South Africa (South Africa) is the southernmost and richest state in Africa. The capital of South Africa (as it is usually called in everyday life) is the city of Pretoria. It's a bit unusual that South African cities like Cape Town and Johannesburg are much larger.

South Africa is a very contrasting state. Its population is one of the most diverse in the world. Representatives of a large number of nationalities coexist here; the number of white people and Asians is the largest on the entire African continent. South Africa has also been given the unofficial name "Rainbow Country" because of its national diversity.

The bowels of the Republic of South Africa are very rich in minerals and diamonds against the background of the general poverty of the entire continent. While the tribes of central Africa continue centuries of war, South Africa has become one of the most peaceful countries, voluntarily giving up its nuclear weapons. This country remembers its bloody history - the struggle of oppressed nationalities against apartheid.

History of the Republic of South Africa

The Dutch were the first to colonize these lands. They also founded the Cape Colony. But in 1806, Great Britain conquered this land. The Dutch settlers had to move deep into the continent.

For about 100 years, Great Britain pursued a policy similar to genocide - the black population was oppressed, and sometimes simply destroyed. After gaining independence, the situation did not change - representatives of the white race came to power, mainly descendants of Dutch, French and German settlers. Although they were a national minority, nevertheless, power was concentrated in their hands and they began to pursue a policy of apartheid in South Africa.

For example, the Bantu people could only live in the territory specially allocated for them, and to leave these reservations it was necessary to obtain a special permit. The social obligations of the state for blacks and non-blacks were completely different. So in South Africa for blacks there was a separate health care, education. The apartheid government claimed that the level of social services for the black population was on par with the whites, but this completely contradicted true position of things. Often blacks were deprived even of political rights. In 1974, citizenship was deprived of a large part of the black population. It is interesting that all the legislative acts aimed at the oppression of the black population were at a time when segregation began to be abandoned all over the world.

The fight against apartheid became one of the main activities of the UN in the 1970s and 1980s.

One of the main fighters against apartheid was Nelson Mandella, who was later awarded Nobel Prize peace. Interestingly, after the fall of the regime, the white population in South Africa almost halved.

However, millions of black South Africans still live in poverty and lack education. These segments of the population replenish the army of street criminals, which is one of the main problems of the modern South African Republic.

Geography of South Africa

The Republic of South Africa is located in the very south of the African continent. With an area of ​​1,1221,038 sq. km in terms of area, this country is ranked 24th in the world. The highest point in South Africa is Mount Njesuti, which is located in the mountain range with the poetic name of the Dragon Mountains. Same length coastline 2798 sq. km

The climatic zones of the Republic of South Africa are striking in their diversity. From the arid Namib Desert to the subtropical coast of the Indian Ocean. The east of South Africa is mostly mountainous - it is here that the Dragon Mountains are located. It may sound funny, but here, in the south of the hottest continent, skiing flourishes.

Southwest South Africa has an extremely pleasant climate, very similar to the Mediterranean. The famous South African wine is produced here.

In the very south of South Africa is the infamous cape Good Hope and - the southernmost point of Africa

In terms of borders, South Africa is a unique state: Lesotho is located completely inside South Africa. South Africa also borders Namibia, Botswana, Swaziled and Zimbabwe in the north.

South African beaches

South Africa can be proud of such wonderful beaches that it is almost impossible to find similar ones in the world. The ocean temperature during the season will please even the most fastidious tourist. The beaches of Port Elizabeth and East London are very good for surfing. One of the country's most famous beaches, Cape Vidal is known for its snow-like sand. But, undoubtedly, the most beautiful is the beach "Wild Coast" located in the province of the Eastern Cape. Rocks and raging waves breaking into smithereens are a spectacle of unprecedented beauty that attracts tourists. In addition, there is a large penguin colony on the coast of South Africa.

Population of South Africa

The Republic of South Africa is home to 51.8 million people (according to 2010 data). In the modern demography of South Africa, two trends have emerged - a strong outflow of the white population to Europe, Australia and North America and a huge influx of the black population from other African countries. The population of the country is practically not growing due to the massive spread of HIV infection (one of the highest levels in the world). At the same time, the death rate exceeds the birth rate, and a small dynamics of population growth is present only because of mass migration from other countries.

80% of the South African population is black. About 9% are mulattoes, the same number are whites. Indians and Asians about 2.5%

Of the blacks, the most numerous are:

• Zulus - 38%
• Soto - 28%
• Spit - 11.5%
• Tswana - 6.6%.
• Tsonga and shangaan - 6.6%
• There are also societies of Bushmen and Goggentots.

The literacy rate of the population is one of the highest in Africa - about 86%. (approximately equal for men and women. This indicator of female literacy is the highest in Africa)

Most of the population professes various currents Christianity (of which there are a lot). Including about 35 thousand people are Orthodox Christians. The proportion of the Muslim population is low - less than 1.5%

In South Africa, there is a huge contrast between the population living in good conditions (15%) and half living in poverty. The unemployment rate is about 40%. One in three workers earns less than $50 a month. Despite all this and the relatively unstable economic situation, local population lives much better than in other African countries, where terrible poverty reigns.

The average life expectancy is 50 years. However, in 2000 it was only 43 years old. South Africa is a rare country where the average life expectancy of women is less than that of men.

Economy of South Africa

The economy of South Africa is the most developed in Africa. Thanks to this, it is the only country that is not considered part of the Third World. In terms of GDP, South Africa ranks 33rd in the world

The currency of South Africa is the South African rand, which is equal to 100 South African cents.

In the bowels of South Africa there are more than 40 types of metals and minerals. Gold, platinum, diamonds, coal are mined here, iron ore. In terms of gold mining, South Africa ranks first in the world.

In addition, South Africa is the center of the African automotive industry. South Africa gathers BMW, Hummer, Mazda, Ford and Toyota

In addition, the Republic of South Africa can be called an agricultural country. Cereals, citrus fruits, corn, cotton, sugarcane, and many other crops are grown here. South Africa also has one of the largest livestock and sheep populations in the world.

One of the main areas of South Africa's imports is oil, which is not available in the country at all. Main trade relations the Republic of South Africa with the USA, China, Germany, Japan and the UK.

At the moment, the economic policy of the state is aimed at stabilizing the economy as much as possible.

• Painting is very developed in the Republic of South Africa (compared to other African states)
• The famous band Die Antwoord comes from South Africa
• South Africa hosts a 90 km ultramarathon.
• Desiree Wilson, the first and so far only female Formula 1 driver, was from South Africa.
• South Africa hosted the 2010 FIFA World Cup
• The famous Limpopo River is located here
• South Africa is a major wine producer
• The reservations where blacks lived during apartheid are called Bantustan.
• South Africa has 11 official languages ​​at once: English, Africanas, Southern Ndebele, Xhosa, Zulu, Northern Sotho, Sesotho, Tswana, Swazi, Venda, Tsonga.
• Black racists call the country Azania
• It was on the territory of modern South Africa that the Transvaal and the Orange Republic were founded by the Boers. In the future, these dwarf states desperately resisted British colonization which delighted many contemporaries.
• During apartheid, an employer could officially refuse to hire a black man because ... he is black.
• South Africa is the only country in Africa where gay marriage is legal.
• The capital Pretoria is several times smaller than the major cities of Johannesburg and Cape Town.
• More than 8 million tourists visit South Africa annually
• The only Muslim community lives in Cape Town. These are Cape Malays, who make up 6% of the city's population.
• One of the official languages ​​is Afrikaans. It is spoken by the descendants of the colonizers. This is a mixture of German, Dutch, English with numerous borrowings from many other languages.
• Africanas is taught in some universities. including in the prestigious university South Africa Stellenbosch.
• South Africa is a country of hunters. This is where the famous safari comes from.
• South African exchange rate: 14.5 rand = one dollar

South Africa or the Republic of South Africa is perhaps one of the most famous African powers. The long period of European colonization has served South Africa in good stead. In the tropical wilderness, highly developed cities with a European character, East London, Cape Town or Port Elizabeth, look completely unique, characteristic and original. Colonization left its mark on different areas social, cultural and political life: English is widely spoken in the country, cities are full of architecture from the Old World, and traditions and cultural foundations in the country are very reminiscent of customs from the suburbs of London. The ethnic composition of the population was already diverse, but with a new admixture of European blood, it became simply inimitable.

The most appropriate adjective to describe this country is diverse. Nature and relief vary significantly in different areas: rough vegetation prevails in the northwest, a humid subtropical climate, the picturesque coast of the Indian Ocean is located on the eastern plain, a temperate climate prevails, the Dragon Mountains rise in the south of the country, which make their own adjustments to the nature of the relief and climate in the region. And in the west, the area of ​​South Africa shrinks by 100 thousand square meters. km of the spreading Namib Desert, these lands are deserted, not suitable for cultivation and not inhabited. The interior of the country is occupied by plains, also relatively deserted, the Kalahari savannah, the Karoo desert and scrub wastelands.

The diversity of the population, their languages, traditions and cultural foundations is also amazing. One can only wonder how such a diverse audience gets along in one power.

General information about the Republic of South Africa

South Africa is the most developed country on the African continent, and against the background of all the states of the world economic community, South Africa does not look disastrous. According to the UN classification, South Africa belongs to the middle income countries. However, the proportion of the population (mostly blacks) that lives below the poverty line in the country remains relatively high.

The area of ​​South Africa is 1,220,000 sq. km, the country ranks 24th in the world in terms of area, but slightly more than half of the land suitable for habitation and economic cultivation.

State structure and legal system of the country

In 1961, the Republic of South Africa became an independent state. Prior to this, the lands were alternately under the rule of Holland and Britain. However, with the advent of independence, the country did not take a striking step towards social and economic progress, because the apartheid regime aimed at the genocide of the black population still functioned in it. During this period, many independent states stopped diplomatic relations with South Africa, the UN passed resolutions recognizing apartheid as neo-fascist, South Africa was forced to refuse to participate in the Olympic Games, but the country's government never abandoned the policy of separatism of the black population. Only in 1989, with the coming to power of a new government, did the development of a democratic society begin. However, despite all the democratic, peacekeeping measures aimed at tolerance and guarantee equal rights for all ethnic groups, in South Africa there is still a gap between the standard of living of "white" and "black" citizens. In 1994, South Africa regained membership in the Commonwealth of Nations.

The form of government of South Africa is a parliamentary federal republic. Administratively, the state is divided into 9 provinces.

The level of economic development, the main areas of the national economy

The Republic of South Africa has a fairly high level of GDP per capita (26th place in the world), especially among African states. Rich Natural resources, powerful energy, transport infrastructure and highly productive agriculture are well-developed areas of the South African economy. The geography of the country, the unpredictability of climate and landscapes do not contribute to the large-scale development of the agro-industrial complex, but, nevertheless, South Africa is a major exporter of food, peanuts, tobacco, wine, corn, etc.

The transport sector is dominated by air and railway transport. The sphere of domestic air transportation functions perfectly, the communication between distant cities is based on it. Roads in South Africa will cool in good condition, but their system has not yet been finalized, in some areas you can find complete lack of roads. Cape Town, Johannesburg and Durban have international airports. The state airline is South African Airways.

The leading industry in terms of profitability is, of course, gold mining. More than 15% of the world's gold comes from South Africa. The country is also known in the world as an exporter of diamonds. It was the rich deposits of these natural minerals, discovered in the 19th century, that contributed to the mass colonization of South Africa by greedy Europeans. The state also exports platinum on a large scale (85% comes from South Africa), zirconium, coal, palladium, etc.

The composition of the population of South Africa, demography, religion

Rigid apartheid in South Africa was replaced by a regime of total tolerance towards representatives of all ethnic groups and cultures. The new brand of the South African society is the Rainbow Republic, a power in which all nations live in harmony on the principles of mutual respect for each other's traditions and cultures.

The population of South Africa according to 2010 is more than 47 million people. However, natural growth is very low; in recent years, the number of citizens has remained practically unchanged due to the high mortality rate, especially among the black population.

The national composition of the peoples of South Africa:

1. A large ethnic group is occupied by black citizens (80%). These are representatives of the Ndebele tribal groups, Koso, Zulus, as well as emigrants from disadvantaged Nigeria, Zimbabwe.
2. The white population is 10%, the highest percentage on the African continent. This group is filled with descendants of the British, Dutch, Portuguese colonizers. This is still the most privileged social stratum, but the reason for this is the high level of education and labor activity of "white" citizens. Mostly they inhabit the large cities of South Africa: Cape Town, Pretoria, Johannesburg.
3. Third: "colored" ethnic groups (8%), they consist of descendants from mixed marriages between the indigenous population, Asians and Europeans.
4. Asians make up 2% of all citizens. This group includes the descendants of emigrants from India, China, Malaysia, who settled in South Africa in the 19th century.

The population density of South Africa is not uniform. The average figure is 40 people per 1 sq. km, but the megacities are very densely populated, especially Cape Town, Pretoria, Durban, Port Elizabeth, East London.

The population of South Africa is mostly Christian, but some community groups profess Hinduism, Islam and local traditional religions.

Life expectancy in South Africa

The country has a low life expectancy. Among men - 43 years, among women - 41. The highest mortality rate among the black population, it is due to insufficient medical care, artisanal methods of treatment. The main cause of natural death among blacks: drug addiction and its consequences, AIDS, skin cancer due to high levels of harmful ultraviolet radiation.

Writing is owned by 85% of the population of South Africa, at a time when the level of education among the "whites" is very high.

The unemployment rate in South Africa is close to critical (29%), especially among blacks. In some cities, there are still dysfunctional, criminal black neighborhoods where racketeering, prostitution, and drug trafficking flourish.

Traditions, customs and culture of the peoples of South Africa

Some of the traditions and customs that the population of South Africa still adhere to are perplexing to a resident of the 21st century.

For example, among indigenous peoples, early marriages are common. It is accepted that a girl can get married at the age of 13.

In the diet of some indigenous people, fish and seafood are completely absent, because, according to their beliefs, the water where the fish lives is fraught with many evils and dangers. Recall that the length of the coastline of South Africa is one of the largest in the world, is 2,798 km.

However, on the basis of the antediluvian customs of some ethnic groups, it is impossible to judge the level of cultural development of the whole country. In fact, South Africa is quite advanced, and although the European colonialists gave impetus to the development of social culture, after independence, the state continued to develop.

South Africa has given birth to world musicians and writers, Nobel Prize winners. The famous author of the Lord of the Rings trilogy, the literary father of the elves, John Tolkien was born in South Africa.

State languages

South Africa is an interesting country and can set an example for many in how to resolve interlingual conflicts that also happen in highly developed countries. The state has a very diverse national composition, which led to multilingualism. In country 11 state languages: English and 11 dialects of local tribes. Most of the citizens speak several languages.

After the fall of totalitarianism, the indigenous population of South Africa also received the right to their own state language.

AT last decade the new hybrid language Tsotsitaals, a kind of cross between Afrikaans, Zulu and several other dialects, has become very common among the black population.

Major cities of South Africa, their sights

The population of the state is the only one in the world that boasts three capitals. The main one is Pretoria, where the government building is located, but the South African parliament is located in Cape Town, and the courts are concentrated in Bloemfontein.

Cape Town is also known as a tourist destination, full of colonial architectural landmarks, as well as the natural landmark of the Cape Peninsula and the Cape of Good Hope, it is also a famous wine region with beautiful scenery and a pleasant climate.

The Eastern Cape region and its tourist capital Port Elizabeth is famous as a coastal resort with sandy beaches, national parks for elephants, zebras, etc.

Johannesburg is the most densely populated metropolis in South Africa, it is not so developed in terms of tourism, but is famous as an industrial and technological center.

The large city of Durba is located near the relict lake Santa Lucia, which is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

To the northwest is the entertainment capital of the country, Sun City, known as the Las Vegas of Africa, built in the middle of the diamond and gold district.

How did South Africa open up to the world after the football championship in 2010?

In 2010, South Africa hosted the biggest sporting event - the FIFA World Cup, which was held for the first time on the African continent.

A number of sports facilities and football arenas were built specially for the grandiose football event. Matches were held in the cities of Pretoria, Rustenburg, Bloemfontein, Port Elizabeth, Polokwane, Mbombela, Durban, Cape Town, Johannesburg. The final was held in Johannesburg.

After the football championship African country changed its primitive status in the eyes of the world community. But the tournament did not contribute to the massive development of tourism in the country, which is hindered low level medicine and high - crime.

Geographical position

Official name - Republic of South Africa.

State located in southern Africa. In the north-east it borders on Mozambique, in the north- with Zimbabwe and Botswana.In North-west borders with Namibia.

Total area of ​​South Africa is more than 1.2 million sq. km. The country is washed by the waters Atlantic and Indian Oceans.

The country is dominated by landscapes natural areas savannah and woodlands, semi-deserts and deserts. In the east there is a coastal lowland, and in the south there is a depression. This location of the country predetermines the presence of various natural landscapes.

Most of the country is occupied by high flat plateaus "caroo" and mountains, whose height does not exceed 2500 m. Only a narrow strip of plains stretches along the coast.

It is separated from the highlands draconian ridge (Great Ledge) and Cape mountains.The highest point in the country is an Mount Mont-au-Source. Its height is 3299 meters.

In South Africa there are two small enclave states - mountain kingdoms of Lesotho and Swaziland.

South Africa has several climatic zones and climatic zones - from the desert zone to the zones of the Mediterranean climate and subtropics . dominate the country tropical and subtropical climate. January average temperature here it is from +18 C to +27 C. July average temperature- from +7 C to +10 C.

Need to know that the seasons in South Africa are the opposite of the seasons northern hemisphere.Winter here it lasts from June to August, and summer- from October to March. Spring and autumn in South Africa are quite short.

There is usually little rainfall. On the coast falls from 60 mm, on the plateau - 650 mm, on eastern slopes Dragon Mountains - up to 2000 mm.

In general, we can say that the climate in the country smooth and soft throughout the year, a large number of sunny days.

Temperature sea ​​water differs depending on the area. AT Atlantic Ocean she's pretty cold. Her average temperature is 12 ° C-17 ° C. But on the coast of the Indian Ocean, it usually warms up to 21 ° C-26 ° C.

Visas, entry rules, customs regulations

For entry into the territory of South Africa for citizens of Russia necessary apply for a visa. A visa can be obtained at the consular section of the South African Embassy located in Moscow.

To the country duty-free allowed import a small amount of alcoholic beverages, cigars and cigarettes, as well as gifts and souvenirs, the value of which does not exceed 500 South African rands. Mandatory customs control weapons, as well as antiquities and art, are subject to importation into the country. If goods worth more than 10,000 rand are imported into South Africa, then necessary pay the fee. The fee is 20% of the total amount.

To country it is forbidden to import automatic and military weapons, explosives, ammunition, drugs and narcotic preparations in any form.

Population, political condition

Total population population South Africa is 43.7 million people. Various nationalities and ethnic groups coexist in the country.

Black people Bantu makes up 77.6% of the total population of South Africa. also live here mestizos, which are descendants of Malagasy, Indians and Malays - 8,7%. white population is about 10.3%, Indians - 2.5%.

Currently in South Africa three capitals: Pretoria, Cape Town and Bloemfontein. City Pretoria It is the administrative capital and the seat of the president of the country.Cape Town represents legislative capital of South Africa. About 2 million people live in it. The country's parliament sits here. City Bloemfontein is an judicial capital of South Africa. About 180 thousand people live in it.

The largest cities in the country: Johannesburg(1.8 million people), Durban(1 million people), Port Elizabeth(400 thousand people) and Germiston(200 thousand people).

Administratively, the country is divided into 9 provinces: Western Cape, KwaZulu Natal, North Western Province, Mpumalanga, Eastern Cape, Free State, Houteng, Northern Cape and Limpopo.

South Africa is republic with a presidential form of government. Country is an independent member of the British Commonwealth.

Legislature - bicameral parliament, consisting of Senate and National Assembly. Each of the 9 provinces of South Africa has its own parliament, legislature and government, accountable to the country's prime minister.

In South Africa there is 11 state languages belonging to the main groups of the population. The most widespread Zulu. English language is also widely used in the daily life of the population of the country.

What to watch

Kalahari represents one of the most unusual places in the world. This famous desert is located on the ocean, but is considered one of the driest places on our planet. Here you can observe fantastic landscapes and unique animals.

In the Kalahari there are many attractions. Here is located Augrabis National Park with the famous two-stage waterfall. Tourists can also visit the magnificent Kalahari Gemsbok National Park, whose area is about 2 million hectares.

In the Eastern Cape There are a large number of national parks and reserves: Tsitsikamma, Naches Valley, Donkin, Mkambati, national park" Zebra Mountain"and Elephant National Park" Addo", lying on the border with the Cape Province. Near Algoa Bay there are chic beaches over 40 km long. Untouched" Wild Coast" interesting with huge sand dunes, oyster banks and a beautiful valley Happy Valley.

South of the Orange River located semi-desert Karoo plateau. On it lies Karoo National Park. Here is the largest river port of South Africa - East London.

In East London you can visit City Aquarium with lots of various kinds marine and freshwater fish. Interesting and East London Museum with rare items. Also popular with tourists are " ostrich capital" Oudtshoorn, nature reserves Gamka Mountain.

Famous Kruger National Park located in the Eastern Transvaal. It is the hallmark of South Africa. More than 50 species of fish, 114 species of reptiles, 507 species of birds and 147 species of mammals are represented in this unique reserve. There are interesting nurseries around the park - Sabi Sand, Skukuza, Manieleti Game and etc.

In Port Elizabeth you can visit the wonderful Oceanarium, Elephant Park and museum complex Port Elizabeth. Quite interesting are the Victorian quarters of the old part of the city.

Grahamstown considered the most English city in South Africa. Worthy of note here Cape Recife Ecological Reserve and reserve Shamwari. The latter contains the only real traditional Kaya Lendaba village on the territory of South Africa. Is widely known Addo Elephant National Park (Addo). The city is also home to the famous Cathedral of St. Michel and George.

Cape Town was founded in 1652. This city is the seat of the country's parliament and the capital of the Western Cape. The city is very attractive for tourists. It is spread out on a peninsula that separates two oceans. The peninsula ends famous Cape of Good Hope. Near the city is table mountain, whose height is 1086 m.

This city has a large number of attractions. interesting residence of the President of South Africa,one of the best botanical gardens in the world - Kirstenbosch. You can also visit longest shopping street on the continent - Furtrekker Road. South African Cultural History Museum located at Slave Lodge, which is one of the oldest buildings in the city. Jewish Museum situated in the building of the oldest synagogue in South Africa.

Durban is one of the largest ports in Africa and provincial capital of KwaZulu-Natal. It is a very wealthy city and a popular resort. Durban " golden mile" ("Marine Crossing") is famous for the fact that it moored here Vasco da Gama. Today it is the best place to relax. Here come for spearfishing, diving, swimming, recreation and entertainment.

Worth seeing here St. Paul's Church, the largest mosque southern hemisphere Juma located in Indian Quarter. Traditionally popular with tourists National Museum natural history , Museum of Natural Sciences, Museum of Old Buildings and Center for African Art. Must visit reptile parkFitzsimmons, Dolphinarium Sea World and Durban Botanic Garden. In Ulundi situated residence of the Zulu King Goodwin Zwelithini. To Dundee interesting enough Talana Museum. In Pietermaritzburg there is Natal Provincial Museum, Queen Elizabeth Park, as well as Vorttrekker Museum and National Botanical Garden Natal.

Amlanga Rocks is one of the most luxurious resorts in South Africa. Here it is shark institute and African Art Gallery. You can see howan reserved forest and Umgeni River Bird Park.

In Tongata quite picturesque hindu temples juggernuff puri and Vishwarup. stanger (Dukuza) represents The ancient capital of the Zulu kingdom. The city has an interesting North Shore Museum and big East market.

Unique dragon mountains and Veld are considered natural monuments. Mountain resorts are located here. These places are distinguished by picturesque landscapes.

The historical center of South Africa is the northwest of the country. Here it is provinces Gotang (Houteng) and lie arid the Transvaal plateau. It was from here that the beginning of the colonization of these lands was laid. This place is concentrated the most important cities in the country - Johannesburg and Pretoria. These cities are the financial, industrial and commercial centers of the country.

Johannesburg the locals used to call Joburg (Yosi). This city was founded in 1886. Then the gold digger George Harrison from Australia found a gold mine here. Since then, the city began to grow very rapidly. Today it is one of the richest cities in the world. It looks quite industrial. There are quite interesting buildings in the city center. The most beautiful building in the city is considered skyscraper "Diamond", quite interesting for tourists Museum of Medicine Adler, Paleontological Museum. You can also visit Museum rock art in the zoological park. In Johannesburg, numerous tourists are always attracted by the famous diamond factory. Here you can not only see, but also buy diamonds right after cutting. The city is home to Africa's largest multi-storey shopping mall called Sandton. "market square"is one of the most grandiose markets of the African continent.

The former suburbs surrounding the metropolis are also attractive for tourists. Worth seeing here Africa Museum in Newtown and Museum of Nelson Mandela. To Soweto is the best on the African continent zoo. Are very popular Lesedi Cultural Village in Swartkops Hills and historic Zulu village Sibaya-Zulu-Boma. Located nearby Wadderbil Park- real bird sanctuary. "gold mine" situated in Rendfontein.

60 km. north of Johannesburg lies Tswane city (Pretoria). It is one of the capitals of South Africa and the administrative center of the Transvaal province. In this city it is recommended to see Kerkplats square with the old Town Hall, as well as Cathedral Square with the buildings of the Old Raadsaal and the Palace of Justice. In Braintirion Park is the official residence of the President of South Africa. At the Kruger Museum there are expositions dedicated to the first president of the Transvaal, Paulus Krueger, and the history of the Anglo-Boer War.

The attractions of this city are quite interesting, such as: Monument to the First Settlers, building of the South African Reserve Bank, which is the tallest building in the city, National Zoo of South Africa and observatory "Radcliffe". Here you can also visit municipal art gallery and numerous museums.

The Dragon Mountains form a natural border with Eastern Lesotho. highest point is an Mount Tkabana-Ntlenyana. Its height is 3482 m. The length of this basalt wall is about 250 km. This area is perfect for outdoor enthusiasts. Nature here is distinguished by its beauty and diversity. In the areas of Zululand and the North Shore tourists have an amazing opportunity to get acquainted with the culture of the Zulu peoples.

Most of the mountainous areas are occupied by national parks. The most famous and interesting of them is Royal Natal National Park. southern border of this park forms the so-called " Amphitheater". This cliff is very unusual look. Its length is 8 km.

Not far from here is the famous Tugela waterfall 948 meters high. This waterfall consists of five cascades. Lake Santa Lucia and adjacent territories, which occupies 275 thousand hectares, were included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Lake Sibaya is the largest natural freshwater lake in South Africa. Its area is 77 sq. km. In the vicinity of this lake there is a large number of reserves: Loteni, Highville, Swamp, Giant Castle, Itala, Valley, Ndumo, Mkuzi, Wilderness, Royal National Park etc. In the eastern part of the country there are magnificent reserves Umfolosi and Hluhluwe that stretched for many kilometers.

maputaland represents the land of nations tsonga. It is one of the most remote and wild regions of the country. These lands are famous for their sand dunes, which are considered the highest in the world. There are large areas with absolutely untouched nature. In these places, there is a collision of tropical and subtropical climatic zones. This fact explains the diversity of the local flora and fauna.

In Maputaland meet almost all existing species wild animals of South Africa and more than four hundred species of birds. Numerous fans of outdoor activities come here. Coral reefs in Sodwana Bay National Park great for exciting diving and sea fishing. For lovers of sunbathing, there are excellent beaches. Unique area Cozy Bay famous for its salt lake ecosystem.

North Western Province attracts with its unique natural conditions for outdoor activities. The local fauna is striking in its richness. It will be interesting to visit many caves. Moreover, many of them are of great interest from the point of view of studying the origin of man. In this area there are lakes and streams with the purest water.

Tourists are recommended to visit here. Pilanesberg National Park, as well as nature reserves Medikwe, Botsalano and Faan Meintjies. Very interesting Center for Wild Animal Reproduction in Lichtenburg. Also popular are: Reptile and Animal Parkin Hartbeespoort, amusement park "Golden Reef", Vaal River. Attract visitors and places that are associated with the Boer War. There is also an entertainment city called sun city. It is an analogue of the American Las Vegas.

On the far south South Africa lies famous cape peninsula. It has a wide variety of historical and cultural attractions.

From Cape Town begins the famous " Garden Route". This is one of the most magnificent sightseeing routes in the world. From here, tourists also have the opportunity to visit Needle Cape and reserves of the Cape of Good Hope, as well as Fernkloof. From Cape Town you can go to resort Hermanus famous for its whale festivals.

Great popularity among numerous tourists who come to South Africa enjoy the magnificent endless beaches Kleinmond, Camps Bay, Clifton, Lianduno, Sandy Bay, Whitsands, Scarborough, Falls Bay, Mulsenberg, Fish Hook. Interesting enough Seal Island Dyulker.In Hout Bay can see giant bird colony.

In the vineyard region of Boland famous wine centers Stellenbosch, Parl, Franschhoek and Constant.

northern cape is the largest province in South Africa. This region of the great desert is interesting, first of all, for its unique wildlife. There is a very beautiful nature and a large number of minerals.

kimberley is the diamond capital of the country. This city appeared around the diamond mines. In the city center you can still see the famous Big Hole ("Great Hole"). It represents world's largest open pit mine. This mine is famous for the fact that it started with it" diamond rush"at the beginning of the last century. Here, for a small fee, tourists have the opportunity to try to find a diamond on their own.

Currently, Kimberley is a modern city. Here you can see wide streets, wonderful parks and gardens. Tourists coming to Kimberley have the opportunity to comfortably stay in modern hotels. The city has its own tourist tram. Worth a visit here William Humphreys Museum of Fine Arts. quite interesting and Mining Museum, which is located on the edge of the Big Hole.

5 km. off the Kimberley there is a diamond deposit that is still active today called Bultfontein. Numerous tourists are taken here on excursions.

interesting thunder alley rapids and Egerton Rapids on the Orange River. From here, most of the routes to the great Kalahari Desert begin.

Mosselbay and Richards Bay are major ports and resort towns of the country. Between them along the coast stretched a large number of the most luxurious hotels and beaches in the country.

In ancient times, on the territory of modern South Africa lived Bushmen, Hottentots and Bantu peoples. In 1488 Portuguese sailors discovered the southern tip of the African continent. After that, the colonization of the country began.

In 1652 the Dutch East India Company founded the first European settlement here. In the history of South Africa there are many wars between England and the descendants of the Dutch settlers. The descendants of the Dutch made up a special ethnic community - Boers. A particularly fierce struggle was waged here after diamond deposits were discovered in the country. As a result Boer War 1899 - 1902 the Boer republics were captured by Great Britain.

May 31, 1910 was formed Union of South Africa. The mass struggle against apartheid was spearheaded African National Congress(ANC), founded in 1912. On May 31, 1961, the Union was transformed into Republic of South Africa(South Africa) within the British Commonwealth.

This union included self-governing English colonies(Cape, Natal) and Boer republics (Orange Free State and Transvaal). After that, political parties were legalized in the country. In 1993, the state government began to take steps to desegregate education. On April 27, 1994, democracy came to South Africa, and an interim constitution came into force. At the same time, the first multi-racial elections to the National Assembly were held. In June of that year, South Africa regained its membership in the Commonwealth. President country was elected leader of the ANC N. Mandela.

International trade

Foreign trade is of great importance in the economic life of the country. South Africa is one of the 25 largest exporters in the world. Income from foreign trade account for about 50% of GDP. The volume of exports even slightly exceeds the volume of imports.

Main trading partners of the country: America, Germany, Japan, UK, France, Italy and Canada. There is a noticeable increase in the turnover of foreign trade with these states.

The main import products are cars, food, oil, vehicles and chemical products. Main import partners: Germany, USA, China, Japan, UK, France, Saudi Arabia and Iran.

The main export commodities areequipment, minerals (diamonds, gold and platinum), machinery, vehicles, foodstuffs and the drinks. Main export partners:USA, UK, Japan, Germany and Netherlands.

South Africa plays leading role in activity South African Customs Union (SACU), which was established in 1969.

The shops

South African cities have the shops and shopping centers where you can buy anything you want.

souvenir shops offer a wide variety of ethnic souvenirs.

convenience stores located at gas stations and car service stations. Need to know that beer and spirits are not sold in supermarkets, only wines can be bought in them. For spirits there are specialized shops.

Shops and shopping centers of the country usually open from Monday to Friday until 18:00. On Saturday they are open until 15:00. On Sundays, shopping centers are open, some clothing stores are open until 13:00. Products on Sunday can be purchased at shopping malls until 15:00 hours.

Demography

The demographic situation in the country is rather complicated. First of all, it is related to the problem widespread AIDS on the territory of South Africa. Because of this disease, mortality here long time outnumbered the birth rate. Currently this problem already resolved. Thus, last year there was a small population growth, amounting to 0.8%. White population in South Africa steadily declining. This is due to their emigration to America and European countries. In addition, it also happens black influx from the neighboring state of Zimbabwe.

Industry

The main industries in South Africa are: mining industry, energy,mechanical engineering, metallurgy and telecommunications.mining industry played big role in the development of the South African economy. However, in recent years its importance has declined significantly. Currently, its products account for only about 7% of GDP. Today it employs about 500 thousand people.

Energy share in the country's economy is quite large and amounts to 15% of GDP. South Africa is ranked 16th in terms of energy consumption. Currently, about 250 thousand people work at the country's energy enterprises. The pace of energy production is growing every year. There are many enterprises with energy-intensive production in the country.

The increase in energy production is achieved through the use of new technologies and new raw materials. But until now, the main component of the country's energy sector is coal. There is a lot of coal in South Africa and it is easily available for mining and processing. For this reason, energy in the country is quite cheap.

Recently, several hydropower complexes and enterprises that use nuclear energy.

mechanical engineering is also very important in the country's economy. Its basis is automotive and machine tool enterprises. The centers of the automotive industry in South Africa are considered to be such cities as: Port Elizabeth, Eitenhach, Cape Town, East London, Durban, Johannesburg and Pretoria.

South Africa today has the largest number cars all over the continent. In terms of the number of cars per capita, the country is in the top twenty. There is 1 car for 12 people.

There are also many companies in South Africa that produce maritime and rivercourt, aircraft, railway wagons and locomotives, accessories and a number of special devices.

Flora and fauna

Animal world countries are quite diverse. About 6% of all animals on our planet live in South Africa. In only one National Park, the Kruger lives about 33 species amphibians, 114 types reptile, 147 species animals and 507 species birds.

Common in South Africa antelopes, zebras, giraffes, jackals, hyenas, hippos crocodiles and cheetahs. Also inhabited here black and white rhinos, lions, leopards, elephants and buffaloes. South Africa is one of the few countries that has managed to avoid the complete extermination of rhinos. Restored in South Africa and population wild dog . The marine life of South Africa is presented whales, sharks and extensive colonies of seals.

South Africa is home to 7% of the world's birds. There are about 900 species of them in the country. live here ostriches, royal eagles, penguin colonies, flocks of seabirds. Found here and very rare. blue crane.

Flora South Africa is also very rich. 8% of all world plants grow in the country. About 80% of them are found nowhere else on the planet. " Path of gardens"in the Western Cape is one of the most beautiful spectacles in the world. Protea is the symbol of the country.

In the semi-desert Northern Cape, a type of vegetation is mainly distributed, called " punishment". It is a low grass cover, low shrubs and succulent plants.

Thickets of shrubs with sparse trees and an abundance of grass are called bushveld. This type of vegetation is common in the northwestern part of the Central Plateau and further to the east of the country. The main components of the bushveld are shrub and tree forms acacias, giant baobabs and mopane. The arid Northwest Province is covered in thorny shrubs, grasses, and solitary trees. Shrub vegetation prevails in the Cape region fynbos or macchia.

In the southern and southeastern coastal regions, remnants of primary forests have been preserved in places. On not high altitudes bushes predominate. Grow at high altitudes herbage from high grains. Along the coast are dense forests from low trees. There are also palm trees, bananas and Mimusops obovate. Grows in river mouths mangroves.

Banks and money

The most convenient mode of transport for movement around the country is considered Personal car. The total length of the country's highways is over 206,000 km. About 60 thousand km of them have a hard surface.

In South Africa, tourists can take car for rent. It's very simple. The driver for this must be at least 23 years old. With me necessary have a valid international driver's license with a photo.

In South Africa there are two types of taxi. Travel in big cities ordinary taxis with a meter. They are quite expensive. You can't catch a taxi on the street, a car need order by phone. You can also wait for a taxi at special parking lots, but there are not many of them. exist in the country and fixed-route taxis . They are cheaper, but have a lower degree of safety and comfort. Vote in cities and on the road not accepted.

In South Africa is absent well developed system public transport. All cities have municipal buses. They run according to the approved schedule until a certain hour. The schedule of these buses is quite irregular. It is especially problematic to wait for them on weekends and holidays. There are no such buses in small towns. The total length of railways in South Africa is about 31.7 thousand km.

The country has 9 major airports. International airports are located in cities such as: Johannesburg, Durban and Cape Town.The biggest- in Johannesburg. All airports are connected with the center and major hotels by bus lines. International shipping are engaged five major companies

basis Agriculture country is agriculture. Only about 22% of the territory can potentially be used for cultivation of agricultural crops. In South Africa, there are problems with the provision of fresh water. Its resources are small, but the need for fresh water is growing every year. Despite all this, agriculture in South Africa continues to develop.

The main crops of southern Africa aregrain crops (corn, wheat), are also grown here. different types fruits, grapes and sugar cane.

In animal husbandry most developed meat and dairy production. It is practiced in the north and east of the Free State province, in the interior of Hoteng province, and it is also common in the southern part of Mpumalanga province. Meat breeds predominate in the Northern and Eastern Cape. In the drylands of the Northern and Eastern Cape, the Free State and Mpumalanga, bredsheep. Country actively exports astrakhan.

Large quantities are bred in South Africa and angora goats. The country accounts for 50% of the world's mohair production. also common here Boer goat breed, her bred for meat.

poultry farming and pig breeding in South Africa, they are common on farms near large cities: Pretoria, Johannesburg, Durban, Pietermaritzburg, Cape Town and Port Elizabeth.

In the province of the Free State in recent years, the beginning of developing ostrich breeding. South Africa gradually continues to increase export of meat, leather and feathers of this bird.

In a restaurant, tips are usually 10-12% of the total cost of the order. This amount includes drinks. Porters accepted give from 2 to 5 rand per piece of luggage. Guide and driver usually leave 15 - 20 rand per day per person.

National features

There is some differencein the rules of greeting between white and black South Africans. In white culture accepted, to junior first greeted the elder. In black culture, the opposite is true - the younger must wait for the older to greet him.

South Africans of English descent and black South Africans during a conversation don't look point-blank at the interlocutor. This is counts indecent and perceived as aggressive. But the Afrikaners accepted constantly look the interlocutor in the eyes. If the interlocutor often looks away, then this may be perceived as a manifestation of insincerity or dishonesty.

Never it is forbidden shake your left hand when communicating with blacks and Muslims (Indians or colored people). The left hand is considered unclean in African and Muslim culture.

Black South Africans give and receive gifts two hands. This is how they express their special respect and show gratitude.

Afrikaners are generally more conservative than English-speaking South Africans. This is especially true of issues of race relations and family relations. The younger ones quite often can use the words " uncle" and " uncle". This applies not only to appeals to relatives, but also to strangers who are older than the speaker.

South Africans during a conversation trying not to let long pauses. Such pauses usually make them uncomfortable. But also excessive assertiveness in the conduct business negotiations with South Africans is also not needed.

In public places, black South Africans speak quite loudly, which is unusual for the white population. This is due to the traditions that have developed in their culture. They are considered to speak softly when they speak badly about someone.

South Africans have some typical gestures which we do not understand. Waving in front of the face with crossed palms turned inward means " complete absence understanding».

And a slightly raised hand with a palm down, which moves from side to side, means " screwed up, screwed up».

White South Africans are distinguished by their great punctuality. Here, usually the date and time of the visit are negotiated a few days in advance. If an urgent meeting is needed, then you need to call and explain the reason for it.

For business or just friendly meetings accepted arrive on time. Even a slight delay of 10 minutes can ruin your relationship with South Africans. This is due to the fact that among white South Africans, being late to meetings and breaking an agreement is associated with black behavior.

Electricity

Tap water in almost all major cities and most reserves in the country is purified and safe for drinking.

The country has developed system of medical control and service. However, a unified health insurance system is absent.

First health care turns out for free. All further treatment will be paid and it will be very expensive.

Highly big problem in South Africa is a massive distribution HIV infections. Mostly blacks are affected.

Presentation on the topic: South African Republic. Economic - geographical characteristics

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South Africa State of South Africa. Area - 1223 thousand square meters. km. The capital is the city of Pretoria. The seat of Parliament is in Cape Town. Administrative-territorial division: 9 provinces. The head of state is the president. The legislature is a bicameral parliament (the Senate and National Assembly). The monetary unit is the South African rand.

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The original population was the Bushmen and Hottentots, as well as the Bantu. In 1652, the Dutch East India Company founded the Cape Colony on the territory of modern South Africa, in which the Dutch colonists, the Boers, occupied a dominant position. After the capture of the Cape Colony by Great Britain (finally in 1806) most of the Boers left it, basing it on those captured from African population lands of the Transvaal Republic and the Orange Free State. As a result of the Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902, the Boer republics were captured by Great Britain. In 1910, the British colony and the former Boer republics were united into the dominion of the Union of South Africa (SA). The regime of racial discrimination and segregation of the non-European population was established in the country. In 1959, the creation of bantustans began. In 1960-90s. the African National Congress (ANC; founded in 1912) was in an illegal position.

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History of South Africa In 1961, the South African government announced the withdrawal of South Africa from the Commonwealth and proclaimed the country the Republic of South Africa (South Africa). In the 1980s protests against apartheid intensified. The government of the ruling Nationalist Party went to abolish the racist legislation; political parties were legalized, including the ANC and the South African Communist Party (founded in 1921). In 1991, parliament abolished segregation by place of residence and land ownership, in 1993 the government took steps to desegregate education. In April 1994, an interim constitution came into force. The first multiracial elections to the National Assembly were held in April 1994; in June, South Africa's membership in the Commonwealth was restored. The leader of the ANC (majority party in parliament) N. Mandela was elected President of South Africa.

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Geographical position The country is located in the south of the African continent. South Africa occupies the southern outskirts of the South African Plateau, which is elevated along the edges (Dragon Mountains in the east, some peaks over 3000 m) and bounded by the steep slopes of the B. Ledge. In the south - the Cape Mountains. South Africa is the only economically developed state on the continent. It borders on developing countries: Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Swaziland. The Lesotho enclave is located in South Africa. South Africa is washed by the waters of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, located at the crossroads of sea routes from Asia, Australia to Europe and America, which is extremely beneficial.

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Natural conditions In the east - savannah, south of 30 °S. - subtropical forests and hard-leaved evergreen shrubs, on the slopes of the mountains - subtropical and monsoon forests; deserted savannah, steppes, bushy semi-deserts and the Karru desert in the interior. Relief: Kansky and Drakonovy mountains, in the north - plains. The climate is tropical and subtropical. The average temperature in January is +18-27°С, in July +7-10°С. Precipitation is 1000-100 mm. The main rivers are Orange, Limpopo, Vaal. Soils are brown, gray-brown, yellow earth, red earth, reddish-brown.

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Mineral resources are very rich and diverse - reserves of coal, copper ore, gold, diamonds, uranium, manganese, chromium ores, platinum. Agro-climatic resources are favorable for growing cotton, corn, tobacco, grapes, sugar cane. resources of full river flow per capita is small - 0.5-2.5 thousand cubic meters per year. Land resources: most of the land is occupied by pastures, cultivated land is only in the south and east of the country. Forest resources: forests occupy a very small area and heavily cut down, i.e. the country is poorly secured.

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Number - 44 million people (2007); Population density - average 36 people / sq. km (in the south - up to 100) people / sq. km; Type of reproduction - II; birth rate - 30-35, death rate - 5-10, natural increase - 25 people per 1000 inhabitants; A large number of mature (middle) ages, but a large proportion of children; There are more women than men; Ethnic composition - Africans (79%; Zulu , Xhosa, etc.), mulattoes and mestizos (11.2%), immigrants from Europe (14.6%), mainly Afrikaners (Boers) and the British. Urban population 55.4% (1996). The official language is Afrikaans and English. Religions are Protestantism, adherents of local traditional beliefs; The level of urbanization is up to 60%; The level of labor force qualifications is high (among the white population) and low (among the indigenous people).

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South Africa occupies one of the first places in the world in the extraction of gold, platinum, chromites, manganese ore, antimony, and diamonds. mining uranium, iron ore, copper, asbestos, etc. Electricity production 240 billion kWh (2005). The economic appearance of the country is determined by: the mining industry, whose products are intensively exported to the world market; 4th place in the world in the extraction of non-fuel minerals, first place in the world in gold mining (295 tons per year); ferrous metallurgy, working on its own raw materials; mechanical engineering - production of mining equipment, transport and agricultural engineering; chemical industry.

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In agriculture, marketable products are produced by large farms. The basis of agriculture is animal husbandry; sheep (30 million) and goats, cattle (12 million), pigs about 1.5 million. Main agricultural crops: corn (9.9 million tons), wheat (2.5 million tons), sugar cane (2 million tons of raw sugar per year). Peanuts (100,000 tons), sunflower (600,000 tons), tobacco, sorghum, citrus fruits, etc. are also cultivated.

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Foreign economic relations Since 1994, South Africa has been a member of the OAU (Organization of African Unity). The country actively cooperates not only with the developing countries of Africa, but also has strong contacts with the states of Europe, Asia and America. South Africa supplies the world market with: gold, diamonds , platinum, agricultural and food products, non-ferrous metal ores, ferrous metallurgy products. Foreign trade turnover in 2007 amounted to 148.11 billion US dollars. The composition of exports - gold - 20%, minerals and minerals - 20-25%, food - 5%, products chemical industry- 3%. Imports are dominated by machinery and equipment, petroleum products, finished industrial products. The main trading partners for exports are Japan, the USA and Great Britain, for imports - Germany, the USA and China.

"Different people unite" - this is exactly what the motto of this unusual state sounds like. This phrase perfectly reveals the history and essence of the country called the Republic of South Africa. Where is it located? How is it arranged? What interesting sights are located on its territory?

Where is the country located?

This is an amazing conglomeration of cultures, traditions and nationalities with difficult history of its formation. The country is located on the southern tip of the African continent, fully justifying its modern name. In terms of area - 1.2 million km 2 - it can be attributed to the largest states in Africa.

The capital of the Republic of South Africa (main) is the city of Pretoria with a population of 740 million people. Although with the capitals in this state, everything is not so simple. However, more on that later...

Republic - the full official name) borders on five states: Mozambique, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, Namibia and Botswana. In addition, within its territory there is also an enclave - the state of Lesotho. In the south, the country has extensive access to the oceans.

The South African Republic is one of the most prosperous and developed countries in Africa. This is the only state of the "black continent" that is part of the G20 - the international club of the world's leading economies. is in Moscow (address: Granatny lane, 1). By the way, getting a South African visa is not so easy. The package of documents that must be provided to the embassy is practically no different from the British one.

Nature and environmental problems of South Africa

Beautiful virgin nature and landscapes of unique beauty - that's what attracts tourists to the Republic of South Africa. The photo of one of the corners of the country, presented below, will not make anyone doubt this.

The country has a great variety of relief. In the east and south, mountainous landscapes predominate (Cape, Dragon Mountains). Here is the highest point in South Africa - Mount Jesuti (3410 meters). In the interior of the country, a plateau-like surface (velds) prevails, which gradually turns into a huge the Namib Desert. In general, the variety of landscapes and natural conditions- this is exactly the feature that the Republic of South Africa can boast of.

The climate of the country is also very diverse. So, in the southwest of South Africa, it has features of the Mediterranean, on extreme east- subtropical, and in the interior regions - extremely arid. Air temperatures can vary widely: from -10...-15 °C in the Eastern Cape in winter to +40...45 °C in the Kalahari region.

South Africa occupies one of the first places in the world in terms of the number of protected areas. Nature in this country is really treated very carefully. Nevertheless, urgent environmental problems in the Republic of South Africa still exist. In particular, the food problem, the problem of degradation of land resources and pollution of coastal sea waters.

History of South Africa. Apartheid

The history of the Republic of South Africa, like any other state in Africa, is closely connected with European colonization. It was started, back in the middle of the 17th century, by the Dutch. Then the baton was intercepted by the British, having conquered the country at the beginning of the 19th century. The local inhabitants of Dutch origin (Boers) were driven inland. There they founded their states: the Transvaal and the Orange Republic. In the future, the British and the Boers actively fought each other on the lands of the future South Africa.

In May 1910 it was formed which still remained dependent on Britain. It gained its independence only in 1961.

In the middle of the 20th century, the country entered a difficult and unpleasant period in its history, which was called "apartheid". In 1948, the right-wing National Party came to power, which immediately began to implement a tough policy of restricting the rights of the black population. "South Africa is for whites!" - that was the slogan of this political force.

Gradually, blacks in South Africa were deprived of elementary democratic rights and freedoms. They were forbidden to marry whites, participate in elections, even their freedom of movement was significantly limited. The ruling party did not react in any way to threats and sanctions from the UN and continued its policy. Of course, all this provoked mass unrest and protests throughout the country, led by Nelson Mandela. It was not until 1989 that newly elected President Frederick de Klerk began to break the apartheid system. However, its consequences still make themselves felt today. In particular, millions of blacks in South Africa still suffer from poverty and lack good education.

and standard of living

About 50 million people live in South Africa. According to this indicator, the country occupies an honorable 26th place on the planet. 5.7 million out of this number are infected with the immunodeficiency virus, which is an extremely acute problem for the state. There are about 79% of blacks in South Africa, and no more than 9% of whites. At the same time, the number of the latter is gradually decreasing due to the outflow to more prosperous countries of the world (USA, the Netherlands, Australia).

The income of South Africans is approaching the average for the world. However, the state suffers from a huge gap between the rich (about 10% of the population) and the poor (more than 50%). Unemployment and high crime are two more very acute problems modern republic.

Political system, army and law enforcement system of South Africa

The form of government of the Republic of South Africa is represented by a classic parliamentary republic. The country's parliament consists of two chambers and has 490 deputies.

Until 1994, South Africa was a federation, but today the state is unitary. The Republic consists of nine provinces, which vary greatly in the size of their territories.

The law enforcement system of the Republic of South Africa is supervised by a special Ministry of Police, which is now headed by Nati Mthetwa. The range of tasks of the national police also includes the implementation of anti-terrorist operations. This is done by special groups, which, at one time, were formed from detachments that fought against black partisans (opponents of the apartheid policy). Members of these groups go through a very strict selection and are trained according to Israeli methods.

The armed forces of South Africa were officially created in 1994 and include maritime, land and air Force. There is no conscription in the republic, the national defense forces are recruited exclusively from contract soldiers. The country annually allocates about 1.7% of its income from GDP for the army. According to this indicator, South Africa ranks 87th in the world.

Currency and national symbols of South Africa

In 1961, a state was formed - the Republic of South Africa. The currency of the new country was "born" at the same time. Its name is (code - ZAR). Prior to this, in the era of dependence on Britain, the South African pound circulated throughout the country.

Represented by banknotes and coins. One rand is divided into 100 cents. It is curious that until 1973, a half-cent coin was in use in South Africa. Today, there are only five paper banknotes in circulation (in denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 rand) with a very interesting design. On the obverse, you can see a portrait of the national hero of the country - Nelson Mandela, and on the reverse, animals typical of South African nature (leopard, lion, rhinoceros, elephant and buffalo) are depicted.

Like any other state, South Africa has its own national symbols. The republic has its own anthem ("God bless Africa"), coat of arms and flag, as well as a motto ("Different people unite").

The modern coat of arms of the Republic of South Africa was approved in 2000. It is a golden shield with a red border, which depicts two people greeting each other. Wheat ears are placed behind the shield, and above it - a spear, a mace, a multi-colored pectoral and a secretary bird with outstretched wings. From below, the coat of arms is framed by elephant tusks and a green ribbon on which the motto of the state is carved in white letters.

Absolutely everything in the coat of arms of South Africa has its own meaning and meaning. Thus, the secretary bird symbolizes rapid growth and development, a spear with a mace - protection from enemies, elephant tusks - wisdom and strength. The people depicted in a pose of greeting are a symbol of unity, which is so necessary for the republic, and wheat ears serve as an emblem (amulet) of fertility and prosperity.

No less symbolic is the flag of the Republic of South Africa. It was approved in April 1994. Interestingly, at least 7 thousand different options took part in the competition! The adopted and legalized flag is multicolored and symbolizes both the multiracial nature of the country and its modern democratic character.

On the flag of South Africa, you can see six different colors: red (the color of the English-speaking population), blue (Boers), black (blacks), yellow (Indians), white (all other "white" residents) and green (other "colored" races) .

in public institutions, educational institutions It is customary for South Africa to raise the flag of their country before the start of the working day and lower it after it ends. If the banners of other states or organizations are installed nearby, then the flag of the Republic of South Africa must necessarily be the largest in size.

Republic of South Africa: attractions and tourism potential of the country

South Africa is a promising country for full-fledged recreation. Every year the number of foreign tourists here only increases. Of the cities, they are most attracted to Johannesburg and Pretoria, which have long merged into a single metropolis. It contains the most famous Cultural Center countries - the "Market-Fieche" complex. There are theaters, galleries, various art exhibitions and themed restaurants. And in the evenings, all tourists flock to the Oppenheimer Garden - an unusually cozy and romantic place.

South Africa also has its own Las Vegas - this is the town of Sun City with an abundance of bars, casinos and nightlife. The city of Durban is very interesting and colorful. Travelers come here to sunbathe on beautiful beaches and visit exotic local bazaars. In other words, the tourism potential of the beautiful and multifaceted Republic of South Africa is very high.

Sights of anthropogenic (cultural) origin of South Africa cannot be compared with its main attraction - nature. In this unique country, deserts coexist with subtropical natural complexes and the local flora and fauna are simply unique. In addition, the South Africans themselves are very careful about their natural resources. The first national park here was founded in the century before last!

Of course, European colonization did not bring anything good to this land. The active development of mining and agriculture greatly disturbed local animals, disrupting their habitual way of life. But today, the fauna of South Africa can be observed in dozens of reserves and national parks, where all conditions for a normal existence have been created for wild animals.

Reserves in South Africa

20 national parks exist today in the Republic of South Africa. In addition, the country has many protected areas (some of them are integrated into single system with the parks of the neighboring countries of Botswana and Zimbabwe).

Kruger, Pilanesberg, Eddo and Tsitsikama are the most famous National parks in South Africa. It is impossible to imagine a visiting tourist who would not visit one of these sites. From a landscape point of view, Pilanesberg Park is the most interesting, because it is located at the junction of two natural zones - the savannah and the Kalahari desert. In the center of the protected area is a beautiful lake. At least five thousand species of animals live in the park itself.

Addo National Park was created specifically to conserve the eleven remaining elephants in the Western Cape. But now there are already more than 300 individuals. Tsitsikama is the first marine park in all of Africa. It is located on the coast of the Indian Ocean and stretches for 80 kilometers.

In addition to the state, there are also private nature reserves in South Africa. They are called games here. The founders of private nature reserves often build small and cozy hotels for their guests on their territory.

The Kruger National Park is the most popular national park in South Africa. The area of ​​the park is simply colossal: the whole of Israel or Luxembourg could fit on its territory. Tourists come here mainly to see the so-called big five African animals: lion, leopard, elephant, rhinoceros and buffalo (these animals adorn South African currency bills).

The world's largest national park was established in 1898 (founder - former President Paulo Kruger). As we can see, the protection of the natural environment in South Africa was engaged even then. AT modern park Kruger has all the infrastructure necessary for tourists. There are hotels, shops, restaurants, swimming pools and picnic areas.

You can rent a car in Kruger Park. However, driving around the territory at night is strictly prohibited. In addition, you should remember about the rules of personal safety, because some of the animals can even attack the car. It is also forbidden to feed the inhabitants of the park.

Tugela Falls - the beauty of South Africa

Due to the unusual relief, there are many beautiful and large waterfalls in South Africa. The most famous of them are Tugela, Howick and Augrabis.

Tugela is the second highest waterfall in the world. It consists of five natural levels (ledges). The total height of the water fall is 947 meters. At the same time, the width of the waterfall is only 16 meters.

Forty kilometers from the Tugela Falls is the town of Bergville. Here you can stop and prepare to visit the amazing miracle of South African nature. The walk to the waterfall is long and difficult. Prepared tourists will be able to overcome it in 5-6 hours. On the way to the waterfall, you can see outlandish representatives of the local fauna, swim in clearest waters Tugely and enjoy the stunning scenery. It is worth being prepared for the fact that in some places you will have to climb narrow stairs and overcome rather serious obstacles in the form of boulders or trunks of fallen trees.

Drakensberg mountains - geological wonder of the continent

The real miracle of the African continent is the Dragon Mountains. The creator did a pretty good job working on this natural masterpiece. It is worth noting that in appearance they are somewhat reminiscent of the Crimean Mountains familiar to all of us. However, they are much larger and larger in area.

The name of the mountain range is more than appropriate. Bushmen since ancient times believed that real fire-breathing dragons are found in these mountains. By the way, columns of smoke above them can be seen quite often. But this is by no means steam from the nostrils of huge mythical animals, but simply the consequences of fires of mountain herbs dried under the scorching sun.

The Dragon Mountains stretched for almost a thousand kilometers. The ridge is very rich in various minerals. Gold, tin, platinum, and coal are mined here. Endemic species of plants grow on the slopes of the mountains, which you will not find in any other corner of the planet. But the main attraction of this area is the stunning and fabulous panoramas that you can admire here endlessly. Perhaps that is why part of the Dragon Mountains is taken under the protection of UNESCO.

Here you can see a wide variety of landscapes: rainforests, impenetrable thickets of dry thorny bushes, and mountain grassy meadows of the alpine type. It's amazing how nature could fit all this on such a small piece of land! No less impressive is the fact that this mountain range is completely covered with snow in winter.

In the Dragon Mountains, many tourists are attracted by the Ukashlamba Drakensberg National Park, located a two-hour drive from the city of Durban. All conditions for travelers are created here: hotels, campsites and wooden terraces work, from which it is very comfortable to admire the South African nature, listen to the singing of local birds. You can also taste delicious dishes here. national cuisine or taste delicious wines. Active tourists will also find something to their liking. The park is ready to offer its guests to play golf, ride horses with a guide, or fish for trout in one of the mountain lakes.

9 interesting facts about South Africa

South Africa is a true country of contrasts. Here, poverty coexists with unprecedented luxury, and wild untouched nature - with modern megacities. Finally, we bring to your attention some more interesting and unusual facts about this amazing country:

• in South Africa - 11 official languages ​​and, accordingly, eleven official names states;
• men in this country, according to statistics, live longer than women, which is quite surprising for our world;
• in South Africa there is not one capital, like most countries of the world, but three: Cape Town performs a legislative function, Bloemfontein - a judicial one; administrative capital Republic of South Africa - the city of Pretoria;
• South Africa is the world leader in the production of platinum and diamonds from the bowels of the Earth;
• country occupies a solid third place in the world in terms of the quality of its drinking water, which here, without fear, you can drink directly from the tap;
• South Africa is considered the birthplace of unique trees - baobabs;
• the republic produces delicious and high-quality wine, which was very much loved and appreciated by the great Walt Disney;
• only in this country can you taste dishes prepared from monkey meat;
• it was in South Africa that the world's first heart transplant operation was performed (this happened in 1967, and it was performed by cardiac surgeon Christian Bernard).

Conclusion

The Republic of South Africa is a young state in southern Africa, with a difficult history and good development prospects. This is one of the most prosperous countries on the continent. For tourists, it is also very interesting and attractive. There are already three capitals, 11 official languages ​​and a lot of protected areas and objects. South Africa is also famous for its wonderful nature, clean water and delicious wine.