Target: study the map of the hemispheres.
Tasks:

• Educational: Introduce the concepts of "continent", "ocean". Learn to show on the map all the continents and oceans.
• Developing: Develop cognitive interest speech, memory, thinking. Activate the emotional-sensual sphere of children, awaken their interest in their Earth, in its past.
• To form the ability to: perceive the problem; put forward a hypothesis; obtain information in the relevant literature, draw conclusions and generalizations.
• Expand your horizons, work on the development of speech.
• Educational: Cultivate love for native land, the feeling of the elbow of his friend ..

Lesson type: A lesson in mastering knowledge, skills, skills.

Lesson format: Individual-group.

Teaching methods: Verbal, visual, practical.

Equipment: Computer, map of the hemispheres, drawing of a hare and a Dolphin, multi-level cards, globe, plasticine models of the Earth, slides, schematic diagrams on the map. cards for modeling the Earth, a map of the ancient continent of Pangea, a multimedia presentation, contour maps, cards with the outlines of the continents, "Journals".

Literature:
Textbook-notebook for the 2nd grade "Our planet Earth". Part 1 (Author team: A.A. Vakhrushev, O.V. Bursky, N.V. Ivanova, A.S. Rautian).
Textbook-atlas part 4.

During the classes

Organizing time.

Teacher: First we'll admire together profound knowledge- and for this we will conduct a blitz survey.

Update basic knowledge

Blitz poll.

1. What do we call space?
2. Name the heavenly bodies.
3. What is called a planet?
4. Name the 3rd planet in the solar system.
5. How can the earth be depicted?
6. What is a globe?
7. Where is the Earth's axis directed?

Group work

Children work on multi-level cards. Two students are at the computer.

With Mark on the outline map.

Picture 1.

1. The line that divides the Earth into the northern and southern hemispheres in red..
2. In blue, mark the lines going from pole to pole.
3. Yellow lines are lines parallel to the equator.
4. White - designate the poles.

AT On plasticine models of the Earth, mark with threads

1. Equator in red.
2. Mark the meridians with blue threads.
3. Yellow are parallels.
4. Mark the poles with white paper.
5. Attach correctly to the stand.

BUT Simulate a model of the Earth on the screen. (2 students work on a computer)

1. Equator in red.
2. Mark the meridians in blue.
3. Parallels in yellow.
4. Color the poles in grey.
5. designate pink tropics.
6. Mark with black arctic circle.

The check is carried out in the form of a blitz survey.

1. What is the equator?
2. Name the heat zones.
3. Why are these belts different on Earth?
4. What is the name of the cold southern zone?
5. What is the northern cold belt called?
6. Name the line on the globe that defines the cold zone.
7. Name the line that limits the hot zone.
8. What are meridians?
9. What are parallels?
10. What are parallels and meridians for?

Repetition of homework.

Teacher: The surface of the earth is not flat: it has high mountains and deep depressions. But all these irregularities are not visible on the globe and map. What will help us to read the image on the globe and map?

Individual survey.

Teacher: Tell me, what do they mean in blue? And brown? What is green and yellow for?

The game "Name the symbols on the map."

Figure 2.

Checking practical homework.

Teacher: At home, you fashioned a plot from plasticine fairyland with mountains and plains, river and lake. You had to map it.

Teacher: Remind me, what is a CARD? Let's see what cards you made.

One student shows the compiled map, and the other student, not seeing the model, tells what is shown. Then they compare the story with a model.

Study of new topic. Formulation of the problem.

Updating of basic knowledge.

(On the board is a drawing of a puppy and a dolphin, a map of the hemispheres).

Figure 3

Teacher: Today a puppy and a dolphin came to our lesson. They want to travel around the world. Who are travelers?
Children: Travelers are people who travel.
Teacher: But the puppy can't swim well, and the baby dolphin can't move on land. What will they need to solve this problem?
Children: The map with which they will travel.

Teacher: That's right, for world travel they need a map. And what card?

Children: Hemispheric map.
Teacher: What is a hemisphere?
Children: This is half a ball.
Teacher: And what lines on the map divide the Earth into two hemispheres?
Children: This is the equator, which divides into the northern and southern hemispheres, as well as the zero meridian - into the eastern and western hemispheres.
Teacher: Which hemisphere map will help us today?
Children: Map of the Western and Eastern hemispheres.
Teacher: Correctly.
Teacher: We will go on a journey with our friends. What transport will we choose for the trip? Look at the map?

(Children confer.)

Children: It seems to us that it will be a ship, because. almost all space is occupied by water.

Formulation of the problem.

Teacher: In any swimming it is customary to lead logbook. There is information about what happened on the road or about what happened on the way. You have your logbooks.
Teacher: We will move west, starting from the Western Hemisphere.
Teacher: So, happy sailing!

Logbook.

Teacher: Reports the 1st direction (Northern).
Children: We discovered Atlantic Ocean, North America, Pacific Ocean, Eurasia, Indian Ocean, Africa.
The teacher writes on the blackboard.
Teacher: Reports 2nd direction (South):
Children: We have discovered the Atlantic Ocean, South America, the Pacific Ocean, Australia, the Indian Ocean, Africa
Teacher: What two groups can these objects be divided into and why?
Children: Land and water.

Teacher: Guys! What color is more?
Children: Blue.
Teacher: If you quickly rotate the globe, it will seem that it is blue. And all because this paint on it is the most, more than white, green, brown. What do the areas of water you see have in common?
Children: These are huge expanses of water, stretching from one piece of land to another.

Work with the textbook.
Open the textbook on page 77, check your assumptions.
Teacher:
Children: Oceans. I post the title.
Teacher: Have they been the subject of our discussion before?
Children: No.

Atlas work.
Teacher: Read the name of the oceans from the atlas. How many?
Children: Four.
Teacher: What ocean is missing on our board? Label the names of the oceans on your maps (children sign).

Checking group work.
The teacher shows the oceans on the map, the students call it in chorus.
Appendix 5

Teacher: Describe the areas of land you have seen. What do they have in common?
Children: These are huge areas of land that are surrounded on all sides by water.
Teacher: Which common name they have?
(Children are confused).
Teacher: What do you think the lesson will be about?
Children: We will get acquainted with the name of land and water areas, learn how to find them on the map.

Introduction to the continents.
Teacher: What do you guys think, what would such land areas be called?
(Children offer their names)
Teacher: Let's compare your proposals with the textbook material p.77
Children are reading. Huge areas of land surrounded by water are called continents. There are six continents in total.
Teacher: I replace the word land with the mainland.
Teacher: Have we met all the continents?
Children: No, we haven't met Antarctica(put on the board).

Show multimedia presentation.
The teacher's imposition of the outlines of the continents on the map (each continent has its own color and symbol)
Africa is the hottest continent; (yellow with sun).
The second largest continent is Africa, which is located in the Eastern Hemisphere. (The teacher shows the mainland - Africa). Its name comes from a militant people from the Avrig or African tribes.
Australia is the driest continent (brown with kangaroo). Most small mainland– Australia. Mainland kangaroo and bingo dogs. It is located in the Southern Hemisphere.
Antarctica is the coldest continent (white with a snowflake). The most powerful glacier, our Elbrus, can be hidden under this glacier. The fifth continent - Antarctica - is the only continent on the globe where there are no permanent residents. Descended from Greek name constellations Ursa Major"Arktos".
South America is the wettest continent; (green with cloud and rain).
North America is the most developed continent; (gray with high-rise building).
Look at the Western Hemisphere, in which there are 2 continents - North and South America. Here lived a golden tribe of Indians who called themselves "America".
Eurasia is the most big mainland(multi-colored with a boy and a girl).
Appendix 6

Teacher: The largest continent is called Eurasia. What hemisphere is it in?
Children: In the east.
Teacher: North or south of the equator?
Children: To North.
Teacher: Correctly. And on this large continent is our Motherland - the Russian Federation. (The teacher shows the borders of the Russian Federation).
(Performance of the inscription of the continents by students on the contour map).

Testing and consolidation of knowledge.
Teacher: I show the mainland on the board.
The children call him in chorus. One student shows the same continent on the map.

Heading "It's interesting."
Teacher: Let's try to look into the deserted world 200 million years ago. What happened to the earth? Once upon a time, instead of the current six continents, there was only one on our planet. Scientists call it "Pangaea", which means "the whole earth" in Greek. A single continent was washed by a single ocean. Then, thanks to the movement earth's crust, Pangea gave several cracks and parts of a single whole - the future of America, Africa, Eurasia, Australia - began to spread into different sides. Seas and oceans appeared between the continents - the World Ocean.

Figure 4

Group work.

Teacher: Attention travelers! What oceans are washed Australia? ( 1 group)
Africa?(Group 2)
Eurasia?(group 3)
North America?(Group 4)
- Who's ready? name and show.

Group work with cards. The game "Pilot and navigator"

Determine the routes of future expeditions.

Figure 5

Children, working in pairs, label the oceans and continents that they meet on the route of their future expeditions. After completing the work, they exchange the work with the couple in their group and evaluate the work.

Determine the path by geographical coordinates on the map of the hemispheres.

One pair of students work at the table, and the other at the blackboard, marking the points with flags.

The results of the work are compared in their groups.

Summary of the lesson.

Teacher: What new did you learn in the lesson?
-Where is knowledge useful? Will our friends now, knowing the map of the hemispheres, be able to travel around the world?

The teacher reads a poem by Y. Akim "Planet House".

There is one garden planet
In this cold space
Only here the forests are noisy,
Birds, calling migratory,
Only on it one bloom
lilies of the valley in green grass,
And dragonflies are only here
They look into the river in surprise.
Take care of your planet
After all, there is no other like it.

Homework:

Solve the crossword on page 78, find interesting information about continents and oceans.

Our planet is conditionally divided into four hemispheres. How are the boundaries between them defined? What are the characteristics of the hemispheres of the Earth?

Equator and meridian

It has the shape of a ball, slightly flattened at the poles - a spheroid. In scientific circles, its shape is usually called the geoid, that is, "like the Earth." The surface of the geoid is perpendicular to the direction of gravity at any point.

For convenience, the characteristics of the planet use conditional, or imaginary, lines. One of them is the axis. It runs through the center of the Earth, connecting the upper and lower parts, called the North and South Poles.

Between the poles, at an equal distance from them, is the next imaginary line, which is called the equator. It is horizontal and is a separator into the Southern (everything below the line) and Northern (everything above the line) hemispheres of the Earth. is a little over 40 thousand kilometers.

Another conditional line - Greenwich, or This vertical line passing through the Greenwich Observatory. The meridian divides the planet into the Western and Eastern hemispheres, and is also the starting point for measuring geographic longitude.

The difference between the southern and northern hemispheres

The equator line horizontally divides the planet in half, while crossing several continents. Africa, Eurasia and South America are partially located in two hemispheres at once. The rest of the continents are located within one. So, Australia and Antarctica are completely in the southern part, and North America is in the northern part.

The hemispheres of the Earth have other differences. Thanks to Arctic Ocean at the pole, the climate of the Northern Hemisphere is generally milder than that of the Southern, where the land is located - Antarctica. The seasons in the hemispheres are opposite: winter in the northern part of the planet comes simultaneously with summer in the south.

The difference is observed in the movement of air and water. North of the equator river flows and sea ​​currents deviate to the right (river banks are usually steeper on the right), anticyclones rotate clockwise, and cyclones counterclockwise. To the south of the equator, everything happens exactly the opposite.

Even the starry sky above is different. The pattern in each hemisphere is different. The main landmark for the northern part of the Earth is polar Star, the Southern Cross serves as a landmark. Above the equator, land prevails, and therefore the main number of people live here. below the equator total number of the inhabitants is 10%, since the oceanic part predominates.

Western and Eastern Hemispheres

To the east of the prime meridian is the Eastern Hemisphere of the Earth. Within its limits is Australia, most of Africa, Eurasia, part of Antarctica. Approximately 82% of the world's population lives here. In the geopolitical and cultural sense, it is called the Old World, as opposed to the New World of the American continents. In the eastern part there is a deep trench and the highest mountain on our planet.

The earth is located west of the Greenwich meridian. It covers North and South America, part of Africa and Eurasia. It includes the entire Atlantic Ocean and most of the Pacific. Here is the longest mountain range in the world, largest volcano, the driest desert, the highest lake and deep river. Only 18% of the inhabitants live in the western part of the world.

Dateline

As already mentioned, the Western and Eastern hemispheres of the Earth are divided Greenwich meridian. Its continuation is the 180th meridian, which outlines the border on the other side. It is the date line, it is here that today turns into tomorrow.

On both sides of the meridian, different calendar days. This is due to the peculiarities of the rotation of the planet. The international date line mostly passes through the ocean, but also crosses some islands (Vanua Levu, Taviuni, etc.). In these places, for convenience, the line is shifted along the land border, otherwise the inhabitants of one island would exist on different dates.

The physical map of the world allows you to see the relief earth's surface and location of major continents. The physical map gives general idea about the location of the seas, oceans, complex terrain and elevation changes in various parts planets. On the physical map of the world, you can clearly see the mountains, plains and systems of ridges and highlands. What is the surface of the earth? The concept of the surface has the same meaning as the concept of the geographic shell and the concept of the biosphere proposed by geochemists ... Before that, connections between the peoples of both hemispheres existed mainly only in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean.

Measuring distances on a globe

This is the real trouble. Some cannot buy because their parents have no money for textbooks, others cannot buy because their small town The store does not have the required textbook. And it happens, on the contrary: there are so many textbooks that it is hard to carry them all to school every day, especially when the school is far away. Or, for example, mixed up the schedule and the right textbook left at home. In all these cases, of course, the Internet can help.

The coordinates of any place on the earth's surface can be determined by a globe or a map. Conversely, knowing the coordinates geographical feature, you can find its place on a map or globe.

At the same distance from the poles, a circle is drawn around the globe, which is called the Equator.

Lines of the tropics and polar circles

The Eastern Hemisphere includes most of Africa, about half of Antarctica, all of Asia, Australia and Oceania, and most of Europe. There are exceptions when some continents (countries on these continents) located in the region of the equator and the Prime Meridian are part of both hemispheres.

Twice a year, on March 21 and September 23, the sun's rays fall vertically down over the equator and uniformly illuminate the Earth from pole to pole.

On globes and maps, also conditional lines poles, equator, tropics and arctic circles.

On the map you can see all the continents, seas and oceans that exist on the planet, and you can see two hemispheres at once. And on a plane, you can depict the Earth either on a map, or with the help of hemispheres. On the map of the hemispheres, you can find out the location of the most high places on the planet and the location of the lowlands, you can determine geographical coordinates straits and bays. On the map of the hemispheres, you can find out the size of the continents relative to each other. It is better to learn the colors of the map, because it is the color that highlights the land areas that are at different heights. The hemisphere map gives a general idea of geographical features our planet.

Considering physical map hemispheres, first of all, let's pay attention to degree grid. It is known to be formed by meridians and parallels. Parallels, unlike meridians, are all different from each other. The farther from the pole, the longer they will be. The largest parallel is the equator - the line is equidistant from the poles. On other parallels, the distance on the ground, which corresponds to 1 ° on the map, decreases in the direction from the equator to the poles.

If you take a map of the hemispheres and a globe, the first thing that catches your eye is the different outlines of the continents. They will differ (slightly near the equator and extremely much closer to the poles). Both the map and the globe are used for orientation - determining coordinates, location, landscape features.

Continents, countries, oceans and seas - these terms are often used by geographical science. This article will discuss some of them. Oceans and continents occupy the surface of our planet. Let's find out how they were formed and what they are now.

How did the oceans, continents, seas arise?

Our planet originated 4.5 billion years ago. Since then, she has changed constantly. As soon as it appeared, it was red-hot and looked like a huge spherical body of seething molten substances. Gradually, the upper layer began to cool, forming the earth's crust.

Then the planet did not exist modern oceans and continents. Comets and meteorites colliding with the Earth brought ice to it 4 billion years ago. Having evaporated, it fell on the firmament in the form of precipitation and formed the hydrosphere. Instead of several continents, there was only one. It is assumed that the first supercontinent - Vaalbara - arose 3.6 billion years ago.

After it, other supercontinents were formed: Colombia, Rodinia, Pannotia. Each of them fell apart, and a new formation took its place. The last was the mainland Pangea. It united almost the entire modern land of the planet, was washed by the Pantalass Ocean and the Tethys Sea.

The movement of lithospheric plates also split it. The Pangea continent broke up into Laurasia and Gondwana. Tethys turned into an ocean in the region of the modern Mediterranean, Caspian and Black Seas. Later, North America and Eurasia formed from Laurasia, and all the other continents that now exist from Gondwana.

Continents and the oceans

Since the origin of the Earth, the geography of the continents and oceans has changed. This process does not stop, because the slow movement of the platforms continues to this day. To understand how the continents are located today, just look at the geographical atlas.

Continents and oceans occupy an unequal area on the planet. Land accounts for 29.2% of the planet's surface. Its area is 149 million square kilometers. Most of its territory belongs to the continents - large areas of land that are washed by the waters of the oceans. There are 6 continents in total:

• Eurasia.
• North America.
• South America.
• Africa.
• Australia.
• Antarctica.

The terms "continent" and "mainland" are often used interchangeably. In more broad sense the term "continent" refers not only to land, but also to the underwater part of the earth's crust, which is adjacent to the continents. The concept also covers nearby islands.

The oceans cover much more space- 70.8%. It is a continuous shell that "envelops" islands and continents. The continents conditionally divide its waters into separate oceans. They may differ slightly in salinity, temperature and inhabitants. Bays, straits, bays and seas are also part of the World Ocean.

northern continents

Oceans and continents are not always strictly within one of the hemispheres. They are divided into northern and southern based on information about the ancient continents. Thus, the continents formed from Gondwana are defined as southern, and those that were formed from the split of Laurasia are considered northern.

Eurasia was once part of Laurasia. Now it's the most big continent in a world that is washed by all the oceans. It is inhabited by more than 70% of all inhabitants of the planet. From west to east, the continent stretched from Cape Roca in Portugal to Cape Dezhnev in Russia. Its northern part starts at Arctic regions in the area of ​​the Russian Cape Chelyuskin, and extreme point in the south - Cape Piai in Malaysia.

The continent of North America is located entirely in the North and Western hemispheres Earth. From the mainland of Eurasia it is separated by the Bering Strait, the border with South America passes through the Isthmus of Panama. The only ocean that does not wash this continent is the Indian. In the northern part, the mainland crosses the Arctic Circle, in the south it passes through the tropic.

southern continents

Africa is the second largest continent. It is located in both the Northern and southern hemispheres and crossed by the equator. It is separated from Eurasia by the Mediterranean and Red Seas, as well as the Strait of Gibraltar. Here is the largest desert (Sahara) and one of the longest rivers in the world (Nile). The continent is considered the hottest of all.

South America on the map is lower than North America, visually, as if continuing it. The continent is located in the Southern and Western Hemispheres, a small part of it is in the Northern. In addition to the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean, it is washed by the Caribbean Sea.

Australia is located in the Southern and Eastern Hemispheres of the Earth. It is quite distant from other continents and is not connected with them by land. On its territory there is only one state, which occupies the entire continent. This is the driest continent. Despite this, it has a unique flora and fauna, most of which are endemic.

Antarctica is the southernmost and at the same time the coldest continent. He also has highest altitude among other continents. There is no permanent population here. Almost the entire territory of the mainland is covered with ice.

oceans

The world ocean is usually divided into the Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic and Indian. Sometimes the South is singled out, but it still remains controversial issue. Each of the oceans has its own straits, bays and seas.

The deepest and largest in area is the Pacific Ocean. It washes the shores of all six continents. It occupies the second part of the World Ocean. The second after it is the Atlantic Ocean. It connects the polar points of the planet. In its center runs the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the peaks of which protrude in the form of volcanic islands.

The Indian Ocean is located within Eurasia, Antarctica, Africa and Australia. Before the era geographical discoveries he was considered big sea. Travel on it began much earlier than on other oceans.

Northern Arctic Ocean has the smallest area - 15 million square meters. km. It is located near North Pole. AT winter period ice forms on its surface, and the air temperature above it varies from -20 to -40 degrees.

How do oceans and continents interact?

The interaction of water and land on the planet occurs with the participation of the atmosphere and solar activity. The ocean is a huge heat sink. It heats up much more slowly than land, but it also retains heat longer. It exchanges the accumulated energy with the atmosphere, and it distributes it over the surface of the Earth.

Air masses formed over the ocean are reflected in the climate of the continents. Maritime winds are wetter than continental ones. Thanks to them, mild conditions are formed on the coasts, with an abundance of precipitation. Inland, the climate is harsher and drier.

An important place in the influence of the ocean on land is given to currents. warm currents bring precipitation, saturate the continents with moisture, increase the temperature. Cold - contribute low temperatures, delay precipitation. They are able to transform separate sections Lands in the desert (Atacama, Namib).

Oceans, continents, seas interact with each other and mechanically. Waves can break shores, creating abrasive landforms. Coastal areas are flooded with sea water, forming lagoons, estuaries and fjords.

Geographic map of the world is an overview map of the relief of the earth's surface. A coordinate grid is applied on the geographical map of the world. On the geographical map of the world are not displayed individual states and countries to generalize and simplify the display of surface topography above sea level (the darker the color, the higher the surface). The geographical map of the world clearly and concisely shows information about the main continents, seas and oceans and allows you to quickly create an image of the relief of the whole world. View geographical maps of the world online in Russian:

Detailed geographical map of the world in Russian:

Geographic map of the world close-up in Russian- opens in a new window in full screen. The geographical map of the world in high resolution shows all the continents with the names: Africa, North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Antarctica and Australia. The geographical map of the Earth shows the location of the oceans: the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Arctic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. A large geographical map of the world allows you to see the seas, islands, bays, deserts, plains and mountains. The geographical map of the world is a map the globe and looks like a map of continents, seas and oceans. The geographic map of the world can be downloaded for free at good quality.

Geographic map of the world in Russian large format:

Geographical map of the world with coordinates of latitude and longitude, indicating the currents of the world's oceans close-up:

Geographic map of the world in Russian large format opens in a new window in full screen. A high-resolution geographic map of the world shows a high-quality map of the world in Russian with parallels and meridians, with oceans and seas, with latitude and longitude, with seas and oceans. The geographical map of the world shows plains, mountains and rivers, continents and continents of the globe. If you enlarge the geographical map of the world, you can see separately the geographical map of each continent.

Outline map of the world

In geography lessons at school, it is often required contour map world:

The contour geographical map of the world opens in a new window in full screen.

What to see on the geographical map of the world:

First of all, on the geographical map of the world, mountains and plains marked different color(the darker the color, the higher the mountains). The highest mountains on the geographical map are indicated by the height of the peak above sea level. Most major rivers are named on the map. On the geographical map of the world indicate the most big cities. On this map, you can immediately see where the oceans, seas, islands and lakes are located.

Continents and continents: Eurasia, Africa, North America, South America, Australia, Antarctica. The largest continent is Eurasia.

oceans of the world: There are four oceans in the world - Pacific, Atlantic, Arctic and Indian. Most big ocean in the world - Pacific Ocean.

Largest seas in the world in descending order of area: the largest sea in the world - Sargasso Sea followed by the Philippine Sea, Coral Sea, Arabian Sea, South China Sea, Tasman Sea, Fiji Sea, Weddell Sea, Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Bering Sea, Bay of Bengal, Sea of ​​Okhotsk, Gulf of Mexico, Barents Sea, Norwegian Sea, Scotia Sea, Hudson Bay, Greenland Sea, Catfish Sea, Riiser-Larsen Sea, Sea of ​​Japan, Arafura Sea, East Siberian Sea.

Most big islands in the world descending area: the largest island in the world - Greenland, followed by the islands: New Guinea, Kalimantan, Madagascar, Baffin Island, Sumatra, UK, Honshu, Victoria, Ellesmere, Sulawesi, south island (New Zealand), Java, north island(New Zealand), Luzon, Newfoundland, Cuba, Iceland, Mindanao, Ireland, Hokkaido, Haiti, Sakhalin, Banks, Sri Lanka.

The longest rivers in the world: the largest river in the world - Amazon, after it there are rivers: Nile, Mississippi - Missouri - Jefferson, Yangtze, Huang He, Ob - Irtysh, Yenisei - Angara - Selenga - Ider, Lena - Vitim, Amur - Argun - Mutnaya channel - Kerulen, Congo - Lualaba - Luvua - Luapula - Chambeshi, Mekong, Mackenzie - Slave - Pis - Finlay, Niger, La Plata - Parana - Rio Grande, Volga - Kama.

The highest mountains with a height of more than 8 km: most big mountain in the world - Chomolungma, a little lower are the mountains: Chogori, Kanchenjunga, Lhotse, Makalu, Cho Oyu, Dhaulagiri, Manaslu, Nangaparbat, Annapurna I, Gasherbrum I, Broad Peak, Gasherbrum II and Shishabangma.

Most large lakes by continent: in Africa, Lake Victoria, in Antarctica, the subglacial Lake Vostok, in Asia, the salty Caspian Sea and fresh Lake Baikal, in Australia, Lake Eyre, in Europe, the salty Caspian Sea and fresh Ladoga lake, in North America- Lake Michigan-Huron, in South America - salt Lake Maracaibo and fresh lake Titicaca. The largest lake in the world is the Caspian Sea.