Despite its rather modest size, Swaziland has a surprisingly wide range natural complexes and ecological zones, from rainforests in the northwest to savannahs in the east, with numerous “interspersed” fynbos (also called “beautiful shrubs”). On the border with Mozambique, the country has a completely different landscape - spiky and dry mountains, as if growing out of the High Weld plateau.
The official capital of Swaziland - Mbabane - is located in the northern part of the Ezulwini Valley, in the middle of the picturesque Dlangeni hills. There are not many interesting sights here, and the main tourist places in the city one can name fairly modern streets in the center - Allister Miller, New Alley and Alley. To the west of the city center is Swazi Square, a modern large shopping mall, famous for its many shops located on its territory and reasonable prices. Worthy of attention is the local market, which can be found on Allister Miller Street - a lot of interesting items are sold here. folk art at very low prices. In addition, there are several excellent restaurants in the center of Mbabane that serve Indian, Italian and Portuguese cuisines.
The royal residence - Embo Royal Palace - is located in the city of Lobamba. Here you can follow the life royal family: from bright national ceremonies and parade trips to a kind of Inkwala dance ceremony, in which the king himself participates. Nearby is also National Museum, where you can see interesting expositions of the cultures of various peoples of the country and visit the Cultural Village - a traditional settlement for the region with all the household items of the inhabitants. Considering the size of the royal family (King Sobhuz II had six hundred children), Swaziland's monarchs now live in the Lotiza residence, located ten kilometers from Lobamba.
Not far from the capital, you can see a small but very beautiful Mantenga waterfall.
Thirty kilometers from Mbabane is the largest city of Swaziland - Manzini. This place may seem untidy and too provincial, but there is nevertheless a very interesting place– colorful local market, reflecting cultural traditions region.
The city of Siteki is very popular, standing apart from others. settlements country and famous for its landscapes - cool spurs of plains and mountains overgrown dense forest. Previously, the city was the "capital" of the border guards and mountaineers, it got its name thanks to the ruler Mbandzeni, who allowed the border guards to marry only here (the name of the city can be translated as "marrying on the spot"). Since then, the city has gradually evolved from a small village into a major cultural and shopping center. Siteki is home to the Sangoma and Iñaga schools, public educational institutions that train masters of traditional medicine and healers. An interesting combination of natural science, botany and spiritualism is taught here.
Not far from the city there is an unusual Muti-Muti reserve, which is actively used by practicing healers and doctors of the Sangoma and Inyaga schools to collect various herbs needed in their work (the word "muti" can be translated simultaneously as "medicine" and "magic").
Mlilvane - the most accessible to visit nature reserve. It is located near the capital of the country, on the border of the Middle and High Weld, around the jagged picturesque peak of Nyonyan. It is home to a large population of hippos, as well as many varieties of crocodiles, giraffes and zebras.
Kingdom of Swaziland.
The name comes from the ethnonym of the people - Swazi.
Capital of Swaziland. Mbabane (administrative), Lobam-ba (royal residence).
Swaziland area. 17363 km2.
Population of Swaziland. 1100 thousand people
Location of Swaziland. The Kingdom of Swaziland is the smallest state on the continent, located in the southeast. In the east it borders with, in the southeast, south, west and north - with South African republic.
Administrative divisions of Swaziland. The state is divided into 4 districts.
Form of government of Swaziland. .
Head of State of Swaziland. King.
Supreme Legislature of Swaziland. The bicameral Parliament (Libondla) consists of the Senate and the House of Assembly.
Higher executive agency Swaziland. government accountable to the king.
Major cities in Swaziland. Manzini.
State language of Swaziland.Swazi, English.
Religion in Swaziland. 60% -, 30% - pagans.
Ethnic composition Swaziland. 90% - Swazi, 2.3% - Zulus, 2.1% -.
Currency of Swaziland. Lilangeni ( plural- emalangeni) 100 cents.
The Kingdom of Swaziland has two capitals. On April 20, 2018, the kingdom of Eswatini became known.
Administrative capital kingdom of the city of Mbabane and the legislative capital of the city of Lo-bamba, it also houses the royal residence.
King of the state Mswati III, rules from 1986 to the present.
Prime Minister since 1996 Sibusiso Barnabas Dlamini.
Swaziland on the world map
Information and History of Swaziland
The Kingdom of Swaziland has an area of 17,400 sq. km, the population is about 832,000 people. The urban population is 28%, the literacy rate is 55%. Currency unit Kingdoms of Swaziland: lilangeni. Most of About 74% of the population is employed in agriculture. The ethnic composition of the population is about 90% of purebred Africans, mainly Swazi, Zulu, Tonga, Shangaap tribes. The official language in the country is English and Swazi. Religious views The population is distributed as follows: Christians (36%), Catholics (11%), members of independent African churches (28%) and 20% adhere to traditional beliefs.
The Kingdom of Swaziland came into existence in 1968. The type of government in the country is an absolute monarchy.
The country is divided into four districts governed by regional councils made up of representatives of the 40 tribes into which the nation is subdivided.
Swaziland, a traditional Swazi kingdom, was jointly ruled by the United Kingdom and the Boer-founded Transvaal Republic. This lasted from 1890 until the end of the South African War, which lasted from 1899 to 1902. In 1904, the country was forcibly turned into a British protectorate, and in 1907 it became the territory of the High Commissioner. The act of Parliament of the United Kingdom of 1910, proclaiming the formation of the Union of South Africa, provided for the possible inclusion of Swaziland, along with other territories of the High Commissioner's office, into the union, but the British government stated that this would not happen without the consent of the citizens. Knowing this point, the government South Africa repeatedly asked Swaziland to come under its jurisdiction, but this was opposed by the British government and the people of Swaziland themselves. Requests of this kind ceased in 1967, when Swaziland gained the right to internal self-government, and subsequently achieved the status of a fully independent state within the Commonwealth, which happened in 1968.
The 1963 constitution, introduced by the British government before Swaziland gained full independence, provided for a parliamentary system of government with King Sobhuza II as head of government. In 1973, with the consent of the assembly, the king abolished the constitution and received unlimited power.
In 1978, a new constitution was adopted, providing for a bicameral Assembly, whose deputies were partly appointed by the king, partly elected by an electoral college representing 40 tribes. King Sobhuza died in 1982, and, according to Swazi tradition, the position of head of state passed to Queen Mother Dzeliva, who should hold this post until Crown Prince Mahosetiv reaches 21 in 1989. However, in August 1983, Queen Dzelive was overthrown from the throne ex-wife Sobhuza's king, Ntombi, officially appointed royal regent in October.
A struggle for power began among members of the royal family, and in November 1984 it was announced that the crown prince would ascend the throne in April 1986, i.e. three years before reaching the required age. In April 1986, he was officially proclaimed King Msuati III (b. 1968).
During 1991, a royal commission toured the country, studying the opinion of the population about changes in the constitution. In 1993, direct elections were held for the Assembly, and in 1994 the King announced the need for a commission representing government and foreign interests to draft a new constitution.
Member of the South African Customs Union, Swaziland is bound by close economic relations with South Africa, and the South African rand has free circulation in the country along with the national currency. In May 1996, the King unexpectedly removed Prince Jameson Mbilini Dlamini from his post and the Prime Minister, appointing Barnabas Sibusizo Dlamini instead. The ban on organizing and operating political parties was not lifted despite strikes and massive pro-democracy demonstrations throughout 1996 and 1997.
Dlamini was reappointed Prime Minister, but the results of elections to the Legislative Assembly in October 1998, then the king dissolved the 21-member deliberative National Council of Swaziland.
On April 20, 2018, the King of Swaziland, Mswati III, renamed the name of the Kingdom of Swaziland to the name of the Kingdom of Eswatini, returning to the state his historical name which it had before British colonization. The new name means "Land of Swazi".
How to get to Swaziland from Russia
There are no direct flights from Russia to Swaziland. The main task is to get to Johannesburg, South Africa, then fly to Manzini Airport by local airlines, or you can get there by car from South Africa or Mozambique.
A visa to Swaziland for citizens of the Russian Federation is required, you can get it upon arrival in the country, directly on the spot. The cost is about 35 dollars.
What to visit in Swaziland
In view of the small size of the country, we do not recommend flying to Swaziland purposefully, but we recommend visiting it when visiting South Africa or Mozambique. There are not many attractions in the country, and in general, 3-4 days are enough to visit this small country.
Consider the main attractions of the Kingdom of Swaziland:
It is the second largest granite monolith in the world.
It is smaller than Mount Uluru in Australia. Located near the city of Mbabane, about 10 kilometers. Climbing the mountain takes an average of about 4 hours.
Mbuluzi Game Reserve
The Mbuluzi Nature Reserve is located in the northeast of the kingdom, about an hour's drive from the city of Manzini. Lives in the reserve great amount representatives of the African fauna, including the African five. On its territory, you can stay at a campsite and mini hotels for a couple of days, and book a tour of the reserve there.
Ethno villages of Shevula and Mantenga.
Life is represented in ethno villages local population kingdom, you can walk around the village, look into the dwellings of the inhabitants, watch the performances of national traditional songs and dances.
In principle, you can stay overnight, but this is for extreme people. 
The largest reserve of the kingdom, you can look at the big five of Africa. You can stay at a local campsite, and take a tour of the reserve there. We recommend the cottage village Ndlovu Camp.
Reserve Mkhaya
One of the largest nature reserves in Swaziland, located on southeast countries.
You can stay in the hotel complex Stone Camp
Features of rest in Swaziland
Malaria and yellow fever are also present in the country, therefore, when entering the country, it is recommended to be vaccinated against yellow fever, and to use mosquito nets while sleeping.
enough in the country a big problem with medicine, a very small amount medical centers and clinics, so even food poisoning can become quite a serious problem, so you should eat in normal establishments or at hotels, use only bottled water.
In the Kingdom of Swaziland, it is forbidden to drink alcoholic beverages on public transport; you can end up in a local prison.
Do not walk around the country at night, in view of low level life of the local population can become a victim of robbery or violence.
Video about Swaziland
Kingdom of Swaziland. State in southern Africa. The capital is the city of Mbabane (80 thousand people - 2003). Territory - 17.4 thousand square meters. km. Administrative-territorial division - 4 districts. Population - 1.17 million people. (2004). The official language is Siswati and English. Religion - Christianity, traditional African beliefs and Islam. Monetary unit - langeni. National holiday- Independence Day (1968), 6 September.
Swaziland is a member of ca. 40 international organizations, including the UN since 1968, the Organization of African Unity (OAU) since 1968, and since 2002 its successor - the African Union (AU), the Non-Aligned Movement, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) since 1994, the Community development of Southern Africa (SADC) since 1992, the South African Customs Union (SACU) since 1969 and the Commonwealth (an association of countries that were part of the British Empire).
Nature.
The surface of Swaziland is a highland, lowering eastward to the coastal plain of Mozambique, in three stages: the High Weld (1000-1500 m above sea level), the Middle Weld (400-800 m) and the Low Weld (150-300 m). Located in the west, the High Weld is characterized by a dissected relief, some peaks exceed 1800 m, the most high point- Mount Emlembe (1862 m). The middle Weld is characterized by a leveled surface and is favorable for dribbling. Agriculture. The Low Weld is famous for its rich pastures and forests, bounded to the east by the Lebombo Mountains.
Minerals.
Swaziland has significant mineral reserves - diamonds, asbestos, gold, iron, coal, kaolin, tin, pyrophyllite, semi-precious stones (beryl, quartz, etc.) and talc.
Dense river network major rivers- Komachi, Ngwavuma, Umbelusi, Usutu. The main rivers of Swaziland cut through these mountains and flow into the Indian Ocean.
Climate.
The High Weld region is characterized by a subtropical climate with average temperatures ranging from 16° to 22° C and an average annual rainfall of 1200-1400 mm or more. The Middle Weld and the Lebombo Mountains are in the transition zone, and the Low Weld is in the tropical climate belt with average temperatures of 20-24°C and an average annual rainfall of 500-700 mm.
Flora- meadow in the High Veld region and forest savannah in the eastern part of the country (various acacias, including Australian, American pines, baobabs, gum tree, xerophytic shrubs, eucalyptus trees, etc.)
Fauna- there are different types of antelopes (including markhorns), hippos, white rhinos, zebras, crocodiles. The tsetse fly is spread throughout the area.
Population.
Population density - approx. 50 people per 1 sq. km (2002). The average annual population growth is 0.25% (the population growth rate has declined sharply due to AIDS, in 2002 it was 1.6%).
Birth rate - 27.12 per 1000 people, mortality - 14.99 per 1000 people. Child mortality - 66.71 per 1000 newborns (data for 2010).
38.6% of the population are children under 14 years of age. Residents who have reached the age of 65 - 3.5%. Life expectancy - 47.97 years (men - 48.14, women - 47.8). (All indicators are given in estimates for 2010).
97% of the population of Swaziland are Swazi (Bantu-speaking people). OK. 3% of the inhabitants are Europeans, mostly British. Siswati, the language of the Swazi people, is state language on par with English.
The urban population is approx. 25% (2008). After the capital, the largest city is Manzini. The traditional labor migration from Swaziland to the mines and farms of the Republic of South Africa continues.
Religions.
OK. 60% of the population are Christians (mostly Protestants), approx. 40% adhere to traditional African beliefs (animalism, fetishism, the cult of ancestors, forces of nature, etc.), there is a small Muslim community (2004). There are also a small number of Baha'i followers. The spread of Christianity began in the beginning. 19th century
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
State structure.
A constitutional monarchy. The constitution adopted in 1978 with amendments from 1992 is in force. The head of state is the king, who owns the supreme legislative and executive branch. The heir to the throne in Swaziland is a prince chosen by members of the royal family. In the event of the death of the king or the minority of the heir to the throne, the queen mother governs the country.
Legislative power is partially exercised by a bicameral parliament, which consists of the House of Assembly (65 deputies) and the Senate (30 deputies). Parliament performs the functions of an advisory body under the king, since it does not accept, but only discusses bills submitted by the government. In addition, the king has the right to veto the decisions of Parliament. The 10 members of the House of Assembly are appointed by the king, while 55 are elected by the people through a complex two-stage scheme. Candidates for voting are put forward by traditional local councils, which consist of chiefs. The 20 members of the Senate are appointed by the King and 10 are elected by the House of Assembly. The term of office of both houses of parliament is 5 years.
In practice, state decisions are made by the king after their discussion in Libandl (National Council, whose members are representatives of the court nobility, the king and the queen mother) and Likoko ( narrow circle most trusted members of the royal family).
Executive power is exercised by the government and the prime minister, who is appointed by the king from among the deputies of the House of Assembly.
The national flag is a rectangular panel consisting of three horizontal stripes: two blue (top and bottom) and one red between them. The red stripe is bordered on both sides with narrow stripes. yellow color. In the center of the red stripe there is an image of a large black-and-white shield, which covers two parallel spears and a rod decorated with tassels.
administrative device.
The country is divided into 4 regions.
Judicial system.
Double acting legal system- traditional and constitutional courts. Supreme Court - Supreme Court. Decisions made in the traditional courts can be appealed to the constitutional courts.
Armed Forces and Defense.
The armed forces of Swaziland were created in 1973. Mandatory military service(2 years) introduced since 1983. In 2002, the armed forces numbered approx. 3 thousand people The protection of public order is provided by paramilitary police forces. Defense spending in 2004 was $40.5. USA. (1.4% of GDP).
Foreign policy.
It is based on the policy of non-alignment. The main foreign policy partners are the Republic of South Africa and Mozambique. Relations with Mozambique are complicated by the influx of Mozambican refugees.
The question of establishing bilateral diplomatic relations between the USSR and Swaziland was first discussed in con. 1970s during an unofficial visit to the country by an embassy employee Soviet Union in Mozambique. King Sobhuza II, under pressure from the then government of South Africa, refused the proposed contacts. Diplomatic relations between Russian Federation and the Kingdom of Swaziland established on November 19, 1999.
political organizations.
A multi-party system has developed in the country, but political parties operate on an illegal basis. The most influential of them:
- "Progressive Party of Swaziland" (Swaziland Progressive Party, SPP), chairman. - Nkuku John (John Nquku). Created in 1960 on the basis of the Progressive Association of Swaziland, founded in 1929;
- "Ngwane National Liberation Congress", KNON (Ngwane National Liberatory Congress, NNLC), chairman. - Dlamini Obed (Obed Dlamini), gene. sec. - Dlamini Dumis (Dumisa Dlamini). Party, main. in 1962 as a result of a split in the Swaziland Progressive Party;
- « national movement Imbokodvo”, INM (Imbokodvo National Movement, INM), the leader’s seat is vacant. Creation Party. in 1964;
- "Swaziland United Front", (Swaziland United Front, SUF), leader - Matsapa Shongwe. Base Party. in 1962.
Trade union associations"Swaziland Federation of Trade Unions" (Swaziland Federation of Trade Unions, SFTU). The association was founded in 1980 and has 83,000 members. Chairman - Richard Nxumalo, Gen. sec. - Jan Sithole.
ECONOMY
The Kingdom of Swaziland is one of the most dynamically developing states of the African continent. One of the highest GDP per capita is noted, the purchasing power of the population in 2004 amounted to 5.1 thousand US dollars.
Labor resources.
The economically active population is 383.2 thousand people. (2000).
Agriculture.
The share of the agricultural sector in GDP is 16.1% (2004). 10.35% of the land is cultivated (2001). 44% of the land is owned by foreign companies and white farmers. The remaining 56% is the property of the entire Swazi people, however, only half of them are allocated under peasant allotments. The other half belongs state companies that produce commercial products. The main cash crops are sugarcane, corn, citrus fruits, pineapples and cotton. Beans, grapefruits, potatoes, rice and sweet potatoes are also grown. Animal husbandry (breeding of cattle, horses, donkeys, pigs, goats and sheep) has no commercial value. The country has the most extensive artificial forest plantations in Africa (120 thousand hectares). The annual catch of freshwater fish (carp, tilapia, etc.) is 70 tons (2000).
Industry.
Share in GDP - 43.4% (2004). The basis of industry is the manufacturing industry, which gives approx. 35% of GDP (2002). There are enterprises for processing agricultural products - sugar and cotton ginning plants, woodworking plants, canning factories for processing fruits and vegetables. New manufacturing industries have been created - footwear, textiles, clothing and electronics (computer assembly), the production of cotton yarn and synthetic fibers, as well as the assembly of buses and refrigerators. There are enterprises for the production of cardboard, leather haberdashery, glass, building materials and electrical equipment.
Mining industry due to falling demand for asbestos, as well as shortages modern equipment comes into decline. Coal mining in 2004 amounted to approx. 600 thousand tons
International trade.
The volume of imports exceeds the volume of exports: in 2004, imports (in US dollars) amounted to 1.14 billion US dollars, exports - 900.1 million US dollars. The main imports are machinery, oil products, equipment, foodstuffs, industrial consumer goods, vehicles and chemical products. The main import partners are South Africa (95.6%), EU countries (0.9%), Japan (0.9%) and England (0.3%) - 2004. The main export commodities are soft drink concentrates, pulp ( wood pulp), sugar, cotton yarn, refrigerators and citrus fruits. The main export partners are South Africa (59.7%), EU countries (8.8%), USA (8.8%) and Mozambique (6.2%) - 2004.
Swaziland is a member of the South African Customs Union (SACU), established in 1969 (in addition to it, it also includes Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and South Africa). The percentage received from general customs duties under this sub-regional organization represents about half of Swaziland's budget revenues.
Energy.
The country has a significant potential of mountain rivers. Electricity production in 2002 amounted to 402 million kilowatt-hours. The country's most powerful hydroelectric power station is Luphohlo-Ezulvini, there are also Maguga hydroelectric power stations on the Komati River and a hydroelectric plant built near the city of Mbabane. 80% of electricity consumed is imported from South Africa, a small part of electricity is imported from Mozambique. Electricity import in 2002 amounted to 799 million kilowatt-hours.
Transport.
The total length of railways is 301 km (2004). Railways Swaziland are connected to the railway network of South Africa and Mozambique. The length of roads - 3.8 thousand km (with a hard surface - 1064 km of roads) - 2002. There are 18 airports and landing sites (2 of them have a hard surface) - 2004. International airports are located 40 km from the city. Mbabane and Matsapha (near Manzini).
Finance and credit.
The financial system of Swaziland is closely tied to financial system SOUTH AFRICA. Monetary unit - langeni (SZL), consisting of 100 cents, 1 langeni is equal to 1 South African rand. In accordance with the agreement on a common currency area, the South African rand in Swaziland is legal tender on a par with langeni. In 2004, the national currency rate was: 1 USD = 6,459 SZL.
Tourism.
It is a fast-growing sector of the economy, has been developing dynamically since 1994. Foreign tourists are attracted by picturesque mountain landscapes, a variety of wildlife, the possibility of safaris, as well as the original culture of the local population. In 2001, 283.12 foreign tourists visited the country, mostly from South Africa. Tourism revenue in 2000 was $47 million.
Attractions: mountain peaks of the High Veld, the National Museum of Swaziland (Lobamba).
SOCIETY AND CULTURE
Education. 
The first schools were opened during Christian missions in the beginning. 19th century
The education system is underdeveloped, education is not compulsory. primary schools(the term of study is 7 years) children attend from the age of 6. Secondary education (5 years) begins at the age of 13 and takes place in two stages - three and two years. Primary education covers 98% of children of the corresponding age (2002). into the system higher education includes the University of Swaziland (located in the suburbs of Manzini Kvaluseni, opened in 1964 as component University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland, received the status of an independent university in 1976), agricultural and pedagogical institutes. In 2002, 18.4% of state funds were allocated from the budget for the needs of the education system. In 2003, 81.6% of the population were literate (82.6% of men and 80.8% of women).
Healthcare.
Swaziland is one of the African countries with the most high level AIDS incidence - 38.8% (2003). In 2003, there were 220 thousand AIDS patients and HIV-infected people, 17 thousand people died. AIDS is officially declared a national disaster. In order to limit the spread of the disease, in 2001 King Mswati III issued a decree prohibiting underage girls from having sex.
Lack of clean drinking water(about 40% of the population have constant access to it) leads to outbreaks of intestinal infections. In 2000, health spending was 4.2% of GDP.
The UN report on humanitarian development planet in 2001, Swaziland stood at 133rd place.
Fine Arts and Crafts.
Origin visual arts in Swaziland began long before our era. e. In the caves and grottoes of the Dragon Mountains, rock paintings of the Bushmen have been preserved - images of people, animals or fantastic creatures, made with mineral and earthen paints, as well as lime and soot, diluted in water and animal fat.
Of the crafts and arts and crafts, pottery, blacksmithing, metalworking (bronze and copper), weaving baskets and mats from grass and straw, the production of leather goods, as well as wood and horn carving are common. Products folk craftsmen presented in the exposition of the National Museum of Swaziland in Lobamba (founded in 1972).
Music. game on musical instruments, songs and dances are closely related to the daily life of the Swazi people. Traditional rituals are accompanied by singing and dancing (women's dance with knives, "reeds" - the dance of girls during the initiation ceremony, etc.).
Press, radio broadcasting, television and the Internet.
Published in English: daily newspapers "Swaziland Observer" (Swaziland Observer - "Observer of Swaziland") and "Times of Swaziland" (Times of Swaziland - "Time of Swaziland", an independent newspaper), weekly newspapers "News from Swaziland" (News from Swaziland - "News of Swaziland") and "Swazi News" (The Swazi News - "News of the Swazi people"). The bi-weekly newspaper Umbiki (Reporter) is published in English and Siswati, and the daily newspaper Tikhatsi Temaswati is published in Siswati. There is no national news agency. The government's Swaziland Broadcasting and Information Service has been operating since 1966. Broadcasts are in English and Siswati. The Swaziland Television Authority was established in 1978 and television programs are broadcast in English. In 2003 there were 27 thousand Internet users.
STORY
pre-colonial period.
Swazi (Ama Swazi, Amangwani) descend from the South African group of Ngoni peoples, which in the 18th century. migrated to what is now Swaziland. The core of the kingdom was created in the 19th century. King Sobhuza I, who conquered the lands of the indigenous population, who did not speak the Ngoni languages, and made them part of his kingdom. His successor King Mswati II created a strong army and expanded the territory of his state. Until 1894, the Swazi army successfully resisted the aggressive aspirations of the Afrikaners (Boers) and the British, but then the country's territory became part of the Boer Republic of Transvaal. After Boer War 1899-1902 Swaziland was declared a British protectorate. See also BRITISH EMPIRE.
Sobhuza II held the Swazi royal throne from 1921-1982. He managed to buy back the lands that the British had expropriated for the benefit of foreigners after 1907, and in 1967 achieved internal self-government for Swaziland.
Period of independent development.
On September 6, 1968, the independence of the Kingdom of Swaziland was proclaimed. During the long reign of Sobhuza II and his successors, Swaziland sought to maintain good neighborly relations with South Africa.
After the death of King Sobhuza II, the country was ruled by a regency council for four years, and in 1986 Prince Makhosetive ascended the throne, taking the name Mswati III after the coronation. Despite the dissatisfaction of the democratic-minded part of society, he continued to rule as an absolute monarch.
In August 1998, King Mswati III dissolved parliament and called new elections. The opposition refused to participate in them. On the eve of the parliamentary elections and on the day of the Cabinet of Ministers' oath, terrorist acts took place. The government responded with increased repression against dissidents. In 1999, the political opposition and trade unions created the "Democratic Alliance of Swaziland", which organized and held mass demonstrations of the population in support of democratic reforms.
Elections to the House of Assembly took place in October 2003. Charles Magongo S "gayoyo was elected Speaker of the House. The Senate was elected on October 31, 2003, Moses Dlamini became its chairman.
In 2003, a broad civil movement was launched to carry out democratic reforms and improve the standard of living in the country. The opposition accused the king of violating the law he himself issued as part of the fight against AIDS, which imposes a ban on sexual relations with underage girls (his 11th wife was a girl of school age).
Swaziland's external debt is $342 million (2002). GDP in 2004 amounted to 6.02 billion US dollars, and its growth - 2.5%. Inflation in the same year reached 5.4%, and investment - 23.6% of GDP.
The opposition continues to criticize the king (the 37-year-old last absolute monarch of Africa) for the wide scope of his lifestyle. The monarch’s car collection includes numerous Mercedes, each of his 12 wives has their own latest BMW car, traditionally the king’s birthdays are widely celebrated in the country (in 2005, approx. $10 million).
Continues what started in con. 1999, in order to combat opposition forces, the legislation was tightened: a ban was imposed on the activities of political parties and organizations, the rights of trade unions (including to strike) and judges were limited, and censorship was actually introduced in the media.
The problem of corruption is acute. According to the Swaziland Ministry of Finance, released in April 2005 at a meeting of parliament, the national treasury annually loses approx. $80 million.
In the summer of 2005, a conflict arose between the king of Swaziland and the parliament on the adoption of a new constitution: the monarch refused to sign its draft approved by the legislators, which, in particular, provided for the taxation of members of the royal family. After making necessary changes On July 26, 2005, King Mswati III signed the country's new constitution, which strengthened absolute monarchy in Swaziland (the powers of the king were expanded, the ban on the activities of political parties was confirmed).
In September 2008, parliamentary elections were held in the country, which international observers considered pointless due to the lack of political parties in the struggle for parliamentary seats. All candidates for seats in parliament are private individuals. About 400,000 residents of Swaziland with voting rights elected 55 deputies of the House of Assembly, another 10 parliamentarians are appointed by King Mswati III.
Geographical names of the world: Toponymic dictionary. - M: AST. Pospelov E.M. 2001 .
Swaziland
(Swaziland), Kingdom of Swaziland
, state-in on SE. Africa. Pl. 17.4 thousand km², capital - Mbabane; the seat of the king and parliament - Lobamba. Since the beginning of the 1840s, it has been the object of claims by the British, Boers and Portuguese. Since 1894 - as part of the Boer Republic of Transvaal; since 1903 - a protectorate of Great Britain called Swaziland, in 1967 received ext. self management. Since September 6 (national holiday) 1968 - an independent state. A constitutional monarchy; The bicameral parliament consists of the Senate and the House of Assembly. Part of the British Commonwealth. B. h. territory - plateau Weld
, descending to the coastal plain of Mozambique in three steps from 20 to 80 km wide: High Veld (hilly), Medium. Weld (flattened) and Low Weld (flat plain). Along the east the borders are the mountains of Lebombo. The climate is transitional from subtropical to tropical. Wed-mon. temperatures 12–15 °С in winter, 20–24 °С in summer. Precipitation varies from 500–700 mm per year in the east to 1200–1400 mm or more in the west. Main river- Usutu. A typical savannah with acacia, baobab, thickets of drought-resistant shrubs in the west, turning into mountain meadows and forests of acacias (mostly cut and scorched) in the east. On the slopes of the High Weld - forest plantations (California pine, eucalyptus).
Population 1.1 million people (2001); ch. arr. Swazi people. Official languages are English and Swazi. 60% of believers are Christians (Catholics), the rest adhere to local traditional beliefs. Economically backward agricultural country. Sugar is grown. cane, corn, tobacco, citrus fruits, pineapples, cotton, potatoes, peanuts, millet. Meat livestock (main arr. on the farms of Europeans). Logging. Asbestos mining (4th place in the world); processing of agricultural products, woodworking, production of yarn, fertilizers; assembly of televisions and electrical appliances. The railroad connects S. with the ports of South Africa and Mozambique (Maputo). Intern. the airport. Sugar, asbestos, livestock products (meat, butter, bone meal), fruits are exported. Economically dependent on South Africa (70% foreign trade; over 75% of foreign currency is stored in Reserve Bank SOUTH AFRICA). National university in Kvaluseni; nat. the library in Manzini; nat. museum in Lobamba. Cash unit - lilangeni and rand.
Dictionary of modern geographical names. - Yekaterinburg: U-Factoria. Under general edition acad. V. M. Kotlyakova. 2006 .
Kingdom of Swaziland. State in southern Africa. The capital is the city of Mbabane (80 thousand people - 2003). Territory - 17.4 thousand square meters. km. Administrative-territorial division - 4 districts. Population - 1.17 million people. (2004). The official language is Siswati and English. Religion - Christianity, traditional African beliefs and Islam. The monetary unit is the langeni. National holiday - Independence Day (1968), September 6.
Swaziland is a member of ca. 40 international organizations, including the UN since 1968, the Organization of African Unity (OAU) since 1968, and since 2002 its successor - the African Union (AU), the Non-Aligned Movement, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) since 1994, the Community development of Southern Africa (SADC) since 1992, the South African Customs Union (SACU) since 1969 and the Commonwealth (an association of countries that were part of the British Empire).
Nature. The surface of Swaziland is a highland that drops eastward to the coastal plain of Mozambique in three stages: the High Weld (1000–1500 m above sea level), the Middle Weld (400–800 m) and the Low Weld (150–300 m). Located in the west, the High Veld is characterized by a dissected relief, some peaks exceed 1800 m, the highest point is Mount Emlembe (1862 m). The Middle Weld is characterized by a leveled surface and is favorable for farming. The Low Weld is famous for its rich pastures and forests, bounded to the east by the Lebombo Mountains.
Minerals. Swaziland has significant mineral resources - diamonds, asbestos, gold, iron, coal, kaolin, tin, pyrophyllite, semi-precious stones (beryl, quartz, etc.) and talc.
Dense river network, the largest rivers are Komati, Ngvavuma, Umbeluzi, Usutu. The main rivers of Swaziland cut through these mountains and flow into the Indian Ocean.
Climate. The High Weld region is characterized by a subtropical climate with average temperatures ranging from 16° to 22° C and an average annual rainfall of 1200–1400 mm or more. The Middle Weld and the Lebombo Mountains are in the transition zone, while the Low Weld is in the tropical climate belt with average temperatures of 20–24°C and an average annual rainfall of 500–700 mm.
Flora- meadow in the High Veld region and forest savanna in the eastern part of the country (various acacias, including Australian, American pines, baobabs, gum tree, xerophytic shrubs, eucalyptus, etc.)
Fauna- there are different types of antelopes (including markhorns), hippos, white rhinos, zebras, crocodiles. The tsetse fly is spread throughout the area.
Population. The population density is approx. 50 people per 1 sq. km (2002). The average annual population growth is 0.25% (the population growth rate has declined sharply due to AIDS, in 2002 it was 1.6%). Birth rate - 27.72 per 1000 people, mortality - 25.26 per 1000 people. Child mortality - 69.27 per 1000 newborns. 40.6% of the population are children under 14 years of age. Residents who have reached the age of 65 - 3.8%. Life expectancy - 35.65 years (men - 37.18, women - 34.07). (All figures are in estimates for 2005).
97% of the population of Swaziland are Swazi (Bantu-speaking people). OK. 3% of the inhabitants are Europeans, mostly British. Siswati, the language of the Swazi people, is the official language along with English.
The urban population is approx. 50% (2002). After the capital, the largest city is Manzini. The traditional labor migration from Swaziland to the mines and farms of the Republic of South Africa continues.
Religions. OK. 60% of the population are Christians (mostly Protestants), approx. 40% adhere to traditional African beliefs (animalism, fetishism, the cult of ancestors, forces of nature, etc.), there is a small Muslim community (2004). There are also a small number of Baha'i followers. The spread of Christianity began in the beginning. 19th century
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
State device. A constitutional monarchy. The constitution adopted in 1978 as amended in 1992 is in force. The head of state is the king, who has supreme legislative and executive power. The heir to the throne in Swaziland is a prince chosen by members of the royal family. In the event of the death of the king or the minority of the heir to the throne, the queen mother governs the country.
Legislative power is partially exercised by a bicameral parliament, which consists of the House of Assembly (65 deputies) and the Senate (30 deputies). Parliament performs the functions of an advisory body under the king, since it does not accept, but only discusses bills submitted by the government. In addition, the king has the right to veto the decisions of Parliament. The 10 members of the House of Assembly are appointed by the king, while 55 are elected by the people through a complex two-stage scheme. Candidates for voting are put forward by traditional local councils, which consist of chiefs. The 20 members of the Senate are appointed by the King and 10 are elected by the House of Assembly. The term of office of both houses of parliament is 5 years.
In practice, state decisions are made by the king after their discussion in Libandl (National Council, whose members are representatives of the court nobility, the king and the queen mother) and Likoko (a narrow circle of the most trusted members of the royal family).
Executive power is exercised by the government and the prime minister, who is appointed by the king from among the deputies of the House of Assembly.
King of Swaziland - Mswati III (Mswati III). He ascended the throne on April 25, 1986.
The national flag is a rectangular panel consisting of three horizontal stripes: two blue (top and bottom) and one red between them. The red stripe is bordered on both sides by narrow stripes of yellow. In the center of the red stripe there is an image of a large black-and-white shield, which covers two parallel spears and a rod decorated with tassels.
administrative device. The country is divided into 4 regions.
Judicial system. There is a dual legal system - traditional and constitutional courts. The highest court is the Supreme Court. Decisions made in the traditional courts can be appealed to the constitutional courts.
Armed Forces and Defense. The armed forces of Swaziland were created in 1973. Compulsory military service (2 years) was introduced in 1983. In 2002, the armed forces numbered approx. 3 thousand people The protection of public order is provided by paramilitary police forces. Defense spending in 2004 was $40.5. USA. (1.4% of GDP).
Foreign policy. It is based on the policy of non-alignment. The main foreign policy partners are the Republic of South Africa and Mozambique. Relations with Mozambique are complicated by the influx of Mozambican refugees.
The question of establishing bilateral diplomatic relations between the USSR and Swaziland was first discussed in con. 1970s during an unofficial visit to the country by an employee of the embassy of the Soviet Union in Mozambique. King Sobhuza II, under pressure from the then government of South Africa, refused the proposed contacts. Diplomatic relations between the Russian Federation and the Kingdom of Swaziland were established on November 19, 1999.
political organizations. A multi-party system has developed in the country, but political parties operate on an illegal basis. The most influential of them:
– « Progressive Party of Swaziland"(Swaziland Progressive Party, SPP), chairman. - Nkuku John (John Nquku). Created in 1960 on the basis of the Progressive Association of Swaziland, founded in 1929;
– « Ngwane National Liberation Congress», KNON(Ngwane National Liberatory Congress, NNLC), chairman. - Dlamini Obed (Obed Dlamini), gene. sec. - Dlamini Dumis (Dumisa Dlamini). Party, main. in 1962 as a result of a split in the Swaziland Progressive Party;
– « Imbokodwo National Movement», OSI(Imbokodvo National Movement, INM), leader position is vacant. Creation Party. in 1964;
– « United Front of Swaziland”, (Swaziland United Front, SUF), leader - Matsapa Shongwe. Base Party. in 1962.
Trade union associations"Swaziland Federation of Trade Unions" (Swaziland Federation of Trade Unions, SFTU). The association was founded in 1980 and has 83,000 members. Chairman - Richard Nxumalo, Gen. sec. - Jan Sithole.
ECONOMY
The Kingdom of Swaziland is one of the most dynamically developing states of the African continent. One of the highest GDP per capita is noted, the purchasing power of the population in 2004 amounted to 5.1 thousand US dollars.
Labor resources. The economically active population is 383.2 thousand people. (2000).
Agriculture. The share of the agricultural sector in GDP is 16.1% (2004). 10.35% of the land is cultivated (2001). 44% of the land is owned by foreign companies and white farmers. The remaining 56% is the property of the entire Swazi people, however, only half of them are allocated for peasant plots. The other half is owned by state-owned companies that produce marketable products. The main cash crops are sugarcane, corn, citrus fruits, pineapples and cotton. Beans, grapefruits, potatoes, rice and sweet potatoes are also grown. Animal husbandry (breeding of cattle, horses, donkeys, pigs, goats and sheep) has no commercial value. The country has the most extensive artificial forest plantations in Africa (120 thousand hectares). The annual catch of freshwater fish (carp, tilapia, etc.) is 70 tons (2000).
Industry. Share in GDP - 43.4% (2004). The basis of industry is the manufacturing industry, which gives approx. 35% of GDP (2002). There are enterprises for processing agricultural products - sugar and cotton ginning plants, woodworking plants, canning factories for processing fruits and vegetables. New manufacturing industries have been created - footwear, textiles, clothing and electronics (computer assembly), the production of cotton yarn and synthetic fibers, as well as the assembly of buses and refrigerators. There are enterprises for the production of cardboard, leather haberdashery, glass, building materials and electrical equipment.
The mining industry is falling into decline due to a drop in demand for asbestos, as well as a lack of modern equipment. Coal mining in 2004 amounted to approx. 600 thousand tons
International trade. The volume of imports exceeds the volume of exports: in 2004, imports (in US dollars) amounted to 1.14 billion US dollars, exports - 900.1 million US dollars. The main imports are machinery, oil products, equipment, foodstuffs, industrial consumer goods, vehicles and chemical products. The main import partners are South Africa (95.6%), EU countries (0.9%), Japan (0.9%) and England (0.3%) - 2004. The main export commodities are soft drink concentrates, pulp ( wood pulp), sugar, cotton yarn, refrigerators and citrus fruits. The main export partners are South Africa (59.7%), EU countries (8.8%), USA (8.8%) and Mozambique (6.2%) - 2004.
Swaziland is a member of the South African Customs Union (SACU), established in 1969 (in addition to it, it also includes Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and South Africa). The percentage received from general customs duties under this sub-regional organization represents about half of Swaziland's budget revenues.
Energy. The country has a significant potential of mountain rivers. Electricity production in 2002 amounted to 402 million kilowatt-hours. The country's most powerful hydroelectric power station is Luphohlo-Ezulvini, there are also Maguga hydroelectric power stations on the Komati River and a hydroelectric plant built near the city of Mbabane. 80% of electricity consumed is imported from South Africa, a small part of electricity is imported from Mozambique. Electricity import in 2002 amounted to 799 million kilowatt-hours.
Transport. The total length of railways is 301 km (2004). Swaziland's railways are linked to the South African and Mozambican railway network. The length of roads - 3.8 thousand km (with hard surface - 1064 km of roads) - 2002. There are 18 airports and runways (2 of them have hard surface) - 2004. International airports are located 40 km from the city of Mbabane and Matsapha (near Manzini).
Finance and credit. The financial system of Swaziland is closely tied to the financial system of South Africa. The monetary unit is the langeni (SZL), consisting of 100 cents, 1 langeni is equal to 1 South African rand. In accordance with the agreement on a common currency area, the South African rand in Swaziland is legal tender on a par with langeni. In 2004, the national currency rate was: 1 USD = 6,459 SZL.
Tourism. It is a fast-growing sector of the economy, has been developing dynamically since 1994. Foreign tourists are attracted by picturesque mountain landscapes, a variety of wildlife, the possibility of safaris, as well as the original culture of the local population. In 2001, 283.12 foreign tourists visited the country, mostly from South Africa. Tourism revenue in 2000 was $47 million.
Attractions: mountain peaks of the High Veld, the National Museum of Swaziland (Lobamba).
SOCIETY AND CULTURE
Education. The first schools were opened during Christian missions in the beginning. 19th century
The education system is underdeveloped, education is not compulsory. Primary schools (the term of study is 7 years) are attended by children from the age of 6. Secondary education (5 years) begins at the age of 13 and takes place in two stages - three and two years. Primary education covers 98% of children of the corresponding age (2002). The system of higher education includes the University of Swaziland (located in the suburbs of Manzini Kvaluseni, opened in 1964 as an integral part of the University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland, received the status of an independent university in 1976), agricultural and pedagogical institutes. In 2002, 18.4% of state funds were allocated from the budget for the needs of the education system. In 2003, 81.6% of the population were literate (82.6% of men and 80.8% of women).
Healthcare. Swaziland is among the African countries with the highest incidence of AIDS - 38.8% (2003). In 2003, there were 220 thousand AIDS patients and HIV-infected people, 17 thousand people died. AIDS is officially declared a national disaster. In order to limit the spread of the disease, in 2001 King Mswati III issued a decree prohibiting underage girls from having sex.
The lack of clean drinking water (about 40% of the population has constant access to it) leads to outbreaks of intestinal infections. In 2000, health spending was 4.2% of GDP.
In the UN report on the human development of the planet in 2001, Swaziland stood at 133rd place.
Fine Arts and Crafts. The origin of the fine arts in Swaziland began long before our era. e. In the caves and grottoes of the Dragon Mountains, Bushmen rock paintings have been preserved - images of people, animals or fantastic creatures, made with mineral and earthen paints, as well as lime and soot, diluted in water and animal fat.
Of the crafts and arts and crafts, pottery, blacksmithing, metalworking (bronze and copper), weaving baskets and mats from grass and straw, the production of leather goods, as well as wood and horn carving are common. Products of folk craftsmen are presented in the exposition of the National Museum of Swaziland in Lobamba (founded in 1972).
Music. Playing musical instruments, songs and dances are closely connected with the daily life of the Swazi people. Traditional rituals are accompanied by singing and dancing (female dance with knives, « reeds"- dance of girls during the initiation ceremony, etc.).
Press, radio broadcasting, television and the Internet. Published in English: daily newspapers "Swaziland Observer" (Swaziland Observer - "Observer of Swaziland") and "Times of Swaziland" (Times of Swaziland - "Time of Swaziland", an independent newspaper), weekly newspapers "News from Swaziland" (News from Swaziland - Swazi News) and Swazi News (The Swazi News - News of the Swazi People). The bi-weekly newspaper Umbiki (Reporter) is published in English and Siswati, and the daily newspaper Tikhatsi Temaswati is published in Siswati. There is no national news agency. The government's Swaziland Broadcasting and Information Service has been operating since 1966. Broadcasts are in English and Siswati. The Swaziland Television Authority was established in 1978 and television programs are broadcast in English. In 2003 there were 27 thousand Internet users.
STORY
pre-colonial period. Swazi (Ama Swazi, Amangwani) descend from the South African group of Ngoni peoples, which in the 18th century. migrated to what is now Swaziland. The core of the kingdom was created in the 19th century. King Sobhuza I, who conquered the lands of the indigenous population, who did not speak the Ngoni languages, and made them part of his kingdom. His successor, King Mswati II, created a strong army and expanded the territory of his state. Until 1894, the Swazi army successfully resisted the aggressive aspirations of the Afrikaners (Boers) and the British, but then the country's territory became part of the Boer Republic of Transvaal. After the Boer War of 1899–1902, Swaziland was declared a British protectorate. see also british empire.
Sobhuza II held the Swazi royal throne from 1921-1982. He managed to buy back the lands that the British had expropriated for the benefit of foreigners after 1907, and in 1967 achieved internal self-government for Swaziland.
Period of independent development. On September 6, 1968, the independence of the Kingdom of Swaziland was proclaimed. During the long reign of Sobhuza II and his successors, Swaziland sought to maintain good neighborly relations with South Africa.
After the death of King Sobhuza II, the country was ruled by a regency council for four years, and in 1986 Prince Makhosetive ascended the throne, taking the name Mswati III after the coronation. Despite the dissatisfaction of the democratic-minded part of society, he continued to rule as an absolute monarch.
In August 1998, King Mswati III dissolved parliament and called new elections. The opposition refused to participate in them. On the eve of the parliamentary elections and on the day of the Cabinet of Ministers' oath, terrorist acts took place. The government responded with increased repression against dissidents. In 1999, the political opposition and trade unions created the "Democratic Alliance of Swaziland", which organized and held mass demonstrations of the population in support of democratic reforms.
Elections to the House of Assembly took place in October 2003. Charles Magongo S "gayoyo was elected Speaker of the House. The Senate was elected on October 31, 2003, Moses Dlamini became its chairman.
In 2003, a broad civil movement was launched to carry out democratic reforms and improve the standard of living in the country. The opposition accused the king of violating the law he himself issued as part of the fight against AIDS, which imposes a ban on sexual relations with underage girls (his 11th wife was a girl of school age).
Swaziland's external debt is $342 million (2002). GDP in 2004 amounted to 6.02 billion US dollars, and its growth was 2.5%. Inflation in the same year reached 5.4%, and investment - 23.6% of GDP.
The opposition continues to criticize the king (the 37-year-old last absolute monarch of Africa) for the wide scope of his lifestyle. The monarch’s car collection includes numerous Mercedes cars, each of his 12 wives has their own latest BMW car, traditionally the king’s birthdays are widely celebrated in the country (in 2005, approx. $10 million).
Continues what started in con. 1999, in order to combat opposition forces, the legislation was tightened: a ban was imposed on the activities of political parties and organizations, the rights of trade unions (including to strike) and judges were limited, and censorship was actually introduced in the media.
The problem of corruption is acute. According to the Swaziland Ministry of Finance, released in April 2005 at a meeting of parliament, the national treasury annually loses approx. $80 million.
In the summer of 2005, a conflict arose between the king of Swaziland and the parliament on the adoption of a new constitution: the monarch refused to sign its draft approved by the legislators, which, in particular, provided for the taxation of members of the royal family. After making the necessary changes on July 26, 2005, King Mswati III signed a new constitution of the country, which strengthened the absolute monarchy in Swaziland (the powers of the king were expanded, the ban on the activities of political parties was confirmed).
Internet resources: http://www.pridetour.ru/guide/africa
Lyubov Prokopenko
LITERATURE
Recent history of Africa. M., "Science", 1968
Svanidze I.A. Lesotho. M., "Science", 1978
Forster, S. and Nsibande, B.S. (Eds.). Swaziland: Contemporary Social and Economic Issues. Aldershot, Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2000
The World of Learning 2003, 53rd Edition. L.-N.Y.: Europa Publications, 2002
Africa South of the Sahara. 2004. L.-N.Y.: Europa Publications, 2003
African countries and Russia. Directory. M., 2004
Encyclopedia Around the World. 2008 .
SWAZILAND
KINGDOM OF SWAZILAND
State in southeast Africa. In the east it borders with Mozambique, in the southeast, south, west and north - with South Africa. The area of the country is 17363 km2. In the west of the country there is a mountain range rising up to 1220 m, in the center - a plateau, average height which is about 610 m, the east of the country is occupied by a low-lying veld. The main rivers of the country are the Komati, the Great Usutu and the Umbeluzi.
The population of Swaziland (estimated in 1998) is about 966,500 people, average density population of about 56 people per km2. ethnic groups: Swazi - 90%, Zulus - 2.3%, Europeans - 2.1%. Language: Swazi, English (both official). The capital is Mbabane (administrative), Lobamba (royal residence). Largest cities: Manzini (53,000 people), Mbabane (47,000 people). The state system is a monarchy. The head of state is King Mswati III (in power since April 25, 1986). The head of government is Prime Minister J. Mbilini Dlamini (in office since 1996). The monetary unit is the lilangeni, and the South African rand is also in free circulation. Average duration life (for 1998): 55 years - men, 60 years - women. The birth rate (per 1,000 people) is 41.0. Mortality rate (per 1000 people) - 21.4.
The Royal House of Swaziland has been known for over 400 years and is one of the oldest in Africa. At the end of the 19th century, after the Anglo-Boer War, Swaziland came under the control of the Union of South Africa. In 1907, Swaziland was placed under the jurisdiction of the British High Commissioner for South Africa. In 1967, the country received the right to self-government, and on September 6, 1968, full independence. In 1973, the constitution was repealed and banned political activity. For four years after the death of King Sobuz II, there was no ruler in the country - it was decided which of the 67 sons of the monarch should take the throne. This problem was solved in 1986. Swaziland is a member of the UN, IMF, FAO, WHO, Organization of African Unity. British Commonwealth of Nations.
The highlights of the country are national park and waterfall Malotozha; in Lobamba - National Museum of Swaziland, Parliament House, Queen Mother's Village.
Encyclopedia: cities and countries. 2008 .
Swaziland (Kingdom of Swaziland, Kingdom of Swaziland) is a state in southern Africa. It occupies an area of 17.4 thousand square kilometers; population 1.3 million, mostly Swazi. The official language is English and Swazi. Believers are mostly Christians, a third of the population adhere to local traditional beliefs. Administrative-territorial division: 4 districts. The capital is Mbabane (seat of government) and Lobamba (residence of the king and seat of the legislature). Included in the Commonwealth. Swaziland is a constitutional monarchy. The head of state is the king. The legislature is a bicameral parliament (the Senate and the House of Assembly).
The surface is the Veld plateau (height up to 1445 m), decreasing in ledges from west to east. The climate is transitional from subtropical to tropical, arid. The average monthly temperatures in summer are 20-24 °С, in winter 12-15 °С, precipitation is from 500 to 1400 mm per year. Savannah. At the end of the 1830s. a large association of Swazi tribes arose on the territory of Swaziland. In 1903-68. Swaziland - protectorate of Great Britain (cm. United Kingdom). Independent state since 1968.
Economically underdeveloped agricultural country. Main agricultural crops: corn, sugarcane, citrus fruits, pineapples, cotton. Transhumance-pasture animal husbandry. Mining of asbestos, coal, iron ore. Artificial afforestations have been created on the site of the reduced primary forests. Logging. Sugar, woodworking, canning factories. Main foreign trade partners: South Africa (cm. Republic of South Africa), Canada , USA (cm. USA),
