Peru is an amazing country in which the traditions of the Indians have survived to this day, despite the former onslaught of the Spanish conquistadors. Two cultures, native and European, mixed up, eventually forming a cocktail that is amazing in its brightness and originality. But local traditions and beliefs are still strong here, which makes Peru extremely interesting country for any tourist.

1. Peru is the third largest country in the South American continent after Brazil and Argentina.
2. The first people appeared in the territory now called Peru, 10 thousand years before our era.
3. In the XII century, the Incas appeared in Peru, who founded a state called Tahuantinsuyu. Over the five centuries of its existence, it has grown to the largest empire that existed on the continent before its discovery by Christopher Columbus.
4. Machu Picchu is one of the largest and most famous Inca cities in Peru. This amazing ancient monument is officially recognized as a wonder of the world. All the townspeople suddenly disappeared in 1532, and scientists still do not know what could have happened to them.
5. The capital of Peru was founded by the Spaniard Francisco Pizarro, who destroyed the Inca empire by executing their leader. Lima's birthday celebrations take place in January and last for a whole week.
6. In the 19th century, the territory of Peru was divided into two parts - Peru proper and Bolivia (see).
7. In Peru on June 28 state level Ceviche Day is celebrated - this is a national dish of raw fish marinated in lime juice and seafood. In 2013, a monument to this gourmet food was unveiled in Lima.
8. Peru has at least one event every year. strong earthquake(cm. ).
9. Russians do not need a visa to travel to Peru - you can spend up to 90 days in the country without issuing any documents other than a passport.
10. Lima is a city with an unusual climate. Its distinguishing feature is high humidity combined with an almost complete absence of rain.
11. In Lima, you can try almost all the cuisines of the world, for which the city has earned the title of culinary capital.
12. Peru is a corn country, about 55 species of this plant grow on its territory. Fruit grains can be not only yellow, but also black, purple or white.
13. Cooking in Peru a traditional dish from guinea pigs (see).
14. Lima has the most old university on the American continents - the university opened its doors to students in mid-sixteenth century
15. Peru ranks sixth in the world in gold production.
16. The Peruvians managed to breed over 3 thousand types of potatoes (see).
17. Peru ranks second in the world in terms of the number of practicing shamans.
18. In the south of Peru, locals eat cats.
19. In the Peruvian region of Arequipa, one of the deepest canyons on the planet is located - the depth of the Colca Canyon exceeds 3.5 kilometers.
20. Peru is widely known for its tropical forests, which cover almost two-thirds of the country's territory (see).
21. Experts believe that Peru produces the best cotton in the world.
22. A hotel in Peru houses the world's largest privately owned orchid collection. It includes flowers of more than 500 varieties.
23. Before the onset of the New Year, Peruvians give shorts to their relatives and friends.
24. In the Peruvian mountains, Lake Titicaca is located, which is considered the highest mountain lake on Earth suitable for navigation. This reservoir is also the largest in South America (see).
25. The inhabitants of Peru managed to tame llamas over 3000 years ago.
26. Almost 90 different ecosystems coexist on the territory of Peru, thanks to which the country is famous for its rich populations of plants and animals.
27. In the Sechura Desert, tourists climb the world's highest sand dune - its height from base to top is almost 1.2 kilometers (see).
28. Peru ranks first in the world in the export of asparagus.
29. The national cuisine of Peru, due to its diversity, is included in the Guinness Book of Records.
30. The mysterious Nazca lines, intriguing scientists from all over the world, are located on a desert plateau in Peru. These are huge pictures of animals or geometric shapes made using furrows up to 135 centimeters wide and up to 50 centimeters deep. Science is powerless to explain when and how these incredible drawings appeared, distinguishable only from a bird's eye view.

PERU

Capital: Lima city
Square: 1,285,220 km2 (19th in the world)
Population: 28 409 897 people (39th in the world, July 2003, CIA)
Density: 22.1 people/km2
Currency: Salt(PEN)
Official language: Spanish, Quechua
Religion: Catholicism
Public Holiday: July 28 (Independence Day)
Administrative-territorial structure: unitary republic
National internet domain:.pe

A country located in the western part of the South American continent. In the north it borders with Colombia and Ecuador, in the east - with Brazil and Bolivia, in the south - with Chile.
In the west, the country is washed by the waters of the Pacific Ocean. The total length of the border is 6940 km, length coastline- 2414 km. The area of ​​the country is 1285215 km2. The territory of the country consists of three distinct topographic zones.
- Along the coast of the Pacific Ocean stretches a narrow desert coastal plain.
- In the east lie the low-lying jungles of the Amazon basin (selva), in some places still unexplored.
- In the center of Peru is the Sierra - high and steep mountains of the Andes, consisting of the main mountain ranges: Western Cordillera, Central Cordillera and Eastern Cordillera. The highest point in the country and one of the most high points The Andes is located in the White Cordillera - Mount Huascaran (6766m).

The Great Andes, stretching for almost 9 thousand km, are the longest mountain range in the world. The Peruvian Andes are not a pristine reserve at all wildlife. Here, every piece of arable land is cultivated by local Indians.

There are also volcanoes in the south of the Peruvian Andes. The highest of them is Misty (5822m). Most large lake- Titicaca, partly belongs to Peru.
The main river of the country is the Amazon with its tributaries the Marañon. Putumayo, Ucayali. Peru is rich in mineral deposits such as copper.

The cuisine of Peru is one of the most diverse in the world and differs in different areas countries It is based on Spanish and Inca traditions. Peruvian cuisine varies by region. So on the coast, fish and seafood dishes are more popular. For example, you should try "ceviche" - marinated fish with a side dish (potatoes or corn). The main component of all dishes of the mountainous region of the country is lamb or pork. For example, pork with peanut sauce, "anticucho de corazon" - beef heart kebab, "pachamancu" - a dish of different types of meat, fried together in a dish lined with hot stones. The most popular local alcoholic drink is Pisco. This is grape vodka with various additives. Exotic lovers should try guinea pig dishes. In Peru, they are fried, stewed with spices, or made into soup. Among the rulers of the Inca Empire, it was considered a great delicacy. There are over 2,000 types of potatoes growing in Peru, so it's only natural that there is such a variety of potato dishes in Peruvian cuisine.

Peru is a land of legends. It is rightly called the historical center South America. Its originality and mystery equally captivates historians, anthropologists, zoologists and tireless travelers.

In the north of Arequipa, in the upper reaches of the Colca River, famous for its rapids, among the deep canyons is the Colca Valley. The local population has been engaged in agriculture for many centuries and, thanks to the mild climate, harvests rich crops. To preserve the harvest, unique ancient prototypes of refrigerators are used - "colcas", which gave the name to this valley.

Located high in the mountains, the city of Cusco (3310 meters above sea level) impresses with its architecture. The Catholic cathedrals built by the Spaniards on the foundations of ancient Indian temples make a particularly grandiose impression, and the religious and protective structures surrounding the city, created by the Inca civilization, conceal many mysteries. Huge blocks of granite are processed and polished with such precision that even very tall buildings did not require any cement. As if the stones stuck to each other more than once withstood the strongest earthquakes that destroyed the houses built by the Spaniards. During the time of the Incas, Cusco, located on the edge of the sacred valley, was considered the center of the universe. Cusco means "navel of the earth" in Quechua. Until now, 500 years after the arrival of the Spaniards, the city of Cusco remains the crossroads of two cultures. Cusco has a rich colonial past - there are many churches here, such as the Church of La Company and the monastery of La Merced. The area around San Vlas, which is home to many artists and artisans, has not changed for hundreds of years. Masterfully trimmed by the famous Inca masons, the foundations of some houses have survived to this day in the city itself and outside it on the surrounding ruins. Red tiled roofs and cobbled streets give this ancient city its unique flavor.

At 28 km from Cusco, at the foot of the majestic snow-capped Chicon Peak, lies the Urubamba Valley. The valley, protected by mountains on all sides, has a warm, mild climate that has a beneficial effect on both human health and the yield of fruits and vegetables. Agriculture in the valley was practiced by the locals even before the Spanish expansion. The main attractions of this valley are: Machu Picchu ( lost city of the Incas), Sacsayhuaman Fortress, Kenko Temple, Puca Pukara Red Fortress, Tambomachay and Ollantaytambo (stone fortress at the entrance to the Urubamba Valley).

The city of Nazca is located in the center of the Peruvian Nazca Desert, one of the most mysterious deserts on earth. There are traces of pre-Inca civilization, examples of which are irrigation canals that raised water from the ground, and giant drawings in the Rio Grande valley. The drawings depict figures of animals (birds, monkeys, spiders), and geometric figures, which can only be seen from a bird's eye view. There are suggestions that they represent a giant calendar or geographical map, or signs by which the priests addressed the gods or extraterrestrial civilizations. Their outlines stand out sharply against a darker background. Due to the fact that the geometric shapes and images of animals are large, it is impossible to look at them while standing on the ground. The Nazca lines are a series of drawings of geometric figures, animals and birds up to 300 meters in size, inscribed on the dry crust of the desert about 2000 years ago and preserved thanks to total absence rains and specific winds that clean but do not destroy the topsoil.
The desert in the Nazca region is one of the driest among the regions of the globe.

Puno is the folklore capital of Peru. Puno was founded in 1668 by Count Lemos and was once considered one of the richest cities on the continent due to its proximity to silver mines. The city of Puno stands on the shores of the beautiful Lake Titicaca, the highest navigable lake in the world, stretching almost four kilometers high. Along the shores of the lake, and on floating islands built of reeds, the Aymara Indians live. They have preserved the traditional way of life, customs, beliefs and national costumes. Not a week goes by here without some national holiday. Of interest to tourists are the ruins of Sillyustani with a round burial tower, as well as Chuquito, a high-altitude village built on the site of an Inca settlement, Lake Titicana.

The main center of the rubber boom and the largest city in the Peruvian Amazon basin is Iquitos. Iquitos - Big City with a population of 400 thousand people. But it is worth sailing a little along the Amazon, Yanamono or Manati rivers, and you will find yourself in the virgin jungle. Colorful butterflies, tapirs, monkeys, wild boars and pink river dolphins literally amaze people who first came here. Pisac - Inca citadel on top of the mountain range, to the Pyramid of the Moon, to Chincheros, a typical village of the Quechua Indians, who hold folkloric markets on Sundays. To the north-west of Cusco, at an altitude of about 3500 m above sea level, there is a monumental archaeological complex Sacsayhuaman ("Grey stone-colored bird of prey") - three parallel zigzag walls, a stone "throne of the Inca", 21 bastions, over which powerful towers rise , each of which was capable of sheltering up to a thousand howls new At 80 km from Lima, at an altitude of approximately 3900 m, there is a little-known plateau of Marcahuasi, amazing with giant stone sculptures of animals (elephants, turtles, camels), which currently do not live not only in Peru, but throughout South America, and rock carvings of human faces. Trujillo is famous for its churches and monasteries, the archaeological museum and colonial mansions.
Not far from Trujillo is the capital ancient empire Chimu - Chan Chan, built of clay and stones. Millions of stones went to the construction of the Pyramids of the Sun and the Moon. Another pyramid - Kao, decorated with colored reliefs, can be seen in El Brujo, an archaeological complex. In the vicinity of the city of Chiclayo in 1987, one of the most impressive burials in the world, the "Tomb of Lord Sipon", was discovered. During excavations, many gold and silver jewelry were found in it. Another archaeological complex discovered by Thor Heyerdahl attracts tourists to the small town of Tukums.
In the cities and villages of the Sierra, the 300-year-old influence of Spanish culture is also felt - the Catholic style, temples, the obligatory central square of Plaza de Armas (Square of Weapons), and rectangular "chess" city development. Eastern part of the country, Selva - humid hot climate, a tropical forest, the wild sources of the Amazon River, numerous fortresses of the Inca culture, many of which are still lost in the jungle.

The Incas left behind mysterious city Machu Picchu and the majestic ruins of Cusco. As you know, the Incas were the last link in the chain of numerous successive civilizations that flourished and disappeared on the territory of Peru.
Machu Picchu is the "reserved city" of the Incas, to which the most enlightened priests went after the fall of the Inca Empire, and which the Spaniards could not find. If you wish, you can climb to the Wali Picchu fortress, towering over the city of Machu Picchu and visit the temple of the moon, where only women were allowed to enter. Machu Picchu - "Old Peak", real name unknown. This ancient city stands on the top of a narrow hill between two majestic peaks - the lower mountain of Machu Picchu and the higher one - Huayna Picchu. Located at an altitude of 500 m above the valley level, Machu Picchu was well hidden and therefore did not attract the attention of the Spanish conquistadors. This abandoned city was discovered only in 1911 by archaeologist H. Bingham. Machu Picchu was the center of sun worship, inhabited mainly by female priestesses, the Sun Maidens.

The Temple of the Three Windows, in the center of which a stone pillar is vertically installed, whose location corresponds to the projections of the windows, is also associated with a solar cult. The temple stands on a hill and is oriented exactly to the east. Next to it is a mysterious trihedral structure, called the Main Temple, with many niches and ledges. This temple is built mainly from very large stone blocks - one of these stones in the adjoining wall has at least 32 corners.

Behind the Main Temple, steep steps descend to a natural viewing platform - here a triangular platform has been carved into the rocky soil. On it stands an elaborately hewn stone called Intihuatana ("the place to which the Sun is attached") - a monolith shaped like a giant fist, one of the fingers of which points vertically upwards. It may have served as an astronomical observatory. The stone was sawn off from a solid rock, and set up on the highest place ancient city, on top of a rocky hill, where a special site was carefully prepared. Astrophysicist R. Muller found that the various inclined planes and angles on the Intihuatana stone are precisely calculated in such a way as to fix (at a given geographical location and height) the sun at sunset during the winter solstice, sunrise.

This is the most you the world's juicest navigable lake (3810 meters above sea level), covering an area of ​​8,300 sq. kilometers, is the largest in South America. It is located 85 kilometers from La Paz.
The climate of the lake influences vast territory(20 thousand sq. km). The water that evaporates from the surface of the lake humidifies and heats the surrounding space, which creates conditions for the growth of plants atypical for the mountain plateau, for example, eucalyptus.
Animal world is also very diverse: wild ducks live in the reeds, giant frogs hide in the silt, and salmon trout are found in the lake, some specimens of which reach a length of more than a meter.

Since ancient times, the lake has attracted both to its shores and to the islands, various groups and tribes of people who left us the most valuable archaeological monuments as a legacy. The most interesting of them can be seen on the Islands of the Sun and the Moon (Islas del Sol y de la Luna) and on the Copacabana Peninsula (la Peninsula de Copacabana). According to legend, the Inca Empire was born precisely on the islands of the Sun and the Moon, when a golden staff was stuck into the ground there. Numerous ruins on both islands confirm this legend. On the Island of the Sun, it is worth looking at the Inca stairs (Escalera del Inca, Escalinata del Yumani), the Holy springs, which are considered a healing means of returning eternal youth (Fuente Sagrada), the Pilkokaina Palace (Palacio de Pilkokaina), the Chinkana labyrinth (Laberinto de la Chinkana.

The most full-flowing river on the planet - the Amazon originates in Peru.
Amazon (Amazonas) - a river in South America, the largest in the world in terms of basin size and water content. It is formed by the confluence of the Maranjen and Ucayali rivers. The length from the source of Maranjen is 6400 km., from the source of Ucayali - 7000 km. The area of ​​the basin is 7180 thousand km. (according to other sources - 6915 thousand km. Numerous tributaries feed the Amazon: about 20 of them are more than 1500 km long. The most significant tributaries on the right are Zhurua, Purus, Madeira, Tapajos, Xingu, Tocantins; on the left - Isa, Japura, Rio Negro.

The average discharge in the lower reaches is about 220 thousand m/s. The average annual flow is about 7000 km. (about 15% of the total annual runoff all the rivers of the world). Solid runoff - over 1 billion tons.

Together with its tributaries, the Amazon forms a system of internal waterways more than 25 thousand km long. The main channel of the Amazon is navigable for 4300 km. (to the Andes) Ocean-going vessels rise to the city of Manaus (1690 km from the mouth). The main ports are Belen, Santarem, Obidos, Manaus (Brazil), Iquitos (Peru).

The waters of the Amazon are called "white" - because of the huge amount of silt. carried by the river, the water becomes very cloudy, opaque and appears light. In this regard, near the city of Manaus (large shipping ships go to Manaus), one can observe a very funny effect. At the confluence of the Rio Negro Amazon, the water of which, on the contrary, is very transparent and, as a result, seems almost black (hence the name of the river), the waters of these two most powerful rivers do not mix immediately and for another 15 kilometers down the Amazon from Manaus, you can see how in parallel, in the same channel, two multi-colored rivers flow.

Three-fifths of Peru is covered by the Amazon jungle. Rivers serve as "roads" here, and colorful motor boats and canoes serve as "cars". The Amazon jungle is a haven for shaman healers and traditional healers. They claim that the local vapors have many healing properties.

Peru is an amazing country. Whoever loves time travel, who longs to meet the mysterious ancient civilization, must visit this place by all means.

Peruvian museums exhibit mainly archaeological collections. Among the main museums stand out: Art Museum, Rafael Larco Herrera Archaeological Museum, Javier Prado Museum of Natural History, etc.
Other attractions include: the 18th-century Cathedral in Plaza de Armas, which contained a glass coffin containing the remains of the conquistador Francisco Pizarro (in Lima); presidential palace (in Lima); the ruins of the Kankan city of the pre-Inca civilization (in Cusco), etc.

Not far from the city of Arequipa is located resort area with a picturesque mountain landscape; Mount El-Misti (5822 m) with a regular domed shape stands out in particular.

North of Lima is another interesting place- Tukume, where Heyerdahl spent his archaeological excavations. He discovered there the pyramids made according to the "Sumerian" technology. These were stepped pyramids, as well as tombs, a sarcophagus, etc. How this coincidence happened, no one knows. It remains an archaeological mystery. A lot of gold was found in these pyramids.

In no case should you buy ancient jugs, fabrics, etc. - they are prohibited from being exported from the country. What can be exported exact copies(replicas), and preferably with a check or some other document confirming the legality of the purchase (checks are issued everywhere on demand - called boleta).
We also do not recommend taking coca leaves "for memory" - luggage is checked by dogs.
Sanitary standards: When traveling in the jungle, beware of insect bites, use repellents. Despite the chemical filtration of water, use only boiled water for drinking.

Modern Peru is a republic. The head of state is the president, who is elected for a five-year term. He in turn appoints the ministers. Legislative power belongs to the unicameral Congress, which includes 120 congressmen. The term of office of Congress is 5 years. executive branch is in the hands of the president of the republic and the ministers. Judicial power is exercised Supreme Court and judiciary in places

The Republic of Peru, located in South America, is one of the most attractive states in terms of visiting attractions and various excursions.

Many centuries ago, in the territory that today belongs to Peru, there was a civilization of the Incas. Ancient monuments of architecture and art annually attract tens of thousands of people from different countries.

- This is the third largest country in South America, where ancient fortresses, beautiful palaces, amazing pyramids and temples of the Incas, as well as architectural monuments of other ancient peoples, have been preserved intact.
At present, in this area wonderful country sometimes entire cities have been turned into archaeological zones.

So in the west of the country there is a rocky Nazca desert, which for many years has attracted numerous tourists and researchers with its mysterious drawings, which can only be admired from the air. According to one of the scientific assumptions, huge in size images of monkeys, spiders and various geometric figures represent a solar calendar, spread over an area of ​​fifty-two square kilometers.

Great Andes adorn central part Republic of Peru. Carved by deep gorges and fast-moving rivers lined with little-known villages, the Andes boast the highest navigable lake in the world. Lake Titicaca is famous for its unusual island villages built of reeds right on the water. The center of this area is a small town Puno located at an altitude of about three thousand eight hundred meters above sea level.

According to ancient legends, the first Inca Manco Capac appeared from the depths Lake Titicaca to found your empire. Today, the direct descendants of the Incas are the Indians of the Uros reed islands.

Travelers can visit these floating islands, as well as explore ancient temples dedicated to the feminine and masculine, but already on an ordinary island; and if you want to even live in families local residents, because there are no hotels and inns on the islands.

Undoubtedly, the colonial cities of Juli and Pomata, built by the Spaniards in XVI-XVII centuries, as well as the so-called funeral towers in Sillustani.

If you are interested in Peruvian folklore, then come to Puno.

The most interesting sights are located in the east of Peru: the capital of the Inca Empire - Cusco and Machu Picchu - a city lost in the jungle, which was discovered only at the beginning of the last century.

Cusco, translated from Quechua, denotes the center of the world, such a city was during the heyday of the Inca Empire, stretching from Peru to Chile and Argentina.

You can visit Pisak- the Inca citadel, lurking on top of a mountain range, or go to the Pyramid of the Moon

It will be fascinating to travel to the village of the Quechua Indians, who organize folklore bazaars on Sundays, Chincheros.

But, despite such a variety in the choice of fascinating places, the sacred city of the Incas remains the most mysterious and attractive - Machu Picchu.

A beautiful panorama of the city: the Royal Road and the Gate of the Sun, the observatory, temples and palaces built of stone blocks.

Before visiting Machu Picchu, you need to acclimatize a little. This process will speed up the coca leaf tea.

Another no less attractive city founded by the Spaniards, which is also recommended to visit - Trujillo.
Famous for its beautiful churches and amazing monasteries, the archaeological museum and colonial mansions.

Near Trujillo is the capital of the ancient Chimu empire Chan Chan built from clay and stones. So, for example, the construction of the Pyramids of the Sun and the Moon took millions of stones. A completely different pyramid, decorated with colored reliefs, Kao, can be seen in the archaeological complex in El Brujo.

For a lover of crypts and burials, it will be interesting to visit, found in 1987, in the vicinity of the city Chiclayo Tomb of Lord Sipan. A lot of jewelry made of gold and silver was found here.

In addition to attractions, in Peru you can admire unique nature, enjoy the hospitality of the locals and taste the amazingly delicious local cuisine.

Peru is an agro-industrial country with a high level of development of the mining industry. The leading sectors of the Peruvian economy are largely oriented to the external market and are highly dependent on the world price environment for exported products. backward Agriculture does not meet the needs of the population in food: its main types are imported.

Main landmarks economic policy The government proclaimed the development of the agricultural sector and tourism, the promotion of exports, the attraction of private investment, the support of national producers, the construction of cheap housing, the decentralization of government.

Peru ranks in the middle Latin America size and level of development of the economy. The volume of GDP is 57.8 billion US dollars (2002). The GDP growth rate in 2002 was 5.2%. The mining industry (12.0%), the manufacturing industry (5.3%), and fisheries (3.1%) grew at the highest rates. The number of economically active population is 3.94 million people. Unemployment 9.0%, underemployment 47.6%. Inflation 1.5%.

The share of agriculture in GDP is 8.6%, industry - 29.8%, finance and services, including transport and tourism - 61.6%. The share of employment in agriculture - 15.1%, industry - 20.8%, finance and services, including transport and tourism - 64.1%.

By the end of 2002, the total amount of accumulated foreign investment in the economy exceeded $11.3 billion (at the end of 2001, this figure was $10.8 billion). Capital investments come mainly from Spain ($2.4 billion), the UK ($2.3 billion), the United States ($2.0 billion) and the Netherlands ($1.3 billion) and are directed to the communications sector ( 26.5% off total volume), manufacturing industry (16.2%), financial sector(16.1%) and mining (15.0%).

Tax collection - approx. USD 6.5 billion, incl. income from value added tax (18%) - 50%, real estate tax - 24%. The balance of payments deficit is 2.1% of GDP. Government debt to con. 2002 USD 25.4 billion (46.2% of GDP), incl. external borrowings - 20.0 billion US dollars. Gold and foreign exchange reserves - 9.9 billion US dollars.

The minimum wage is $117 per month. The average salary of civil servants is $254. The average monthly income of those employed in the private sector is $681. In the structure of incomes of the population, 60% is accounted for by social contributions, 40% - by wages. To the state Pension Fund the employer or the employee himself deducts 9% of the monthly monetary remuneration or income received. Another 3% is transferred to the fund social security dealing with medical care population. Participants in the private pension system have the so-called property rights. individual capitalization accounts, to which 13% is transferred monthly wages or income. Below the poverty line is 54.8% of the inhabitants of Peru. The poorest 10% of the population account for 2% of income, the richest 10% of Peruvians - 35%.

Statistical indicators of Peru
(as of 2012)

Foreign trade turnover (billion US dollars, 2002) 15.1, export 7.7, import 7.4. Main export commodities: non-ferrous metal concentrates (46% of export value), fishery products (14%), agricultural products, incl. sugar, coffee and cocoa (10%), textiles (9%). Imports are dominated by industrial raw materials, machinery and equipment, and consumer goods. The main foreign trade partners are the USA (26% of the trade turnover), the EU states, the countries of the Andean Community, China, and Japan. Trade turnover with the Russian Federation in 2002 - 64.8 million US dollars, incl. import - 48.5 million dollars.

Industry Peru

The leading industry is mining. It accounts for approx. 10% of GDP; mining provides 1/2 of foreign exchange earnings. Peru is among the top ten world producers and exporters of bismuth, tungsten, gold, indium, cadmium, copper, molybdenum, tin, mercury, lead, selenium, silver, tellurium, and zinc. Production of copper 647.5 thousand tons, gold 155.6 tons, crude oil 35.4 million barrels.

Most of the mines are located in the Cerro de Pasco areas in Central Andes, Tokepala and Cuahone in the south of the mountainous region and Marcon on the coast. Field copper ore Tokepala and its associated deposits in southern Peru are considered the largest in the world. Annual copper production in the 1990s was approx. 375 thousand tons

Oil has been produced in the northern part of the coastal region since 1863. In the 1970s, the development of newly discovered large deposits on the seabed west coast and east of the Andes. In 1992, the country produced 42.3 million barrels of crude oil. Bosom eastern regions covered by the jungle, contain large reserves of natural gas. The share of national income attributable to the manufacturing sector increased from 20% in 1970 to 28% in 1981. After 1981, the role of this sector decreased in relation to the mining industry, construction and the service sector, amounting to 21.4% of GDP in 1992. However, by 1994, manufacturing accounted for 42% of GDP. The leading industries are food processing, metalworking, steel production, textile, chemical, car assembly and oil refining.

The country ranks first in the world in terms of production (1.8 million tons in 2002) and export of fishmeal. There are separate machine-building enterprises operating on the basis of imported components. A feature of the development of the manufacturing industry is a high level of territorial concentration (most enterprises are located in Lima and its suburbs).

Electricity production is provided mainly by oil-fired thermal power plants and hydroelectric power plants, but it is not enough to satisfy internal needs. About 74% of energy demand is met by oil and natural gas, 13% by wood fuel, 7% by hydroelectric power, 4% by sugar cane waste and 2% by hard coal; the latter is the only type of fuel that the country has to import.

Agriculture Peru

About 30% of Peru's cultivated land is in the Costa, 60% in the Sierra, and the remaining 10% is in the Selva. Although agriculture employs 40% of the economically active population, agricultural production contributes 13.2% of GDP. The main agricultural crops of the coastal areas are rice, cotton and sugarcane. Corn, tobacco and fruits are also grown here. In the mountains, the main crops are potatoes, corn, barley, cassava (cassava) and yams, while in the valleys and in the lower part eastern slopes Andes - coffee, beans, cocoa, tea and coca.

The coca bush, from whose leaves cocaine is produced, is a crop traditionally cultivated American Indians. In the late 1970s, when coca began to be exported to Bolivia and Colombia in the form of either semi-finished paste or fully refined cocaine, coca cultivation became profitable. According to estimates for 1996, the area of ​​coca plantations was 94.4 thousand hectares, and they employed approx. 300 thousand peasants. The plantations of Peru are believed to produce two-thirds of the world's cocaine production, and the annual income from the cocaine business is between $600 million and $800 million.

About a fifth of the land is occupied by pastures, but the production of meat and dairy products does not meet the needs of the population. significant role in mountainous areas livestock plays, and the main economic importance has a sheep farm. Peru exports wool, leather and animal skins.

The total sown area is 1.36 million hectares, incl. under rice 173 thousand hectares, under corn 404, under potatoes 212, under wheat 90, cotton 42 thousand hectares. Pasture animal husbandry (cattle, sheep, llamas, alpacas). The main cash crops are: cotton, sugar cane, coffee, cocoa. Food crops - rice (2.1 million tons in 2002), potatoes (3.3 million tons), corn. Fisheries (sardine, horse mackerel, anchovy, etc.), focused on the processing of marine biological resources into fish oil and fishmeal, are experiencing a crisis caused by a decrease in catch volumes due to deterioration natural conditions(the climate phenomenon "El Niño") and the protectionist policy of the state. Anchovy catch in 2002 - 8.1 million tons.

In the 1950s, there was an active development of fisheries, and by the beginning of the 1960s, Peru occupied a leading position in the world in terms of commercial catch. Overfishing and periodic changes in currents in pacific ocean caused a drop in catches from 11.5 million tons in the period 1969–1971 to 2.3 million tons in 1980–1983. By 1991, catches had increased again to 6.9 million tons, with the bulk of commercial fish being sardines and anchovies, which are exported and partially processed into fishmeal.

Transport Peru

length railways 2102 km, incl. with standard gauge 1695 km, highways 72,900 km (including paved 8,700 km). Pipeline transport: oil pipelines (length 800 km), gas pipelines (64 km). 9 sea (main - Callao) and 3 river (main - Iquitos) ports. There are 49 airports with paved runways. St. 1.8 million fixed telephone lines. In 2001, there were 136.7 fixed telephone lines per 1,000 inhabitants and mobile phones. OK. 3 million Internet users.

There is a railway system around Lima, and two more railway lines, Central and South. The Central Railway starts in Lima and crosses the Andes, reaching 4818 m above sea level; it is the highest standard gauge railway in the world. It connects the capital with the mining centers of the Sierra and ends in the high mountain valley of the Mantaro River in the east - one of the granaries of Peru. south road goes from the seaport of Mollendo, overcoming the dismembered mountainous relief, through the oasis, where the city of Arequipa is located, to Lake Titicaca (3812 m above sea level) and further to Cusco. In 1994, the total length of railways in Peru was approximately 2,400 km.

In the 1990s, the length of motor roads reached 71.4 thousand km, but only 10% of them had a hard surface. One of the main highways is the 2500-kilometer section of the Pan-American Highway, which crosses the territory of Peru along the coast from north to south - from the Ecuadorian border through Lima and Arequipa and further to the border of Chile. Another road, which has a very importance, - the Transand Highway - was built in 1943 and still remains the only highway directly linking eastern and western Peru. The Central Highway links Lima with the cities of Oroya, Huancayo, Ayacucho, Cusco and Puno.

Domestic and international airlines serve all regions of the republic and provide communication with other Latin American countries and with the United States. Peru has three international airports. Foreign trade of Peru Peru mainly exports raw materials and semi-finished products and imports manufactured goods. Low agricultural productivity and underdevelopment transport system necessitate imports.

Peru's main exports are oil, copper, zinc, fishmeal, gold, lead, coffee and silver. Mineral raw materials account for 52% of export earnings. Profits from the export of cocaine are not officially recorded, but it can be assumed that coca makes the same profit as all other exports combined. Imports are dominated food products, primarily wheat and rice, industrial equipment, chemicals and automobiles. Peru's main trading partner continues to be the United States, which buys 22% of goods officially exported from Peru (excluding cocaine) and provides 30% of its imports; the importance of foreign trade relations with Japan, Germany, Italy and Great Britain is also growing.

Since Peru's trade balance depends on the export of primary products, its value fluctuates widely and depends on the ups and downs of the world economy. Thus, periods of economic growth (for example, in 1968–1973) were marked by a trade surplus in Peru, while during economic recession (1974–1977 and after 1982) there was a significant budget deficit, which amounted to 1.5 billion dollars in 1996. Peru pays interest on foreign debt and dividends to foreign investors. These payments significantly exceed foreign exchange earnings from tourism, and to cover the deficit, Peru is forced to resort to loans from foreign banks. Peru's external debt in 1996 was estimated at $23.4 billion.

Monetary unit and banking system of Peru

Peru's currency, the new sol, introduced in 1990 to replace the old inti, is characterized by high stability. Inflation was brought down from 7482% in 1990 to around 11.5% in 1996. This is a significant achievement considering that the country long time experienced hyperinflation and a depreciation of the national currency.

Peru's banking system is controlled by the government, which owns the Central reserve bank, National Bank (the largest commercial Bank countries) and eight development banks established to finance state-owned enterprises and private firms in various sectors of the economy. Most of private banks, nationalized in 1987 during the presidency of the protege of the Aprist Party A. Garcia Perez, was returned to their former owners.

There are 16 commercial banks in the country. The only bank with the right to issue is the Central Reserve Bank. Operations with securities are carried out on the Lima Stock Exchange (profitability index - 12.2%). Medium interest rate interbank credit - 32% in national currency, 13% in dollars. The level of dollarization of the banking system is 70%. The low level of inflation made it possible to maintain the stability of the national currency.

"Turgenev Fathers and Sons" - A. Panaeva. 1 group. Yu.V. Lebedev. Such is the ideal harmony of being in the view of Turgenev. Pavel Petrovich Nikolai Petrovich Old men Bazarovs Arkady, Kukshina and Sitnikov. "Fathers and Sons" is perhaps the most noisy and scandalous book in Russian literature. Pavel Petrovich Nikolai Petrovich Stariki Bazarov Odintsova.

"Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev" - Stories. The shield is crowned with a nobleman's helmet and a crown with three ostrich feathers. The grave of I.S. Turgenev. Novels: "Fathers and Sons", " Noble Nest"," Rudin. Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev Born on October 28. I.S. Turgenev. "Mumu" "Bezhin Meadow". Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev. In a noble family. Further education continued under the guidance of private teachers.

"Turgenev lesson" - Why did the hero "feel ashamed" in front of his dog? The activities of a librarian in a school are quite diverse. I. S. Turgenev The story "Bezhin Meadow" literature lesson in grade 7. The story "Bezhin Meadow". The writer was born on October 28 in the city of Orel. Lesson outline. Sources of information: 1938 There are a few guys around the campfire.

"The life and work of Turgenev" - Rod Lutovinov. The writer's mother. Manor house. Childhood. Main goals and objectives. Writer's office. Youth. Writer's father. L. N. Tolstoy. The image of the Turgenev girl. In 1841 Turgenev returned to his homeland. Issues for discussion. I.S. Turgenev. In 1836, Turgenev completed the course with the degree of a real student.

"The Life of Turgenev" - Nikolai Sergeevich Turgenev. Piano in the dining room. Then there are trips abroad. Ivan. Viardot Garcia. 1843. Russian language. Ya.P. Polonsky. He spent the last twenty years abroad, in Baden-Baden, Paris. BEAUTIFUL SWORD. Ya. P. Polonsky. Acquaintance with foreign writers - Merimee, George Sand, Zola, Maupassant, Flaubert.

"I.S. Turgenev" - Analyze: What would you like to know about Biryuk? (Write down your questions.) In Biryuk's hut. What were your expectations? Portrait of the protagonist Landscape Interior Speech and behavior of the characters. Portrait. I did it ... Interior. Landscape. The story of I.S. Turgenev "Biryuk" The author's deep interest in man. I was surprised...