production basis medieval cities was a craft. The craftsman was a small-scale producer, had his own tools, created products with his own labor, providing his livelihood. In this regard, almost simultaneously with the emergence of cities, workshops (guilds, fraternities, fraternities) - a specific form of organization of urban craft: in Italy in the 10th century, in France at the end of the 11th - early XII century, in England and Germany in the XIII century.
Guild corporations of artisans were important element social structure cities. Not only artisans united in trade unions. There were workshops of city doctors, teachers, notaries, gardeners, etc. Even the beggars had their own corporation. Gradually developed and merchant associations - guilds. That's why social order medieval towns are often referred to as corporate.
Workshops arose as associations of urban artisans of one or more related industries. The main purpose of the association of artisans was to protect them from competition, to protect economic situation and interests of each member of the workshop. The unification of artisans into workshops actually meant the elimination of competition in the domestic market. In many cities belonging to any workshop was prerequisite for crafts.
The guild organization of a craft was a necessary form of organization of commodity production in a medieval city. She created favorable conditions for the development of productive forces, protected artisans from the exploitation of the feudal lords, eliminated dangerous competition in the conditions of a narrow domestic market and relatively low demand. Craftsmen who were not part of the guild were not allowed to trade in the city. In Germany, there was a "reserved mile" rule, according to which it was impossible to engage in certain activities within a certain distance from the city walls.
Each craftsman worked in his own workshop, using his tools and passing on the skills of craftsmanship by inheritance. Within the craft workshop there was almost no division of labor, but it took place in the form of specialization between the various workshops. In a craft workshop, its owner usually worked - a master, several apprentices and apprentices, the relationship between them was regulated by the charter of the workshop.
The system of masters, apprentices and apprentices created a certain hierarchy in the workshops. A full member of the workshop could only be a workshop foreman - the owner of the workshop. The guild master usually worked together with several apprentices and apprentices, who, after a number of years, could first become apprentices, and then independent masters. The preliminary passage of the lower levels was obligatory for anyone who wished to become a full member of the workshop. More high position guild master was based not only on his ownership of the means of production, but also on his professional excellence, skill, perfect possession of tools.
Workshops as associations (corporations) of small-scale producers regulated all aspects of the production activities of their members. The master actually single-handedly managed production, ensured the protection of the interests of the workshop from the feudal lords, from the competition of rural artisans and craftsmen from other cities. He determined the volume of production, specific view production, its quality, sales volume and price level, production technology, the system of relations of masters with apprentices and apprentices, working conditions and its payment.
Often the workshop took over the supply of masters with raw materials and materials, organized common warehouses for finished products. The guild carefully monitored the equality of its members, did not allow enrichment of some at the expense of others. Therefore, the charter and shop rules established uniform conditions for production and marketing for all craftsmen, the volume of products produced, determined the number of devices and limited the number of apprentices and apprentices. Not a single worker in the shop had the right to produce more products best quality and cheaper to sell it, the number of machine tools was limited, stocks of raw materials were regulated, etc. Workshops did not allow their members to independently improve production technology or produce new types of products, to independently purchase the necessary raw materials.
The guild organization covered all aspects of the life of artisans. Each guild corporation had its coat of arms and its banner. Often craftsmen built a building where meetings of the elders were held. The workshops had their own saint, often their own church and chapel, their own holidays. Each workshop developed its own code of conduct and court, carried out mutual assistance to the families of the artisan in case of his injury, illness or death. The Special Fund for Mutual Assistance was formed from entrance fees, fines and other payments. The workshops participated in the protection of the city and formed their own militia units.
In the first period of its existence, the guild system was of progressive importance, contributed to the growth of productive forces within the framework of small-scale production, the development and unification of crafts, the dissemination of professional skills, the improvement of the quality of work and the expansion of the assortment. The guild corporate system played big role in the struggle of cities against the power of the feudal lords for the democratization of urban self-government.
However, since late XIV in. the guild organization of the craft, aimed at preserving small-scale production, was already beginning to restrain technical progress, the spread of new tools and methods of production. The charter of the workshop did not allow the enlargement of workshops, the introduction of an operational division of labor, in fact forbade the rationalization of production, hindered the development of individual skills, the introduction of more advanced technologies and tools.
The process of a protracted crisis of the guild system begins, the "closure" of shops intensified - the restriction and prohibition of access to them by apprentices and apprentices. Appear "eternal apprentices" who could no longer become full members workshops. Despite equalizing prohibitions, competition developed within the workshops, individual craftsmen changed technology, increased the number of hired workers, and property differentiation also grew.
In the XIV-XV centuries in medieval cities increased social stratification and how a special estate is formed by the burghers. This term meant full-fledged "citizens of the city", i.e. those who had or acquired city citizenship, were personally free and paid a significant entrance fee, could bear the tax to the city and the state, participate in city payments, have property not lower than a certain amount. The burghers gave rise to the first elements of the bourgeoisie.
Solution homework on world history for 7th grade.
Ready-made answers to tasks workbook for grade 7 "History of the New Age. 1500-1800", authors Yudovskaya A. Ya. and Vanyushkina L. M.
The page contains answers to chapter 1 of the notebook "The world at the beginning of the New Age. Great geographical discoveries. Renaissance. Reformation.", which includes six paragraphs. You can find solved tasks, completed contour maps, tables and crossword puzzles.
Task number 1.
Among the inventions made by mankind listed below, mark (underline) those thanks to which in the XV-XVI centuries. great geographical discoveries were made. Specify their role.
Answer to the task:
Powder; silk; caravel; porcelain; screw; new energy sources windmills, coal; compass; firearms; paper; typography; gate.
The caravel had high maneuverability, shallow draft, excellent seaworthiness and had sufficient carrying capacity. The compass was essential for positioning and plotting a course. Firearms gave the Europeans a huge advantage over the natives.
Printing contributed to the spread of books and maps in Europe.
Task number 2.
Contemporaries of the Great geographical discoveries pointed out that every navigator who went on an expedition had to have a set of necessary things with him. These items are shown below. Sign them and indicate what they served.
Answer to the task:
1. Chronometer (clock) for determining the time;
2. Crossbow - melee ranged weapon;
3. Sword - cold melee weapon;
4. Astrolabe and compass - astronomical instruments for orientation and determination of the exact time;
5. Geographic map- image of the earth's surface.
Task number 3.
Choose the correct answer. The musket was first used:
Answer: b) in the 16th century by the Spaniards.
Task number 4.
Fill the gaps. Which of the great navigators is this story about?
Completed text:
The life of Christopher Columbus is full of legends and mysteries. It is known that he was born in 1451 in Italian city Genoa in the family of a poor weaver. The question of his education remained unclear. Some researchers believe that he studied in the city of Pavia, others that he was a self-taught genius. It is known that in the 70-80s. 15th century he was passionately engaged in geography, studied navigation charts, worked on a project to discover the shortest sea route from Europe to Asia, hoping to get there through the Atlantic Ocean.
Money was needed to implement the plans, and Christopher Columbus went to the European royal courts in search of funds. In Portugal, the "Council of Mathematicians" rejected his project as fantastic, found it unrealizable and English king. The Spanish king also refused money, as his advisers stated that “the spherical shape of the Earth would form a mountain in front of the ship, through which he could not swim even with the very fair wind". As time went. Finally, in 1492, the Spanish kings Ferdinand and Isabella signed an agreement with Columbus and provided them with money to organize the expedition. The hard sailing began.
In 1492, the navigator set foot on the land of the island, which was named San Salvador, and then two more islands were discovered, which are called Cuba and Haiti.
As a result of the subsequent three expeditions, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, the coast South America and Central America. Until the end of his days, the navigator believed that he had discovered new way to India. The mainland he discovered bears the name of another explorer and is called America. In the 19th century French writer Victor Hugo wrote: "There are unfortunate people: Christopher Columbus cannot write his name on his discovery..."
Task number 5.
Explain the expressions: “This is a country where “every peasant was a fisherman, and every nobleman was a captain”, “This man is a bag of pepper”, “Charter wearing holey caftans ... sailed to conquer that fabulous metal”, “The ship sailed along” Sea of Darkness. In what cases were they applied?
Explanation:
This is a country where "every peasant was a fisherman, and every nobleman was a captain." So they spoke of Portugal and its inhabitants, the occupations of most of which were closely connected with the sea.
"This man is a bag of pepper." That was the name of a very rich man. At that time, a bag of pepper was valued more than gold and was a measure of wealth. “Tired of wearing caftans with holes ... they sailed to conquer that fabulous metal.” The bulk of the conquerors of the New World were soldiers left out of work after the reconquista, ruined hidalgos, the poor. All of them aspired to new lands for gold.
The ship sailed on the "Sea of Darkness". The Europeans called the Atlantic Ocean the "Sea of Darkness".
Task number 6.
Choose the correct answer. The price revolution is:
The correct answer is: b) a fall in the price of gold and an increase in the price of all other commodities.
Task number 7.
Fill in the table "Great geographical discoveries."
Causes of the Great Geographical Discoveries. Representatives of what segments of the European population were interested in discovering new lands and the goals they pursued. Consequences of the Great geographical discoveries.
Task number 8.
On the contour map different color plot the routes of the most important expeditions XV - mid-seventeenth c., indicate their years.
Task number 9.
If you replace the numbers with letters according to their place in the Russian alphabet, then you will read the statement. Explain its meaning.
GOD, GLORY AND GOLD! The motto of the discoverers and conquerors of new lands (conquistadors). "God" - the conversion of the natives to Christianity, "Glory" - receiving titles and fame for their discoveries, "Gold" - greed.
Task number 11.
What political and economic consequences was the establishment of absolutism in European states?
1. Formation of nations and nation-states.
2. Creation of a state church or submission to an existing one.
3. Creation of permanent professional armies.
4. Creation of a single economy (politics, taxes, systems of measures, customs regulations etc.)
Task number 12.
Express your opinion whether absolutism differed from despotic power, if different, then in what way.
Under despotism, the monarch is not only the ruler of his state, but also the master of his subjects. Absolutism contributed to the unity of the state and the formation of a single nation, despotism did not (examples of Persia and the Ottoman Empire). Under absolutism, representative institutions were preserved, certain civil rights which was not the case under despotism. At the same time, the main similarity - the unlimited power of the monarch - I acquire different forms even in Europe, from classical in France and "soft" in England to despotism in Spain.
Task number 13.
Analyze the document below and complete the table. What provisions of the guild charter positively influenced the development of production in the XIII-XIV centuries, and which negatively in the XV century.
From the charter of the workshop of Parisian weavers.
Every Parisian wool weaver can have two wide looms and one narrow loom in his house. Each weaver in his house can have no more than one apprentice, but not less than 4 years of service.
All cloths must be of wool, and are as good in the beginning as they are in the middle.
No one from the workshop should start work before sunrise under the threat of a fine.
The apprentice weavers must leave work as soon as the first chime of the evening prayer bell rings, but they must fold the work after the bell has rung.
The provisions of the guild charter that positively influenced the development of production in the 13-14th centuries:
1) production limitation
2) legal status artisans
3) product quality requirements
4) qualification requirements for artisans
The provisions of the guild charter that adversely affected the development of production in the 15-16th centuries:
1) production limitation
2) the legal status of employees
3) strict regulation of the market
Consider whether there is a link between shop rules and the form of development manufacturing production. Write down the answer.
The greatest connection exists with the mixed form of the development of manufactory, when individual elements of the final product were made by small artisans with a narrow specialization, and the assembly was already carried out in the entrepreneur's workshop.
Task number 14.
The rise of trade is connected with the development of stock exchanges. Think about the connection between these processes. Why does the development of stock exchanges date back to the 16th century?
Answer to the question:
In the 16th century, there was a significant increase in the volume of commodity mass and capital associated with the discovery of new lands. All this required an organization where large wholesale transactions could take place, which gave impetus to the formation of exchanges where merchants, bankers, suppliers and customers met. Exchanges also contributed to the growth of international and wholesale trade.
Task number 15.
Fill in the table "Differences between a manufactory and a craft workshop."
What was the size of the enterprise, who worked, what tools were used, who owned the products, and was there a division of labor?
Task number 16.
Write an essay on the topic "Buyers and sellers in the market." Your work should end with the phrase: "It is better to have friends in the market than coins in a chest." When preparing, use the text and illustrations of the textbook (p. 37, etc.).
Early in the morning our merchant opened his shop in the city market. The fabric trading shop occupied the entire first floor of the house. He himself did not stand behind the counter, but only looked after his salesmen, messengers and day laborers, who were full of the market in the morning and who were just looking for an opportunity to earn an extra penny and took on any job. Filling the human stream noisily town square. The merchant spotted his familiar nobleman, who tried to breed sheep on his lands. Having greeted each other, the acquaintances got down to business. It turned out that the nobleman needed a lot of fabric for the holiday he was arranging. But, unfortunately, in this moment he had difficulty with money and could not pay for the fabric immediately. After listening to the nobleman, our merchant said: “All right, I will let you have the fabric on credit.” The pleased nobleman said: “It is indeed said that it is better to have friends in the market than to have gold in a chest!”
Task number 17.
AT early XVI in. in European countries there were already printing houses that had expensive equipment - machines, fonts, etc. Usually, even in a small printing house, about 30 people worked, and each had his own specialty - typesetter, printer, proofreader, etc. What type of production does the printing house belong to? Explain why. Use the picture to answer.
Task solution:
The printing house is a centralized manufactory according to the following features: manufacturing process takes place in the same room narrow specialization labour, widespread use of hired labor, big number workers, use of expensive equipment.
Task number 18.
How do you understand the expression “On the stock exchange you can sell and buy wind”? Record the dialogue between the seller and the buyer.
Answer to the question:
On the stock exchanges, contracts were often traded for the supply of goods in the future, when the goods themselves were not available. Moreover, payment was made not only in “live” money, but also in receipts (bill of exchange). Seller: "I'm selling a batch of pepper, which will arrive in six months!" Buyer: "I'm buying, but I'll pay with a promissory note."
Task number 19.
Which of the following are signs of the birth of capitalism:
Answers:
a) the development of manufactories
c) an increase in the number of employees
e) growth in the number of entrepreneurs.
Task number 20.
Indicate which of the following strata of the population belonged to the bourgeoisie:
Answers:
a) merchants
b) bankers
d) factory owners
Task number 21.
Choose from the judgments below those that will help you correctly answer the question about the reasons for the development of manufacturing production (Answers: a, c, d, e):
a) the presence of a free labor force in the person of peasants freed from serfdom and ruined small artisans:
b) the appearance of the first mechanical machines, driven by energy &dy; ep*
c) the development of maritime trade and the growth of cities increased the demand for handicrafts;
d) the influx of gold and silver from the New World provided the merchants-prsdprinimats-lyam with the necessary cash for the organization of manufactories:
e) shop rules interfered with the application technical inventions in craft workshops:
f) the governments of European countries forcibly sent beggars and vagabonds to work in factories.
Task number 22.
Why do you think the authors of the textbook called the story about the Fugger merchants the "Age of the Fuggers"? Suggest your name.
Answer to the question:
In the 16th century, the Habsburg Empire played a leading role in Europe, uniting half the continent under its rule and enjoying the unlimited support of the pope. The Fuggers were creditors to the Habsburgs and popes. " gray cardinals 16th century".
Carefully consider the drawing (p. 46 of the textbook). What conclusions can you draw about the occupations of Fugger the merchant and the banker?
Answer to the question:
Taking advantage of the location of the Habsburgs and the popes, the Fuggers were able to freely expand the network of branches of their trading house in the largest shopping malls Europe. By the way, the collapse of the Fuggers coincides with the collapse of the Habsburgs, when in the 17th century Spain lost its dominant position in Europe, and the primacy in trade passes to England and Holland.
Task number 23.
What city was said in the 16th century that it "absorbed the trade of other cities" and became the "gates of Europe":
Answer: c) Antwerp
Task number 24.
Match the term with its meaning. In the table, enter the letters of your chosen answers.1. Farmer A. Currency unit Netherlands
2. Farmer B. title of nobility in France
3. Chevalier V. A peasant entrepreneur using hired labor and equipment.
4. Gulden G. A person who farmed out the collection of any duty or tax
E. The tax that the state collected from the peasants in France
Answer to the task: 1-c, 2-d, 3-b, 4-a
Task number 25.
Renaissance fashion was replaced by Spanish fashion, then France became the trendsetter in Europe. Examine the drawings and sign to which direction of European fashion each of them belongs. Explain what are the features of the presented fashion trends.
a) Renaissance fashion was characterized by loose outfits, richly decorated with embroidery and jewelry, the appearance of a beret (Figures 5, 7);
b) Spanish fashion is a tribute to stiffness and severity, the rejection of the neckline, open sleeves (Figures 6, 9);
c) Venetian fashion - an outlet and rebellion against Spanish austerity, a harbinger of the Baroque (Figure 3)
d) French fashion (rococo) - pomp, camisoles, vests, wigs, fantastic hairstyles for ladies, crinolines, open necklines, an abundance of lace, flounces and patterns (Figures 1, 2, 4, 8).
Task number 26.
As you know, in the XVI-XVII centuries. cookbooks existed in European countries. If you were offered to write such a book, what menu for one day would you make for peasant family, families of a poor city dweller, a bourgeois family or a rich aristocratic family?
Answer to the question:
16-17 centuries, a) a peasant's menu: bread made from rye or oats, lentil soup or porridge, onions, water; the menu of a poor city dweller: lentil soup or porridge (or oatmeal), rye or oatmeal bread, fish, onions, water; c) the menu of a bourgeois or an aristocrat: vegetables, meat, fruits, fish, wine, spices. 18 century. a) and b) did not change significantly, maybe only potatoes began to come into use; c) the menu of the wealthy segments of the population was supplemented by tea, coffee, chocolate, white bread, and sugar.
Task number 27.
Read an excerpt from the book of the historian N. M. Karamzin (1766-1826) “Letters of a Russian Traveler” and underline the lines with different colors medieval city in the text are highlighted in red) and features inherent in the cities of the New Age ( in green). Write a story about Everyday life townspeople in the XVII-XVIII centuries. To answer, use the text of the textbook (§ 4-6) and illustrations.
Paris will seem to you the most magnificent city when you enter it along the Versailles road. Masses of buildings in front with high spitz and domes; on the right side Seine river With picture houses and gardens
; on the left, beyond the vast green plain, Mount Martre, covered with innumerable windmills... The road is wide, level, smooth as a table, and at night it is illuminated by lanterns. Zastava has a small house that captivates you with the beauty of its architecture.. Through a vast velvet meadow you enter the fields of the Champs-Elysées, not for nothing called by this attractive name: a forest ... with small flowering meadows, with huts scattered in different places, of which in one you will find a coffee house, in the other - a shop. Here on Sundays people walk, music plays, cheerful bourgeois women dance. Poor people, exhausted from six days' work, rest in the fresh air, drink wine and sing vaudeville...
... Your gaze strives forward, to where on a large, octagonal square is dominated by a statue of Louis 15, surrounded by a white marble balustrade
. Walk up to her and you will see dense alleys of the glorious fat of the Tuileries, adjacent to the magnificent palace
: beautiful view... It is no longer people walking here, as in the fields of the Champs Elysees, but the so-called the best people, gentlemen and ladies, from which powder and blush are poured onto the ground
. Climb to the large terrace, look to the right, to the left, all around: everywhere there are huge buildings, z^yki, hrai - beautiful banks of the Seine, granite bridges, on which thousands of people crowd, many carriages crowd
- look at everything and tell me what Paris is like. It is not enough if you call it the first city in the world, the capital of splendor and magic. Stay here if you don't want to change your mind; go further and see... narrow streets, an insulting mixture of wealth and poverty; beside the jeweler's gleaming lava, a bunch of rotten apples and herrings; dirt everywhere and even blood flowing in streams from the meat rows
- Pinch your nose and close your eyes.
...The streets are all narrow and dark without exception.
from huge houses ... Woe to poor pedestrians, and especially when it's raining! Do you need or knead dirt in the middle of the street, or water pouring from roofs
...will not leave a dry thread on you. A carriage is needed here at least for us foreigners, and the French know how miraculously walk through the mud without getting dirty, masterfully they jump from stone to stone and hide in benches from galloping carriages.
Task number 28.
How do you understand the expression "Tell me what you eat and I'll tell you who you are"? Look carefully at the pictures and insert the missing caption into each caption. keyword, which helps to determine social status this family.
The nutrition of Europeans depends on their property status.
a) dinner in a bourgeois family
b) dinner in a poor family
c) dinner in a noble aristocratic family
Test tasks for § 1-6.
Task number 1.
Choose the correct answer.
1.1. the largest European city to early XVII in. became: c) London
1.2 Place of transactions between bankers, merchants, merchants in the XVI-XVII centuries: c) stock exchange
1.3. Funds invested in production for profit: c) capital
1.4. Author of the essay "On Mining and Metallurgy in Twelve Books": c) George Agricola
1.5. The main features of the New Age in the XVI-XVII centuries. - this is:
c) the development of manufacturing production
e) growth of trade and commodity-money economy
g) the numerical growth of the bourgeoisie and the strengthening entrepreneurial activity
h) the growing influence of cities in economic life Europe.
Task number 2.
Do you agree with the following statements?
2.1.1522 - the beginning of the first expedition of Christopher Columbus to search for new routes to India (no).
2.2. Stuarts - French royal dynasty(No).
2.3. Residence - the place of permanent residence of the head of state (yes).
Task number 3.
Match the date with the event. In the table, enter the letters of your chosen answers.1. 1492 A. Beginning of Magellan's expedition
2. 1497 B. The beginning of the expedition of Vasco da Gama
3. 1519 B. Beginning of the expedition of Christopher Columbus
4. 1600
Answer to the task: 1-c, 2-b, 3-a, 4
Task number 4.
Who are we talking about?
He was born in 1643 and came to the throne when he was not yet five years old. The management of the state was concentrated in the hands of his mother and Cardinal Mazarin ...
We are talking about the King of France, Louis 14 de Bourbon, nicknamed the Sun King.
Task number 5.
Group according to certain characteristics.
a) Francis I; b) Henry VIII; c) parliament; d) Louis XIV; e) Estates General; f) James I Stuart.
Option A (Monarchs-representative power): A, B, D, E - C, D
Option B (France - England): A, D, E - B, C, E
Task number 6.
Question with a detailed answer.
Read the text of the document and answer the questions.
Colbert to the Mayor and Echevens of Auxerre
The king has ordered the transfer of the lace and twill factories from London to your city, where they were established. But the inhabitants of Auxerre have hitherto neglected to send their children to the houses where these manufactures were founded, in order that their children might be educated there...
I am convinced that if you impose a fine on them, and on the other hand, give rewards to those who fulfill their duties, and grant them exemption from taxes, as it was decided, then you ... will prove to the people that this is their genuine interest...
6.1. What do you think, for what purpose did the powerful Louis XIV personally deal with such a "base" problem as the establishment of manufactories?
6.2. What is the conclusion about the character state power and dominant economic doctrine can be done based on the analysis of this text.
6.3. What judgment about human rights in France can be formulated on the basis of the given source?
6.1. “When you work for the state, you work for yourself. The good of one is the glory of the other” (Louis XIV).
6.2. At Louis XIV in France, absolutism reached its peak, and the economy was dominated by the idea of mercantilism, of which Colbert was a staunch supporter.
6.3. “There are no subjects to the right, there are only duties” (Louis XIV).
Task number 1.
Among the inventions made by mankind listed below, mark (underline) those thanks to which in the XV-XVI centuries. great geographical discoveries were made. Specify their role.
Powder; silk; caravel; porcelain; screw; new sources of energy - windmills, coal; compass; firearms; paper; typography; gate.
The caravel had high maneuverability, shallow draft, excellent seaworthiness and at the same time was a capacious vessel.
The compass was necessary for determining the location and laying the course.
Firearms gave the Europeans a huge advantage over the natives.
Typography contributed to the spread of books and maps in Europe.
Task number 2.
Contemporaries of the Great Geographical Discoveries pointed out that every navigator who went on an expedition had to have a set of necessary things with him. These items are shown below. Sign them and indicate what they served.
1. Chronometer (clock) for determining the time.
2. Crossbow - melee ranged weapon.
3. Sword - cold melee weapon
4. Astrolabe and compass - astronomical instruments for orientation and determining the exact time.
5. Geographic map - an image of the earth's surface.
Task number 3.
Choose the correct answer.The musket was first used:
a) in the 15th century the English; b) in the 16th century. the Spaniards;
c) in the 17th century the French; d) in the 18th century the Swiss.
Task number 4.
Fill the gaps. Which of the great navigators is this story about?
Life Christopher Columbus
full of legends and mysteries. It is known that he was born in 1451
in an Italian city Genoa
in the family of a poor weaver. The question of his education remained unclear. Some researchers believe that he studied in the city of Pavia, others that he was a self-taught genius. It is known that in the 70-80s. 15th century he was enthusiastically engaged in geography, studied navigational charts, worked on a project to open the shortest sea route from Europe to Asia, hoping to get there through Atlantic
ocean.
Money was needed to carry out the plans, and Christopher Columbus
in search of funds went to the European royal courts. In Portugal, the "Council of Mathematicians" rejected his project as fantastic, and the English king found it unrealizable. The Spanish king also refused money, as his advisers stated that "the spherical shape of the Earth would form a mountain in front of the ship, through which he could not swim even with the most fair wind." As time went. Finally in 1492
Spanish kings Ferdinand
and Isabel
signed with Columbus
contract and provided with money to organize the expedition.
The hard sailing began.
AT 1492
the navigator set foot on the land of the island, which they called San
-Salvador, and then two more islands were discovered, which bear the names Cuba
and Haiti
.
As a result of the subsequent three expeditions, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, coast of South America and Central America
. Until the end of his days, the navigator believed that he had discovered a new route to India. The mainland he discovered bears the name of another explorer and is called America
. In the 19th century, the French writer Victor Hugo wrote: “There are unfortunate people: Christopher Columbus
cannot write his name on his opening...”
You can read more about the biography of Christopher Columbus.
Task number 5.
Explain expressions. In what cases were they applied?
This is a country where "every peasant was a fisherman, and every nobleman was a captain." So they said about Portugal and its inhabitants, the occupations of most of which were closely connected with the sea..
"This man is a bag of pepper." That was the name of a very rich man. At that time, a bag of pepper was valued more than gold and was a measure of wealth..
“Tired of wearing caftans with holes ... they sailed to conquer that fabulous metal.” The bulk of the conquerors of the New World were soldiers left out of work after the reconquista, ruined hidalgos, the poor. All of them aspired to new lands for gold.
The ship sailed on the "Sea of Darkness". The Europeans called the Atlantic Ocean the "Sea of Darkness".
Task number 6.
Choose the correct answer. The price revolution is:
a) a sharp rise in the price of gold and a fall in the prices of all other commodities; b) a fall in the price of gold and a rise in the price of all other commodities; c) replacement of gold and silver coins with paper money.
Task number 7.
Fill in the table "Great geographical discoveries."
|
Causes of the Great Geographical Discoveries |
Depletion of precious metals resources in Europe; Prepopulation of Mediterranean regions; Withthe fall of Constantinople, the Ottoman Turks blocked the former trade routes Europeans with the East; nscientific and technical progress in Europe (navigation, weapons, astronomy, printing, cartography, etc.); Withdesire for wealth and fame. |
|
Representatives of which segments of the European population were interested in discovering new lands |
Monarchs, d clergy, nobility, uptsy, in military nobility (left out of work and without money after the completion of the reconquista). |
|
The goals they pursued |
Conquest of new lands and expansion of territories; aboutopening of new trade routes; lpersonal enrichment and glory; aboutconversion to Christianity of new peoples |
|
Consequences of the Great Geographical Discoveries |
Changing ideas about the world and people; ta boost to the development of sciences; Rexpansion of trade and the formation of a single world market; on thethe beginning of the creation of colonial empires; Pthe appearance of new plant species, including food ones; Rthe development of the slave trade; atthe annihilation by Europeans of the most ancient civilizations and peoples, their culture and knowledge. |
Task number 8.
On the contour map, draw the routes of the most important expeditions of the 15th - mid-17th centuries in different colors, indicate their years.
Task number 9.
If you replace the numbers with letters according to their place in the Russian alphabet, then you will read the statement. Explain its meaning.
GOD, GLORY AND GOLD! The motto of the discoverers and conquerors of new lands (conquistadors). "God" - the conversion of the natives to Christianity, "Glory" - received titles and fame for their discoveries, "Gold" - greed.
Task number 10.
Write an essay in which express your opinion on how the principle of "one monarch, one law, one religion" influenced the position of the individual in an absolutist state. Justify your point of view. Use textbook text to answer fiction, video and movies.
Essay on Elizabeth I of England see.
Task number 11.
What were the political and economic consequences of the establishment of absolutism in European states?
1. Formation of nations and nation-states.
2. Creation of a state church or submission to an existing one.
3. Creation of permanent professional armies.
4. Creation of a single economy (politics, taxes, systems of measures, customs regulations, etc.)
Task number 12.
Express your opinion whether absolutism differed from despotic power, if different, then in what way.
Under despotism, the monarch is not only the ruler of his state, but also the master of his subjects. Absolutism contributed to the unity of the state, the formation of a single nation, despotism did not (Persia, Ottoman Empire). Under absolutism, representative institutions and certain civil rights were preserved, which was not the case under despotism. At the same time, the main similarity, the unlimited power of the monarch, took on different forms even in Europe, from classical in France and “soft” in England to despotism in Spain.
Task number 13.
Analyze the document below and complete the table. What provisions of the guild charter positively influenced the development of production in the XIII-XIV centuries, and which negatively in the XV century.
From the charter of the workshop of Parisian weavers.
Every Parisian wool weaver can have two wide looms and one narrow loom in his house. Each weaver in his house can have no more than one apprentice, but not less than 4 years of service.
All cloths must be of wool, and are as good in the beginning as they are in the middle.
No one from the workshop should start work before sunrise under the threat of a fine.
The apprentice weavers must leave work as soon as the first chime of the evening prayer bell rings, but they must fold the work after the bell has rung.
Consider whether there is a connection between shop rules and the form of development of manufacturing production. Write down the answer.
The greatest connection exists with the mixed form of the development of manufactory, when individual elements of the final product were made by small artisans with a narrow specialization, and the assembly was already carried out in the entrepreneur's workshop.
Task number 14.
The rise of trade is connected with the development of stock exchanges. Think about the connection between these processes. Why does the development of stock exchanges date back to the 16th century?
In the 16th century, there was a significant increase in the volume of commodity mass and capital associated with the discovery of new lands. All this required an organization where large transactions could take place, which gave impetus to the formation of exchanges where merchants, bankers, suppliers and customers met. Exchanges also contributed to the growth of international and wholesale trade.
Task number 15.
Fill in the table "Differences between a manufactory and a craft workshop."
|
Questions for comparison |
craft workshop |
Manufactory |
|
What are the sizes of enterprises? |
Small enterprise size |
Large enterprise size |
|
Who worked at the enterprise? |
Master (workshop owner) and sub-craftsmen |
Salaried workers |
|
What tools were used? |
Old manual looms |
Widespread use of new energy sources, improved machine tools. |
|
Who owned the tools and manufactured products? |
Master |
To the owner of the manufactory |
|
Was there a division of labor? |
Not |
Yes |
Task number 16.
Write an essay on the topic "Buyers and sellers in the market." Your work should end with the phrase: "It is better to have friends in the market than coins in a chest." When preparing, use the text and illustrations of the textbook (p. 37, etc.).
Early in the morning our merchant opened his shop in the city market. He traded in fabrics. The shop occupied the entire first floor of the house. He himself did not stand behind the counter, but only looked after his salesmen, messengers and day laborers, who were full of the market in the morning and who were just looking for an opportunity to earn an extra penny and took on any job. The flow of people noisily filled the city square. The merchant spotted his familiar nobleman, who tried to breed sheep on his lands. After greeting each other, the acquaintances got down to business. It turned out that the nobleman needed a lot of fabric for the holiday he was throwing. But, unfortunately, at the moment he was experiencing difficulties with money and could not pay for the fabric immediately. After listening to the nobleman, our merchant said: “All right, I will let you have the fabric on credit.” The pleased nobleman said: “It is indeed said that it is better to have friends in the market than to have gold in a chest!”
Task number 17.
At the beginning of the XVI century. in European countries there already existed printing houses that had expensive equipment - machines, fonts, etc. Usually, even in a small printing house, about 30 people worked, and each had his own specialty - typesetter, printer, proofreader, etc. What type of production does the printing house belong to? Explain why. Use the picture to answer.
The printing house is a centralized manufactory according to the following features: the entire production process takes place in one room, a narrow specialization of labor is used, hired labor is widely used, a large number of workers, the use of expensive equipment.
Task number 18.
How do you understand the expression “On the stock exchange you can sell and buy wind”? Record the dialogue between the seller and the buyer.
Exchanges often traded contracts for the supply of goods in the future, when the goods themselves were not available. Moreover, payment was made not only in “live” money, but also in receipts (bill of exchange). Seller: "I'm selling a batch of pepper, which will arrive in six months!" Buyer: "I'm buying, but I'll pay with a promissory note."
Task number 19.
Which of the following are signs of the birth of capitalism:
a) the development of manufactories; b) Crusades; c) an increase in the number of employees; G) natural economy; e) an increase in the number of entrepreneurs?
Task number 20.
Indicate which of the following strata of the population belonged to the bourgeoisie:
a) merchants; b) bankers; c) hired workers in manufactories; d) factory owners.
Task number 21.
Choose from the following judgments those that will help you correctly answer the question about the reasons for the development of manufacturing production:
a) the presence of a free labor force in the person of peasants liberated from serfdom and ruined small artisans;
b) the appearance of the first mechanical machines driven by the energy of water;
c) the development of maritime trade and the growth of cities increased the demand for handicrafts;
d) the influx of gold and silver from the New World provided merchant entrepreneurs with the necessary funds to organize manufactories;
e) shop rules hindered the application of technical inventions in craft workshops;
f) the governments of European countries forcibly sent beggars and vagabonds to work in factories.
Task number 22.
In the 16th century, the Habsburg Empire played a leading role in Europe, uniting half the continent under its rule and enjoying the unlimited support of the pope. The Fuggers were creditors to the Habsburgs and popes. "The Gray Cardinals of the 16th Century".
Carefully consider the drawing (p. 46 of the textbook). What conclusions can you draw about the occupations of Fugger the merchant and the banker?
Taking advantage of the location of the Habsburgs and the popes, the Fuggers had the opportunity to freely expand the network of branches of their trading house in the largest shopping centers in Europe. No wonder the collapse of the Fuggers coincides with the collapse of the Habsburgs, when in the 17th century the primacy in trade passes to the British and Dutch.
Task number 23.
What city was said in the 16th century that it "absorbed the trade of other cities" and became the "gates of Europe":
a) Paris b) Cologne; c) Antwerp; d) London?
Task number 24.
Match the term with its meaning. Enter the letters of your answers in the table.
Task number 25.
Renaissance fashion was replaced by Spanish fashion, then France became the trendsetter in Europe. Examine the drawings and sign to which direction of European fashion each of them belongs. Explain what are the features of the presented fashion trends.
a) Renaissance fashion was characterized by loose outfits, richly decorated with embroidery and jewels, the appearance of a beret (pictures 5 and 7);
b) Spanish fashion is a tribute to stiffness and severity, the rejection of the neckline, open sleeves (pictures 6 and 9);
c) Venetian fashion - an outlet and rebellion against Spanish austerity, a harbinger of the Baroque (picture 3);
d) French fashion (rococo) - splendor, camisoles, vests, wigs, fantastic hairstyles for ladies, crinolines, open necklines, an abundance of lace, flounces and patterns.
Task number 26.
As you know, in the XVI-XVII centuries. cookbooks existed in European countries. If you were asked to write such a book, what menu would you make for one day for a peasant family, a poor city dweller's family, a bourgeois family, or a rich aristocratic family?
16-17 centuries. a) a peasant's menu: bread made from rye or oats, lentil soup or porridge, onions, water b) a poor city dweller's menu: lentil soup or porridge (or oatmeal), rye or oatmeal bread, fish, onions, water. c) the menu of a bourgeois or an aristocrat: vegetables, meat, fruits, fish, wine, spices.
18 century. a) and b) did not change significantly, maybe only potatoes came into use. c) the menu of the wealthy segments of the population was replenished with tea, coffee, chocolate, white bread, sugar.
Task number 27.
Read an excerpt from the book of the historian N. M. Karamzin (1766-1826) “Letters of a Russian Traveler” and underline the features of the medieval city in the text in different colors in red) and the features inherent in the cities of the New Age (in green). Make up a story about the daily life of the townspeople in the XVII-XVIII centuries. To answer, use the text of the textbook (§ 4-6) and illustrations.
Paris will seem to you the most magnificent city when you enter it along the Versailles road. Masses of buildings in front with high spitz and domes; on the right side of the river Seinepicture houses and gardens; on the left, behind a vast green plain, Mount Martre, covered withcountless windmills... The road is wide, level, smooth as a table, and at night it is lit by lanterns.. Zastava has a small house that captivates you with the beauty of its architecture.. Through a vast velvet meadow you enter the fields of the Champs-Elysées, not for nothing called by this attractive name: a forest ... with small flowering meadows, with huts, scattered in different places, from whichin one you will find a coffee house, in the other - a shop.Here on Sundays people walk, music plays, cheerful bourgeois women dance. Poor people, exhausted from six days of work, rest on the fresh grass, drink wine and sing vaudeville... ... Your gaze strives forward, to where on a large, octagonal square is dominated by a statue of Louis XV, surrounded by a white marble balustrade. Walk up to her and you will see dense avenues of the glorious Tuileries garden, adjacent to the magnificent palace: beautiful view... It is no longer people walking here, as in the fields of the Champs Elysees, but the so-called best people, gentlemen and ladies, from whom powder and rouge are poured onto the ground. Climb to the large terrace, look to the right, to the left, all around: everywhere huge buildings, castles, temples - beautiful banks of the Seine, granite bridges, on which thousands of people crowd, many carriages knock- look at everything and tell me what Paris is like. It is not enough if you call it the first city in the world, the capital of splendor and magic. Stay here if you don't want to change your mind; go further and see... narrow streets, an insulting mixture of wealth and poverty; near a brilliant jeweler's shop - a bunch of rotten apples and herring; dirt everywhere and even blood flowing in streams from the meat rows- Pinch your nose and close your eyes. ... The streets are all narrow and dark without exception.from huge houses ... Woe to poor pedestrians, and especially when it rains! Do you need orknead dirt in the middle of the street, or water pouring from roofs...will not leave a dry thread on you. A carriage is necessary here, at least for us foreigners, and the French are miraculously able to walk through the mud without getting dirty, masterfullyjumping from stone to stone and hiding in benches from galloping carriages.
Task number 28.
How do you understand the expression "Tell me what you eat and I'll tell you who you are"? Look carefully at the drawings and insert in each caption the missing keyword that helps determine the social status of this family.
The nutrition of Europeans depended on their property status.
a) dinner in a bourgeois family;
b) dinner in a poor family;
c) dinner in a noble aristocratic family.
Test tasks for § 1-6.
Task number 1.
Choose the correct answer.
1.1. The largest European city by the beginning of the XVII century. became:
a) Augsburg b) Amsterdam; in London ; d) Paris; e) Cologne.
1.2 Place of transactions between bankers, merchants, merchants in the XVI-XVII centuries:
a) shop; b) a bank; c) stock exchange; d) residence.
1.3. Funds invested in production for profit:
a) treasures b) money; c) capital; d) shares.
a) Tartaglia b) Jakob Fugger; c) George Agricola; d) Paolo Toscanelli.
1.5. The main features of the New Age in the XVI-XVII centuries. - this is:
a) implementation of the great inventions of the Middle Ages; b) the use of new energy sources and its transfer to mechanisms; c) the development of manufacturing production; d) strengthening the shop system; e) growth of trade and commodity-money economy; f) strengthening the enslavement of the peasants; g) the numerical growth of the bourgeoisie and the strengthening of entrepreneurial activity; h) the growing influence of cities in the economic life of Europe; i) strengthening natural economy.
Match the term with its meaning.
