In the 1990s, a number of documents Soviet era, previously classified as "top secret", began to be made public, however, realizing it, the authorities again closed access to them. Apparently, many secrets of the USSR will remain inaccessible.
Labeled "Top Secret"
The secrecy stamp is imposed for two reasons. First and foremost, most of the documents stored in the archives are state secrets. The second reason has to do with materials related to famous people past, whose heirs do not want publicity of the details of their lives. In 1918, something happened that today does not allow us to in full get acquainted with the documents of the Soviet past. That year, Lenin received a message in which he was informed how the Red Army soldiers indiscriminately destroyed manuscripts and correspondence. famous writers. The leader immediately called the publicist Bonch-Bruevich with a request to write a pamphlet entitled "Keep the archives." The brochure, which has sold 50,000 copies, has borne fruit. However, very soon Soviet officials realized that it was important not only to preserve the archives, but also to restrict access to them by ordinary citizens due to the confidentiality of information contained in some sources. In 1938, the management of all archival affairs passed into the jurisdiction of the NKVD of the USSR, which classified a huge amount of information, numbering tens of thousands of cases. Since 1946, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR received the powers of this department, and since 1995 - the FSB of Russia. Since 2016, all archives have been reassigned directly to the President of Russia.
Stalin's affairs
Although many documents Stalin era have long been declassified, some of them are still hidden away from prying eyes in the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History. In particular, about 200 cases from the Stalin fund are classified as secret. Of considerable interest to researchers are the cases of Yezhov and Beria, which were published only in parts, and complete information on the cases of executioners who have become enemies of the people, there are still no. Today, many Russians are requesting investigation files of illegally repressed citizens kept in the archives of the FSB and in the GARF. Access to investigation cases repressed is permitted by law for relatives, as well as for other stakeholders. True, the latter can receive the required documents only after the expiration of the 75-year period from the date of the verdict. Often, visitors to the archives receive defective copies, in particular, with the names of NKVD officers blacked out. Some researchers are sure that the cases of the NKVD will never be declassified in full. In March 2014, the interdepartmental Commission for the Protection of State Secrets extended the secrecy period for documents of the Cheka-KGB for 1917-1991 for the next 30 years. This decision also included a large array of documents relating to Great terror 1937-1938, extremely demanded by historians and relatives of the victims of repression.WWII Archives
Many secrets today still hide the period of the Great Patriotic War. For example, there is still no consolidated work on the operations of the Red Army during the war years with the application of maps in the public domain. Since the publication of the collection in 1998 archival materials"1941" new authentic documents are published very dosed. Moreover, researchers do not even have the right to see the names of cases in the inventories of secret storage. Historian Igor Ievlev remarks on this matter: “Apparently, the researchers have already approached the barrier, beyond which, if it is overcome, completely uncomfortable and, probably, even shameful and shameful pages real history countries". Also, modern historians cannot get acquainted with the original documents accounting for the number of those called up and mobilized in war time and are still forced to rely on the data of the saved books of call - a secondary source. Unfortunately, recruit cards, registration cards military reserve and the rank and file of the Red Army, almost all were destroyed. Not so long ago, on the forum of one of the sites dedicated to the soldiers of the Great Patriotic War, one of the readers shared interesting information. According to him, in one of the conversations former employee the military enlistment office told him long history on the total destruction in 1953 after the death of Stalin of all registration and service and other primary documents to the rank and file from pre-war times until the end of the war. What is the reason for the desire of the leadership of the USSR to hide data relating to mobilization on the eve and during the Second World War? The researchers are sure: in order to hide real losses USSR in the first months of the war.KGB Archives
The KGB in the USSR, like the CIA in the USA, - intelligence service, which during its existence great amount covert operations around the world. Any state security officer will attest that business papers The KGB is rarely declassified in its original form. They are preliminarily “cleaned out”, removing information that the department does not want to make public for one reason or another. Almost all the secrets known today Soviet secret services were published in London in 1996 thanks to former employee archive department of the First Main Directorate of the KGB of the USSR to Vasily Mitrokhin. The volume of the archive classified materials The KGB, which Mitrokhin handed over to Great Britain, amounted to 25 thousand pages. The published materials contain information that could hardly be published in Russia in the foreseeable future. In particular, it was exposed to the public how, between 1959 and 1972, the KGB collected information about American power plants, dams, oil pipelines and other infrastructure in preparation for an operation that could lead to a disruption in the power supply to all of New York. There is information there detailing the plans of the KGB to secretly acquire three American banks in Northern California as part of covert operation, created with the aim of obtaining information about high-tech companies in the region. The banks were not chosen by chance, since all of them had previously provided loans to corporations of interest to the KGB. The figurehead in whose name the banks were bought was supposed to be a Singaporean businessman, but the American intelligence services managed to figure out the plans of the KGB. Even these two facts are enough to understand why the KGB carefully guards its secrets.Completely personal
Many personal funds related to the life of famous people are also closed to the general public. A lot of things that should not be known are hidden in Stalin's personal archive. But on at least, the names of these materials are known. There are, in particular, Stalin's outgoing cipher telegrams for the period of the 1930s, the correspondence of the Secretary General with the USSR People's Commissariat of Defense and the USSR Ministry of the Armed Forces for the 1920-1950s, letters from citizens and foreigners addressed to Stalin, documents about Molotov's trip to London and Washington in 1942 In addition, we will probably never know the details of the personal lives of Marina Vladi and Vladimir Vysotsky. Former Soviet Prime Minister Nikolai Ryzhkov will not reveal state secrets to us, and Alexander Solzhenitsyn will not tell us about his innermost thoughts. Personal archives of public figures are most often closed from open access their heirs. For example, personal fund Alexander Solzhenitsyn, stored in the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art, is located in closed access, because the heir - the wife of the writer Natalya Dmitrievna - decides for herself whether to make the documents public or not. She justified her decision by the fact that Solzhenitsyn's poems are often found in documents, which are not particularly good, and she would not want others to know about it.Difficulties of declassification
In 1991, the archive of the President was formed Russian Federation, which combined documents from former archive USSR President Mikhail Gorbachev, and later the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin. During the first 10 years of the foundation's existence, many materials were declassified, but in the early 2000s this process was suspended, and the documents that had already been made public were classified again. Andrey Artizov, head of the Russian Archive, said in one of his interviews: “We are declassifying documents in accordance with our national interests. There is a declassification plan. To make a decision on declassification, three to four experts with knowledge are needed foreign languages, historical context, legislation on state secret". What are the leaders of the country afraid of declassifying documents, many of which have already crossed the half-century mark? Researchers call whole line reasons: Among them, for example, a very difficult issue of cooperation between the USSR and Nazi Germany on the eve of the Great Patriotic War, reflected in numerous documents. Among other reasons are given: the real scale of the repressions of the Stalinist authorities against their people; destabilization of the world situation by the USSR; facts that destroy the myth economic aid USSR to other states; squandering public funds on bribing governments of third world countries in order to obtain support from the UN. In fact, all prohibited materials can be summarized in two main categories: documents that expose the Soviet regime to extreme negative light, and documents that in any way relate to ancestors contemporary politicians, about which I would like to remain silent. This is understandable, since both can seriously undermine the reputation modern Russia- the successor of the USSR - in the eyes of the whole world.On March 13, 1954, the Chekists were removed from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, a new department was formed: the State Security Committee of the CCCP - the KGB. New structure was in charge of intelligence, operational-investigative activities and the protection of the state border. In addition, the task of the KGB was to provide the Central Committee of the CPSU with information affecting national security. The concept is broad, to be sure: it includes both the personal life of dissidents and the study of unidentified flying objects.
Separating truth from fiction, recognizing misinformation intended for "controlled leakage" is now almost unrealistic. So, to believe or not to believe in the truth of the declassified secrets and mysteries of the KGB archives is everyone's personal right.
The current Chekists, who worked in the structure during its heyday, some with a smile, some with irritation, dismiss: no secret developments were not conducted, nothing paranormal was studied. But, like any other closed organization that has an influence on the fate of people, the KGB could not avoid mystification. The activities of the committee are overgrown with rumors and legends, and even partial declassification of the archives cannot dispel them. Moreover, the archives of the former KGB underwent a serious purge in the mid-1950s. In addition, the wave of declassification that began in 1991-1992 quickly subsided, and now the release of data is going on at an almost imperceptible pace.
Hitler: died or escaped?
The controversy has not subsided since May 1945. Did he commit suicide or was the body of a doppelgänger found in the bunker? What happened to the Fuhrer's remains?
In February 1962 at the TsGAOR of the USSR (modern State Archive Russian Federation) trophy documents of the Second World War were transferred for storage. And along with them - fragments of the skull and the armrest of the sofa with traces of blood.
As Vasily Khristoforov, head of the registration and archival funds department of the FSB, told Interfax, the remains were found during an investigation into the circumstances of the disappearance of the former Reich President of Germany in 1946. The forensic examination identified the partially charred remains found as fragments of the parietal bones and the occipital bone of an adult. The act dated May 8, 1945 states: the discovered pieces of the skull, "probably fell off the corpse, seized from the pit on May 5, 1945."
"Documentary materials with the results of the re-investigation were combined into a case with symbolic name"Myth". The materials of the named case, as well as the materials of the investigation into the circumstances of the Fuhrer's death in 1945, stored in the Central Archive of the FSB of Russia, were declassified in the 90s of the last century and became available to the general public," the agency's interlocutor said.
What was left of the top of the Nazi elite and did not end up in the KGB archives did not immediately find rest: the bones were repeatedly reburied, and on March 13, 1970, Andropov ordered the remains of Hitler, Brown and the Goebbels to be removed and destroyed. This is how the plan for the secret event "Archive" was born, carried out by the operational group of the Special Department of the KGB of the 3rd Army of the GSVG. Two acts were drawn up. The latter reads: "The destruction of the remains was carried out by burning them on a fire in a wasteland near the city of Schönebeck, 11 kilometers from Magdeburg. The remains burned out, crushed into ashes together with coal, collected and thrown into the Biederitz River."
It is difficult to say what Andropov was guided by when giving such an order. Most likely, he feared - and not without reason - that even after a while the fascist regime would find followers, and the burial place of the ideologist of the dictatorship would become a place of pilgrimage.
By the way, in 2002, the Americans announced that they had X-rays that were kept by a dentist, SS Oberführer Hugo Blaschke. A reconciliation with the fragments available in the archives of the Russian Federation once again confirmed the authenticity of parts of Hitler's jaw.
But despite the seemingly indisputable evidence, the version that the Fuhrer managed to leave Germany, occupied Soviet troops, does not leave alone and modern researchers. Looking for it, as a rule, in Patagonia. Indeed, post-World War II Argentina harbored many Nazis who tried to elude justice. There were even witnesses that Hitler, along with other fugitives, appeared here in 1947. Hard to believe: even the official radio Nazi Germany on that memorable day announced the death of the Fuhrer in an unequal struggle against Bolshevism.
Marshal Georgy Zhukov was the first to question Hitler's suicide. A month after the victory, he said: “The situation is very mysterious. We did not find the identified corpse of Hitler. I cannot say anything affirmatively about the fate of Hitler. last minute he could fly out of Berlin, since the runways allowed it to be done. "It was June 10. And the body was found on May 5, the autopsy report is dated May 8. ... Why did the question of the authenticity of the Fuhrer's body arise only a month later?
Official version Soviet historians is as follows: On April 30, 1945, Hitler and his wife Eva Braun committed suicide by taking potassium cyanide. At the same time, according to eyewitnesses, the Fuhrer shot himself. By the way, during the autopsy, glass was found in the oral cavity, which speaks in favor of the version with poison.
Unidentified flying objects
Anton Pervushin, in his author's investigation, cites one demonstrative story that characterizes the attitude of the KGB to the phenomenon. Igor Sinitsyn, a writer and assistant to the chairman of the committee, who worked for Yuri Andropov from 1973 to 1979, once loved to tell this story.
“Somehow, while looking through the foreign press, I came across a series of articles about unidentified flying objects - UFOs ... I dictated a summary of them to the stenographer in Russian and carried them to the chairman along with the magazines .... He quickly flipped through the materials. After thinking a little, he suddenly took out a thin folder from a desk drawer, containing a report from one of the officers of the 3rd Directorate, that is, military counterintelligence", - recalled Sinitsyn.
The information transmitted to Andropov could well become the plot of a science fiction film: an officer, being on a night fishing with his friends, watched as one of the stars approached the Earth and took the form aircraft. The navigator estimated the size and location of the object by eye: diameter - about 50 meters, height - about five hundred meters above sea level.
“He saw two bright beams come out of the center of the UFO. One of the beams stood vertically to the surface of the water and rested on it. The other beam, like a searchlight, searched the space of waters around the boat. Suddenly it stopped, illuminating the boat. seconds, the beam went out. Together with it, the second, vertical beam went out," Sinitsyn quoted the report of counterintelligence officer.
According to his own testimony, these materials later came to Kirilenko and, over time, seemed to be lost in the archives. This is roughly what skeptics reduce the probable interest of the KGB to the UFO problem to: pretend that it is interesting, but in fact bury the materials in the archives as potentially insignificant.
In November 1969, almost 60 years after the fall Tunguska meteorite(which, according to some researchers, was not a fragment celestial body and the wrecked spaceship), there was a message about another fall unidentified object on the territory of the Soviet Union. Not far from the village of Berezovsky in Sverdlovsk region several luminous balls were seen in the sky, one of which began to lose altitude, fell, then followed strong explosion. In the late 1990s, a number of media outlets came across a film that allegedly depicted the work of investigators and scientists at the site of an alleged UFO crash in the Urals. The work was supervised by "a man who looked like a KGB officer."
“Our family lived in Sverdlovsk at that time, and my relatives even worked in the regional party committee. However, even there almost no one knew the whole truth about the incident. In Berezovsky, where our friends lived, everyone accepted the legend of the exploded granary ; those who saw the UFO preferred not to spread. The disc was taken out, presumably, in dark time days, in order to avoid unnecessary witnesses," contemporaries of the events recalled.
It is noteworthy that even the ufologists themselves, people who were initially inclined to believe in stories about UFOs, criticized these videos: the uniform of Russian soldiers, their manner of holding weapons, cars flashing in the frame - all this did not inspire confidence even in susceptible people. True, the denial of one particular video does not mean that adherents of the belief in UFOs give up their beliefs.
Vladimir Azhazha, a ufologist and an acoustic engineer by training, said: “Does the state hide any information about UFOs from the public, it must be assumed that yes. On what basis? military secret. Indeed, in 1993, the State Security Committee of the Russian Federation, at the written request of the then president of the UFO Association, pilot-cosmonaut Pavel Popovich, handed over to the UFO Center headed by me about 1300 documents related to UFOs. These were reports from official bodies, commanders military units, messages of individuals".
Occult interests
In the 1920s and 30s, a prominent figure in the Cheka/OGPU/NKVD (the forerunner of the KGB) Gleb Bokiy, the one who created laboratories for the development of drugs to influence the minds of those arrested, became interested in studying extrasensory perception and even searched for the legendary Shambhala.
After his execution in 1937, the folders with the results of the experiments allegedly fell into secret archives KGB. After Stalin's death, part of the documents was irretrievably lost, the rest settled in the cellars of the committee. Under Khrushchev, the work continued: America was worried about rumors periodically reaching from across the ocean about the invention of biogenerators, mechanisms that control thinking.
Separately, it is worth mentioning another object of close attention of the Soviet security forces - the famous mentalist Wolf Messing. Despite the fact that he himself, and later his biographers, willingly shared intriguing stories about the outstanding abilities of the hypnotist, the KGB archives did not retain any documentary evidence of the "miracles" performed by Messing. In particular, neither in the Soviet nor in German documents there is no information that Messing fled Germany after he predicted the fall of fascism, and Hitler put a reward on his head. It is also impossible to either confirm or deny the data that Messing personally met with Stalin and he tested his outstanding abilities, forcing him to perform certain tasks.
On the other hand, about Ninel Kulagina, who in 1968 attracted the attention of law enforcement agencies with her extraordinary abilities, the data has been preserved. The abilities of this woman (or their lack?) are still controversial: among fans of the supernatural, she is revered as a pioneer, and among the learned fraternity, her achievements cause at least an ironic smile. Meanwhile, the video chronicle of those years recorded how Kulagina, without the help of her hand or any devices, rotates the compass needle, moves small objects, such as Matchbox. The woman complained during the experiments of back pain, and her pulse was 180 beats per minute. Its secret was, allegedly, that the energy field of the hands, due to the super-concentration of the test subject, could move objects that fell into the zone of its influence.
It is also known that after the end of World War II, as a trophy in Soviet Union hit, made on Hitler's personal order: he served for astrological predictions military and political nature. The device was defective, but Soviet engineers it was restored, and it was transferred to the astronomical station near Kislovodsk. Knowledgeable people it was said that Major General of the FSB Georgy Rogozin (in 1992-1996 former first Deputy Chief of the Presidential Security Service and who received the nickname "Nostradamus in uniform" for his studies in astrology and telekinesis) used SS trophy archives related to the occult sciences in his research.
Previously, a description of the activities of the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation was already given, however, due to the increased interest of readers in materials about military archives, it was decided to continue this topic, focusing on certain areas of search. Understanding the features of storage and use of archival documents is of great help in compiling a pedigree and family tree.
Introductory information
The personal files of officers are rightfully considered a significant source of genealogical information. Soviet army, which until 1946 was called the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army. Without this information, it is very difficult to compile family tree your family as accurately as possible.
From the point of view, the cases of officers for the period from 1930 to 1970 are of the greatest interest, namely:
- information about commanders, participants of the Great Patriotic War, who received ranks before the war;
- personal files of officers who received ranks already in the post-war period;
- materials about reserve officers who did not have a special military education, but received their ranks after military training.
Storage locations
Most of the information is located in the district and city military registration and enlistment offices - according to the military registration of officers. However, due to the expiration of storage periods, many information of early Soviet period were transferred to the 5th department, located in the Moscow region (Podolsk). This is the main archive of the Second World War, a search by last name in which can give significant results.
The Naval Archives (Gatchina, Leningrad Region) store the personal files of fleet officers. Some information about officers The Red Army and the Ministry (Commissariat) of Internal Affairs can be found in the Moscow Russian State Military Archive.
Compiling a family tree of your family means taking into account all areas of search, and it is not possible to find an impressive part of the personal files of officers of the period of the Great Patriotic War. First of all, this concerns young officers who received their ranks after completing courses in accelerated program. Absence combat experience often became the cause of the death of still young commanders, and the intense mode of work of the headquarters did not always allow timely transfer of materials to the archive. But still, you can try to find information on this category of officers in the 11th department of TsAMO, where it is presented in the form of service records; archive of the Great Patriotic War, a search by the name of an officer in combination with other sources often lead researchers to genealogical discoveries. It should only be remembered that biographical data in this institution are issued for review only with the personal presence of the applicant or confidant and when providing documents confirming kinship.
Brief description of the personal file
The instructions required that personal files be drawn up in 2 copies. These materials contain detailed information both about the officer himself and about his relatives. The photo must be endorsed immediate supervisor and the seal of the military unit. The documents also included autobiographical information, a track record, brief information about his wife, children and parents. All these materials, of course, help to make a family tree of your family. The personal number of the officer was affixed directly to track record. In addition, this list dated and outlined all the main stages of service: birth information, social and party affiliation, information about conscription or training in a military institution, about conferring ranks, as well as about awards, injuries, penalties and incentives.
When using materials from the site, a direct link to the source is required.
Who is not aware of this detective story, I send to the book by Igor Ivanovich Ivlev "And silence in response", which can be found on the Web for free
Among other things, there is a discussion mass extinction from the military registration and enlistment offices of the USSR, personal files of privates and sergeants who went to the front of the Second World War. It is customary to assume that they were not. It has now been proven that they were, according to I.I. Ivlev, they were sent to TsAMO RF in the late 1940s and early 1950s, where they disappeared...
There are many questions - what did these cases look like? Some of these cases were found in one of the military registration and enlistment offices Arkhangelsk region while the search group of I.I. Ivlev was working there. If the cases were sent to Podolsk, then HOW was such a huge piece of paper destroyed? How were pension accruals carried out without these cases?
The cases of the Krasno-Pekhorsky RVC (military registration and enlistment office of the Krasno-Pekhorsky (Kalinin) district that was disbanded in 1957, found by me in the Podolsky Regional Department of the Ministry of Defense, most of the territory of which became part of the Podolsk region of the Moscow Region) - these are precisely personal files, but pay attention - these personal files were conducted until 1947 and contained a large number of information related to the pension support of the families of dead servicemen.
This is a rare find! I worked in many military registration and enlistment offices and have never seen such personal files there, but here a small stack of such files was accidentally preserved in the Podolsk military registration and enlistment office ..
Sergeant Mezin was killed on November 14, 1942. Please note that the military enlistment office does not inform about this military unit, and the financial department of the Moscow Regional Military Commissariat. Notice dated 12/10/1942
The military registration and enlistment office writes out such notices - at the top with a tear-off spine. And below. How they differ from each other is not clear. Date 22 12 1942
The soldier died, the pension is calculated.
Estimated pension. 1942
The soldier died, his wife no longer lives at the old address.
a href="http://gallery.ru/watch?ph=bcaV-gczBA" target="_blank">
Mezina's wife, Zenaida Evgenevna, works as a police officer; no children; lives alone in a house of 73 sq.
Moreover, along with the funeral, they immediately receive a notice for the issuance of a pension. True, relatives also had to be looked for.
Separately, the military registration and enlistment office decides for whom the pension is issued.
An interesting thing is an extract from the order of the Main Directorate of Formation and Staffing for SERGEANT. In the OBD, such orders are given only for officers ... it turns out that such orders were for sergeants and privates? For all 20 million? Where are they? Very interesting.
Conclusion: it is clear that there were millions of such cases ... they could greatly help in establishing the fate of military personnel and, in fact, they belong to the OBD. Where are they? Maybe in the archives of the Social Security or regional pension funds??
