Questions for the final express test (December 16, 23)
1. Modern administrative-territorial division of Russia? Prospects for its change
2. Distribution mineral resources across the territory of Russia. Classification of natural resources according to the degree of exhaustibility
3. language families and population groups in Russia. Reproduction of the population, its dynamics?
4. Main factors of farm location
5. Regional division Russia: basic principles and factors
6. Main indicators of the development of the region
7. State budgetary and tax regulation of the regions
8. Characteristics of the oil and gas bases of Russia (Volga-Ural).
9. Characteristics of the oil and gas bases of Russia (Barents-Pechersk).
10. Characteristics of the oil and gas bases of Russia (West Siberian).
11. Characteristics of coal deposits in Russia
12. Electric power enterprises of Russia (HPP): names, characteristics
13. Electric power enterprises of Russia (NPP): names, characteristics
14. Electric power enterprises of Russia (GRES): names, characteristics
15. Characteristics of the metallurgical bases of Russia
16. Mining and processing of copper ores
17. Extraction and processing of aluminum ores
18. Extraction and processing of nickel ores
19. Mining and processing of iron ores
20. Extraction and processing uranium ores
21. Economic and geographical characteristics of the Central Black Earth region
22. Economic and geographical characteristics of the Volga-Vyatka region
23. Economic and geographical characteristics Northwestern region
24. . Economic and geographical characteristics of the Northern region
25. Economic and geographical characteristics of the Ural region
26. Economic and geographical characteristics of the West Siberian region
27. Economic and geographical characteristics East Siberian region
28. Economic and geographical characteristics of the Far East region
29. Economic and geographical characteristics Volga region
30. Economic and geographical characteristics of the Central region
31. Economic and geographical characteristics of the North Caucasian region
32. Agriculture in Russia: geography of grain crops
33. Agriculture in Russia: geography of livestock industries
34. Machine-building complex of Russia: heavy engineering
35. Machine-building complex of Russia: secondary engineering
36. Timber industry complex of Russia
37. Placement of enterprises of basic chemistry. Extraction of mining and chemical raw materials
38. Placement of chemical enterprises organic synthesis
39. Disproportions territorial organization Russian Federation. Problem regions of Russia
40. Territories of Russia with a special economic status and prospects for their development
main directions of development modern geography?
2. What geographical factors is associated with natural zonation? 3. Classify the regions of the world according to the largest reserves of certain types of natural resources.
How is the regional economy developing?
Geography
Before learning about the natural resources of Western Siberia, let's talk about its geographical boundaries. The region is located on the territory between the Yenisei River in the east and Ural mountains in the West. Bays define the border from the north Kara Sea, and in the south - the Altai Mountains and Kazakhstan.
With an area of 2.5 million square kilometers Western Siberia is almost 15% of common territory states. Kemerovo, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Tyumen region, Republic of Altai and Altai region- all this is Western Siberia. Natural resources region are important part the country's economy.
Most of the territory is located on West Siberian Plain, within which there are two large depressions, separated by Siberian ridges. In the southeastern part, foothill areas begin, going to the foot of the Altai Mountains.
Climatic conditions
The natural conditions and resources of Western Siberia are interconnected with each other. The nature of some influences the formation of others. The region is located in the depths of the mainland, so a continental climate. Proximity Arctic Ocean made it tougher and harsher. The mountain ranges of the southeast prevent the penetration of warm and humid air masses from the Asian side.
Western Siberia is characterized by cold winter period with a maximum temperature of -60 degrees. The soil here quickly freezes, contributing to the spread permafrost. Summer is hot, especially in the south, the temperature can reach 30-35 degrees.
Steppe, forest-steppe, forest, forest-tundra and tundra zones were formed according to the features. The climatic natural resources of Western Siberia are quite suitable for Agriculture. In the steppe regions, there are enough warm days and precipitation, most of which falls in summer, for growing grain and industrial crops.
Water resources
The hydrological natural resources of Western Siberia are represented by a variety groundwater. The region is located in the area of the artesian basin, in different areas the mineralization of water can differ significantly.
The main wealth is the rivers, there are about two thousand of them. The river network is not dense and fluctuates depending on the features of the relief and climate. The largest are the Ob, Yenisei, Irtysh. They are characterized by snow feeding in spring, rain feeding in autumn and summer. Because of flat relief and small slopes, the speed of rivers, as a rule, is small.
Of course, rivers are not all that Western Siberia has. Natural resources also make up the lakes, which in the region over a million, and swamps. By origin, thermokarst and moraine-glacial lakes are distinguished. The Ural part of the region is characterized by the presence of fog lakes. Them main feature is a sharp decrease in the water level in summer, up to complete disappearance.
forest resources
natural areas flow smoothly from north to south. In accordance with this, the natural resources of Western Siberia are also changing. AT southern regions due to the large amount of sand, pine trees predominate. Relic black taiga is widespread in Altai.
The forest-steppe is characterized by meadow, herbaceous and cereal vegetation, birch and aspen. The forest zone stretches for 1000 kilometers. It combines taiga and swampy vegetation. Dark coniferous trees grow here, such as pine, fir, as well as birch and aspen.
The forest-tundra zone is the boundary between the taiga and the tundra itself. Alternately, marshy areas, light forests and shrubs are found in it. Forest areas are located mainly in river valleys. They are predominantly represented by larches. The tundra is characterized by the presence of mosses and lichens, shrubs, and low grasses. Here you can find blueberries, princesses, cloudberries, dwarf species of willow and birch.
Soils
in the steppe and foothill areas In Western Siberia, fertile chernozems are also common, allowing this area to be used for growing different cultures. In the south there are solods and solonetzes.
Above the steppe regions there are areas with podzolic and sod-podzolic soils. The forest zone is characterized by poor drainage of soils, which leads to the formation of swamps and new forests. In swampy areas, semi-hydromorphic forms are formed, and in floodplains -
Tundra-gley and peaty areas are characteristic of the northern regions of Western Siberia. Soil fertility is strongly affected by permafrost. Unlike other, mostly wooded areas, gleying is not very pronounced.
Minerals
basis resource base The region is rich in minerals. Oil and gas production is what Western Siberia is famous for. Natural resources and the economy based on them are an important part of general economy countries. On the West Siberian territory There are six oil and gas regions. The largest oil fields are Priobskoye, Mamontovskoye, Samotlorskoye. Gas fields located in the Yamalo-Nenets region.
The largest coal deposit in the region is located in the southern part. in the Altai Territory, Kemerovo region and Gornaya Shoria are deposits of magnetite ores. Nepheline and alumina are mined in Western Siberia.
The Altai Territory is rich in reserves of polymetallic, tungsten, molybdenum, iron, zirconium ores, gold, mercury, marble; steppe lakes contain salt and soda. In the Kemerovo region there are deposits of dolomites, limestones, refractory clays. Omsk region has reserves of titanium ores.
Natural resources of Western Siberia (table)
The natural wealth of the region has long served as the basis for development various industries farms (see table).
Conditions and resources | Peculiarities | Application |
|
climatic | Sharply continental, harsh in the north, milder in the south | Tundra, forest-tundra, steppe, forest-steppe, forest natural zones | Animal husbandry, cultivation of wheat, industrial crops in the south |
Rivers, lakes, groundwater | River network density and full flow vary from north to south | Fisheries, cargo transportation, hydropower |
|
Meadows, pine forests, coniferous and small-leaved forests | More than 80 million hectares of forest, 10% of the country's forest fund | Pastures, woodworking industry |
|
Soil | Tundra-gley, podzolic, soddy-podzolic, chernozems and chestnut soils | AT central regions favorable for the appearance of forests, in the south - for agriculture | Pastures, cultivation of various crops |
mineral | Gas, oil, coal, manganese, tungsten, molybdenum, iron, magnetite ores, salt, soda, limestone, gold, mercury | Fuel and energy resources | Energy, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy |
Natural resources and ecological safety of Western Siberia
The provision of the region with various resources is quite high. The length from north to south contributed to the formation of several natural zones, which differ from each other in vegetation and soil cover, river regimes and the density of the river network, climatic conditions.
Western Siberia has a huge industrial and agricultural potential. The fertile southern soils are excellent for growing crops. Meadows rich in herbs serve as pastures, thanks to which animal husbandry develops. In industry, the most developed areas are oil production, hard coal and gas, as well as woodworking. The region produces more than 70% of all Russian oil.
The development of the oil and gas and woodworking sectors contributes to economic growth, but at the same time is the main factor of environmental pollution. The consequence of intense industrial activity is water pollution, which in turn leads to a lack of water resources.
The use of pesticides also has a negative effect. This is directly reflected in the air and soil. The land is gradually becoming less suitable for agriculture. In addition, it is important to remember that excessive and incorrect extraction of natural resources can irreversibly reduce their reserves.
Siberia is huge geographic region, which is located in Eurasia and is part of the Russian Federation. The territory of this area is heterogeneous, and is a complex different ecosystems, so it is divided into such objects:
- Western Siberia;
- Eastern;
- South;
- middle;
- Northeast Siberia;
- Baikal region;
- Transbaikalia
Now the territory of Siberia covers approximately 9.8 million square meters. kilometers, where more than 24 million people live.
biological resources
The main natural resources of Siberia are plant and animal world, since it formed here unique nature which is characterized by a variety of fauna and a variety of flora. Among rare species animals in Siberia, you can meet the Dahurian hedgehog and the Far Eastern leopard, the slender-billed curlew and the imperial eagle, the pointed-eared bat and the Amur tiger, peregrine falcon and black crane, snow leopard and river beaver, griffon vulture and bustard. In the "Red Book" of the Russian Federation there are some types of plants growing in Siberia. This is a large-flowered slipper, small megadenia and Baikal anemone. The territory of the region is covered with spruce, fir, larch and pine forests.
Water resources
Siberia has enough a large number of reservoirs. High-water rivers flow here, which is facilitated by the features of the relief and climate. The main reservoirs of Siberia:
- rivers - Yenisei and Amur, Irtysh and Angara, Ob and Lena;
- lakes - Ubsu-Nur, Taimyr and Baikal.
All Siberian reservoirs have a huge hydro potential, which depends on the speed of the rivers and the contrasts of the relief. This contributes to river valleys suitable for the construction of hydroelectric power plants. In addition, significant reserves of groundwater have been discovered here.
Minerals
Siberia is rich in various minerals. A huge number of all-Russian reserves are concentrated here:
- fuel resources - oil and peat, hard and brown coal, natural gas;
- mineral - iron, copper-nickel ores, gold, tin, silver, lead, platinum;
- non-metallic - asbestos, graphite and table salt.
All this contributes to the fact that in Siberia there is a huge number of deposits where minerals are mined, and then raw materials are delivered to various Russian enterprises and abroad. As a result, the natural resources of the region are not only national wealth, but also strategic reserves planets of global significance.
Eastern Siberia - part of Siberia, including the Asian territory of Russia from the Yenisei in the west to the watershed ridges that run along Pacific Ocean in the east. This region characterized by a harsh climate, limited flora and fauna, and incredibly rich natural resources. Consider what belongs to Eastern Siberia, where its borders are located, what are the features of the climate and wildlife.
Geographical position of Eastern Siberia
Eastern and Western Siberia occupy almost two thirds of the territory of Russia. The area of Eastern Siberia is 7.2 million km. Most of it is occupied by the taiga Central Siberian Plateau, which is replaced in the north by tundra lowlands, in the south and east by the high mountain ranges of the Western and Eastern Sayans, the mountains of Transbaikalia and the Yano-Kolmyk Territory. Here flow major rivers Russia - Yenisei and Lena.
Rice. 1. Eastern Siberia covers an impressive area
Within Eastern Siberia are Krasnoyarsk and Trans-Baikal Territory, Irkutsk region, Republics of Buryatia, Yakutia, Tuva.
The largest city in Eastern Siberia is Krasnoyarsk; big cities- Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude, Chita, Yakutsk, Norilsk.
Thanks to long distance Eastern Siberia includes several natural zones: arctic deserts, taiga, mixed forests and even dry steppes. Swampy tundra areas can also be included in this list, but there are very few of them, and they are found, as a rule, within the lowlands on flat, poorly drained interfluves.
There are three time zones on the territory of Eastern Siberia - Krasnoyarsk time, Irkutsk time and Yakut time.
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Climate
Eastern Siberia lies in the temperate and cold zones. Depending on where this or that region of Eastern Siberia is located, the following types of climate are distinguished:
- the climate of the South of Eastern Siberia is extracontinental(Barguzinsky morphoclimatic region);
- temperate continental(Nazarovsky and Krasnoyarsk-Kansky morphoclimatic regions);
- sharply continental(Angara-Lena and Selenginsky morphoclimatic regions);
- foothill steppe, steppe(Koibal and Uda morphoclimatic regions).
Precipitation is less than western regions Russia, the thickness of the snow cover is usually small, in the north permafrost is widespread.
winter in northern regions long and cold, the temperature reaches -40-50 °C. Summer is warm, hot in the south. July in Eastern Siberia is sometimes warmer than in the same latitudes of the European part of Russia, and sunny days more.
Rice. 2. Winter in Eastern Siberia
The amplitude of fluctuations in summer and winter temperatures reaches 40-65 °C, and in Eastern Yakutia - 100 °C.
Resources
One of the most important characteristics Eastern Siberia - availability huge amount resources. About half of all forests in Russia are concentrated here. The main amount of wood reserves are valuable conifers: larch, spruce, Scotch pine, fir, Siberian cedar.
About 70% of the reserves of stone and brown coal. This region is rich in ore deposits:
- iron ores of the Korshunov and Abakan deposits, Angara-Pitsky district;
- copper-nickel ores of Norilsk;
- polymetals of Altai;
- bauxites of the Eastern Sayan.
In Eastern Siberia, there is the oldest Bodaibo gold deposit in the Irkutsk region. A significant amount of Russian oil is produced in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Eastern Siberia is rich in non-metallic minerals, including mica, graphite, building materials, and salts. There is also the largest diamond deposit on the border of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and Yakutia.
Rice. 3. Diamonds of Yakutia
Live nature
The predominant type of vegetation is taiga. The East Siberian taiga stretches from the borders of the forest-tundra in the north to the border with Mongolia in the south, in an area of about 5,000 thousand square meters. km., of which 3,455 thousand square meters. km is occupied by coniferous forests.
Soils and vegetation of the taiga zone of Eastern Siberia develop in more favorable conditions than in the tundra and forest-tundra zones. The relief is more rugged than in neighboring Western Siberia; stony, often thin soils are formed on bedrock.
To preserve nature in its original form, many reserves, national and natural parks have been opened on the territory of Eastern Siberia.
The Barguzinsky Nature Reserve is the oldest nature reserve in Russia. It was founded before the revolution of 1917 to preserve and increase the number of sable. At the time of creation, there were only 20-30 sable individuals, at present - 1-2 individuals per 1 sq. km. km.
What have we learned?
In grade 8, geography reveals a topic dedicated to Eastern Siberia. She covers incredibly large area, and its length from north to south is about 3 thousand km. Briefly about Eastern Siberia, we can say the following: it is a region with a harsh climate, not very diverse fauna and flora, and with large reserves natural resources.
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The East Siberian region includes Krasnoyarsk region with Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) and Evenki autonomous regions, Irkutsk region with Ust-Orda Buryat autonomous region, Chita region with Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug, Republics of Khakassia, Tyva, Buryatia. Area 4.1 million sq. km., population 9 million people. The economic and geographical position of the region is unfavorable:
- - it is remote from the developed economic regions of the country and centers for the implementation of export-import operations;
- - most of its territory belongs to the districts far north, as a result of which it is poorly populated and infrastructurally developed, transport highways pass through far south district;
- - located in a large part of the region mountainous relief limiting the economic use of the territory.
Natural conditions and resources.
Thousand-kilometer high-water rivers, endless taiga, mountains and plateaus, low-lying tundra plains - such is the diverse nature of Eastern Siberia. The territory of the district is 4.1 million km. sq.
The climate is sharply continental, with large amplitudes of temperature fluctuations (very Cold winter and hot summer).
A feature of Eastern Siberia is the exceptionally wide distribution of permafrost throughout the territory. Almost a quarter of the territory lies beyond the Arctic Circle. Natural zones are replaced in a latitudinal direction sequentially: arctic deserts, tundra, forest-tundra, taiga (most of the territory), in the south - there are sections of forest-steppes and steppes. In terms of forest reserves, the district ranks first in the country (forest surplus). Most The territory is occupied by the East Siberian Plateau. Plain regions Eastern Siberia in the south and east are bordered by mountains (Yenisei Ridge, Sayans, Baikal Mountain country). Peculiarities geological structure(a combination of ancient and younger rocks) determine the diversity of minerals. Upper tier, located here Siberian platform, represented by sedimentary rocks. The formation of the largest coal basin in Siberia, the Tunguska, is associated with them.
The deposits of brown coal of the Kansk-Achinsk and Lena basins are confined to the sedimentary rocks of the troughs on the outskirts of the Siberian Platform. And the formation of the Angaro-Ilimsky and other large deposits of iron ore and gold is associated with the Precambrian rocks of the lower tier of the Siberian Platform. Large deposit oil was discovered in the middle reaches of the Podkamennaya Tungusska (Evenkia) river.
Natural resource potential Eastern Siberia is inferior in size only to the neighboring West Siberian region.
complex geological structure The territory of the region has led to the presence of rich and diverse minerals, however, it should be noted that the level of geological exploration of Eastern Siberia remains rather low.
