We continue to discover the mysteries of our recent past, terrible and tragic. Incredible at first glance, the assumptions are confirmed in a variety of facts. Let's evaluate the scale of events, the scope of forgery and concealment of evidence.

I had a dream ... Not everything in it was a dream

Darkness (excerpts)

I had a dream... Not everything in it was a dream.

The bright sun went out, and the stars

Wandering aimlessly, without rays

In space eternal; icy ground

Worn blindly in the moonless air.

The hour of the morning came and went,

But he did not bring the day after him ...

... People lived in front of the fires; thrones,

Palaces of crowned kings, huts,

The dwellings of all those who have dwellings -

The fires were built ... the cities were burning ...

... Happy were the inhabitants of those countries

Where the torches of volcanoes blazed...

The whole world lived with one timid hope...

The forests were set on fire; but with every passing hour

And the burnt forest fell; trees

Suddenly, with a formidable crash, they collapsed ...

... The war broke out again,

Extinguished for a while...

Terrible hunger

Tortured people...

And people died quickly...

And the world was empty;

That crowded world, mighty world

Was a dead mass, without grass, trees

Without life, time, people, movement...

That was the chaos of death.

George Noel Gordon Byron, 1816

Translation - Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev

It is said that Lord Byron put these images on paper in the summer of 1816 in the villa English writer Mary Shelley in Switzerland near Lake Geneva. Their friends were with them. Due to extremely bad weather often it was impossible to leave the house. So they decided that everyone would write one creepy story which will then be read to each other. Mary Shelley wrote her famous story"Frankenstein, or Modern Prometheus Lord Byron's physician John Polidori wrote Vampyr, the first vampire story, long before Bram Stoker's Dracula.

This is the generally accepted elegant version. Describing events in Western Europe, we are always sprinkled with caramel on the brain and sprinkled with icing. The writers, you know, spent the summer on the lake. It was ordinary and boring, bad weather did not allow playing badminton, and they began to tell each other stories from the crypt. Everything - the topic was closed.

But the topic is not closed! Byron had no vision problems and should have seen what was happening around him in 1816. And what happened, in general, is exactly what he described, adjusted for poetic imagination. And in general, Mary Shelley with friends in his country house at that time they could only hide from the catastrophe that befell Europe, taking with them more food supplies of salt, matches and kerosene.

1816 is called "The Year Without a Summer". In the US, he was also nicknamed Eighteen hundred and frozen to death, which translates as "one thousand eight hundred and frozen to death." Scientists call this time "small ice age».

Since the spring of 1816, all over the world, especially in the northern hemisphere, where civilization was mainly concentrated, there were unexplained phenomena. It seemed that familiar from the Bible "Egyptian plagues" fell on people's heads. In March 1816 the temperature continued to be winter. April and May there was an unnatural amount of rain and hail, a sudden frost destroyed most of the crops in the United States, in June two giant snow storms resulted in deaths, in July and August frozen rivers have been noted as far away as Pennsylvania ( south of latitude Sochi). During June and July in America it was cold every night. Up to a meter of snow fell in New York and the northeastern United States. At the height of summer, the temperature jumped during the day from 35 degrees of heat to almost zero.

Germany was repeatedly tormented violent storms, many rivers (including the Rhine) overflowed their banks. In starving Switzerland, snow fell every month (to the delight of our "vacationing" writers), it was even announced there state of emergency. Hunger riots swept through Europe, crowds thirsty for bread smashed warehouses with grain. The unusual cold led to a catastrophic crop failure. As a result, in the spring of 1817, grain prices increased tenfold, and famine broke out among the population. Tens of thousands of Europeans, moreover, still suffering from destruction Napoleonic Wars emigrated to America. But even there the situation was not much better. No one could understand or explain anything. Throughout the "civilized" world, hunger, cold, panic and despondency reigned. In one word - "Darkness".

It turns out that Byron had a rich practical material for his poem.

Perhaps it will seem to someone that the poet has exaggerated too much. But this is only if a person is unfamiliar with real animal hunger, when you feel that life is leaving your body drop by drop. But I really want to survive, and then the look begins to meticulously evaluate any surrounding objects in order to somehow eat it. When you begin to feel every bone of your skeleton, and you wonder how light and thin they are. But all this after endless severe headaches and aches in every joint. Most often, at such moments, the high, moral, human falls asleep and the animal remains. Emaciated creatures, in whose eyes there is no light of reason, unnaturally move along the dark dirty streets. Every hunter or prey. The world around seems to fade and become gray. However, read Byron.

So here it is there was famine in Europe. That is, not just malnutrition, but real HUNGER . Were cold, who can only be defeated by food and fire, fire and food. Add to this the filth, disease and stratification of society. Most of the poor are the robbed, who hardly eat, and the rich, who tried to survive as long as possible on their supplies (for example, by running away to a country house). So, judging by the well-known facts about Western Europe in 1816, the picture is very bleak.

The question arises: what actually happened? The first plausible scientific version on this matter appeared only 100 years later. American explorer climate William Humphreys found an explanation for the "year without summer". He linked climate change to the eruption of the Tambora volcano on the Indonesian island of Sumbawa. This hypothesis is now generally accepted in scientific world. Everything is simple. A volcano explodes, throws 150 cubic kilometers of soil into the stratosphere, and, allegedly, the necessary atmospheric phenomena. Dust, sun does not penetrate, etc. Here is an interesting table:

Table I. Comparison of individual volcanic eruptions

eruptions	The country	Location	Year	Pillar height (km)	Volcano Scale zheny	Average temperature drop (°C)	Number died shih
Huaynaputina	Peru		1600			−0,8	≈1.400
Tambora	Indonesia	Pacific ring of fire	1815			−0,5	>71.000
Krakatoa	Indonesia	Pacific ring of fire	1883			−0,3	36.600
Santa Maria	Guatemala	Pacific ring of fire	1902			no changes seen	7.000-13.000
Cat May	USA, Alaska	Pacific ring of fire	1912			−0,4
St. Helens	USA, Washington	Pacific ring of fire	1980			no changes seen
El Chichon	Mexico	Pacific ring of fire	1982				>2.000
Nevado del Ruiz	Colombia	Pacific ring of fire	1985			no changes seen	23.000
Pinatubo	Philippines	Pacific ring of fire	1991			−0,5	1.202

According to this table, after the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991, the temperature dropped by the same 0.5 degrees as after the eruption of Tambora in 1815. We should have observed in 1992 throughout the northern hemisphere approximately the same phenomena that are described as " year without summer. However, there was nothing of the sort. And if you compare with other eruptions, you can see that they did not always coincide with climatic anomalies. The hypothesis is bursting at the seams. It is the “white threads” with which it is sewn that are spreading.

And here's another oddity. In 1816, the problem with the climate happened precisely throughout the Northern Hemisphere. But Tambora is located in the southern hemisphere, 1000 km from the equator. The fact is that in the Earth's atmosphere at altitudes above 20 km (in the stratosphere) there are stable air currents along the parallels. Dust ejected into the stratosphere to a height of 43 km should have been distributed along the equator with the dust belt shifting to the southern hemisphere. And what about the US and Europe?

Egypt should have been frozen Central Africa, Central America, Brazil and finally Indonesia itself. But the weather there was very good. Interestingly, just at this time, in 1816, in Costa Rica, which is located about 1000 km north of the equator, they began to grow coffee. The reason for this was: “…perfect alternation of rainy and dry seasons. And, constant temperature throughout the year, which favorably affects the development of coffee bushes ... "

And their business, you know, went. That is, several thousand kilometers north of the equator was prosperity. But then - a full "pipe". How is it, it is interesting to know that 150 cubic kilometers of erupted soil jumped 5 ... 8 thousand kilometers from southern hemisphere to the north, at an altitude of 43 kilometers, in defiance of all longitudinal stratospheric currents, not a bit spoiling the weather for residents Central America? But all its terrible, photon-scattering impenetrability, this dust brought down on Europe and North America.

William Humphreys, the founder of this scientific duck, we, probably, will not be answered, but modern climatologists are obliged to mumble something about this. So far, none of them has openly denied gross scientific error means agree. Moreover, they are well aware of stratospheric currents, and even build quite tolerable models for the development of such situations. For example, there are forecasts of a nuclear winter, where the direction of propagation of stratospheric flows is clearly visible. True, for some reason it says about the smoke thrown into the stratosphere, which is wrong. In a nuclear explosion, it is dust that is ejected (just like a volcano).

But the strangest thing in this worldwide swindle is the role of Russia. Even if you live half your life in archives and libraries, you will not find a word about bad weather in the Russian Empire in 1816. We allegedly had a normal harvest, the sun was shining and the grass was green. We probably live neither in the Southern nor in the Northern Hemisphere, but in some third one.

Let's test our sanity. It's about time, for we stand before huge optical illusion . So, there was hunger and cold in Europe in 1816 ... 1819! It is a fact, confirmed by many written sources. Could this bypass Russia? Could, if it was only a matter of western regions Europe. But in this case, one would definitely have to forget about the volcanic hypothesis. After all, stratospheric dust is pulled along the parallels around the entire planet.

And, besides, no less complete than in Europe, tragic events illuminated in North America. But they are still separated Atlantic Ocean. What kind of locality are we talking about here? The event clearly affected the entire northern hemisphere, including Russia. The option when North America and Europe froze and starved for 3 years in a row, and Russia did not even notice the difference, is possible only under the auspices of Levashov N.V. (see the article "The Taming of the Shrew"), which, probably, we will soon observe. But at that time there was no need to talk about Levashov.

Thus, from 1816 to 1819, the cold really reigned in the entire northern hemisphere, including Russia, no matter what anyone says. Scientists confirm this and call the first half of the 19th century "Little Ice Age". And so important question: who will suffer more from a 3-year cold, Europe or Russia? Of course, Europe will cry louder, but it will suffer stronger Russia. And that's why. In Europe (Germany, Switzerland), the time of summer plant growth reaches 9 months, and in Russia - about 4 months. This means that we were not only 2 times less likely to grow sufficient supplies for the winter, but also 2.5 times more likely to starve to death during a longer winter. And if in Europe the population suffered, then in Russia the situation was 4 times worse, including in terms of mortality. This is, if you do not take into account any magic. Well, what if...

I offer readers magic option development of events. Suppose the existence of a wizard who twisted his staff and changed the movement of high-altitude winds so that the sun would not block us. But this option does not convince me. No, I believe in good wizards, but in foreigners who draped across the ocean in tens of thousands, instead of calmly coming and staying in Russia, where it’s so good, where they are always welcome, I do not believe.

Apparently, after all, Russia was much worse than Europe. Moreover, it was our territory that was probably the source of climatic troubles for the entire hemisphere. And to hide this (someone needed it), all references to this were removed or reworked.

But if you think about it, how could it be? The entire northern hemisphere is suffering from climatic anomalies and does not know what it is. The first scientific version appears only after 100 years, and it does not hold water. But the cause of the events must be located precisely at our latitudes. And if in America and Europe this reason is not observed, then where can it be if not in Russia? Nowhere else. And just here Russian empire pretends not to know what he is talking about. And we did not see, and did not hear, and in general everything is in order with us. Familiar behavior, and very suspicious.

However, one should take into account missing the estimated population of Russia in the 19th century, numbering in the tens, and maybe hundreds of millions. They could die both from the very unknown cause that caused climate change, and from severe consequences in the form of hunger, cold and disease. And also let's not forget about the traces of widespread large-scale fires that destroyed our forests around that time (for more details, see the article "I understand your age-old sadness"). As a result, the expression "secular spruce" (centennial) bears the imprint of rare antiquity, although the normal life span of this tree is 400-600 years. And numerous craters, identical to the traces of explosions of nuclear weapons, can not be taken into account for the time being, since it is not possible to accurately determine their age (see the article “ nuclear strike has already happened to us").

There is no doubt that certain events took place on the territory of Russia in 1815-1816, plunged the entire "civilized world" into darkness. But what could it be? Science community knowingly tends to the volcanic version. After all, numerous atmospheric phenomena that accompanied the "Little Ice Age" speak of pollution of the stratosphere. large quantity dust. And only a volcano or a powerful nuclear explosion (a series of explosions) can throw several cubic kilometers of dust to a height of more than 20 kilometers. Application nuclear weapons before 1945 - taboo. Therefore, only the volcano remained for scientists. In the absence of a more suitable volcano, the Indonesian Tambora was appointed to this position.

But scientists know that the processes of ejection of soil accompanying the terrestrial nuclear explosion, are very close to volcanic, and they did not hesitate to calculate that the eruption of Tambora corresponded in power to the explosion 800-megaton nuclear charge.

Today we have every reason to write down for ourselves the statement that territory of Russia in 1815-1816 became a testing ground for grandiose events, accompanied by the release of a large number dust into the stratosphere, plunging the entire northern hemisphere into darkness and cold for 3 years. Scientists call it "Little Ice Age", but it can be said in another way - "small nuclear winter". This led to great sacrifices among our population and probably greatly undermined the economy. It is also important to know that someone really needed to hide it ...

Alexey Artemyev, Izhevsk

I had a dream ... Not everything in it was a dream
Dark(excerpts)
I had a dream... Not everything in it was a dream.
The bright sun went out, and the stars
Wandering aimlessly, without rays
In space eternal; icy ground
Worn blindly in the moonless air.
The hour of the morning came and went,
But he did not bring the day after him ...
... People lived in front of the fires; thrones,
Palaces of crowned kings, huts,
The dwellings of all those who have dwellings -
The fires were built ... the cities were burning ...
... Happy were the inhabitants of those countries
Where the torches of volcanoes blazed...
The whole world lived with one timid hope...
The forests were set on fire; but with every passing hour
And the burnt forest fell; trees
Suddenly, with a formidable crash, they collapsed ...
... The war broke out again,
Extinguished for a while...
... Terrible hunger
Tortured people...
And people died quickly...
And the world was empty;
That crowded world, mighty world
Was a dead mass, without grass, trees
Without life, time, people, movement...
That was the chaos of death.
George Noel Gordon Byron, 1816
Translation - Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev
They say that Lord Byron put these images on paper in the summer of 1816 at the villa of the English writer Mary Shelley in Switzerland near Lake Geneva. Their friends were with them. Due to the extremely bad weather, it was often impossible to leave the house. Therefore, they decided that each would write a creepy story, which they would then read to each other. Mary Shelley wrote her famous story "Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus", Lord Byron's physician John Polidori wrote the story "Vampire"- the first vampire story, long before Bram Stoker's Dracula.
This is the generally accepted elegant version. Describing events in Western Europe, they always pour caramel on our brains and sprinkle them with icing along the way. The writers, you know, spent the summer on the lake. It was ordinary and boring, bad weather did not allow playing badminton, and they began to tell each other stories from the crypt. Everything - the topic was closed.
But the topic is not closed! Byron had no vision problems and should have seen what was happening around him in 1816. And what happened, in general, is exactly what he described, adjusted for poetic imagination. And in general, Mary Shelley and her friends in their country house at that time could only hide from the catastrophe that befell Europe, taking with them more food supplies of salt, matches and kerosene.
1816 named "A year without a summer". In the USA it is also called Eighteen hundred and frozen to death, which translates as "one thousand eight hundred and frozen to death." Scientists call this time the "Little Ice Age".
Since the spring of 1816, all over the world, especially in the northern hemisphere, where civilization was mainly concentrated, inexplicable phenomena were happening. It seemed that familiar from the Bible "Egyptian plagues" fell on people's heads. In March 1816, the temperature continued to be winter. In April and May, there was an unnatural amount of rain and hail, a sudden frost destroyed most crops in the United States, in June two giant snow storms resulted in deaths in July and in august ice-frozen rivers have been noted even in Pennsylvania (south of the latitude of Sochi). During June and July in America every night was freezing. Up to a meter of snow fell in New York and the northeastern United States. At the height of summer, the temperature during the day jumped from 35 degrees of heat to almost zero.
Germany was repeatedly tormented by strong storms, many rivers (including the Rhine) overflowed their banks. In starving Switzerland, snow fell every month (to the delight of our “vacationing” writers), and a state of emergency was even declared there. Hunger riots swept through Europe, crowds thirsty for bread smashed warehouses with grain. The unusual cold led to a catastrophic crop failure. As a result, in the spring of 1817, grain prices increased tenfold, and famine broke out among the population. Tens of thousands of Europeans, still suffering from the devastation of the Napoleonic Wars, emigrated to America. But even there the situation was not much better. No one could understand or explain anything. Throughout the "civilized" world, hunger, cold, panic and despondency reigned. In a word - "Dark".
It turns out that Byron had rich practical material for his poem.
Perhaps it will seem to someone that the poet has exaggerated too much. But this is only if a person is unfamiliar with real animal hunger, when you feel that life is leaving your body drop by drop. But I really want to survive, and then the look begins to meticulously evaluate any surrounding objects in order to somehow eat it. When you begin to feel every bone of your skeleton, and you wonder how light and thin they are. But all this after endless severe headaches and aches in every joint. Most often, at such moments, the high, moral, human falls asleep and the animal remains. Emaciated creatures, in whose eyes there is no light of reason, unnaturally move along the dark dirty streets. Every hunter or prey. The world around seems to fade and become gray. However, read Byron.
So here it is there was famine in Europe. That is, not just malnutrition, but real HUNGER. Were cold, which can only be defeated by food and fire, fire and food. Add to this the filth, disease and stratification of society. Most of the poor were robbed, who hardly ate, and the rich, who tried to survive as long as possible on their supplies (for example, by running away to a country house). So, judging by the well-known facts about Western Europe in 1816, the picture is very bleak.
The question arises: a what actually happened? The first plausible scientific version on this matter appeared only 100 years later. American climate researcher William Humphreys found an explanation "year without summer". He linked climate change to the eruption of the Tambora volcano on the Indonesian island of Sumbawa. This hypothesis is now generally accepted in the scientific world. Everything is simple. A volcano explodes, ejecting 150 cubic kilometers of soil into the stratosphere, and, allegedly, the necessary atmospheric phenomena are obtained. Dust, sun does not penetrate, etc. Here is an interesting table:

Table I. Comparison of individual volcanic eruptions
eruptions	The country	Location	Year	Height columns (km)	Scale volcanic eruptions	The average temperature drop (°C)	Death toll
Huaynaputina	Peru		1600	46	6	−0,8	≈1.400
Tambora	Indonesia	Pacific ring of fire	1815	43	7	−0,5	>71.000
Krakatoa	Indonesia	Pacific ring of fire	1883	36	6	−0,3	36.600
Santa Maria	Guatemala	Pacific ring of fire	1902	34	6	no changes seen	7.000-13.000
Katmai	USA, Alaska	Pacific ring of fire	1912	32	6	−0,4	2
St. Helens	USA, Washington	Pacific ring of fire	1980	19	5	no changes seen	57
El Chichon	Mexico	Pacific ring of fire	1982	32	4-5	?	>2.000
Nevado del Ruiz	Colombia	Pacific ring of fire	1985	27	3	no changes seen	23.000
Pinatubo	Philippines	Pacific ring of fire	1991	34	6	−0,5	1.202

According to this table, after the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991, the temperature dropped by the same 0.5 degrees as after the eruption of Tambora in 1815. We should have observed in 1992 throughout the northern hemisphere approximately the same phenomena that are described as "year without summer". However, there was nothing of the sort. And if you compare with other eruptions, you can see that they did not always coincide with climatic anomalies. The hypothesis is bursting at the seams. It is the “white threads” with which it is sewn that are spreading.
And here's another oddity. In 1816, the problem with the climate happened exactly " throughout the Northern Hemisphere". But Tambora is located in the southern hemisphere, 1000 km from the equator. The fact is that in the Earth's atmosphere at altitudes above 20 km (in the stratosphere) there are stable air currents along the parallels. Dust ejected into the stratosphere to a height of 43 km should have been distributed along the equator with the dust belt shifting to the southern hemisphere. And what about the US and Europe?
Egypt, Central Africa, Central America, Brazil and, finally, Indonesia itself were supposed to freeze. But the weather there was very good. Interestingly, just at this time, in 1816, in Costa Rica, which is located about 1000 km north of the equator, they began to grow coffee. The reason for this was: “…perfect alternation of rainy and dry seasons. And, constant temperature throughout the year, which favorably affects the development of coffee bushes ... "
And their business, you know, went. That is, several thousand kilometers north of the equator was prosperity. But then - a complete "pipe". How is it, interesting to know, 150 cubic kilometers of erupted soil jumped 5 ... 8 thousand kilometers from the southern hemisphere to the northern, at an altitude of 43 kilometers, in defiance of all longitudinal stratospheric currents, without spoiling the weather for the inhabitants of Central America in the slightest? But all its terrible, photon-scattering impenetrability, this dust brought down on Europe and North America.
William Humphreys, the founder of this scientific duck, we probably will not be answered, but modern climatologists are obliged to mumble something about this. So far, none of them has openly denied gross scientific error means agree. Moreover, they are well aware of stratospheric currents, and even build quite tolerable models for the development of such situations. For example, there are nuclear winter forecasts, where the direction of propagation of stratospheric flows is clearly visible. True, for some reason it says about the smoke thrown into the stratosphere, which is wrong. In a nuclear explosion, it is dust that is ejected (just like a volcano).
But the strangest thing in this worldwide swindle is the role of Russia. Even if you live half your life in archives and libraries, you will not find a word about bad weather in the Russian Empire in 1816. We allegedly had a normal harvest, the sun was shining and the grass was green. We probably live neither in the Southern nor in the Northern Hemisphere, but in some third one.
Let's test our sanity. It's about time, for we are facing a huge optical illusion. So, there was hunger and cold in Europe in 1816 ... 1819! This is fact, confirmed by many written sources. Could this bypass Russia? It could, if it concerned only the western regions of Europe. But in this case, one would definitely have to forget about the volcanic hypothesis. After all, stratospheric dust is pulled along the parallels around the entire planet.
And besides, no less fully than in Europe, the tragic events are covered in North America. But they are still separated by the Atlantic Ocean. What kind of locality are we talking about here? The event clearly affected the entire northern hemisphere, including Russia. The option when North America and Europe froze and starved for 3 years in a row, and Russia did not even notice the difference, is possible only under the auspices of Levashov N.V. (see the article "The Taming of the Shrew"), which, probably, we will soon observe. But at that time there was no need to talk about Levashov.
Thus, from 1816 to 1819, the cold really reigned in the entire northern hemisphere, including Russia, no matter what anyone says. Scientists confirm this and call the first half of the 19th century "Little Ice Age". And here is an important question: who will suffer more from a 3-year cold, Europe or Russia? Of course, Europe will cry louder, but Russia will suffer more. And that's why. In Europe (Germany, Switzerland), the time of summer plant growth reaches 9 months, and in Russia - about 4 months. This means that we were not only 2 times less likely to grow sufficient supplies for the winter, but also 2.5 times more likely to starve to death during a longer winter. And if in Europe the population suffered, then in Russia the situation was 4 times worse, including in terms of mortality. This is, if you do not take into account any magic. Well, what if...
I offer readers a magical version of the development of events. Suppose the existence of a wizard who twisted his staff and changed the movement of high-altitude winds so that the sun would not block us. But this option does not convince me. No, I believe in good wizards, but in foreigners who draped across the ocean in tens of thousands, instead of calmly coming and staying in Russia, where it’s so good, where they are always welcome, I do not believe.
Apparently, after all, Russia was much worse than Europe. Moreover, it was our territory that was probably the source of climatic troubles for the entire hemisphere. And to hide this (someone needed it), all references to this have been removed. or reworked.
But if you think about it, how could it be? The entire northern hemisphere is suffering from climatic anomalies and does not know what it is. The first scientific version appears only after 100 years, and it does not hold water. But the cause of the events must be located precisely at our latitudes. And if in America and Europe this reason is not observed, then where can it be if not in Russia? Nowhere else. And just then the Russian Empire pretends that it does not know what it is about at all. And we did not see, and did not hear, and in general everything is in order with us. Familiar behavior, and very suspicious.
However, one should take into account missing the estimated population of Russia in the 19th century, numbering in the tens, and maybe hundreds of millions. They could die both from the very unknown cause that caused climate change, and from severe consequences in the form of hunger, cold and disease. And also let's not forget about the traces of widespread large-scale fires that destroyed our forests around that time (for more details, see the article "I understand your age-old sadness"). As a result, the expression "century-old spruce" (centennial) bears the imprint of rare antiquity, although the normal life of this tree 400…600 years. And numerous funnels, identical to the traces of explosions of nuclear weapons, can not be taken into account for the time being, since it is not possible to accurately determine their age (see the article "Nuclear strike on us has already happened").
There is no doubt that on the territory of Russia in 1815-1816 some events, plunging the entire "civilized world" into darkness. But what could it be? The scientific community is not in vain leaning towards the volcanic version. After all, numerous atmospheric phenomena that accompanied the "Little Ice Age" indicate that the stratosphere was polluted with a large amount of dust. And only a volcano or a powerful nuclear explosion (a series of explosions) can throw several cubic kilometers of dust to a height of more than 20 kilometers. The use of nuclear weapons before 1945 - taboo. Therefore, only the volcano remained for scientists. In the absence of a more suitable volcano, the Indonesian Tambora was appointed to this position.
But scientists know that the processes of ejection of soil accompanying a ground-based nuclear explosion are very close to volcanic ones, and they did not hesitate to calculate that the Tambora eruption corresponded in power to explosion 800 megaton nuclear charge.
Today we have every reason to write down for ourselves the statement that territory of Russia in 1815-1816 became a testing ground for grandiose events, accompanied by the release of a large amount of dust into the stratosphere, plunging the entire northern hemisphere into darkness and cold for 3 years. Scientists call it "Little Ice Age", but it can be said in another way - "small nuclear winter". This caused a lot of casualties among our population and probably greatly undermined the economy. It is also important to know that someone really wanted to hide it…
Alexey Artemyev, Izhevsk

I had a dream ... Not everything in it was a dream Dark(excerpts)

I had a dream... Not everything in it was a dream.
The bright sun went out, and the stars
Wandering aimlessly, without rays
In space eternal; icy ground
Worn blindly in the moonless air.
The hour of the morning came and went,
But he did not bring the day after him ...

... People lived in front of the fires; thrones,
Palaces of crowned kings, huts,
The dwellings of all those who have dwellings -
The fires were built ... the cities were burning ...

... Happy were the inhabitants of those countries
Where the torches of volcanoes blazed...
The whole world lived with one timid hope ...
The forests were set on fire; but with every passing hour
And the burnt forest fell; trees
Suddenly, with a formidable crash, they collapsed ...

... The war broke out again,
Extinguished for a while...
... Terrible hunger
Tortured people...
And people died quickly...

And the world was empty;
That crowded world, mighty world
Was a dead mass, without grass, trees
Without life, time, people, movement...
That was the chaos of death.

George Noel Gordon Byron, 1816

Translation - Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev

They say that Lord Byron put these images on paper in the summer of 1816 at the villa of the English writer Mary Shelley in Switzerland near Lake Geneva. Their friends were with them. Due to the extremely bad weather, it was often impossible to leave the house. Therefore, they decided that each would write a creepy story, which they would then read to each other. Mary Shelley wrote her famous story "Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus", Lord Byron's physician John Polidori wrote the story"Vampire"- the first vampire story, long before Bram Stoker's Dracula.

This is the generally accepted elegant version. Describing events in Western Europe, they always pour caramel on our brains and sprinkle them with icing along the way. The writers, you know, spent the summer on the lake. It was ordinary and boring, bad weather did not allow playing badminton, and they began to tell each other stories from the crypt. Everything - the topic was closed.

But the topic is not closed!Byron had no vision problems and should have seen what was happening around him in 1816. And what happened, in general, is exactly what he described, adjusted for poetic imagination. And in general, Mary Shelley and her friends in their country house at that time could only hide from the catastrophe that befell Europe, taking with them more food supplies of salt, matches and kerosene.

1816 named "A year without a summer". In the USA it is also calledEighteen hundred and frozen to death, which translates as "one thousand eight hundred and frozen to death." Scientists call this time the "Little Ice Age".

Since the spring of 1816, all over the world, especially in the northern hemisphere, where civilization was mainly concentrated, inexplicable phenomena were happening. It seemed that familiar from the Bible "Egyptian plagues" fell on people's heads. In March 1816, the temperature continued to be winter. In April and May, there was an unnatural amount of rain and hail, a sudden frost destroyed most crops in the United States, inJunetwo giant snow storms resulted in deaths inJuly and in augustice-frozen rivers have been noted even in Pennsylvania (south of the latitude of Sochi). DuringJune and Julyin America every night wasfreezing. Up to a meter of snow fell in New York and the northeastern United States. At the height of summer, the temperature during the day jumped from 35 degrees of heat to almost zero.

Germany was repeatedly tormented by strong storms, many rivers (including the Rhine) overflowed their banks. In starving Switzerland, snow fell every month (to the delight of our “vacationing” writers), and a state of emergency was even declared there. Hunger riots swept through Europe, crowds thirsty for bread smashed warehouses with grain. The unusual cold led to a catastrophic crop failure. As a result, in the spring of 1817, grain prices increased tenfold, and famine broke out among the population. Tens of thousands of Europeans, still suffering from the devastation of the Napoleonic Wars, emigrated to America. But even there the situation was not much better. No one could understand or explain anything. Throughout the "civilized" world, hunger, cold, panic and despondency reigned. In a word -"Dark".

It turns out that Byron had rich practical material for his poem.

Perhaps it will seem to someone that the poet has exaggerated too much. But this is only if a person is unfamiliar with real animal hunger, when you feel that life is leaving your body drop by drop. But I really want to survive, and then the look begins to meticulously evaluate any surrounding objects in order to somehow eat it. When you begin to feel every bone of your skeleton, and you wonder how light and thin they are. But all this after endless severe headaches and aches in every joint. Most often, at such moments, the high, moral, human falls asleep and the animal remains. Emaciated creatures, in whose eyes there is no light of reason, unnaturally move along the dark dirty streets. Every hunter or prey. The world around seems to fade and become gray. However, read Byron.

So here it is there was famine in Europe. That is, not just malnutrition, but realHUNGER. Were cold, which can only be defeated by food and fire, fire and food. Add to this the filth, disease and stratification of society. Most of the poor were robbed, who hardly ate, and the rich, who tried to survive as long as possible on their supplies (for example, by running away to a country house). So, judging by the well-known facts about Western Europe in 1816, the picture is very bleak.

The question arises: awhat actually happened?The first plausible scientific version on this matter appeared only 100 years later. American climate researcher William Humphreys found an explanation"year without summer". He linked climate change to the eruption of the Tambora volcano on the Indonesian island of Sumbawa. This hypothesis is now generally accepted in the scientific world. Everything is simple. A volcano explodes, ejecting 150 cubic kilometers of soil into the stratosphere, and, allegedly, the necessary atmospheric phenomena are obtained. Dust, sun does not penetrate, etc.

And here's another oddity. In 1816, the problem with the climate happened exactly " throughout the Northern Hemisphere". But Tambora is located in the southern hemisphere, 1000 km from the equator. The fact is that in the Earth's atmosphere at altitudes above 20 km (in the stratosphere) there are stable air currents along the parallels. Dust ejected into the stratosphere to a height of 43 km should have been distributed along the equator with the dust belt shifting to the southern hemisphere. And what about the US and Europe?

Egypt, Central Africa, Central America, Brazil and, finally, Indonesia itself were supposed to freeze. But the weather there was very good. Interestingly, just at this time, in 1816, in Costa Rica, which is located about 1000 km north of the equator, they began to grow coffee. The reason for this was: “…perfect alternation of rainy and dry seasons. And, constant temperature throughout the year, which favorably affects the development of coffee bushes ... "

And their business, you know, went. That is, several thousand kilometers north of the equator was prosperity. But then - a complete "pipe". How is it, interesting to know, 150 cubic kilometers of erupted soil jumped 5 ... 8 thousand kilometers from the southern hemisphere to the northern, at an altitude of 43 kilometers, in defiance of all longitudinal stratospheric currents, without spoiling the weather for the inhabitants of Central America in the slightest? But all its terrible, photon-scattering impenetrability, this dust brought down on Europe and North America.

William Humphreys, the founder of this scientific duck, we probably will not be answered, but modern climatologists are obliged to mumble something about this. So far, none of them has openly denied gross scientific error means agree. Moreover, they are well aware of stratospheric currents, and even build quite tolerable models for the development of such situations. For example, there is< !>nuclear winter predictions< !>, where the direction of propagation of stratospheric flows is clearly visible. True, for some reason it says about the smoke thrown into the stratosphere, which is wrong. In a nuclear explosion, it is dust that is ejected (just like a volcano).

But the strangest thing in this worldwide swindle is the role of Russia. Even if you live half your life in archives and libraries, you will not find a word about bad weather in the Russian Empire in 1816. We allegedly had a normal harvest, the sun was shining and the grass was green. We probably live neither in the Southern nor in the Northern Hemisphere, but in some third one.

Let's test our sanity. It's about time, for we are facing a huge optical illusion. So, there was hunger and cold in Europe in 1816 ... 1819! This is fact, confirmed by many written sources. Could this bypass Russia? It could, if it concerned only the western regions of Europe. But in this case, one would definitely have to forget about the volcanic hypothesis. After all, stratospheric dust is pulled along the parallels around the entire planet.

And besides, no less fully than in Europe, the tragic events are covered in North America. But they are still separated by the Atlantic Ocean. What kind of locality are we talking about here? The event clearly affected the entire northern hemisphere, including Russia. The option when North America and Europe froze and starved for 3 years in a row, and Russia did not even notice the difference, is possible only under the auspices of Levashov N.V. (see article< !>"Taming of the Shrew"< !>), which we will probably see soon. But at that time there was no need to talk about Levashov.

Thus, from 1816 to 1819, the cold really reigned in the entire northern hemisphere, including Russia, no matter what anyone says. Scientists confirm this and call the first half of the 19th century "Little Ice Age". And here is an important question: who will suffer more from a 3-year cold, Europe or Russia? Of course, Europe will cry louder, but Russia will suffer more. And that's why. In Europe (Germany, Switzerland), the time of summer plant growth reaches 9 months, and in Russia - about 4 months. This means that we were not only 2 times less likely to grow sufficient supplies for the winter, but also 2.5 times more likely to starve to death during a longer winter. And if in Europe the population suffered, then in Russia the situation was 4 times worse, including in terms of mortality. This is, if you do not take into account any magic. Well, what if...

I offer readers a magical version of the development of events. Suppose the existence of a wizard who twisted his staff and changed the movement of high-altitude winds so that the sun would not block us. But this option does not convince me. No, I believe in good wizards, but in foreigners who draped across the ocean in tens of thousands, instead of calmly coming and staying in Russia, where it’s so good, where they are always welcome, I do not believe.

Apparently, after all, Russia was much worse than Europe. Moreover, it was our territory that was probably the source of climatic troubles for the entire hemisphere. And to hide this (someone needed it), all references to this have been removed. or reworked.

But if you think about it, how could it be? The entire northern hemisphere is suffering from climatic anomalies and does not know what it is. The first scientific version appears only after 100 years, and it does not hold water. But the cause of the events must be located precisely at our latitudes. And if in America and Europe this reason is not observed, then where can it be if not in Russia? Nowhere else. And just then the Russian Empire pretends that it does not know what it is about at all. And we did not see, and did not hear, and in general everything is in order with us. Familiar behavior, and very suspicious.

There is no doubt that on the territory of Russia in 1815-1816 some events, plunging the entire "civilized world" into darkness. But what could it be? The scientific community is not in vain leaning towards the volcanic version. After all, numerous atmospheric phenomena that accompanied the "Little Ice Age" indicate that the stratosphere was polluted with a large amount of dust. And only a volcano or a powerful nuclear explosion (a series of explosions) can throw several cubic kilometers of dust to a height of more than 20 kilometers. The use of nuclear weapons before 1945 - taboo. Therefore, only the volcano remained for scientists. In the absence of a more suitable volcano, the Indonesian Tambora was appointed to this position.

But scientists know that the processes of ejection of soil accompanying a ground-based nuclear explosion are very close to volcanic ones, and they did not hesitate to calculate that the Tambora eruption corresponded in power to explosion 800 megaton nuclear charge.

Today we have every reason to write down for ourselves the statement that territory of Russia in 1815-1816 became a testing ground for grandiose events, accompanied by the release of a large amount of dust into the stratosphere, plunging the entire northern hemisphere into darkness and cold for 3 years. Scientists call it "Little Ice Age", but it can be said in another way - "small nuclear winter". This caused a lot of casualties among our population and probably greatly undermined the economy. It is also important to know that someone really wanted to hide it…

Alexey Artemyev, Izhevsk

A previous article mentioned the Yellowstone supervolcano. In order to better understand the implications possible eruption of this supervolcano, you can compare it with something known. In the history of mankind, many tragedies are associated with volcanoes. From Vesuvius (Italy, 79) to Nevado del Ruis (Colombia, 1985). In the first case, at least 2 thousand people died, in the second, at least 23 thousand. But the Tambor eruption (Indonesia, 1815) was the most disastrous disaster. The number of dead is estimated differently by different researchers and is somewhere at the level of up to 100 thousand people. But total the victims resulting from the consequences of this eruption cannot be counted.

Aerial view of Tambora Volcano Caldera, Sumbawaka Island, Indonesia.

The catastrophic eruption in April 1815 occurred during the period of temporary occupation of the Netherlands East Indies - present-day Indonesia - by Great Britain: the British occupied these territories in 1811, seeking to prevent their capture Napoleonic France, which had subjugated the Netherlands by that time. In this regard, the most important sources of information about the eruption and its consequences are the reports and memoirs of the employees of the British colonial administration and, above all, its leader, Thomas Stamford Raffles.

Until 1815, Tambora was inactive for several centuries, due to the gradual cooling of hydrated magma in a sealed magma chamber. At depths of 1.5-4.5 km, magma crystallized, due to which the excess pressure inside the chamber grew, reaching 4-5 kbar, the temperature varied from 700 to 850 °C. In 1812, the earth around the volcano began to rumble, and a dark cloud appeared above it.

April 5, 1815 after big bang, the thunderous sound of which was heard even in the Moluccas, 1400 km from the volcano, the eruption of Tambora began. On the morning of April 6, volcanic ash began to fall in the eastern part of the island of Java. On April 10, the sounds of explosions inside the volcano intensified - they were mistaken for gun shots even on the island of Sumatra (at a distance of 2600 km from Tambora).

Around 19:00 on April 10, the eruption intensified. Three columns of flames rising above the volcano united. The entire volcano turned into current masses of "liquid fire". At about 20:00 pumice began to fall out with a diameter of up to 20 centimeters. Ash fall intensified at 20:00-21:00. Hot pyroclastic flows cascaded down the mountain to the sea from all sides of the peninsula on which the volcano was located, destroying the villages of Sumbawa. Loud explosions of the volcano were heard until the evening of April 11. The ash curtain has spread to West Java and South Sulawesi. "Nitrogenous" smell was felt in Batavia. Rains mixed with volcanic ash continued until 17 April.

Tambora's energy was equivalent to an explosion of 800 megatons of TNT. It is estimated that 150-180 cubic kilometers of volcanic material were erupted, with a total weight of 1.4×1014 kg. This eruption formed a gigantic caldera 6-7 kilometers in diameter and 600-700 meters deep. Before the explosion, the Tambora volcano reached a height of 4300 m, which made it one of the highest peaks in the Malay Archipelago. After the explosion, the height of the volcano decreased to 2700-2800 meters.

The explosion of the volcano was heard 2600 km away, and the ash fell at least 1300 km from Tambora. Pitch darkness for two or three days was even 600 km from the volcano. Pyroclastic flows spread through at least, 20 km from the top of Tambora. In addition, due to the eruption, the islands of Indonesia were hit by a four-meter-high tsunami.

All vegetation on the island of Sumbawa was destroyed. The trees swept into the water mixed with pumice and ash, thus forming a kind of rafts, up to 5 km in diameter. One such raft was found in Indian Ocean, near Calcutta, in October 1815. Thick ash clouds enveloped the region until 23 April. Volcano explosions ceased on July 15, although smoke emissions were observed until August 23. The roar and tremors of the earth in the area of ​​the volcano were recorded even four years after the eruption, in 1819.

Map showing areas of ash fall (marked in red) during the 1815 eruption. The edge of the ash cloud reaches even islands as far away from the volcano as Kalimantan and Sulawesi.

At 10 pm on April 10, a medium-sized tsunami hit the coasts of various islands in the Malay Archipelago, reaching a height of 4 meters in Sangar. Tsunamis 1-2 meters high hit East Java, two-meter waves hit the Moluccas. The total death toll from the tsunami is estimated to have reached approximately 4,600.
A column of ejected volcanic ash, which arose during the eruption, reached the stratosphere, having a height of 43 km. Heavy ash clouds dissipated 1-2 weeks after the eruption, but tiny particles ash continued to be in the atmosphere for several months to several years at an altitude of 10-30 km. The winds spread these particles around the world, creating rare optical phenomena. Bright and prolonged twilight and sunsets were often recorded in London, England, from June 28 to July 2, and from September 3 to October 7, 1815. The twilight sky glow near the horizon was usually orange or red and purple or pink above the horizon.
The estimated death toll from the eruption varies depending on the source. Zollinger (1855) estimates the number of people who died from the direct impact of the volcano at about 10,000 people, most of of which died from pyroclastic flows. In addition, approximately 38,000 people died of starvation and disease on Sumbawa, and another 10,000 died on the island of Lombok.
As a result of the 1815 eruption, huge masses of sulfur were ejected into the stratosphere, from 10 to 120 million tons, which caused global climatic anomalies.
In the spring and summer of 1815, a constant dry fog was observed in the northeastern United States. The fog turned red sunshine and eclipsed him. Neither winds nor precipitation could disperse this "fog". It was later identified as a stratospheric sulfate aerosol. In the summer of 1816, the countries of the Northern Hemisphere were hit hard by extreme weather conditions established there. The year 1816 was called the Year Without a Summer. The average global temperature has dropped by 0.4-0.7°C, enough to cause significant problems in agriculture around the world. On June 4, 1816, a severe cooling was recorded in Connecticut, and the very next day, most of New England was covered by a cold front. On June 6, snow fell in Albany, New York and Maine. These conditions persisted for at least three months causing serious damage agriculture North America. Canada has also been hit by extreme cold weather. In the Quebec region, snow fell from 6 to 10 June 1816, the thickness of the snow cover reached 30 centimeters.
1816 was the second such cold year in the Northern Hemisphere since 1600, when the powerful eruption Huaynaputina volcano in Peru, and the 1810s became the coldest decade in history.

Temperature anomaly in the summer of 1816

Such abrupt change climatic conditions caused a serious epidemic of typhus in southeastern Europe and the eastern Mediterranean between 1816 and 1819. Climate change caused a disruption in the Indian monsoons, resulting in the loss of much of the region's crops and widespread famine, as well as the emergence of a new strain of cholera in Bengal in 1816. Many cattle died in New England during the winter of 1816-1817. Low temperatures and heavy rains led to crop failure in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Families in Wales left their homelands in search of food. The famine spread to the north and southwest of Ireland, after crop failures in potatoes, wheat and oats. A difficult situation has also developed in Germany, where food prices have risen sharply. Because of the reason for the crop failure, which is not clear to people, demonstrations took place in many European cities, which then turned into riots. It was the worst famine in the 19th century.
The Tambora eruption largest eruption volcano observed throughout known history humanity. But, according to some experts, if a supervolcano wakes up in Yeoluston Park, then the power of its eruption will be stronger, from 5 to 25 times. The number of alleged victims may not even be in the millions, but in the billions.

Comparison of the largest volcanoes

1. Yellowstone (2.1 million years ago)
2. Yellowstone (1.3 million years ago)
3. Long Valley (0.96 million years ago)
4. Yellowstone (0.64 million years ago)
5. Tambora (1815)
6. Krakatoa (1863)
7. Novarupta (1912)
8. St. Helens (1980)
9. Pinatubo (1991)

Documentary "BBC. Time scale. Year without summer":

In this post I want to show you all the wretchedness of the traditional school education, in the first place - the traditional study of history.

Because we're going to talk about cause and effect.

The problem with our education as a whole is the sheer inability to explain why. Starting with why you need to know what year Alexander the Great was born. And why it can be forgotten immediately after the exam. And why is it necessary to know in what year he made his crossing of Suvorov through Kutuzov, but it is absolutely not necessary to know why he did it, and what were the reasons, and what happened as a result.

And this applies not only to history. In education, in general, darkness in terms of “why”, darkness in principle. Anyone who has studied music theory knows that major is happy and minor is sad. Anyone who has tried to teach her at 35 knows that even under torture, teachers usually cannot explain why. And if you put “Highway Star” by the group “Deep Purple”, written in G minor, under their noses and ask them to repeat once again about the sad minor, for some reason they lose their temper.

Why is that? Why is it that history, geography, music theory, and even comparative linguistics are most often presented as a set of incoherent facts, dates and figures, but in the presentation there is absolutely no cause and effect?

Because it's difficult.

Now I will show you an example. There is nothing secret in it. All information is gleaned from Wikipedia, scattered fermentation through the pages. You could do it yourself. But they didn't. Therefore, I will tell you.

I will tell you about cause and effect.

Fasten seat belts. It will be dizzying.

Tambor volcano erupted in 1815 that in Indonesia. It took place from 5 to 11 (according to other sources - until 17) April, and is one of the most strong eruptions volcano in documented history. On the scale of volcanic eruptions VEI this eruption has 7 points. For comparison, average price buckwheat is now about 37 hryvnia per kilogram. And an eruption of 8 points on the VEI scale with a high probability will throw you and me into stone Age, where no prices for buckwheat will bother you anymore.

Therefore, 7 VEI points is quite a lot. The roar of the eruption was heard for two and a half - three thousand kilometers. Tsunami waves hit the islands of Indonesia, reaching a height of up to four meters. It is estimated that 4,600 people died as a result of the eruption itself.

Spoiler: The total death toll from the eruption and its first-order consequences is estimated at 70,000. By the way, this is a conservative estimate.

Because the result of the eruption of the Tambora volcano was the so-called "year without summer." 1816 most cold year in documented history.

(For erudite nerds: it’s a little more complicated in reality. In 1809 there was another catastrophic volcanic eruption, which we know about only from isotope analysis arctic ice. It was, but it is not known where and how. As a result of these two eruptions, the entire decade of 1810-1820 was anomalously cold. In 1812, one of the factors behind Napoleon's defeat in Russia was abnormal frosts, which are most likely the result of the first of the eruptions. Napoleon lost the war due to a volcanic eruption. Including.)

Let's return to the Tambora volcano. The enormous amount of ash thrown out by the volcano into the atmosphere led to the so-called " volcanic winter in the northern hemisphere of the planet. The year 1816, the so-called "year without summer", is the result of a volcanic eruption.

The ash released into the atmosphere took time to spread across the planet and make an impact. Therefore, in 1815, nothing of the kind happened. But a year later, in 1816, spring did not come. In March, the temperature remained wintery. In April and May there were rains, hail, snow - depending on where. In Switzerland, it was snowing all year, for example. In the US that summer there were regular frosts.

Abnormal cold led to crop failure and famine. Grain prices in Europe in the spring of 1817 rose an average of ten times.

As a result, tens of thousands of Europeans emigrated to America. Mostly farmers, the first to suffer from crop failure. As a result of this invasion (and their own crop failure), some Americans also changed their place of residence, leaving New England for the New York area and the Midwest. As a result this formed the so-called. "American Heartland" in the US Midwest. With an increase in population, the states of Indiana (December 1816) and Illinois (1818) were born.

As a result With all of these movements and migrations, demographics have changed in New York State. In general, western New York was seen as super-religious; after the migrations, the number of recently moved Europeans and New Englanders significantly increased in it.

Thus, western New York State became the nucleus of the abolitionist movement and the struggle to abolish slavery. As a result of the volcanic eruption of Tambora.

Let's continue on the little things.

As a result of crop failures for several years in a row there was a mass migration from the state of Vermont - it is believed that during that period and for these reasons from 10 to 15 thousand people left it.

Among them was the Smith family, who moved to... that's right, western New York. Their son, Joseph Smith, would soon become the founder of the Mormon sect, the Church of the Latter Day Saints.

As a result of the release of a huge amount of ash into the atmosphere, sunsets in those years were especially colorful. They are responsible for the particular yellowish color palette in the paintings of the time - for example, in the German romantic Caspar David Friedrich, and in the British romantic William Turner, in whose work the "yellow period" would continue until the end of the 1820s.

As a result of rising food prices, including - oats for horses, the German inventor Karl Drez thinks about replacing horses with mechanical devices. In 1818, he received a patent for the so-called. "railcar", which is now, however, called the word "runbike". Drez's invention became the prototype of both the modern handcar and the modern bicycle.

As a result of hunger, which he experienced as a child in Darmstadt (Germany), a certain Justus von Liebig devotes himself to the study of plants and agronomy. He will become the founder of modern agrochemistry, and the first in history to synthesize mineral fertilizers.

As a result of abnormal weather conditions in India there is a mutation of cholera vibrio. Cholera mows down a fair amount british army and cheerfully walks around the planet, reaching Russia by 1830. This is called the First Cholera Epidemic in Russia; the total number of deaths - up to 200 thousand people. Quarantine declared. Someone Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin is actually locked in his estate, where he intended to leave for a very short time; he waits out the epidemic there and creates a cycle of works known as "Boldino Autumn" - they include "Eugene Onegin", "Belkin's Tales", "Little Tragedies", poems and poems.

As a result of bad weather in 1816, in the "year without summer", a group of vacationers at the Villa Diodati by Lake Geneva discovers that the rest is hopelessly ruined: the endless rain on some days does not even allow you to leave the house. The audience read aloud, including the work "Phantasmagorina, or Collection of stories about ghosts, spirits, phantoms, etc." Lord Byron, who is present, invites each of the vacationers to compose their own scary story and then read aloud.

So a certain Mary Godwin, then not yet engaged to Percy Bysshe Shelley, known to us as Mary Shelley, writes the work "Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus".

Byron himself also begins to write a story, but abandons it. Byron's personal physician, John William Polidori, ends the story. It will be published under Byron's name in April 1819 in The New Monthly Magazine, under the title "The Vampire", and will be the first ever literary work about vampires.

And all this was due to the eruption of Mount Tambora in April 1815.