing peanuts in Russia no longer seems like a fantasy. In fact, this plant has long been successfully cultivated in this country, but, of course, only farmers in the southern regions can deal with it.

However, due to the fact that peanuts are used in a huge number of industries, and many food products are made from it, there should be no problems with the sale of the harvested crop. At the same time, peanuts are a relatively expensive crop, and in a diversified farm, they can become a very good additional source of income. However, in addition to the requirements for suitable natural conditions, the cultivation of peanuts has a number of difficulties that are characteristic only for this plant.

If peanuts become the first cultivated crop and it is planned to grow them on an industrial scale, then you need to register as a business entity. If the work is carried out on an area of less than one hectare, then all activities will fall under the definition of personal subsidiary plots (PSP) and do not require registration. If there is more land, then it is optimal to register a peasant farm (KFH), although you can remain just an individual entrepreneur or even register a legal entity. There is no actual difference between individual entrepreneurs and peasant farms, farmers also pay taxes under the simplified taxation system (but they call it the Unified Agricultural Tax), while remaining an individual. In general, a peasant farm involves the association of citizens rather than individual entrepreneurship, although, according to the law, a peasant farm can be established by only one person. The cultivation of peanuts is fully covered by the code (OKPD 2) 01.11.8 Soybeans, ground nuts, cotton seeds. The entire registration procedure will require no more than 20 thousand rubles and one month of time.

While the registration is being carried out, you can start searching for land, if this has not already been done. For industrial cultivation and for good profitability, as well as for the fastest payback of the entire project, it is better to rent or buy about 50 hectares of land. The exact size is determined by the amount of available funds and the estimated sales volumes, which are determined by the presence of potential consumers. It is necessary to first study the market in order to make sure that sales will be possible in your region, that enterprises need the product and that there are no serious competitors. Due to the exotic nature of peanuts, all these conditions are very often met. If the land is not available, then you will have to look for it to rent. Peanuts love a warm climate, so they are most often cultivated in the southwest of this country, exactly where the price of one hectare of land with black soil can reach three and a half thousand rubles.

Recently, peanut plantations can be seen in the central part of Russia, here the cost of a hectare is somewhat more democratic, and can be two thousand rubles a year. However, the farmer, before starting his activity, probably already knows whether this plant is grown in his region. For, if not, then sometimes it is connected precisely with the impossibility of cultivation. But often and simply with the fact that the peanut growing business is still in its infancy. One way or another, in the most unfavorable case, about 175 thousand rubles should be allocated only for the land itself.

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But if everything is extremely simple with a view, then the process of choosing a variety sometimes becomes a very serious issue. The peanut variety must be bred for the climatic conditions of a particular region, this newcomer from South America is completely unsuitable for the Russian climate in its original form. Peanuts grow best in the south of the country, at one time the Krasnodarets-13 and Krasnodarets-14 varieties were popular, by the name of which you can guess which part of Russia they were intended for. Zoned varieties can differ greatly in seeding rates, stability and yield, but the use of the wrong variety will be a deliberate failure.

In central Russia, this crop has become possible to grow relatively recently, but in the northern regions it is unlikely that it will ever be possible to do this. In any case, soon. After all, peanuts should be planted in already warm soil, and the growing season of this plant is relatively long - up to 160 days. Thus, in regions with a short warm period of the year, peanuts simply will not have time to ripen before the onset of cold weather, which will destroy all plants in the bud.

But peanuts make much less demands on the quality of the soil, and can grow where other plants do not survive. The soil can be loamy, sandy loam or even almost sandy. The main thing for him is loosened soil, a lot of light and heat, as well as a relatively large amount of moisture. Peanuts, of course, are not rice and do not grow in water, but irrigation methods show an increase in peanut yields by several times. That is, if you provide the field with a supply of water for constant soil moisture, you can significantly increase the profitability of your production.

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Peanut seed is applied to the soil at a temperature of about 15 degrees Celsius, so in some regions it can be sown in March or even early June. At the same time, even short-term frosts of the plant will not endure. The seeding rate is radically different depending on the variety, the average can be considered approximately 50 kilograms per hectare. Such a high figure is also due to the fact that each bean is a fairly large seed, their absolute number is not very large.

This plant is not planted in open ground, already slightly sprouted plants are introduced into the soil, sometimes they are engaged in a specially equipped greenhouse, while cultivating tomatoes and peanuts in one place. Due to the fact that these plants are not related and absorb different substances from the soil, their yield even slightly increases when grown together. But it is not necessary to plant them close to each other, because in order to obtain a peanut crop, very loose soil is needed, into which the resulting seeds can burrow.

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Growing in greenhouses with tomatoes is advisable only when it is possible to harvest by hand (that is, when a small number of plants are grown), otherwise there may be difficulties when harvesting plants with machinery. The growing season for peanuts does not coincide with many other plants, so a separate field with a large amount of this plant is suitable for industrial cultivation. Peanut flowering takes only one day, pollinated flowers quickly turn into ovaries, after which they begin to gradually, in the process of their formation, fall to the ground. The ovaries that do not sink into the soil will never become a fruit.

Peanuts have their own agricultural pests and their own diseases, which are inherent not only to him, but also to many legumes. But experienced farmers note that birds pose the greatest danger to the crop. They are of great benefit to the plantation, destroying many insects, but some species, especially during the period of feeding chicks, become dangerous agricultural pests. A site completely not protected from birds may not produce any crop at all, everything will be destroyed by birds. As a legume, peanuts are very loved by birds, and a lot of effort must be made to get rid of them, or at least reduce their interest in the field. For this, many methods are used. The method of installing an ordinary stuffed animal, proven for centuries, can also be effective, since many species of birds react to the human figure and are afraid of it. Against crows, it is better to install a stuffed animal in the form of a killed relative or even change their appearance, because crows are smart enough birds to recognize deception in a short time. Birds are also afraid of rustling and shiny things, which is why many plantations hang empty aluminum beer cans.

The yield of peanuts is about one and a half tons per hectare. From fifty hectares, in this way, 75 tons of crops can be harvested. Unprocessed peanuts can be sold at the same price of 120 rubles per kilogram, and then the income from the sale of beans alone will be 9 million rubles. It is only necessary to remember that not all seeds have a marketable appearance, therefore this indicator is the actual limit under the most favorable conditions, which can be achieved from 50 hectares.

But if you deal with the processing of peanuts, then the income can be increased to more than eleven million. With all this, you can also sell tops, but its price is much lower than the price of beans. But in order to make money on the sale of a semi-finished or already finished product (raw peanuts, although they can also be a ready-to-eat product, are still opposed to roasted and salted ones in the food industry), you need to equip a powerful production line, as well as set up the production of your own packaging or order her separately. The cost of this entire organization can be several million rubles, the construction of a separate building for a peanut processing plant will generally cost a couple of tens of millions, but it will be possible to recoup all investments in one or two seasons.

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