Found on the Internet an invaluable memo in case - God forbid it comes in handy - a nuclear war or an attack on Moscow and other Russian cities.
After recent famous events over Chelyabinsk - also relevant.

Actions on the situation "Nuclear alert"

Headquarters of the Civil Defense of Moscow Departments of the Ministry of Emergency Situations Management of fire, emergency, rescue and medical services.

1. Preliminary information.

1.1. The most probable time for a nuclear strike on Moscow is about 18:00 Moscow time. This is because:

BUT ) 10 a.m. Washington time allows you to prepare and strike during the working hours of the corresponding power structures without engaging prematurely heightened attention our intelligence services to the activity of the departments of a possible enemy during off-hours;

b) all types of urban and long-distance communications are overloaded at the end of the working day, and coordination of emergency defensive measures is difficult;
in) the attention of duty services at this particular time is reduced;
G) a significant part of the population is on the road between places of work and residence, which further complicates the coordination of measures and actions;
e) transport arteries are paralyzed by traffic jams, and the population located in them is primarily unprotected from damaging factors.

1.2. The most probable yield of a thermonuclear weapon is between 2 and 10 megatons. The superpower of the ammunition is limited by the capabilities of the delivery vehicles and is due to large area metropolis of Moscow, the concentration of central reconnaissance and defense units and enterprises in it, and along its perimeter - belts of missile and aviation complexes cover, but first of all - the high security of the shelters of the presidential and government apparatus and management services of the Ministry of Defense, which are the main goal.

1.3. The most probable time from the moment of the warning signal "Nuclear alert!" until the moment of the striking blow:

a) about 14 minutes when launching ground-based launch vehicles from the territory of the American continent;
b) about 7 minutes when launching rocket carriers from submarine-launched missile carriers occupying positions in North Atlantic and Northern Arctic Ocean. This corresponds to the flight time of ballistic missiles moving in above atmospheric space along ballistic trajectories at a speed of the order of the first space velocity, i.e., 7.9 km/sec, or approx. 28,000 km/h. In practice, in combat conditions, it is possible to foresee some failures and communication delays, which can actually reduce the notification time to several minutes.

2. Signal "Nuclear alert!" served voice on all TV and radio broadcasting channels, and is also duplicated by the beeps of railway locomotives and watercraft - one long beep and two short ones, repeated several times.

3. Persons provided with shelters according to their official position, immediately begin to act according to the evacuation plan in case of an atomic alarm under the direction of civil defense representatives, or building commandants, or team leaders, or independently. It is necessary to act without panic, in an organized manner, without the slightest delay. Any manifestations of panic must be immediately suppressed by any possible means, up to the use of force and weapons. Not more than 6 minutes later (or earlier on the order of the head of the shelter, who made sure that there are assigned groups in the shelter in in full force) after the first warning signal, all entrances to the shelter must be blocked and blocked by combat mode, despite the cases of those who did not have time to hide in them and the number of those who remained outside. Attempts to prevent the closure of the entrances by any person, without exception, must be immediately suppressed by any means, up to the use of weapons.

4. At the signal "Nuclear alarm!" asylum seekers, act independently depending on where they are in this moment are, without delay and panic, accepting everything necessary measures for protection and hiding from the factors of nuclear destruction. One should act calmly, competently, evaluating the specific conditions of one’s place of residence, encouraging others to follow their example and instilling confidence in them with their voice and action. First of all, it is necessary to take care of the safety of children and women, as well as the elderly.

4.1. If the house has a basement, you should hide in the basement. The cracks in the doors must be plugged with any cloth, it can be wetted. It is useful to take a small supply of drinking water with you.

4.2. While in a building, it is better to hide in a closed room - an inner corridor, a bathroom, a pantry - which is separated from the outer walls by an additional partition and has no windows. It is also useful to plug door cracks and stock up on water.

4.3. In a room with a window, lie on the floor with your feet against an outside wall, covering your head with your hands. Choose a location at the bottom or side of a window so that the light falls on you as little as possible. Better hide from the light behind heavy object- wardrobe, sofa, table.

4.4. Those on the streets should immediately take shelter in buildings, at least in their entrances, or use other natural shelters, which include:

a) underground - the best of all possible shelters;
b) any basements, boiler rooms, underground garages;
in) sewer wells and tunnels of any underground routes;
G) foundations and lower premises of new buildings;
e) underground passages and road tunnels;
e) warehouses, underground toilets, etc.

4.5. Being in public land transport, you should immediately leave it and take cover (see above). ….

….4.9. All entrances to the subway are closed immediately upon a warning signal. Any manifestations of panic among the population or attempts to counteract the immediate closure of the entrances are immediately suppressed by the employees of the station pickets of the police with appropriate means, up to the use of weapons to kill. However:

a) all escalators switch to descend; after all citizens descend to the station platforms, all escalators stop;
b) station personnel switches the power supply of all equipment to emergency in the economy mode;
in) trains do not depart from stations; trains located in tunnels on hauls continue to move to the nearest station and remain at it or within the limits of possible proximity;
G) trains that find themselves on hauls in open space must reach the entrances to the tunnels and, if possible, go deep into them.

5. In clear cloudless weather in daylight hours days, the approach of a descending warhead can be determined by the white contrail, similar to the trace from an aircraft at a higher altitude, arcuately descending from the upper atmosphere in the direction of the center of Moscow from high speed.
Remember: the sound of an approaching and descending warhead will not be heard due to its supersonic speed.

6. Precision modern means guidance The epicenter of the explosion will be located within the Boulevard Ring, focusing on the Kremlin-Lubyanka-Arbat area.

7. A ground explosion should be expected in Moscow. This somewhat reduces the radius of the general damage compared to an above-ground explosion, but increases the strength of the seismic wave, which leads to ground movements of the type of tectonic disturbances of a nature similar to an earthquake of high power in the upper layers, leading to crushing and destruction of even significantly buried shelters of an increased degree of strength in the radius ten to fifteen kilometers.

8. Thermal damaging factor.

8.1. At the epicenter of the explosion, a light flash appears, the brightness of which is many times greater than the observed sunlight. Within 0.03-0.04 sec. the flash is formed into a dazzling luminous sphere 1.5-2 km in diameter, with a temperature of 10-20 million "C. It covers the center of the city within the radius of the Boulevard Ring - the Kremlin - Polyanka, and everything entering this space instantly ceases to exist, turning into a plasma state.

8.2. All objects instantly evaporate and incinerate within a radius of 3-4 km organic origin, directly open to the direct thermal radiation explosion (uncovered people, animals, plants, wooden parts of buildings facing the explosion). Asphalt road surfaces, metal fences, roofs and parts of building structures, concrete and brick walls, including those with stone and ceramic cladding, both open to direct thermal radiation of the explosion and covered to a depth of several meters, melt, evaporate, instantly burn out. . All substances, both organic covered and inorganic heat-resistant, within a radius Garden Ring immediately after the moment of explosion, they burn out within a few seconds with a temperature of tens of thousands of degrees.

8.3. Within a radius of 20-25 km, all wooden, plastic, painted surfaces, plants facing the direction of the explosion and accessible to direct thermal radiation flare up, metal roofs burn through, concrete, brick, glass, metal, stone are melted; burn down window frames, glasses evaporate, wires melt, asphalt lights up. The active fire zone instantly covers the city within the limits of the Moscow Ring Road. Outside the Moscow Ring Road there is a ring forest fire. Completely built-up areas and forest park zones ignite. The reservoirs of the Moskva River and Yauza evaporate, the upper layer of the Khimki reservoir boils up. Remember: direct radiant heat exposure lasts from fractions of a second to several seconds and even up to several tens of seconds, depending on the power of the explosion, and spreads only in a straight line, that is, any obstacle between you and the explosion, in the shadow of which you find yourself, can save your life in a situation of sufficient distance from the epicenter of the explosion.

9. The damaging factor shock wave.

9.1. The action of the air shock wave begins immediately at the moment of the explosion and follows the thermal radiation, however, lagging behind its instantaneous effect as the distance from the epicenter of the explosion is farther, the longer the period of time. In the second affected zone, the speed of the air shock wave reaches 1-5 thousand m/s, i.e. everything in this zone, and already exposed to heat, is demolished powerful explosion in the direction from the epicenter to the periphery, turning into a leveled surface of crushed debris burning with high temperatures(the so-called blowing off the landscape). Crushed burning fragments of substances located between the radii of the Boulevard and Garden Rings are ejected by a shock wave along an expanding concentric circle into zone three.

9.2. In the third zone, i.e. within Moscow inside the Moscow Ring Road, the shock wave speed decreases somewhat, especially at the very surface, but continues to remain above supersonic, i.e. up to 300-500 m / s at the border of the Moscow Ring Road, which causes instantaneous destruction all ground structures, both high-rise and low-rise. The red-hot and burning parts of the surfaces facing the epicenter, mixing with other materials during demolition, give the so-called. fire carpet with a temperature that ensures the combustion of metals and the melting of ceramics. During the passage of the shock wave, individual parts and parts move in the air at speeds of the order of artillery shells, aggravating the process of destruction of everything that rises above the surface. All plantings break out, water from all reservoirs is squeezed out.

9.3. The nearest forests outside the Moscow Ring Road, settlements and airports are also subject to total or predominant destruction, partial or total destruction and burning.

9.4. Within the entire affected area, an area of ​​sharply reduced atmospheric pressure due to both the burning of oxygen in the air and the concentric expansion air masses. As a result, shortly after the passage of the shock wave, a reverse shock wave directed towards the epicenter. It is characterized by a much lower speed, commensurate with the speed of an ordinary hurricane, but it brings masses of fresh oxygen to the entire area of ​​fire, which creates the effect of bellows, creating the so-called. fire storm throughout the affected area. The zone within the Moscow Ring Road is likened to a leveled surface of hot coals in a furnace.

10. seismic impact ground explosion causes the effect of an earthquake with compaction and shearing of the surface layers. All underground structures subway within circle line and the stations closest to it are destroyed and completely collapsed. All bomb shelters within the Garden Ring are completely destroyed. All basements within the Moscow Ring Road are completely destroyed. All sewerage and ventilation underground structures in the space of Prospekt Mira, the Zoo, Serpukhovskaya, Ilyich Square are crushed, destroyed and collapsed. All entrances and exits from the metro, ventilation shafts, emergency and service exits are filled up, or crushed, or completely blocked by a layer of hot mass on the surface.

11. The external picture of the explosion looks normal and typical for thermo nuclear explosion high power. A white plasma sphere covering, like a two-kilometer cap, the center of Moscow and exceeding four times in height Ostankino TV tower, after a few seconds, it begins to fade, twitch with a purple smoky veil and separates from the surface, floating up. The burning city lies in all directions, like a circle of dominoes, is covered with swirling smoke, and streams of smoke and fire rush from the periphery of the circle of the Moscow Ring Road to the rising sphere, forming a characteristic mushroom stem that expands below to the limits of the affected area, narrowing at the top to a sphere that is shrouded in a cloud mushroom caps. The swirling smoke at the foot of the mushroom reaches a kilometer height, the diameter of the stem narrows to eight hundred thousand meters under the hat. The mushroom continues to rise, and although the rise looks slow due to its gigantic size, after three to five minutes it reaches a height of 25-35 km. With a high-power explosion, this picture can stand for up to several hours.

12. The fire itself, which makes it impossible to start any kind of rescue work, can last, taking into account the affected area of ​​​​the metropolis of Moscow, up to several days.

13. High radiation background will not allow the start of any rescue work in the metropolis earlier than in 15-20 days, with the exception of special operations of particular importance. Carrying out any rescue operations should be considered expedient in an area no closer than 5 - 10 km behind the MKAD line.

14. The funnel at the epicenter of the explosion is the crater is about 2 km in diameter and up to 200-300 m deep in the center. Its surface is a vitreous mass up to 10-12 m thick.

Second affected area is relatively flat surface, covered with a layer of vitreous sintered mass 0.3-0.9 m thick.

Third affected area It is a bumpy surface, largely covered with a vitreous sintered mass with a thickness of several millimeters to several centimeters. Tests of such ammunition, conducted by both the USSR and the USA and France, showed with reliability that attempts to carry out any rescue work in specified radii have no real basis . The defeat of open and sheltered manpower, equipment and buildings reaches 100%. Rescue work should focus on resettlement and assistance to people who find themselves outside the zone of direct destruction, outside the 100-kilometer zone.

The world is on the verge of a new world war. sharply exacerbated in recent decades political, economic and social conflicts pushed humanity to the brink of the abyss, in such conditions a global armed conflict is inevitable, and, according to independent analysts, will claim the lives of more than a third of the population the globe. At least half of the survivors will receive various injuries and diseases, and all the rest will face post-war famine and epidemics even more terrible than all the trials before. And this will happen due to the massive use in future war nuclear, chemical and bacteriological weapons. No one can escape the terrible fate! However, the planet should remain as possible more people in order to restore the destroyed economy, and the first task that a person who cares about this goal is to survive under atomic bombing.

Now, before the war, officials and the media claim that the application nuclear weapons unlikely in the coming conflict. The main argument in favor of this point of view is the environmentally fatal consequences of such bombardments, making their use suicidal. In fact, it is believed that the assessment of the impact of nuclear explosions on the environment is greatly exaggerated. In particular, I would like to recall that during the entire existence of this type of weapon on Earth, more than one thousand test explosions of various irreversible consequences it didn't lead," nuclear winter"has not come, the climate has not changed. Of course, with real war the scale of the use of weapons (and, accordingly, the results) will be different, the bombing will affect the rivers, fertile lands, cities that will put humanity on the brink of extinction, but this will not stop the military!

To date, only two are considered protected from a direct missile strike. Russian cities: Moscow and St. Petersburg. And according to intelligence data, now only the United States is targeting about two thousand different objects on the territory of our Motherland. In the very first minutes of the war, Russian silo-based missiles capable of delivering a retaliatory strike against the aggressor, as well as radar stations and fleet bases, will be destroyed. The next target will be the production facilities of the Urals and the Volga region, and Siberia will undergo the least massive strikes in order to preserve Natural resources: Siberian taiga, Tyumen oil and Kuzbass coal. The atom is a blitzkrieg weapon, and the very first attack is capable of decapitating a country, leaving behind telecommunications destroyed by neutron radiation, destroyed production and transport routes. Massive Forest fires, due to which the air will be mixed with poisonous smoke. The population will panic, and the majority of officials and deputies, who are used to caring only about their well-being, will betray their homeland by fleeing to Southern Hemisphere. Russia will plunge into chaos, but this will only be the beginning!

In the face of death, there is no one to rely on, it remains only to believe in your own own forces. How can an ordinary layman somehow resist the nuclear threat? Most of us remember only life safety lessons in schools: turn on the radio or receiver, wait for signals from the Civil Defense, then, following their instructions, take cover in the nearest bomb shelter. As elsewhere in our country, it's smooth only on paper - an explosion atomic bomb in the city, it will instantly turn off radio outlets, television, and computer networks. It is not a fact that the Civil Defense and Emergency Situations headquarters itself will survive and be able to take the situation under its control. Everyone remembers the earthquake that shook Kuzbass in the fall of 2003? Where was this headquarters then, why were the radio stations silent while people ran out of their high-rise buildings in a panic? Yes, someone was punished for negligence, but who can guarantee that something has changed since then?

Since the middle of the last century, many of the houses under construction have been equipped with bomb shelters that can save people from a nuclear catastrophe. The people lived quietly, but then someone decided that the threat had passed, giving way to much more pressing issues. The shelters were privatized, turning into warehouses, clubs and shops, some were simply abandoned and plundered by non-ferrous metal seekers. Now in all of Kemerovo there are only TWO "active" shelters capable of receiving people in case of war. Both are located in the city center. It is clear that they will be intended for "those in power", but someone has simply saved on our security! The death of one person is a tragedy, the death of millions is a statistic?

One of the places where people can be saved from the consequences of an atomic bomb explosion are the basements of residential buildings. True, one can speak of salvation here very conditionally, radiation protection such an impromptu shelter provides only a basic one, and in case of destruction of the building it is easy to be locked under the rubble (in specially equipped shelters there is an additional exit to the non-filled territory, that is, remote from the nearest buildings at a distance equal to their height + 3 meters). However, there is water in the basement that has not yet been contaminated with radiation, which cannot be said about it. external sources. It is necessary to seal the room as carefully as possible with improvised means to reduce penetration radiation and harmful substances. Depending on the type of charge and proximity to the epicenter of the disaster, staying in the shelter should last from a day to a month, in the absence of any reliable information stay hidden for as long as possible.

If a nuclear explosion is taken by surprise, the task of survival becomes more difficult. In no case do not look at the outbreak and its attendant phenomena - light emission at almost any distance, it can not only instantly deprive a person of sight, but also cause severe burns, as well as ignite combustible surfaces. The next damaging factor is penetrating radiation, the flow of gamma rays and neutrons, which destroys the living tissues of the body and leads to radiation sickness. And finally, a powerful shock wave will appear, causing large-scale destruction by analogy with traditional bombs. How to escape from the explosion? First of all, you need to hide from the deadly effects of particles. Everything is decided by the speed of human reaction. Between the radiation source and own body you need to create an obstacle from any material, whether it be a concrete fence, a car or trash can. It is better not to hide behind the walls of houses and tall objects- from the shock wave, they can collapse, filling up with debris. Metal retains radiation most effectively, although much depends on the thickness of the material. In case there is nowhere to hide or there is no time for this, the easiest way is to fall to the ground, covering your head with your hands. This will help reduce the impact of the explosion. At home, it is best to hide in the bath, its thick cast iron will help to significantly reduce the reinforced concrete of the walls. radiation exposure. In addition, in the event of the destruction of the house, being in the bath will help not to be crushed by the slabs and will give access to at least some water reserves under the rubble.

At the first safe opportunity, you should leave the space that has undergone nuclear contamination, moving in the direction opposite to the epicenter of the explosion (usually trees felled by the shock wave are directed there). And before that, protect yourself from radiation as much as possible by putting on as many clothes from dense material. Our skin itself is a protection against some part of the residual radiation, so the most dangerous penetration of deadly particles through Airways. You need to breathe only through a gas mask or respirator, and in the absence of such - through a moistened cloth. Fatal will also be the consumption of food found in the contaminated area and water from open sources. The main goal is to meet other survivors on your way and unite with them. Some people can be aggressive, so contact should be made with caution. Don't touch the corpses and the dying - it's dangerous. Maybe, local authorities evacuation measures will even be organized, but the number of able-bodied Vehicle not enough even for those few who will be saved in this hell!

What will happen next? Nobody knows about it. Probably, those who die will be considered lucky by the survivors, the catastrophe will be so global and terrible. The world will change, transformed beyond recognition, but let's still hope that people will find the strength to unite and cope with the consequences of a devastating war. The most annoying thing is to realize that this is our future, which we don’t want to think about, but which is inevitable. After all, the world has accumulated not only too much a large number of weapons, but even more people who do not realize their responsibility for the future of mankind.

So, let's say a low-yield nuclear bomb exploded in your city. How long will you have to hide and where to do it in order to avoid consequences in the form of radioactive fallout?

Michael Dillon, a scientist at the Livermore National Laboratory, spoke about radioactive fallout and how to survive. After numerous studies of radioactive fallout, analysis of many factors and possible developments, he developed a plan of action in the event of a disaster.

At the same time, Dillon's plan is aimed at ordinary citizens, which have no way to determine where the wind will blow and what was the magnitude of the explosion.

small bombs

Dillon's fallout protection technique has so far been developed only in theory. The fact is that it is designed for small nuclear bombs from 1 to 10 kilotons.

Dillon argues that everyone now associates nuclear bombs with the incredible power and destruction that could occur during cold war. However, such a threat seems less likely than terrorist attacks using small nuclear bombs, several times less than those that fell on Hiroshima, and simply incomparably less than those that could destroy everything if it happened. global war between countries.

Dillon's plan is based on the assumption that after a small nuclear bomb, the city survived, and now its inhabitants must escape from radioactive fallout.

The diagram below shows the difference between the range of a bomb in the situation Dillon is investigating and the range of a bomb in the Cold War arsenal. The most hazardous area is shown in dark blue (the psi standard is psi, which is used to measure the force of an explosion, 1 psi = 720 kg/m2).

People who are within a kilometer of this explosion zone are at risk of radiation doses and burns. The range of radiation hazard from the explosion of a small nuclear bomb is much less than from Cold War thermonuclear weapons.

For example, a 10 kiloton warhead will create a radiation threat 1 kilometer from the epicenter, and radioactive fallout can travel another 10-20 miles. So it turns out that nuclear attack today it is not instant death for all living things. Maybe your city will even recover from it.

What to do if the bomb exploded

If you see a bright flash, do not go to the window - you may get hurt while looking around. As in the case of thunder and lightning, blast wave travels much slower than an explosion.

Now you have to take care of fallout protection, but in case of a small explosion, you do not need to look for a special isolated shelter. For protection, it will be possible to hide in an ordinary building, you just need to know which one.

30 minutes after the explosion, you must find a suitable shelter. In 30 minutes, all the initial radiation from the explosion will disappear, and the main danger will be radioactive particles, the size of a grain of sand, which will settle around you.

Dillon explains:

If you're in an unreliable shelter that can't provide tolerable protection during a disaster, and you know there isn't any such building nearby within 15 minutes, you'll have to wait half an hour and then go look for it. Make sure that before you enter the shelter, you will not have radioactive substances the size of sand particles on you.

But what kind of buildings can become a normal shelter? Dillon says the following:

There should be as many obstacles and distance as possible between you and the consequences of the explosion. Buildings with thick concrete walls and roofs, lots of earth, like when you sit in a basement surrounded by earth on all sides. You can also go deep into large buildings in order to be as far away from open air with the consequences of the disaster.

Think about where you can find such a building in your city, and how far it is from you.

Maybe it's the basement of your house or a building with large quantity interior spaces and walls, a library with bookshelves and concrete walls, or something else. Just choose buildings that you can reach within half an hour and don't rely on transportation - many will flee the city and the roads will be completely clogged.

Let's say you got to your shelter, and now the question arises: how long to stay in it until the threat has passed? The films show different developments events ranging from a few minutes in a shelter to several generations in a bunker. Dillon claims that they are all very far from the truth.

It's best to stay in the shelter until help arrives.

Considering that we are talking about a small bomb with a radius of destruction of less than a mile, the rescuers must react quickly and begin the evacuation. In the event that no one comes to help, you need to spend at least a day in the shelter, but still it is better to wait until the rescuers arrive - they will indicate the desired evacuation route so that you do not jump out to places with high level radiation.

The principle of operation of radioactive fallout

It may seem strange that it would be safe enough to leave the shelter after a day, but Dillon explains that the biggest danger after the explosion comes from early radioactive fallout, and they are heavy enough to settle within a few hours after the explosion. As a rule, they cover the area in the immediate vicinity of the explosion, depending on the direction of the wind.

These large particles are the most dangerous because of the high levels of radiation that will ensure the immediate onset of radiation sickness. In this they differ from smaller doses of radiation, which are many years after the incident.

Taking refuge in a shelter will not save you from the prospect of cancer in the future, but it will prevent a quick death from radiation sickness.

It is also worth remembering that radioactive contamination is not a magical substance that flies around and penetrates anywhere. There will be a limited region with a high level of radiation, and after you leave the shelter, you will need to get out of it as soon as possible.

This is where you need rescuers who will tell you where the border is. danger zone and how far to go. Of course, in addition to the most dangerous large particles, many lighter ones will remain in the air, but they are not capable of causing immediate radiation sickness - what you are trying to avoid after an explosion.

Dillon also noted that radioactive particles decay very quickly, so that being outside the shelter 24 hours after the explosion is much safer than immediately after it.

Our pop culture continues to relish the theme of a nuclear apocalypse, when only a few survivors remain on the planet, taking refuge in underground bunkers, but a nuclear attack may not be as devastating and large-scale.

So you should think about your city and figure out where to run if something happens. Maybe some ugly concrete building that has always seemed to you a miscarriage of architecture will one day save your life.

As they say - if a gun hangs on the wall, it will fire someday. The same can be said about stockpiles of nuclear weapons in different countries. It sounds terrible and sad, but a nuclear explosion may not necessarily occur as a result of military aggression. This can happen due to improper storage and transportation, due to testing errors, in quality.

Let's hope our society is smart enough to never start a nuclear war. But you still need to know how to behave in any life situation Therefore, we advise you to familiarize yourself with these rules.

1. Nuclear alert

With modern means of communication and warning, it is simply impossible not to find out about the impending danger. Here you can object that the people will know about everything last, when it is already useless to save themselves. But if the incident is really serious, you will learn about it even from a neighbor, and even from a cat.

Turn on the TV or radio immediately and listen carefully to the information about and further instructions. The main thing is to listen to everything to the end and not to panic.

2. Bomb shelter

When you hear the siren's lingering signal, know that for shelter in safe place you have about 10 minutes. If you live in a metropolis, take cover, but keep in mind that after the alarm, the subway entrance will close in 5 minutes. In addition, under many high-rise buildings built in Soviet time there are bomb shelters. Even if they have already been remade for other purposes a long time ago, the walls remain the same and they will save you from trouble.

If you are far away from any bomb shelters and cellars, or simply started to panic, take cover in any building or behind a stone wall, cover your head with your hands and open your mouth. Remember: in no case do not look at the explosion, even if you are far from the epicenter. You may be blinded by the flash. Taking a selfie is the dumbest idea ever.

3. About cover classes

From messages on the radio or from the Internet (here it is better to do this in advance) you will learn about the location of bomb shelters in your city. It is important to understand what their labeling means. The class of shelters is determined by the ability to withstand excess pressure from the shock wave: A-I (0.5 MPa), A-II (0.3 MPa), A-III (0.2 MPa) and A-IV (0.1 MPa ). The first 3 are intended for valuable specialists and the military. But do not despair, because often these objects are subject to further attack.

4. Threats of nuclear explosion

People who are "lucky" to be at the epicenter of a nuclear bomb explosion do not survive. can withstand an explosion, but the blast wave will destroy all life. If you see a huge crowd of people trying to get into a bomb shelter in a panic, it’s better not to push with them, but quickly hide in some basement. That way you'll have a better chance of saving your life.

5. Explosion of a nuclear bomb

In conditions nuclear threat the main task- Survive at the moment of a nuclear missile attack. Therefore, do not try to waste time collecting jewelry and a wardrobe for all occasions. It is enough to take the documents.

The survivors of the explosion need to urgently get away from the epicenter of the explosion. AT this case. The military will create special points where they will provide the necessary assistance, identify the victims and restore order.

6. Radiation

If at the time of the nuclear explosion you were in a bomb shelter, then stay in it for a few more days. The fact is that, which will be on the surface, it is enough to kill a person. Already after 3-4 days, especially dangerous radioactive substances reduce their killing power. The longer you take refuge in a shelter, the more likely you are to stay alive and healthy.

7. In case of destruction of the shelter

If the bomb shelter is partially destroyed, it is not worth staying in it, even if there is enough water and food. main reason the same is radiation. area of ​​the epicenter of the explosion.

8. Exposure precautions

Follow these instructions when you go to the surface. Protect your respiratory organs with a gas mask or a construction mask, in extreme cases a damp rag will do. If possible, avoid moving during the wind. It is better to drink bottled water, which was packaged before the explosion. If there is none, you can drink from sources flowing towards the epicenter of the explosion, and not vice versa.

Try to cover all parts of the body so that radioactive dust does not fall on them. Until you leave the affected area, hide from the rain. Every drop can be deadly.

9. Decontamination

Upon arrival in a safe area, immediately take a bath, change clothes and that are given by the doctors. Do not panic and help others to cope with the trouble as much as possible.

The faster you leave the affected area, the more chances you have to survive and stay healthy. But if your strength has left you, remember: you should not lie down on the ground. And try to avoid the lowlands.

For administrative use
INSTRUCTIONS

Headquarters of the Civil Defense of Moscow
Departments of the Ministry of Emergency Situations
Fire, emergency, rescue and medical manuals

§one. Preliminary information.

1.1. The most probable time for a nuclear strike on Moscow is about 18:00 Moscow time. This is because:
a) 10 a.m. Washington time makes it possible to prepare and carry out a strike during the working morning of the relevant law enforcement agencies, without drawing prematurely increased attention of our intelligence to the activity of the agencies of a possible enemy during non-working hours;
b) all types of urban and long-distance communications are overloaded at the end of the working day, and coordination of emergency defensive measures is difficult;
c) the attention of the duty services at this particular time is reduced;
d) a significant part of the population is on the road between places of work and residence, which further complicates the coordination of measures and actions;
e) transport arteries are paralyzed by traffic jams, and the population located in them is primarily unprotected from damaging factors.
1.2. The most probable yield of a thermonuclear weapon is between 2 and 10 megatons. The superpower of the ammunition is limited by the capabilities of the delivery vehicles and is due to the large area of ​​the Moscow metropolis, the concentration of central reconnaissance and defense units and enterprises in it, and along its perimeter - belts of missile and aviation cover systems, but first of all - the high security of the shelters of the presidential and government apparatus and services departments of the Ministry of Defense, which are the main goal.
1.3. The most probable time from the moment of the warning signal "Nuclear alert!" until the moment of the striking blow:
a) about 14 minutes when launching ground-based launch vehicles from the territory of the American continent;
b) about 7 minutes when launching missile carriers from submarine-based missile carriers occupying positions in the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean.
This corresponds to the flight time of ballistic missiles moving in superatmospheric space along ballistic trajectories at a speed of the order of the first space speed, i.e., 7.9 km/sec, or approx. 28,000 km/h. In practice, in combat conditions, it is possible to foresee some failures and communication delays, which can actually reduce the notification time to several minutes.

§3. Persons provided with shelters according to their official position immediately begin to act according to the evacuation plan in case of an atomic alarm under the guidance of civil defense representatives, or building commandants, or team leaders, or independently. It is necessary to act without panic, in an organized manner, without the slightest delay. Any manifestations of panic must be immediately suppressed by any possible means, up to the use of force and weapons.
Not more than 6 minutes later (or earlier on the order of the senior in the shelter, who made sure that the assigned groups are in the shelter in full strength) after the first warning signal, all entrances to the shelter must be blocked and blocked according to the combat mode, regardless of the cases of those who did not have time to take refuge in them and the number of those left outside. Attempts to prevent the closure of the entrances by any person, without exception, must be immediately suppressed by any means, up to the use of weapons.

§four. At the signal "Nuclear alert!" persons not provided with shelters act independently, depending on where they are currently located, without delay and panic, taking all necessary measures for protection and hiding from the factors of nuclear destruction. One should act calmly, competently, evaluating the specific conditions of one’s place of residence, encouraging others to follow their example and instilling confidence in them with their voice and action. First of all, it is necessary to take care of the safety of children and women, as well as the elderly.
4.1. If the house has a basement, you should hide in the basement. The cracks in the doors must be plugged with any cloth, it can be wetted. It is useful to take a small supply of drinking water with you.
4.2. While in a building, it is better to hide in a closed room - an inner corridor, a bathroom, a pantry - which is separated from the outer walls by an additional partition and has no windows. It is also useful to plug door cracks and stock up on water.
4.3. In a room with a window, lie on the floor with your feet against an outside wall, covering your head with your hands. Choose a location at the bottom or side of a window so that the light falls on you as little as possible. It is better to hide from the light behind a heavy object - a wardrobe, a sofa, a table.
4.4. Those on the streets should immediately take shelter in buildings, at least in their entrances, or use other natural shelters, which include:
a) underground - the best of all possible shelters;
b) any basements, boiler rooms, underground garages;
c) sewer wells and tunnels of any underground routes;
d) foundations and lower premises of new buildings;
e) underground passages and car tunnels;
f) warehouses, underground toilets, etc.
4.5. While in public land transport, you should immediately leave it and take cover (see above).
4.6. While in the car, you should immediately leave it and take cover (see above). If the car is in the tunnel, you should stop in it. If it is impossible to leave the car in a traffic jam or there are no shelters nearby, you should lie on the floor between the seats and cover your head with your hands, protecting yourself from radiation from outside.
4.7. If it is impossible to hide in any room, lie down on the ground near the building under the wall, opposite center the city where the epicenter of the explosion will be located. Try to choose a yard-well closed on all sides or a narrow passage between buildings.
4.8. When in park area away from possible cover - identify a thick tree, or a hill, or a ditch, or any uneven terrain, or a monument, and lie down with your feet towards it, facing away from the center of the city, where the epicenter of the explosion will be located. This will protect you from thermal radiation, which is the main damaging factor.
4.9. All entrances to the subway are closed immediately upon a warning signal. Any manifestations of panic among the population or attempts to counteract the immediate closure of the entrances are immediately suppressed by the employees of the station pickets of the police with appropriate means, up to the use of weapons to kill. However:
a) all escalators are switched to descend; after
the gathering of all citizens on the platforms of the stations, all escalators stop;
b) the station staff switches the power supply of all equipment to emergency in the economy mode;
c) trains do not depart from stations; trains located in tunnels on hauls continue to move to the nearest station and remain at it or within the limits of possible proximity;
d) trains that find themselves in hauls in open space must reach the entrances to the tunnels and, if possible, go deep into them.

§5. In clear, cloudless weather during daylight hours, the approach of a descending warhead can be identified by a white contrail, similar to the trail from an aircraft at a higher altitude, arcing downward from the upper atmosphere towards the center of Moscow at high speed. Remember: the sound of an approaching and descending warhead will not be heard due to its supersonic speed.

§6. With the accuracy of modern guidance means, the epicenter of the explosion will be located within the Boulevard Ring, focusing on the Kremlin-Lubyanka-Arbat area.

§7. A ground explosion should be expected in Moscow. This somewhat reduces the radius of the general damage compared to an above-ground explosion, but increases the strength of the seismic wave, which leads to ground movements of the type of tectonic disturbances of a nature similar to an earthquake of high power in the upper layers, leading to crushing and destruction of even significantly buried shelters of an increased degree of strength in the radius ten to fifteen kilometers.

§eight. Thermal damaging factor.

8.1. At the epicenter of the explosion, a light flash occurs, the brightness of which is many times greater than the observed sunlight. Within 0.03-0.04 sec. the flash is formed into a dazzling luminous sphere 1.5-2 km in diameter, with a temperature of 10-20 million "C. It covers the city center within the radius of the Boulevard Ring - the Kremlin - Polyanka, and everything entering this space instantly ceases to exist, passing to the plasma state.
8.2. Within a radius of 3-4 km, all objects of organic origin that are directly exposed to the direct thermal radiation of the explosion (uncovered people, animals, plants, wooden parts of buildings facing the explosion) instantly evaporate and incinerate. Asphalt road surfaces, metal fences, roofs and parts of building structures, concrete and brick walls, including those with stone and ceramic cladding, both open to direct thermal radiation of the explosion and covered to a depth of several meters, melt, evaporate, instantly burn out. . All substances, both organic covered and inorganic heat-resistant, within the radius of the Garden Ring, immediately after the moment of explosion, burn out within a few seconds with a temperature of tens of thousands of degrees.
8.3. Within a radius of 20-25 km, all wooden, plastic, painted surfaces, plants facing the direction of the explosion and accessible to direct thermal radiation flare up, metal roofs burn through, concrete, brick, glass, metal, stone are melted; window frames burn, glass evaporates, wires melt, asphalt catches fire. The active fire zone instantly covers the city within the limits of the Moscow Ring Road. Outside the Moscow Ring Road there is a ring forest fire. Completely built-up areas and forest park zones ignite. The reservoirs of the Moskva River and Yauza evaporate, the upper layer of the Khimki reservoir boils up.
Remember: direct radiant heat exposure lasts from fractions of a second to several seconds and even up to several tens of seconds, depending on the power of the explosion, and spreads only in a straight line, i.e. any obstacle between you and the explosion, in the shadow of which you find yourself, can save you life in a situation of sufficient distance from the epicenter of the explosion.

§9. The damaging factor of the shock wave.

9.1. The action of the air shock wave begins immediately at the moment of the explosion and follows the thermal radiation, however, lagging behind its instantaneous effect as the distance from the epicenter of the explosion is farther, the longer the period of time. In the second affected zone, the speed of the air shock wave reaches 1-5 thousand m/s, i.e. everything in this zone, moreover, already exposed to heat, is blown away by a powerful explosion in the direction from the epicenter to the periphery, turning into a leveled surface of crushed fragments burning at high temperatures (the so-called "deflation of the landscape"). Crushed burning fragments of substances located between the radii of the Boulevard and Garden Rings are ejected by a shock wave along an expanding concentric circle into zone three.
9.2. In the third zone, i.e. within Moscow inside the Moscow Ring Road, the shock wave speed decreases somewhat, especially at the very surface, but continues to remain above supersonic, i.e. up to 300-500 m / s at the border of the Moscow Ring Road, which causes instantaneous destruction all ground structures, both high-rise and low-rise. The red-hot and burning parts of the surfaces facing the epicenter, mixing with other materials during demolition, give the so-called. "fire carpet" with a temperature that ensures the combustion of metals and the melting of ceramics. During the passage of the shock wave, individual parts and parts move in the air at speeds of the order of artillery shells, aggravating the process of destruction of everything that rises above the surface. All plantings break out, water from all reservoirs is “squeezed out”.
9.3. The forests, settlements and airports closest to the Moscow Ring Road are also subject to complete or predominant destruction, partial or complete destruction and combustion.
9.4. Within the entire affected area, an area of ​​sharply reduced atmospheric pressure arises due to both the burning out of oxygen in the air and the concentric "pushing apart" of air masses. As a result, soon after the passage of the shock wave, a “reverse shock wave” appears, directed towards the epicenter. It is characterized by a much lower speed, commensurate with the speed of an ordinary hurricane, but it brings masses of fresh oxygen to the entire area of ​​fire, which creates the effect of "bellows", creating the so-called. "firestorm" over the entire area of ​​destruction. The zone within the Moscow Ring Road is likened to a leveled surface of hot coals in a furnace.

§ten. The seismic impact of a ground explosion causes an "earthquake effect" with compaction and displacement of the surface layers. All underground structures of the subway within the Circle Line and the stations closest to it are being destroyed and completely collapsed. All bomb shelters within the Garden Ring are completely destroyed. All basements within the Moscow Ring Road are completely destroyed. All sewerage and ventilation underground structures in the area of ​​Prospekt Mira, Zoo, Serpukhovskaya, Ploshchad Ilyicha are being crushed, destroyed and collapsed. All entrances and exits from the metro, ventilation shafts, emergency and service exits are filled up, or crushed, or completely blocked by a layer of hot mass on the surface.

§eleven. The external picture of the explosion looks usual and is typical for thermonuclear explosion high power. The white plasma sphere, which covers the center of Moscow like a two-kilometer dome and is four times as high as the Ostankino Tel****nu, after a few seconds begins to fade, twitch with a crimson smoky veil and separates from the surface, “floating up” upwards. The burning city “lays down” in all directions, like a circle of dominoes, is covered with swirling smoke, and streams of smoke and fire rush from the periphery of the MKAD circle to the rising sphere, forming a characteristic “mushroom stem”, which expands below to the limits of the affected area, narrowing at the top to the sphere , which is wrapped in a cloud of "mushroom caps". The swirling smoke at the foot of the mushroom reaches a kilometer height, the diameter of the "leg" narrows to eight hundred - thousand meters under the "hat". The "mushroom" continues to rise, and although the rise looks slow due to its gigantic size, after three to five minutes the height
it reaches 25-35 km. With a high-power explosion, this picture can stand for up to several hours.

§12. The fire itself, which makes it impossible to start any kind of rescue work, can continue, taking into account the affected area of ​​the Moscow metropolis, up to several days.

§13. The high radiation background will not allow starting any rescue work in the metropolis earlier than in 15-20 days, with the exception of special operations of special importance. Carrying out any rescue operations should be considered appropriate in an area no closer than 5-10 km behind the MKAD line.

§fourteen. The funnel at the epicenter of the explosion is a crater about 2 km in diameter and up to 200-300 m deep in the center. Its surface is a vitreous mass up to 10-12 m thick.
The second affected area is a relatively flat surface covered with a layer of vitreous sintered mass 0.3-0.9 m thick.

The third lesion zone is a bumpy surface, largely covered with a vitreous sintered mass with a thickness of several millimeters to several centimeters.
Tests of such ammunition, carried out by both the USSR and the USA and France, showed with reliability that attempts to carry out any rescue work within the indicated radii have no real grounds. The defeat of open and sheltered manpower, equipment and buildings reaches 100%. Rescue work should focus on resettlement and assistance to people who find themselves outside the zone of direct destruction, outside the 100-kilometer zone.