Mikoyan Anastas Ivanovich |
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5th Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR |
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Predecessor: |
Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev |
Successor: |
Nikolai Viktorovich Podgorny |
3rd Minister of Trade of the USSR |
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Predecessor: |
Vasily Gavrilovich Zhavoronkov |
Successor: |
Dmitry Vasilievich Pavlov |
4th People's Commissar (Minister) foreign trade the USSR |
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Predecessor: |
Evgeny Denisovich Chvyalev |
Successor: |
Mikhail Alekseevich Menshikov |
1st People's Commissar Food Industry the USSR |
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Predecessor: |
He's like a supply commissar |
Successor: |
Abram Lazarevich Gilinsky |
1st People's Commissar of Supply of the USSR |
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Predecessor: |
He is like the People's Commissar for Foreign and Domestic Trade |
Successor: |
He is like the People's Commissar of the food industry |
3rd People's Commissar of Foreign and Internal Trade of the USSR |
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Predecessor: |
Lev Borisovich Kamenev |
Successor: |
He's like a supply commissar |
1st Chief Secretary of the North Caucasian District Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks |
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Predecessor: |
Position established |
Successor: |
Grigory Konstantinovich Ordzhonikidze |
Birth: |
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Buried: |
Novodevichy cemetery |
Ashkhen Lazarevna Tumanyan (since 1921) |
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Sons: Stepan, Vladimir, Alexey, Vano and Sergo |
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CPSU (since 1915) |
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Education: |
Theological Academy of Etchmiadzin |
Youth
"Stalin Commissar"
The Great Patriotic War
After the war
After Stalin's death
Career decline
Memoirs of A. I. Mikoyan
Archival funds
In folklore
Incarnations in cinema
Anastas Ivanovich (Ovanesovich) Mikoyan(arm. Անաստաս Հովհաննեսի Միկոյան; November 13 (25), 1895, Sanahin village, Borchalin district, Tiflis province (now in Armenia) - October 21, 1978, Moscow) - Soviet state and political figure, Hero Socialist Labor(1943). One of the organizers of the Stalinist repressions.
Anastas Mikoyan started his political career during the life of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin and retired only under Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev.
Youth
Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan was born on November 13 (25), 1895 in the village of Sanahin, Tiflis province in Armenian family. After graduating rural school, entered the seminary in Tiflis.
At the end of 1914, Anastas Mikoyan enrolled in the Armenian volunteer squad of Andranik, after which he fought on the Turkish front until the spring of 1915, but left the army due to malaria. After returning to Tiflis, he joined the RSDLP (b) there.
He entered the Theological Academy in Etchmiadzin in 1916, and next year conducted party work in Tiflis and Baku.
Already a member of the Presidium of the Baku Committee of the RSDLP (b), Anastas Mikoyan was the editor of the newspapers Social Democrat and Izvestia of the Baku Council.
During the March events in Baku, he commanded a detachment, and then was a commissar in the Amazaspa Brigade (Third Brigade of the Red Army). After the flight of the Baku commissars, he remained in Baku, heading the underground regional committee of the Bolsheviks.
Before the capture of Baku by the Turks, Mikoyan obtained permission from the head of the Dictatorship of the Central Caspian, Velunts, for the release and subsequent evacuation of the Baku commissars. Soon Anastas Mikoyan took the commissars out on the steamer "Turkmen", but they were arrested in Krasnovodsk. Mikoyan was released in February 1919 and in March of the same year he headed the Baku Bureau of the Caucasian Regional Committee of the RCP (b).
In October 1919 he was summoned to Moscow, where he became a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Since 1920, Mikoyan was again in the Caucasus. With the occupation of Baku by the Bolsheviks, he entered the city as an authorized representative of the Revolutionary Military Council of the XI Army, and then until 1920 led the Nizhny Novgorod Provincial Committee. Communard CHON.
"Stalin Commissar"
Entering the group of so-called "Caucasians" ( former members Transcaucasian organization), Anastas Mikoyan supported Stalin's course in the inner-party struggle.
On the recommendation of Stalin, Mikoyan was appointed secretary of the South-Eastern Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) from the summer of 1922, and then chairman of the North Caucasian regional committee of the party. In his last post, Mikoyan pursued a more flexible policy towards the Cossacks.
Since 1922 he was a candidate, and since 1923 - a member of the Central Committee of the RCP (b)
Since 1930 he was the people's commissar of supply, and since 1934 - the people's commissar of the food industry. At the last post, he visited the United States in order to get acquainted with the latest technologies and managed to achieve rapid development food industry, which is still reminiscent of the name of the meat processing plant.
In 1938 he was elected to the Supreme Council of the BASSR of the first convocation from the Ufa-Gorky district of the city of Ufa.
At the insistence of Anastas Mikoyan, fish days were introduced in the Soviet Union.
Since 1929 - a candidate member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. Since 1935 he became a member of the Politburo, since 1937 - Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, and in 1938-1949 - People's Commissar for Foreign Trade. In 1957-1964 - First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
Political position in the 1920s-1930s, participation in repressions
In the 1920s, Mikoyan took a moderate line, which was expressed during his stay in the North Caucasus in his policy towards the Cossacks, and in relation to the peasantry he took an almost right-wing position, proposing to fight the grain procurement crisis not by emergency measures, but by expanding supplies to the village of industrial products.
During the "great turning point" he supported Stalin. He behaved in the same way during the repressions of 1937, that is, he did not show initiative, but he did not resist them either. He headed the commission of the Central Committee to determine the fate of Bukharin and Rykov.
With his sanction, hundreds of employees of the system of the People's Commissariat of Food Industry, the People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade of the USSR were arrested. Mikoyan not only issued warrants for the arrest, but he himself initiated the arrests. Representations were made by Mikoyan in relation to employees of a number of organizations of the USSR Foreign Trade. In the autumn of 1937, Mikoyan traveled to the Armenian SSR to carry out repressions of party workers and government agencies this republic. Mikoyan was accompanied on this trip by Malenkov and a group of NKVD officers.
Mikoyan headed a commission charged with counter-revolutionary activities of prominent members of the party. He, in particular, together with Yezhov was a speaker at the February-March Plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on the Bukharin case (1937). It was Mikoyan who spoke on behalf of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks at the solemn asset of the NKVD, dedicated to the 20th anniversary of the bodies of the Cheka-GPU-NKVD. After praising the activities of Yezhov, excuses mass repression Mikoyan ended his report with the words: “The NKVD did a good job during this time!”, referring to 1937.
March 5, 1940, together with I. V. Stalin, V. M. Molotov and K. E. Voroshilov signed the decision of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on the execution of prisoners Polish officers, policemen, border guards, gendarmes, etc. (Katyn massacre).
The Great Patriotic War
Since 1941, A.I. Mikoyan was the chairman of the Committee for Food and Clothing Supply of the Red Army, as well as a member of the Council for the Evacuation and the State Committee for the Restoration of the Economy of the Liberated Areas, since 1942 he was a member of the State Defense Committee.
At 14:55 on November 6, 1942, on Red Square from the Execution Ground, at the car of Anastas Mikoyan, which stopped in front of the cab that blocked the road, three shots were fired from a rifle by the deserted Red Army soldier Savely Dmitriev from Ust-Kamenogorsk, who then started a whole battle with the Kremlin guards. Only with the help of two grenades it was possible to neutralize it. Dmitriev mistook Mikoyan's car for Joseph Stalin's car. Dmitriev was shot in 1950.
By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of September 30, 1943, for special merits in the field of setting up the matter of supplying the Red Army with food, fuel and clothing in difficult conditions wartime, Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the Order of Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle medal.
After the war
In 1946, Mikoyan was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers and Minister of Foreign Trade of the USSR.
By the end of the 1940s, Mikoyan, along with Molotov, found himself in a threatening position due to the new “purge” being prepared by Joseph Stalin. Testimony against Anastas Mikoyan was extorted from the defendants in the case of the "Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee".
In 1949 he was removed from the post of Minister of Foreign Trade, and in 1952 Joseph Stalin attacked him at the plenum of the Central Committee after the 19th Congress. He was elected to the Presidium of the Central Committee, but was not included in the Bureau of the Presidium, which replaced the Politburo.
After Stalin's death
After Stalin's death, Mikoyan was again appointed to the posts of Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers and Minister of Internal and Foreign Trade (since September 1953 - and Minister of Trade).
In sensitive issues, Mikoyan, as always, took an evasive position: for example, during a discussion of the fate of Beria, he agreed with all the accusations, but at the same time expressed the hope that Beria would "take into account criticism." At first, he had a similar position regarding the exposure of Joseph Stalin: when, at a meeting of the Presidium of the Central Committee before the XX Congress in 1956, Khrushchev proposed discussing the issue of condemning Stalin's actions, Mikoyan did not speak either for or against. However, during the congress, he actually made an anti-Stalinist speech (although without calling Stalin by name), declaring the existence of a "cult of personality", emphasizing the need for peaceful coexistence with the West and a peaceful path to socialism, criticizing Stalin's works - " Short Course history of the CPSU (b) "and" Economic problems socialism in the USSR. Following this, Mikoyan headed the commission for the rehabilitation of prisoners. At the plenum of the Central Committee in 1957, he firmly supported Khrushchev against the anti-party group, which secured a new take-off for his party career.
The name of Anastas Mikoyan is associated with the suppression of anti-communist demonstrations in Poland and Hungary in 1956 (the only one in the Politburo who expressed special opinion- "doubt about the introduction of troops", restoring order on your own Hungarians, an attempt to resolve the situation by political measures; Alexander Stykalin: “The Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU twice decided to send troops - on the night of October 23-24 and October 31. And both times Mikoyan voted against”), as well as with the execution of workers in Novocherkassk in 1962, where Mikoyan left as a representative of the Presidium of the Central Committee together with F. Kozlov. Mikoyan himself in his memoirs, however, laid all the blame for the execution on Kozlov, arguing that he himself immediately saw the justice of the workers' demands and tried to peacefully resolve the conflict.
Foreign policy activity
Already in 1954, Nikita Khrushchev entrusted Mikoyan with a diplomatic task: as a person who was not associated with the Stalinist foreign policy, he was sent to Yugoslavia to settle relations with Tito.
After 1957, Mikoyan became one of the main proxies Khrushchev: he travels to Asian countries, and in 1959 he visited the United States to prepare for Khrushchev's visit, and also negotiated with Fidel Castro on the establishment of Soviet-Cuban relations. Leaders Cuban Revolution produced pleasant impression on Mikoyan; about Castro, he spoke like this: “Yes, he is a revolutionary. The same as we are. I felt like I was back in the days of my youth." In 1962, he actively participated in the settlement of " Caribbean Crisis", personally negotiating with Kennedy and Castro. During this time, his wife died.
Career decline
July 15, 1964 Anastas Mikoyan was elected to the post of Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. During the October (1964) plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, he tried to cautiously defend Khrushchev, emphasizing his foreign policy merits. As a result, in December 1965, Mikoyan was dismissed as having reached the age of 70 and was replaced by Nikolai Podgorny, loyal to Brezhnev. At the same time, Anastas Mikoyan remained a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU and a member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1965-74), received the sixth Order of Lenin.
Since 1974, he did not participate in the work of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. In 1976, he did not participate in the XXV Congress of the CPSU and was not elected a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU.
Buried at Novodevichy cemetery(and not in Kremlin wall), which was a sign of the famous disgrace; there is an epitaph in Armenian on his grave.
Family
- Brother Artyom Ivanovich Mikoyan - aircraft designer
- Wife Ashkhen Lazarevna Tumanyan (1896-1962)
- The eldest son Stepan Anastasovich Mikoyan - test pilot
- Middle son Vladimir Anastasovich Mikoyan (1924-1942) - military pilot, died in battle near Stalingrad
- The middle son Alexei Anastasovich Mikoyan is a military pilot; father of Anastas Mikoyan (pseudonym Stas Namin) - musician, composer and producer
- Son Ivan Anastasovich Mikoyan (born in 1927) - design engineer
- Younger son Sergo Anastasovich Mikoyan (1929-2010) - historian and publicist
Mikoyan and advertising
It was already dark, the area was illuminated bright lights, a motley advertisement was burning on the roof of the Polytechnic Museum: “It’s time for everyone to try how tasty and tender crabs are”, “And I eat jam and jam”, “Do you need a present in the house? Buy the Don hall. This is all the idea of Mikoyan, who also oversaw domestic trade. He invited famous poets come up with catchy advertising, like Mayakovsky: "Nowhere but in Mosselprom."
Memoirs of A. I. Mikoyan
- "Thoughts and memories of Lenin" (1970);
- "Dear Struggle" (1971);
- "In the early twenties ..." (1975).
- "So It Was" (1999, compilation)
Archival funds
A. I. Mikoyan's fund is kept in the Russian state archive socio-political history.
In folklore
- In the late 1970s, a proverb was composed about Anastas Mikoyan: "From Ilyich to Ilyich without a heart attack and paralysis".
- The unit of political longevity is one Mikoyan.
Memory
The name of A. I. Mikoyan was given to:
- Moscow Meat Processing Plant (then - the company "Mikoms", hereinafter - the company "Mikoyan")
- All-Union Institute of Tobacco and Shag (VITIM)
- All-Russian Research Institute of Refrigeration Industry
- State Theater for Young Spectators (Yerevan)
- with. Mikoyanovka - now the village of Oktyabrsky ( Belgorod region)
- Mikoyanabad village - now Kabadiyon (Tajikistan)
- settlement named after Mikoyan - now the city of Kara-Balta (Kyrgyzstan)
- with. named after Mikoyan - now with. named after Michurin (Tatarstan)
- Mikoyan village - now Yeghegnadzor (Armenia)
- X. Mikoyan - now Talovy ( Rostov region)
- Mikoyanovsk - now Oktyabrsky ( Kamchatka Krai)
- Mikoyanovsk - now Khingansk (Jewish Autonomous Region)
- Mikoyan-Shakhar - now Karachaevsk (1926-1944)
- Mikoyanovsky district - now Oktyabrsky (Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous region- Yugra)
- group of Talitsky plants From 04/01/1939 to 06/01/1941
Incarnations in cinema
- And Shepilov, who joined them,- Samvel Muzhikyan
- Grey Wolves - Lev Durov
- Wolf Messing: who saw through time- Sarkiz Amirzyan
Before 1917
Mikoyanovsk Meat Processing Plant is the oldest meat processing enterprise in the country, its history spans over 210 years. The first mention that butchers' slaughterhouses were once located on the site of modern Mikoyan's buildings dates back to 1798.
In the documents of the Office of the Commander-in-Chief in Moscow and the province for the civilian part of Field Marshal I.P. Saltykov, there was evidence that in 1798 on the lands of the village of Grayvoron, the Yamskaya and Rogozhskaya settlements, there was a concentration of production for slaughtering livestock, cutting it and selling meat. It was there that the merchant Blagushin kept his own slaughterhouses.
On these lands new butchers settled, new slaughterhouses were opened, and over time, a city-level meat business was formed here, to which the Moscow authorities attached great importance.
In 1886-1888, the mayor Nikolai Alekseev decided to streamline the Moscow slaughterhouse and, using a municipal loan, built the best city slaughterhouses in Europe on the site of merchant butcher shops. 3 million gold rubles were spent. The construction of the slaughterhouse meant use the most modern technologies
. A livestock yard and 5 corrals, a rail track, refrigeration machines, water supply from an artesian well on Yauzsky Boulevard, and sewerage to their own irrigation fields were built. In 1913, a restaurant, a library and the only meat museum in Russia with a collection of art models operated on the territory of the slaughterhouses. The theater was equipped with lecture hall for 300 seats and a cinematograph.
At Soviet power
After the revolution Soviet government in 1930, she sent Soyuzmyas specialists to Chicago (USA) to get acquainted with the experience of meat processing and the organization of sausage production. People's Commissar Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan personally visited America to study the meat processing industry. And a year later, in Moscow, on the future territory of Mikoyan, the construction of the first buildings of the enterprise, which was called the First Moscow Sausage Factory, began. On December 31, 1933, all nine workshops of the Moscow Meat Processing Plant began work; a year later he was named after People's Commissar A.I. Mikoyan.
At that time, the technologists of the plant developed dozens of brands of sausages, in particular, "Doctor", "Lyubitelskaya", "Tea" and "Braunschweigskaya". Based on Mikoyan's developments, GOSTs were created for sausages, delicacies, canned food and semi-finished products.
War years
In June 1941, more than one and a half thousand workers of the plant were called up to the Armed Forces. In July, 250 people volunteered for civil uprising. More than seven hundred employees of the plant died during the Great Patriotic War.
The departure of so many employees had a severe impact on production, but the team found a way out of the situation: women, pensioners and teenagers were trained in new professions. It was possible not only to maintain the pace of production, but also to launch the production of new products - food concentrates for the Red Army. During the war years, the plant organized production medical preparations based on endocrine raw materials obtained from slaughter of livestock: if in 1942 the industry produced only four types of organ preparations, then in 1944 there were already 40 of them. At the plant and at the Leningrad Meat Processing Plant, for the first time in the country, they began to produce penicillin.
At the same time, the enterprise mastered the production of new types of products that provide food for rear workers.
The staff of the meat processing plant participated in raising funds for the construction of weapons and military equipment for the army: for example, for tank column"Moscow" was collected 604 thousand rubles.
For providing the army with weapons and products, the enterprise was transferred to eternal storage battle banner 1st Guards Moscow Red Banner rifle division. The team was also awarded the Order of Lenin. Orders and medals were awarded to 67 employees of the plant.
After 1991
In 1998, Mikoyan became part of a large agro-industrial holding - Exima, which invested more than $ 200 million in the plant, re-equipped old production lines and built new ones (more than 85% of the equipment was replaced), raised wages, improved working conditions.
Mikoyan Anastas Ivanovich (25. 11. 1895 - 21. 10. 1978), party and statesman, Hero of Socialist Labor.
Mikoyan Anastas Ivanovich - Deputy Chairman of the Council People's Commissars(SNK) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, member of the Bureau of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, People's Commissar for Foreign Trade of the USSR, member State Committee Defense (GKO) of the USSR, member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.
Born on November 13 (25), 1895 in the village of Sanahin, now the Tumanyan region of the Republic of Armenia. He graduated from the Armenian Theological Seminary in Tiflis (now Tbilisi - the capital of Georgia), studied at the Theological Academy of Etchmiadzin. Member of the RCP(b)/VKP(b)/CPSU since 1915.
After February Revolution 1917 Anastas Mikoyan - organizer of the Council in Etchmiadzin. He promoted Bolshevik slogans in Tiflis, Baku; was a member of the Tiflis Committee of the Party (Bolsheviks).
In October 1917, after the victory of the Great October socialist revolution A.I. Mikoyan took part in the work of the 1st Congress of the Caucasian Bolshevik organizations, was a member of the Presidium of the Baku Committee of the Bolsheviks, edited the newspapers Sotsial-Democrat and Izvestia of the Baku Council. In March 1918 he received Active participation in suppression counter-revolutionary rebellion Musavatists. In the summer of 1918, during the struggle for Baku with the German-Turkish troops, he was the commissar of the Red Army brigade.
In 1918, after the temporary fall of Soviet power in Baku, with the entry of British interventionists into the city, Anastas Mikoyan was the chairman of the underground city committee of the party. He made an attempt to release the arrested Baku commissars, but he himself was arrested in Krasnovodsk, and almost escaped execution. But at the end of February 1919, at the request of the Baku workers who organized a general strike, the British occupiers were forced to release and send a group of arrested Baku residents, among whom was Mikoyan, from Transcaspia to Baku.
Since March 1919 A.I. Mikoyan headed the underground party organization of Azerbaijan, was a member of the Caucasian regional committee of the party. Having established contact with Moscow and Astrakhan, he organized the delivery of petroleum products for the Soviet Republic.
In October 1919, on behalf of the regional party committee, having crossed the Denikin front, Anastas Mikoyan arrived in Moscow, where he met with the creator of the world's first socialist state Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, participated in meetings of the Politburo and the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), at which issues were resolved party building in Baku and Transcaucasia.
On the night of April 28, 1920, the Baku proletariat raised armed uprising prepared by the decision of the 1st Congress of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Azerbaijan. With forward detachment armored trains of the 11th army, aimed at supporting the rebels, Anastas Mikoyan arrived in Baku, where he was left in leading party work.
For military merit in civil war Mikoyan A.I. was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.
From October 1920, Mikoyan was in leading party work in Nizhny Novgorod. In 1921-22 he was secretary of the Nizhny Novgorod provincial committee of the RCP(b).
In the spring of 1922 A.I. Mikoyan was elected a candidate member of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) and, on the recommendation of I.V. Stalin was appointed secretary of the South-Eastern Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) in Rostov-on-Don. In 1924-26 he was secretary of the North Caucasian regional party committee, member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the North Caucasian military district. From 1926 to 1930 - People's Commissar of Foreign and Internal Trade of the USSR; since 1930 - People's Commissar of Supply of the USSR.
In 1934, at the suggestion of I.V. Stalin was formed People's Commissariat food industry of the USSR headed by A.I. Mikoyan, who held the post People's Commissar food industry of the USSR until the beginning of 1938. In 1937-46, he became deputy chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, in 1941-46 - a member of the bureau of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, at the same time, in 1938-46, he held the post of People's Commissar of Foreign Trade.
During the Great Patriotic War in 1941 A.I. Mikoyan - Chairman of the Food and Clothing Supply Committee of the Red Army. In 1942-45 he was a member of the USSR State Defense Committee. He exercised proper control over the organization of the supply of the army; at the same time in 1943-46 he was a member of the Committee of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR for the restoration National economy in areas liberated from Nazi invaders.
By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of September 30, 1943, for special merits in the field of staging the matter of supplying the Red Army with food, fuel and clothing in difficult wartime conditions during the Great Patriotic War, Mikoyan Anastas Ivanovich was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the award of the Order of Lenin and a gold Hammer and Sickle Medal.
In 1946-55, A.I. Mikoyan - Deputy Chairman, in 1955-64 First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR; at the same time in 1946-49 - Minister of Foreign Trade of the USSR, in 1953-55 - Minister of Trade of the USSR. In 1964-65 - Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
In the second half of the 1930s, A.I. Mikoyan headed the commission, on the basis of which the death sentence was passed on the “darling of the party” N.I. Bukharin. And in the mid-1950s, Mikoyan performed together with N.S. Khrushchev - one of the organizers of mass political repression in Ukraine in the 1930s - with the condemnation of the so-called "Stalin's personality cult".
In 1965-74 A.I. Mikoyan was elected a member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. At the 11th congress (1922), he was elected a candidate member of the Central Committee, and from 1923 to 1976 a member of the Central Committee of the party. In 1926-35 he was a candidate member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, in 1935-52 he was a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, from 1952 to 1966 he was a member of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU. From 1922 to 1938 he was elected a member of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. In 1937-74 he was elected to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
Mikoyan was statesman who worked under Lenin and resigned under Brezhnev. In connection with this, there was a saying "from Ilyich to Ilyich without a heart attack and paralysis".
Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan lived in Moscow. Died October 21, 1978. He was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy Cemetery (plot No. 1).
Awarded six orders of Lenin, orders October revolution, Red Banner, medals.
Used materials from the book: Thoughts and memories of Lenin. M., 1970;
Dear fight. Book. 1. M., 1971;
In the early twenties ... M., 1975.
Mikoyan Artyom Ivanovich (1905-1970).
Outstanding Soviet aircraft designer, Colonel General of the Engineering and Technical Service, head of OKB-155. Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1968), twice Hero of Socialist Labor, six-time winner of the Stalin Prize, laureate of the Lenin Prize (1962).
Anush Hovhannesovich Mikoyan was born on July 23 (August 5, according to the old style), 1905 in the small mountain village of Sanahin, Tiflis province, Russian Empire and was the fifth (youngest) child in the family. His father, Hovhannes Nersesovich, worked as a carpenter at a copper smelter in the city of Alaverdi, not far from their village. Mother, Talida Otarovna, managed the housework, looked after the children and sewed clothes for fellow villagers.
Anush's childhood was associated with high mountain pastures, where he and his uncle went to graze goats. Of course, Anush had no idea about artificial aircraft that already existed then. He knew nothing about balloons, nor about airplanes. The whole world of his technical knowledge was limited to the carpentry of his father, with whom the boy made various wooden structures Yes, the art of a rural blacksmith. And only grandmother's tales about a man flying on a miracle carpet and a miracle bird kindled his imagination about flying. Once he made wings out of flexible dogwood rods and tied them to a lamb, hoping that it would fly. But the flight, for reasons incomprehensible to the boy, did not take place, and the idea of \u200b\u200bthe unlucky inventor made the whole village laugh.
The dream of the sky in the minds of young Anush was born by the forced landing of an airplane near the village where the Mikoyan family lived. The man who played a decisive role in Anush's life was a rural school teacher Hovsep Akopovich Galstyan. The teacher's stories about scientists of ancient times: mathematicians, petrologists, historians, geographers, found the most fertile response in the heart of an impressionable and inquisitive student, awakening in him a sincere interest in knowledge and a desire to learn. The boy was sent to study at the seminary in Tiflis.
In 1923 he moved to his older brother Anastas in Rostov-on-Don. During the day he worked as a turner at the Krasny Aksai agricultural machinery plant, and in the evenings he attended classes at the FZU school.
In 1925 he moved to Moscow and got a job at the Dynamo plant. Here, of course, the name changed: instead of Anush Ovanesovich, they began to call him Artem Ivanovich.
After serving in the army, he worked as a secretary of the party committee at the Moscow Kompressor plant. In 1931, Mikoyan was among the thousands of party members sent to study at air force academy them. N.E. Zhukovsky.
In 1935 Mikoyan was sent to industrial practice to Kharkov. Together with other students of the academy, he built his first aircraft - the light Oktyabryonok, which received appreciated Central Aeroclub.
October 22, 1937 he defended his graduation project, he was awarded the title of military mechanical engineer of the Red Army Air Force. After graduating from the academy, Mikoyan was appointed military representative at the State Aviation Plant No. 1 (GAZ No. 1). In February 1939, N.N. Polikarpov's design bureau was transferred to aircraft plant No. 1 from plant No. 156. Engineer Mikoyan established himself as a first-class specialist and was soon assigned to supervise the development of the I-153 fighter. Soon N.N. Polikarpov was sent on a business trip to Germany. In his absence, plant director P.A. Voronin and Chief Engineer P.V. Dementiev singled out some of the divisions and the best designers (including Mikhail Gurevich) from the design bureau and organized a new experimental design department (OKO), and in fact a new design bureau, the head of which was appointed the young aircraft designer Mikoyan. Also, Mikoyan was given the project of a new I-200 fighter (future MiG-1), which Polikarpov sent to the People's Commissariat aviation industry(NKAP) for approval before his trip to Germany.
On December 8, 1939, by order of the NKAP, Mikoyan was appointed head of KB-1 and deputy chief designer of GAZ No. 1. This day is considered the day of the formation of the Design Bureau named after A.I. Mikoyan. Under his leadership (together with M.I. Gurevich and V.A. Romodin), the MiG-1 and MiG-3 fighter aircraft that participated in the Great Patriotic War were created.
In March 1942, A.I. Mikoyan was appointed director and chief designer of the pilot plant. And in April of the same year, a joyful event takes place - the return of the design bureau from evacuation. In 1942-1944, selfless work is underway labor collective over experienced fighters I-210, I-211, I-220, I-222, I-224. In 1941-1943, a number of experienced fighters were created: MiG-7, which showed top speed 690 km / h, high-altitude aircraft I-224, which reached a ceiling of 14 thousand meters. In March 1945, tests began on the I-250 fighter aircraft designed by Mikoyan with a combined power plant, consisting of piston and air-jet engines, and in Victory May 1945, the first flight of this winged vehicle took place.
Artyom Ivanovich Mikoyan is one of the pioneers of jet aviation in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. After the war, he developed high-speed and supersonic front-line jets, many of which were produced in large series and long time were in service Soviet Air Force. Among them are the MiG-9, MiG-15, MiG-17, which reached the speed of sound MiG-19 - the first serial domestic supersonic fighter, the legendary MiG-21 with a thin profile delta wing and a flight speed twice the speed of sound.
Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of April 20, 1956 for outstanding services in the creation of a new aviation technology Mikoyan Artyom Ivanovich was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the Order of Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle gold medal.
At the same time, in 1956, the creation of the MiG-19 (SM-30) fighter aircraft with an ejection without airfield take-off and the creation of experimental supersonic fighters E-2A and E-5 was completed.
Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of July 12, 1957 for outstanding contribution Artyom Ivanovich Mikoyan was awarded the second gold medal "Hammer and Sickle" in the creation of a new jet aviation technology.
The last aircraft created under the leadership of A.I. Mikoyan were: the MiG-23 fighter, the first aircraft in the USSR with a variable sweep of the entire wing in flight and the MiG-25 fighter-interceptor with a flight speed three times the speed of sound.
About six dozen world records were set on aircraft developed under the guidance of Artyom Ivanovich Mikoyan. He created his own school in aircraft construction, brought up many highly qualified designers.
He was elected a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 3rd-8th convocations (1950-1970).
Lived in the hero city of Moscow. Died December 9, 1970. He was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy Cemetery (plot No. 1).
Awards:
-twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1956, 1957);
-6 orders of Lenin;
- Order of the Red Banner;
- Order of the Patriotic War 1st degree;
-2 orders of the Red Star;
-Lenin Prize(1962);
-6 Stalin Prizes(1941, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1952, 1953).
Anush Mikoyan with his sister Astghik. 1913
Aircraft designers Artem Ivanovich Mikoyan and Mikhail Iosifovich Gurevich with a model of the MiG-3 fighter.
General designers S.A. Lavochkin, A.S. Yakovlev and A.I. Mikoyan.
List of sources:
Artyom Ivanovich Mikoyan. Site "Heroes of the Country".
A.N. Ponomarev. Soviet aviation designers.
M.S.Arlazorov. Artyom Mikoyan.
