There are names that fate and history have linked with invisible threads. In this row - Marx and Engels, Sartre and Camus, Herzen and Ogarev. And this - in a very difficult personal relationship. Strong friendship and like-mindedness often turned out to be higher than personal preferences or antipathies. And even when the figure of one obscured the figure of the other - well, talent is given to a person from God or from nature. Herzen, of course, was much more talented than Ogarev, although, according to a caustic remark, it was as if he was immediately born an emigrant. And Nikolai Platonovich followed his faithful friend there, to England ...
Biography of Nikolai Ogarev
Nikolai Ogarev came from a wealthy noble family; he was born on November 24 (December 6), 1813. He received an excellent home upbringing and education. However, his childhood was overshadowed by tragedy - at the age of two he lost his mother. The boy grew up sentimental and impressionable in nature. Reading was one of his favorite pastimes. Ogarev's fateful acquaintance with Herzen took place thanks to the tutor uncle, which continued, as they say, to the grave. The poles were attracted: one is energetic and active, the other is rational and dreamy. The performance of the Decembrists made the strongest impression on both.
The young men imagined themselves to be the successors of the work of the first noble revolutionaries, they even swore an oath never to betray their ideals. Despite the fact that both were still in their “young years”, and youth in general tends to respond warmly to everything that seems honest and fair, Ogarev was able to follow the chosen path to the end once, which in itself commands respect. Ogarev comprehended the basics of science as a volunteer at Moscow University. A student circle arose there, opposed to the monarchist government in Russia.
Repression soon followed. Both friends are first arrested, then administratively deported. So Ogarev finds himself in Penza, next to his seriously ill father. There he meets his first wife - Maria Lvovna, who became one of the main curses of his life - they will turn out to be too dissimilar in character. In 1856, Ogarev left Russia forever and reunited with Herzen. Soon another family drama follows - Ogarev's second wife, Natalya Alekseevna, goes to her most devoted friend - Herzen. Ogarev never reproached either her or her friend with a word or a hint - such was his nature: soft, kind, forgiving, even when it was unbearably painful.
Ogarev's loneliness was brightened up by Mary Sutherland, a woman from the bottom English society. Ogarev died in 1877.
Creativity of Nikolai Ogarev
Ogarev, perhaps, does not have that very one poem or even a few lines, stanzas that would glorify his name and put him on a par with first-class Russian poets. Yes, he wrote mostly lyric poems that were inspired by the romantic hobbies of youth. In a sense, Ogarev turned out to be a "literary Old Believer" who was born late, for the era of romanticism was already ending its century. Much of what was written is a tribute to the passion for German romanticism. In part, Ogarev rewrites again, because almost nowhere is his love expressed in the present tense: it has already passed, it has raged, but it still disturbs the soul, nourishes it with the sweet poison of memories.
Thanks to" Soviet critics Ogarev earned a reputation as the darkest Russian poet. Ogarev wrote several poems. The most famous of them is "Humor". In exile, he did a lot of journalism, published a collection of Russian "secret" literature, providing it with a lengthy preface. He actively collaborated both in the "Bell" and in the "Polar Star".
- In March 1966, the ashes of Nikolai Ogarev were brought to Russia and buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow.
- In the Caucasus, Ogarev had the good fortune to meet some of the Decembrists he idolized. Alexander Odoevsky made the strongest impression on him.
Biography
G. Elizabeth. N.P. Ogarev
The poet, thinker, revolutionary Ogarev belonged to the galaxy of those whom Dobrolyubov called "the people of the future", "before whom every generation will bow with amazement." “These people,” Dobrolyubov wrote, “gained life experience in their continuous struggle and were able to process it with the power of their thoughts; therefore, they always stood on a level with events” (N. A. Dobrolyubov. Collected works in 9 volumes, v. 4. M.-L., Goslitizdat, 1962, p. 72.).
Their fate was not easy.
The closest friend and colleague of Herzen, Ogarev lived a life whose meaning and content were revolutionary work and poetry.
Nikolai Platonovich Ogarev was born on November 24 (December 6), 1813 in St. Petersburg, into one of the richest and noblest families in Russia, which from generation to generation supplied the state with major officials and guards officers. Ogarev's father, Platon Bogdanovich, continued the family traditions. He reached the high rungs of the career ladder and probably would have gone even further if he had not left the service, shocked by the misfortune that befell him - the early death of his wife. Little is known about Ogarev's mother, Elizaveta Ivanovna, nee Baskakova. She died when her son was not even two years old. Kind, intelligent, educated, she forever remained for her son the embodiment of femininity and love. After the death of his mother, the family settled in the family estate of Staroe Aksheno, Pisarsky district, Penza province. Ogarev's early childhood passed here.
Rich house and garden! greenhouses...
Fifty servants...
Sister with her inseparable madam...
And the father himself, who is with us on the day
Interviewed three times is very important
And briefly, - but for the night he came up
To the beds - give your blessing,
And disappeared like a royal shadow.
Familiar, but what a cold image!
("Confession extra person")
The atmosphere at home was painful, "the house was a prison for me," Ogarev wrote later ("You grew up loving your father and mother ..."). Platon Bogdanovich was not evil, but only the most ordinary person, very far from his son's early awakened poetic and intellectual interests. In 1820, the Ogarevs moved to Moscow, but the way of life did not change: strict decorum, the father's traditional family despotism, prayers and longing reigning over everyone. “All this,” Ogarev recalled, “evoked strong opposition in me and tore me away from this suffocating world” (“Notes of a Russian Landowner”). In contrast to the standing life, the inner life of a teenager went on with great intensity. Through the governess Anna Egorovna Gorsetter, her friend Elizaveta Evgenievna Kashkina and some of the teachers, forbidden poems and echoes of the advanced ideas of the time reached Ogaryov. But the Decembrist uprising became a turning point in his life. “Yes!” Ogarev exclaimed in his confession, “1825 had a great value. For us boys, it was a moral upheaval and an awakening. We stopped praying for images and prayed only for people who were executed or exiled. That's how we grew up."
Two months after the events on Senate Square, Ogaryov's grandmother died. The boy's tutor took him to the house of a distant relative of the Ogarevs, I. A. Yakovlev, and asked Yakovlev's "pupil", and in reality his illegitimate son Alexander Herzen, to entertain Nick, as Ogarev was called in an intimate circle. This day, February 14, 1826, was the beginning of a friendship that went through the whole life of both Ogarev and Herzen.
Determined to continue the work of the Decembrists, the young men in the summer of 1826 or 1827 "in view of all of Moscow", on Sparrow Hills, take an oath to fulfill their freedom-loving dreams. The decision to sacrifice "life for the chosen<...>struggle "(A. I. Herzen. Collected works in 30 volumes, vol. VIII. M., Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1956, p. 81.) was for them "a day of consciousness of their path" (" My confession")
Ogarev approached his university years with considerable literary and philosophical baggage. Pushkin, Ryleev, Rousseau, Schiller; Montesquieu, Locke gave rich food for thought and strengthened the freedom-loving mood of the young man. Ogarev sketches out plans for philosophical articles, is fond of music, writes poetry, but that was not the main thing for him then - political theories and projects were the main ones.
Ogarev entered Moscow University as a volunteer, attending lectures at the physics and mathematics, verbal and moral-political departments. His main occupation, at the request of his father, was the service: in 1832, Ogarev was enrolled in the Moscow archive of the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs. But, as his official documents testify, he "did little" in business.
The extraordinary human attractiveness of Ogarev, his responsiveness and tact very soon made him, together with Herzen, a kind of center of attraction for the student circle, which most often gathered in the house of Ogarev's father, on Nikitskaya.
Socio-political issues have become the main interests of the circle, although there has not yet been any clear program of action. “It’s hard to say what we actually preached,” Herzen recalled in Past in Thoughts. Ideas were vague, we preached the Decembrists and French Revolution, then they preached Saint-Simonism and the same revolution, we preached a constitution and a republic ... But most of all they preached hatred for any violence, for any governmental arbitrariness "(A. I. Herzen. Collected works, vol. X, p. 318.).
Friends did not hide their convictions: they collected money to help the exiled members of the Sungurov circle, who considered themselves followers of the Decembrists, came to say goodbye to the exiles, wore tricolor scarves (the colors of the banner of the French Revolution of 1789). Meanwhile, a painful time for Russia was passing - the time of the reign of Nicholas, when the slightest freedom-loving movement, every more or less progressive thought was suppressed, when people were arrested and exiled on one suspicion that they shared the views of the Decembrists executed and exiled to Siberia. Moscow University, on the other hand, seemed especially dangerous to the tsar; in his eyes it was a real hotbed of "harmful" ideas. The Herzen-Ogaryov circle soon attracted the close attention of the authorities. In the summer of 1833, secret police supervision was established for Ogarev, and on the night of July 10, 1834, he was arrested.
Thanks to the efforts of influential relatives, the first arrest of Ogarev did not last long: a few days later he was taken on bail. But after a careful analysis of the papers taken from him, among which were letters written "in the constitutional spirit", on July 31 he was arrested again. Somewhat earlier, on July 21, Herzen was also arrested.
During interrogations in Commission of Inquiry Ogarev showed extraordinary fortitude, did not betray anyone, did not confuse anyone. Later, in the poem "Prison", he wrote:
I can't forget forever
Crazy sweet hours
When the king's blunt force
Inside of me living life woke up.
Announced on March 31, 1835, the verdict stated that Ogarev was exiled to Penza. The choice of this particular city was both Ogarev's happiness and misfortune.
Happiness, because nearby, in one of his estates, lived a seriously ill father, whom Ogarev loved, and misfortune, because no one made as much effort to break the will of the young man as Platon Bogdanovich did. There were regular guests in the house, the old man forced Ogarev himself to leave, everything was done to distract him from political interests and former friends. “My soul is here, as in a cellar,” Ogarev wrote to friends, “it was covered with ice, and it internal heat struggles with the surrounding cold and disappears. Oh my God! how unhappy I am" (N. P. Ogarev. Selected socio-political and philosophical works, vol. II. M., Gospolitizdat, 1956, p. 270.).
But all the efforts of those around him only led to the fact that Ogarev became more and more withdrawn into himself, more and more persistently looking for knowledge that would help him act. He attached particular importance to the development of his own philosophical system: it was to become theoretical justification his activities. “Find out the point where you are placed in the world,” Ogarev wrote in 1835, “and your future will brightly develop before you” (Ibid., p. 273.).
The self-sufficient importance that Ogarev attached to philosophy during these years, the strengthening of Ogarev's religious mood testified to his theoretical immaturity, but even at that time the enthusiasm for idealistic philosophy and Christian doctrine of the trend of "realism", as Ogarev usually called materialism, were strong in his worldview. “Our first step in the field of thinking,” Ogarev wrote later, “was not a search for the abstract, not a beginning from the absolute, but was a collision with real society and awakened a thirst for analysis and criticism” (Ibid., p. 23.). The collision with reality in exile led to the fact that Ogarev's socio-political views during this period overtook his philosophical constructions. So, he conceives and develops a plan to improve the situation of the serfs.
Although the plan suffers from some naive speculation, it is nevertheless based on a whole series of economic transformations from which one could expect real results.
Ogarev acutely feels his loneliness at this time: he was cut off from friends, correspondence with Herzen became extremely irregular due to necessity. He was looking for like-minded people and, it seemed, found. In Maria Lvovna Roslavleva, Ogarev saw a woman who, as he thought, would become his comrade-in-arms and girlfriend. Maria Lvovna was the niece of the Penza governor Panchulidzev and lived in his house. Not too beautiful, she knew how to please, was educated and had a masterful and addictive character. There is no reason to think that Maria Lvovna was hypocritical, convincing the groom of his readiness to sacrifice his life for the common good. Most likely, she did not imagine that the gentle and infinitely loving poet would be so firm in his convictions. Soon after the wedding, the complete dissimilarity of their life positions... Having become the wife of a rich man, Maria Lvovna, with her inherent passion and unrestrained desires, rushed into secular life. The trip to the Caucasus, which took place in 1838, with the permission of Panchulidzev, showed Ogarev how far his wife was from him.
During this trip, there was a meeting that Ogarev remembered for many years - with the Decembrists exiled to the Caucasus. “I stood face to face with our martyrs,” Ogarev recalled, “I am walking along their path, I am dooming myself to the same fate ... this feeling did not leave me” (“Caucasian Waters”). He especially became close to the Decembrist poet A. I. Odoevsky. Impressed
meeting Ogarev wrote a poem "I saw you, aliens of distant countries ...". And almost forty years later, Ogarev dedicates the poem "Beethoven's Heroic Symphony" to the memory of Odoevsky:
I remembered you solemn sounds,
But applied not to the hero of war,
And to the people "valiant, who died in the midst of flour
For the cause of the free people and country.
In November 1838, Ogarev's father died, leaving his son large land holdings and over four thousand revision souls. Ogarev begins to implement a plan for the liberation of his serfs. In October 1840, with trusted elected representatives from the peasants, he signed an agreement under which 1800 serfs of the village of Beloomut became free for a small ransom. The treaty was not approved by the tsar for a long time, the final completion of the case took place only in 1846.
Ogarev's wife did not approve of his actions. With the help of influential relatives, having achieved the return of her husband from exile, after moving to Moscow in 1839, she not only completely went into secular life herself, but also pulled Ogarev into it, trying to tear him away from his friends and, above all, from Herzen.
The meeting in Vladimir, where Ogarev and Maria Lvovna visited the exiled Herzen in March 1839, showed her how inseparable the bond of friends is, how much it determines in Ogarev's life. And, trying to turn this life around in her own way, Maria Lvovna entered into a struggle with Herzen and other members of the Moscow circle for influence on her husband. The struggle turned out to be fatal for the family happiness of the Ogarevs. The end of the 1930s and the beginning of the 1940s in the history of Russian social thought was a time when the almost complete impossibility of practical activity for thinking people directed all their energy to intellectual activity. The study and knowledge of philosophy became a need, this or that understanding of philosophical issues brought people together and separated them. Herzen, Belinsky, Granovsky, Bakunin eagerly read the philosophical works of Hegel. “Everything in us was in full swing,” recalled V. P. Botkin, a member of the Moscow circle of those years, “and everything required an answer and clarification” (XXV. 1859-1884. Collection published by the Committee of the Society to help needy writers and scientists. St. Petersburg, 1884 , p. 500.).
Ogarev, tormented by social and personal contradictions, tries to find a way to harmony in philosophy. But after a few years he became disillusioned with Hegel and turned to the philosophy of Feuerbach, Comte, to the study of economic issues. "Peace with life through science," writes Ogarev in 1840, "and love for life through poetry - this is the password to pass through 60 years that we will live" (N. P. Ogarev. Selected socio-political and philosophical works, vol. II, p. 313.). Ogarev's thought agonizes over the solution of the most important worldview problems.
In 1841 he went abroad, where he stayed with short breaks until 1846.
He began to write early. Youthful poems Ogarev has a romantic perception of the world. The lyrical hero of his poetry does not accept the surrounding reality, he is incommensurable with it and despises it. But the poet does not move away from the world, he gazes into it, noticing social contradictions and looking for a way out of them. Ogarev's romanticism was of an active, revolutionary character, it already contained tendencies that later led Ogarev into the mainstream of the realistic direction of Russian literature.
In May 1840, one of Ogarev's poems was published in Otechestvennye Zapiski. It was called "Old House". The house of I. A. Yakovlev, where no one lived anymore and where Ogarev had been so often before, visiting Herzen, leads him to memories of an irrevocable past. In fact, all the inhabitants of the house were still alive at that time, but Ogarev is important here with the idea of the irreversibility of time, of the fleeting life, and he ends the poem with a note of deep sadness:
And I suddenly became afraid. I trembled
I was standing in a cemetery
And I called the native dead,
But no one rose from the dead.
In October of the same 1840, "Notes of the Fatherland" published another poem - "Village Watchman". The theme of loneliness, reinforced by the image of the winter blizzard surrounding the hero, sounds with piercing power.
Ogarev began to regularly send his works to Otechestvennye Zapiski, the best periodical at that time, a journal whose critical department was led by Belinsky at that time. Ogarev's poems are gaining popularity.
A passionate admirer of the poetry of Pushkin and Lermontov, brought up on the works of Schiller, fond of the tart irony of Heine's poetry, Ogarev widely uses their motives in his work. However, it is not imitations or translations that determine the poetic face of Ogarev. His lyrical hero is a man of 40 heads, reflecting on life, looking for ways to improve it, believing that they exist, but have not yet found them.
In 1842, Ogarev wrote to his wife: "Philosophy reconciles in thought - yes! yes, we really need something, we need something, give here the happiness of real life, and that's all. And where is it? What to do! How to get the suffering out of suffering?<...>Where is the faith? Where is the hope? Fragmentation is another feature of our time" (N. P. Ogarev. Selected Socio-Political and Philosophical Works, vol. II, p. 334.).
The spiritual contradictions that torment Ogarev and his contemporaries are reflected by him in the poems "Discord", "Rupture", "Spleen" and many others. Herzen wrote, characterizing the work of a friend: "Poetry, sad and melancholic, in which skepticism and a true sense of our position under Nicholas are intertwined, has found its true representative in Ogarevo" (A. I. Herzen. Collected works, vol. XXVI, p. 98.).
Ogarev's poetic works appeared in print at a time when poetry was going through a difficult period. Prose genres came to the fore in literature with broader possibilities for reflecting reality, everyday life and the circumstances of the life of an ordinary person. A new poetry was needed, the brightest representative of which was later Nekrasov. Ogarev felt the spirit of the times. In his poems of the 1940s, such as "Winter Night", "Kabak", "Hut", themes were developed that would become decisive for Nekrasov and his poetic school. With these poems by Ogarev, poor "prosaic" life enters into poetry, simple people whose happiness and grief are determined not by fate and high passions, but by their property status.
There is no point even thinking of wooing your beloved if you have a "bad hut" and nothing to pay dues ("Tavern"). The girl does not sleep, but not because dreams and dreams do not allow her to fall asleep, but because it is necessary to spin for the whole family ("Hut").
In these poems, there is no romantic jet, as in many other works of Ogarev of that time; Ogarev's poetic "I" becomes the voice of the observer, outwardly objective and impassive, but inwardly indignant and offended by the pictures presented before him.
For Ogarev, as for Pushkin and Lermontov before him, his native country is at the same time the most expensive land in the world, and the place where he endured the most persecution and suffering:
Thanks for the birthday
For the expanse of the steppes and for the winter,
Sweet moments for the heart
For bitter experience, for prison...
("Farewell to the land where I did not leave...")
Ogarev is a subtle and penetrating poet of nature, although landscape sketches in his works never have an independent character, they are not given on their own, they are always an occasion for philosophical reflections about a person and his fate. In such poems as "Fog over the dim river ...", "Noon", "Spring" nature is a reminder of the fullness of life, its beauty and harmony. And at the same time, nature is full of mysteries and incomprehensible grandeur. But a person is not lost in it, does not feel insignificant and miserable, on the contrary, the grandeur of natural phenomena elevates his soul:
I walk in God's great world
And eagerly I catch impressions,
And they all stir my chest,
And the strings respond to the lyre.
("I'm walking in God's great world...")
In his best works, Ogarev manages to convey that - not always expressible in words - a feeling that takes possession of a person in moments of spiritual excitement and uplift. Belinsky very accurately conveyed the impression of this feature of the poet's talent. In the review "Russian Literature in 1841", he wrote: "Probably, the readers of Otechestvennye Zapiski drew attention to Mr. Ogarev's poems, which are distinguished by a special internal melancholic musicality; all these plays are drawn from such a deep, albeit quiet feeling that often, not discovering a direct and definite thought in themselves, they immerse the soul precisely in the inexpressible sensation of that feeling, which they themselves are only, as it were, involuntary responses thrown out by overflowing excitement "(V. G. Belinsky. Complete. collected works. in 13 volumes , vol. V. M., Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1954, pp. 579-580.).
A special place in the work of Ogarev of the 40s is occupied by love lyrics. By that time, his relationship with Maria Lvovna becomes painful. She is fond of others, leaves her husband and does not hide the fact that only those are important to her. cash, which he is obliged, according to her concepts, to provide her. Ogarev for a long time cannot believe that past love you won't return. Poems addressed to Maria Lvovna are full of hot, but becoming more and more hopeless feeling. Blaming himself for everything (“I didn’t give you enough happiness ...”), he asks for only one thing - not to darken the memory of the past:
I measured the future broadly,
My world was full and deep!
But he froze in the midst of sadness;
And which of us is to blame
What's the matter - whether you, whether I,
We will not return it back.
(K*** (M. L. Ogaryova))
Ogarev recalls those whom he was fond of before (“I knock - the old keykeeper opened the door for me ...”), his first love (“To the entrance! - I rushed strongly for the bell ...”), he recreates random meetings that remind him of past love:
And I wished that we were still far away,
It was far to go; us
Carried without rest, carried a carriage,
And this path would not have an end,
And the best summers I would have experienced,
Looking at the outline of this face!
("Stagecoach")
Out of the need for love grows Og's tender affection for the young Evdokia Vasilievna Sukhovo-Kobylina, the sister of the famous playwright. He creates a cycle of poems dedicated to her, calling it "Buch der Liebe" ("The Book of Love"). There is no passion in the cycle's poems, they full of quiet admiration, admiration for the beauty of the girl, whose appearance reminded the poet of the Madonna.This love does not need to be realized, it is only a "dream", a "dream", another embodiment of love that always eludes the poet:
After all, I have loved more than once - and what?
Burned, went out, lasted, went out again
Like dreams, wandering in the night, it looks like
My anxious love
Evdokia Vasilievna learned about this love only after the death of the poet. One of the genres frequently used by Ogarev is a friendly message. In the poems "To Friends", "T. N. Granovsky", "Iskander" the history of the poet's spiritual searches is revealed to us, which led him to the most advanced for his time, materialistic convictions. Not all of Ogarev's friends were able to accept them and moved away from him:
My destiny is in me. Neither sorrow nor boredom
Won't tire me out. Everything has its time.
I really spoke strictly in a friendly circle -
Gone friends in infantile fright.
("Iskander")
All his life fond of music, Ogarev introduces its genres into poetry, creating his "Nocturno" with a disturbing, "night" mood (nocturne in French. Night).
Musicality is inherent not only in such poems as "Serenade", but also in those in which Ogarev himself emphasized the narrative beginning of the "Ordinary Tale", for example, full of amazing musical and poetic elegance. Many years later, another poet and writer, I. A. Bunin, admitted that the reading of this particular poem served as an impetus for the creation of one of his most lyrical stories - " Dark alleys"(I. A. Bunin. Collected works in 9 volumes, vol. 9. M., Goslitizdat, 1967, p. 371.).
“The ability to remain silent, to remain silent and to say so completely and as much as the most eloquent story would not have affected the most eloquent story was used by the poets of the next generations,” writes one of the researchers of Ogarev’s work. “It is worth recalling the excellent poems of Count A. Tolstoy:“ in early spring ... ", in order to immediately feel how much the author took advantage of Ogarev's manner and especially his poem "An Ordinary Tale" (E. S. Nekrasova. N. P. Ogarev. - "Initiation". M., 1895, p. 86-87.).
At the same time, Ogarev was a poet not only of the life of the heart, but also of the struggles of the mind, developing, following Pushkin, Lermontov, Tyutchev, Baratynsky, the philosophical principle in poetry. In the mid-40s, Ogarev created the poetic cycle "Monologues", which made his name popular among a wide range of readers. "In the needs of the public," Belinsky wrote back in 1843, "poetry of thought" (V. G. Belinsky. Poln. sobr. soch., vol. VII, p. 65.).
Intellectualism was the highest degree characteristic of Ogarev's work. Ogarev's poetry in saturation with thought, in philosophical culture, which it carries in itself, can rightly be attributed to a special, in the words of N. A. Dobrolyubov, "philosophical kind" (N. A. Dobrolyubov. Sobr. soch., vol. 6, p. 217.).
The sphere of thought for people of the 1940s was not something abstract and distant, but something that determined life, and in this sense, Ogarev's poetry is extremely characteristic. In the Monologues thought becomes formidable force, changing the fate of the hero:
Thought! thought! how scared I am now your movement.
Your hard struggle is terrible!
You bring destruction more menacing than heavenly storms,
As inexorable as fate itself.
Confusion, painful reflection, characteristic of the condition inner peace man of this era, expressed themselves in the Monologues. "Doubt-tested fighter," the poet says about himself here. But his doubts are a creative force that helps to believe in the transformation of life, in "the omnipotent spirit of movement and creation."
Ogarev also turned to large poetic forms. In the 30-40s he created the poems "Don", "Queen of the Sea", the first and second parts of the poem "Humor", which became a significant event in the evolution of the poet. Ogarev draws in "Humor" a broad picture of reality and at the same time gives a detailed analysis of the hero's inner world. In letters dating back to the time of work on the poem, Ogarev emphasizes the importance and necessity in a literary work of a “civilian element” and a hero “who would be everything in everything” (See: M.O. Gershenzon. Images of the past. M., 1912 , p. 415.). As a result, the very reflection of "history in man" is achieved, which Herzen spoke of as one of the most important creative principles in "The Past and Thoughts".
Ogarev also tries himself in the genres of prose: in addition to philosophical articles and the prose works "The Crowd" and "Three Moments" written in the 30s, Ogarev begins the story "The Story of a Prostitute", "Sasha", "Guleva". All of them were left unfinished.
Literature for Ogarev - social activity, and not "a corner where you can hide from life" (N. P. Ogarev. Selected socio-political and philosophical works, vol. II, p. 380.). That is why the personal and the general are inseparable in his work, and grief is not a reason to withdraw into oneself, but a call to action. “We need action,” Ogarev wrote to friends. “I somehow can’t fit in my mind the difference between personal and common life. Everything is personal life" (Ibid., p. 338.).
Returning to Russia in early 1846, Ogarev left Moscow a few months later and settled in the countryside for a long time. A short stay in Moscow showed what deep disagreements Ogarev and Herzen had with the rest of the members of the Moscow circle in understanding the most important ideological problems. The philosophical and materialistic views developed by that time by Herzen and Ogarev, their understanding of socio-political issues, which later led to revolutionary democratism, turned out to be unacceptable for Granovsky, Ketcher, Korsh, Botkin and others. The break was inevitable. Explaining its importance and inevitability, Herzen wrote in "The Past and Thoughts": "All our activity was in the sphere of thinking and propaganda of our convictions ... What concessions could there be in this field? .." (A. I. Herzen. Collected cit., vol. IX, p. 212.)
Left alone after Herzen's departure abroad, Ogarev decides to engage in practical reformist activities on his estates. Its main task is the destruction of corvee and the introduction of free labor. To achieve his goal, Ogarev is trying to introduce a farming method of farming on the lands he owns, building a cloth factory and acquiring the Tal stationery factory. But Ogarev's social optimism soon collapses. The utopian principles that he put at the basis of economic transformations turned out to be untenable in the conditions of Russia in the middle of the 19th century.
Ogarev's actions are beginning to attract the attention of the authorities again. The reason for this was some of the circumstances of his personal life. In 1849, he became close to Natalya Alekseevna Tuchkova, the daughter of his neighbor and friend. Meanwhile, Maria Lvovna flatly refused to divorce. This did not stop Natalya Alekseevna. Ignoring the moral norms of her time, against the wishes of her relatives, she settled with Ogarev. Only a few years later, after the death of his first wife, Ogarev formalizes his marriage to Tuchkova. But until then they living together was a challenge to society, especially since Panchulidzev, Maria Lvovna's uncle, remained the governor of Penza. Ogarev receives denunciations in the III Section. Panchulidzev informs the Minister of Internal Affairs about Ogarev's "free-thinking" and "immorality". In February 1850, Ogarev was arrested and taken to St. Petersburg.
The accusation was considered unfounded, but life in Russia became unbearable for Ogarev. In 1856, after several years of trouble and vain expectations, Ogarev and Natalya Alekseevna left for England, to Herzen.
In the same 1856, two events took place that were important for Ogarev the poet: the first collection of his poems was published and one of his best poems, The Winter Road, was published. "A true chef d" oeuvre "th, in which he combined all his poetry, all of himself with all his sincere and thoughtful charm," I. S. Turgenev called this poem in a letter to P. V. Annenkov, adding: "We with Tolstoy they have already drunk this nectar three times" (I. S. Turgenev. Complete. collected works. and letters in 28 volumes. Letters, vol. II. M.-L., Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1961, p. 328.).
The poem consists of ten chapters. United by the image of a hero-traveler, these chapters represent a series of episodes of Russian life, presented sometimes in lyrical, sometimes in tragic, and sometimes in sarcastic tones. A burnt-out impoverished village, the desolation of a noble estate, the ruined life of a poor teacher - and next to it is eternally beautiful nature, a grove where
He sang loudly in the mist of the branches
Sadness and happiness nightingale.
Subtle lyricism, combined with strict realism in the depiction of life phenomena, made Ogarev's poem a notable phenomenon in literary life.
The publication of the poem and the collection was marked by the periodical press of that time. Liberal criticism emphasized the motifs of sadness, hopelessness, longing in Ogarev's work. Ogarev appeared as a poet, understandable only to a narrow circle of readers. “The memory of something sweet, weak, sad, dreamy,” wrote, for example, A. Druzhinin, “somehow involuntarily merges with any feedback about the talent<...>city of Ogareva. The pictures depicted by him could only touch the noteworthy lovers of poetry, the mass of readers could not admire them with special cordiality "(" Library for Reading ", 1856, May, section" Criticism ", p. 19.).
The presence in Ogarev's poetry of moods of grief and sadness was not denied by revolutionary-democratic criticism either ("Every verse of mine cries" (M.O. Gershenzon. Images of the past, p. 454.), Ogarev himself wrote), but it was not limited to ascertaining of this fact and did not reduce its explanation to the dissatisfaction inherent in mankind at all times with its position in the world, as V. P. Botkin or N. F. Shcherbina did.
Chernyshevsky, in his review of Ogarev's collection, emphasized, like Herzen in his reviews, the typicality of his moods for a certain era. Ogarev's poetry, writes Chernyshevsky, "belongs to history" (N. G. Chernyshevsky. Complete collection.
op. in 16 volumes, vol. III. M., Goslitizdat, 1947, p. 563.). Closely linking the name of Ogarev with the name of Herzen, whom Chernyshevsky could not name for censorship reasons, he emphasizes in his review the significance of the activities of friends for the Russian freedom movement and claims that Ogarev's work will occupy "one of the most brilliant and pure pages in the history of our literature" (Ibid.).
The meeting with Herzen in London after a ten-year separation marked a new stage in Ogarev's life. The journalistic, publishing activity. Ogarev takes an active part in the work of the Free Russian Printing House, created by Herzen, writes articles for the almanac "Polar Star". and, finally, it was Ogarev who came up with the idea of publishing the Kolokol newspaper.
The formation of Ogarev's revolutionary-democratic views is being completed. The revolutionary activity of the masses becomes for Ogarev the main active factor in history. "It is possible," Ogarev argued, "to look at the whole history as a series of failed revolutions" (N.P. Ogarev. Selected Socio-Political and Philosophical Articles, vol. II, p. 212.). Bringing the victorious revolution closer becomes the task of Ogarev the revolutionary.
During these years, his talent as a publicist and public figure unfolded. At active participation Ogarev in Russia, a secret revolutionary society "Land and Freedom" is created, he owns about two hundred articles in the "Bell", together with Herzen he publishes documents and works that expose the Russian autocracy and are banned in Russia. Ogarev writes an introductory article to the collection "Russian Hidden Literature of the 19th Century", in which he sets out his view on "the civil movement in poetic literature." This article, close in its main points to Herzen's famous article "On the Development of Revolutionary Ideas in Russia", paints a picture of the development of Russian social thought and its reflection in the poetry of Pushkin, Ryleev, Polezhaev, Koltsov, Lermontov, Nekrasov and others. "Living connection with life", according to Ogarev, is the basis of the effectiveness of a poetic work.
"A new business," writes Ogarev, "will create a new word." Finishing the article with an appeal to future poets, Ogarev states: "The new life will create its own poets."
Does not stop during this period poetic activity Ogaryov. The memory of the abandoned homeland, the undying connection with it continue to feed his poetry. In the poem "Korshu" the image of that Russia for which the "Bell" rang, "the land of the poor, beaten and downtrodden", is recreated. Memories of the stench of poor huts, hungry children, beating the poor and people indifferently passing and passing by, in the poet's imagination appear as "the chaos of life", "whirlpool", "whirling demonic dance". The despondency of life gives rise to the despondency of the verse, "the gloominess of the mood."
Ogarev creates whole line poems dedicated to those who gave all their strength to the cause of the liberation of the peoples: "Worzel", "In memory of Ryleev", "Mikhailov". Their feat is difficult, but the poet does not consider it fruitless: the dead are remembered, new generations follow them. Addressing Mikhailov, Ogarev writes:
Your feat was not in vain -
He broke the spell of fear;
Well, go to hard labor cheerfully,
You did the job - do not be sorry!
New shades are now acquiring the image of the poet. In the "Letters of a Village Resident", created back in Russia, Ogarev remarks: "If the poet does not create new conditions for life, nevertheless, his word greatly shakes the untruth" (N. P. Ogarev. Selected socio-political and philosophical works, vol. II, p. 20.). Now this conviction is being developed in Ogarev's poetry. A poet can influence life, a word is a powerful force:
Forget the language of despondency!
I want - in addition to arbitrariness -
So that you get used to reverence
Before the shrine of the verb.
("Parting words")
In many poems, Ogarev reflects on the results of his life, on its meaning. Freedom - this is what absorbs all his aspirations and determines all his activities (the poem "Freedom").
Civic motifs resound in Ogarev's poetry in these years even more strongly than in the previous ones, but even now soft, intimate lyrics continue to exist next to them.
Along the edges of the road
In deep silence
dark trees
Rise high;
Stars shine from the sky
Peacefully beyond the fog...
A heart? The heart asks
New deception.
("On the side of the road...")
Ogarev's personal life was tragic. Natalya Alekseevna did not give him happiness. Having fallen in love with Herzen, she became his wife, although formally she continued to bear the name of Ogarev. Ogarev never reproached either his friend or the woman who left him with a single word. Ogarev's moral height, his calm courage and kindness were amazing, unique in their kind.
Only realizing this, one can understand the whole truth of Herzen, who repeated to his children that they can unmistakably consider good what Ogarev considers good, and bad what he finds bad. After breaking up with Tuchkova with a woman from the very bottom of London, Mary Sutherland, Ogarev raised her son as his own and did not leave her until the very last days of his life. “I want to be kind without any reward,” Ogarev wrote in one of his letters to Mary. “I want spiritual beauty in this life "(" Archive of N. A. and N. P. Ogarevs ". M.-L., Goslitizdat, 1930, p. 114.).
In parallel with Herzen's Past and Thoughts, Ogarev writes his memoirs: in poetic form ("Memories of Childhood", "Grandmother", "Exil") and in prose. Ogarev's autobiographical prose is only fragments - "Caucasian Waters", "My Confession", "Notes of a Russian Landowner" - a large canvas conceived. But these passages reflect the most important stages of Ogarev's life: a meeting with the exiled Decembrists in the "Caucasian Waters", the formation of revolutionary convictions, carefully traced in "My Confession".
The autobiographical element is also significant in Ogarev's poems. "Humor", on which he continued to work, "Prison", "Matvey Radaev" recreate the image of a man of advanced convictions, looking for ways to fight autocracy and serfdom.
Many of Ogarev's poems remained unfinished, nevertheless their place in the poet's work is important. The problems of the poems, reflecting the ideological search of the best part of Russian society, combined with a realistic depiction of reality and the originality of the creative method, which allowed Ogarev to give an organic synthesis of lyrics, satire, irony in his poems, made his poems a noticeable phenomenon in the development of Russian poetry in the middle of the last century. They were widely distributed in lists, excerpts from them were memorized and set to music.
Inherent in all of Ogarev's work is the desire to pose the most important social issues, the pathos of revolutionary spirit, the understanding of the need for connection with populace for the victory of the cause, which Ogarev served all his life, forced him to look for new poetic forms. In such works as "The Oriental Question in the Panorama", "Goy, guys, Russian people...", "A gray-haired grandfather was sitting at the table", "Song of a Russian nanny at the bed of a master's child", Ogarev uses a variety of forms folk poetry: raeshnik, recitative, techniques of folk spectacles, for example, panoramas.
Epigrams, such poems as "Apostate", demonstrated the capabilities of not only Ogarev the lyricist, but also Ogarev the satirist. The evolution of Ogarev's views, which led him from noble revolutionaryism to revolutionary democracy, was reflected in his work by the clarity and certainty of political assessments, intransigence in the fight against autocracy and all forms of human oppression.
Having survived the death of Herzen in 1870, left alone, Ogarev continued to work, driven by faith in the future of his homeland and the need to work for its good. A year before his death, Ogarev wrote: “I would like to go to Russia. In fact, I am a new social element I see there, and only there "(N. P. Ogarev. Selected socio-political and philosophical works, vol. II, p. 551.). On May 31 (12 June), 1877, Ogarev died in the English city of Greenwich. In 1966 Ogarev's ashes were transferred to Moscow. creative heritage Ogareva is not simple. For many decades, during the life of Ogarev and especially after his death, there was a legend about him as "the darkest of Russian poets" (P.P. Pertsov. N.P. Ogarev. - In the book: "Philosophical Currents of Russian Poetry". SPb., 1899, p. 172.), a singer of hopelessness, who only by chance ended up in the camp of political fighters. At the same time, there has always been a different understanding of Ogarev's life and work. Belinsky, Nekrasov, Dobrolyubov, Chernyshevsky saw in Ogarev an original public figure, a remarkable poet, a man of "the highest order".
In the bright, constellation of Russian poetic names, the name of Ogarev shines with a modest, but independent light. His works, full of hope and sorrow, disappointment and impulses for the future, were for his contemporaries and remain for us an example of the tireless work of the spirit, searching and courageous in its searches.
Biography
An outstanding figure in the Russian revolutionary movement, poet and writer. R. in the family of a wealthy landowner. In 1834, in Moscow, already a student, O., along with Herzen, was arrested and brought to trial in the case of "On Persons Singing Lampooning Poems", and after an 8-month prison sentence, which was later reflected in the poetic passage "Prison", was exiled to his homeland in Penza under the supervision of his father and local authorities. In 1838, Ogarev received permission to go to the Caucasian mineral waters to cure his illness (he suffered from seizures of epilepsy); Ogarev's meeting here with the Decembrist poet A. I. Odoevsky (see), transferred after exile as a private to the Caucasian troops, played a significant role in the development of O.'s views and moods during this period. Occurred in November of the same year, the death of his father allowed O. to begin to carry out a long-planned business: the release of the hereditary serfs of the ancestral patrimony of the Ryazan province. Over 1,800 serf families in the village of Upper Beloomut received freedom as a result of O.'s 3-year troubles.
In the spring of 1841, the Ogarevs went abroad, where they remained with some interruption for five years. Returning to Russia in early 1846, Ogarev, together with Herzen, actively promoted materialism and political radicalism in the latter's Moscow circle. Having met N. A. Tuchkova at the beginning of 1849, Ogarev was persecuted by his first wife, who refused to grant Ogarev an official divorce. Ogarev's attempt to emigrate caused an arrest on the denunciation of the father and uncle of O.'s first wife and the presentation of O.'s trusted Maria Lvovna Ogareva, Avdotya Panaeva, of O.'s cashless bills for collection. arose trial led to the complete ruin of Ogarev. At the beginning of 1856, having hardly raised funds to pay his debts, Ogarev left Russia. Since that time, together with Herzen, leading the activities of the Free Russian Printing House, being the organizer of Kolokol and an active collaborator in all Herzen's publications - " polar star", "Voices from Russia", "On Trial", "General Veche", - O. becomes one of the largest figures in revolutionary agitation in Russia. As a propagandist for the community, O. can rightly be considered one of the forerunners of revolutionary populism.
His pen, in addition to many wonderful works Revolutionary poetry belongs to a huge number of articles on political and economic issues, pamphlets and proclamations (among them, "What the People Need", "What the Army Needs" gained considerable distribution; they formed the basis of the program of the first "Land and Freedom"). In the 1960s, O. drew closer to M. A. Bakunin, and later took a position closer to the young emigration than the one on which A. I. Herzen stood. In 1870, after the death of Herzen, Ogarev collaborated in the renewed "Bell" by Nechaev and Bakunin. The last years of the patient's life O. pass in extreme loneliness. O.'s attempts in 1873-1875 to re-enter the revolutionary movement and, in particular, to join P. L. Lavrov's "Vperyod" remained unfinished. O. was one of the most prominent figures of that first period in the development of the Russian revolution, when people from the nobility of the 30-40s, following the Decembrists, widely launched revolutionary agitation, which was later picked up, expanded, strengthened, tempered by the revolutionaries - raznochintsy, starting with Chernyshevsky and ending with the heroes of "Narodnaya Volya" (Lenin, In Memory of Herzen).
Developing under the influence of the ideas of the revolutionary wing of the Decembrists, and later of the utopian socialism of Saint-Simon and his disciples, O. by the time of his return to Russia had a carefully laid out plan of activity, which outlined, first of all, an experimental test in a serf village of the possibilities of using free labor and organizing industrial enterprises. O. intended to attract a number of associates to this cause and, having formed a commune, settle in the countryside and devote all his strength, knowledge and means to remaking the life of the serf peasantry. N. I. Sazonov objected to the utopian-communist projects of O. (see “Letter of N. I. Sazonov to Ogarev”, “Links”, “Academia”, Volume V).
The path of individual reformism was tried by Ogarev at the end of the 1940s in practice and quickly showed its inconsistency. It was precisely this time that the consistent development and maturation of O.'s own revolutionary views refers. poems imbued with political motives, a number of later articles in the "Bell" on economic and political topics closely connected with this period of O.'s life. Many facts indicate that it was at that time that the consciousness of the need for a revolutionary, and not a liberal-reformist, path of struggle against the serf system was entrenched in the O.
The experience of practical activity led Ogarev to the realization of the need for other, much more decisive methods of revolutionary restructuring of reality: “Oh! if so, then patience is gone! May this land be cursed, Where I was born by chance! to execute My country, where it hurts to live. Having said everything that gnaws at the soul, All hatred or love, perhaps! to me, Stigmatize orally and in print And, perhaps, my distant voice, Creeping to the native side, Driven by liberties by a spy, Calls for a revolt under the Russian sky" ("Yuri's Letter", 1854).
The struggle against liberalism was vigorously waged by Ogarev during the reform of the 1960s. “When one of the most disgusting types of liberal rudeness, Kavelin (V. I. Lenin wrote in the article “In Memory of Herzen”), who had previously admired Kolokol precisely for its liberal tendencies, rebelled against the constitution, attacked revolutionary agitation, rebelled against “violence” and appeals to him, began to preach patience, Herzen broke with this liberal sage Herzen attacked his "skinny, absurd, harmful pamphlet", written "for the tacit guidance of a liberalizing government", on Kavelin's "political-sentimental the people are cattle, and the government is clever." "The Bell" published the article "Tombstone", in which he scourged "professors weaving a rotten web of their arrogantly tiny ideas, ex-professors, once ingenuous, and then embittered, seeing that a healthy young people cannot sympathize with their scrofulous thoughts. "Kavelin immediately recognized himself in this portrait" (Lenin, Sochin., 3rd ed., vol. XV, p. 467). The "tombstone" quoted by Lenin was written by O. The struggle against the "scrofulous thought of ex-professors", against liberalism and liberals continued until the end of his life.
The ardent hatred of the feudal order, however, could not eliminate from Ogarev’s poetic work the motives reflecting the destruction of the estate life, some poeticization of its decline (“Old House”), reflections, so characteristic of the noble intelligentsia of the 30-40s. It is in this plan that those works of O. find an explanation for themselves, in which the dramatic experiences of the political loneliness of the revolutionaries in the era of the 40s are revealed. He strives to realize the ideals that excite him: "And we swore ... And we threw ourselves on each other's necks. And wept in youthful delight ... And then what? What happened? - Nothing!" ("Confession of a superfluous person"). O. castigates these "dreams of non-believing dreamers" for the discrepancy between words and deeds, but sometimes confessions of this kind appear from him himself: "We entered life with wonderful hope ... But we did not meet with sympathy around. And best hopes and dreams, Like leaves in the midst of autumn bad weather, They fell both dry and yellow "(" To Friends "). Or much later:" You cannot cope with a yearning dream, voluntary exile "(" Radaev "). All these motives arose from O. not by chance.
They testify to some residual burden of estate-class psychology, from which the revolutionaries of the noble period could not completely get rid of. Nevertheless, already at that time the leading principle of O.'s ideology was, of course, not liberalism. O. approached the revolutionary-democratic ideologists of the peasant revolution much more than many other poets of that time. This transition to new positions was reflected with all its force in the work of O. in 1860. In the poem "Dream", the poet talks about "sacred anger", which forced him to pluck the crown from the head of the king with a "daring hand". "That's enough, I cried out - perish at last All this rags of hateful power! My prophetic power heaved my chest, And the king turned pale, frightened and angry. A thunderous roar passed among the people ..." In the poem "Student" he sings of "the persecuted royal revenge and the fear of the boyar "revolutionary-democrat, who ended his life" in snow hard labor in Siberia. "In the poem" Prison "he rejoices that he is not a stranger to the people:" And the hour will come, and the hour will strike - We will overthrow the torment of slave life - And a man will stretch out his hand to me, that's what I need! for that I am ready to endure without sadness Prison and exile in a terrible distance.
All these motives, of course, could not have arisen in the work of a liberal poet: they sound O.'s irreconcilable hatred of the feudal regime.
In stylistic terms, Ogarev's poetry is a phenomenon of the transitional period. Breaking not only with the environment of the feudal lords, but - as class conflicts intensified - with the liberal groups of the nobility, Ogarev ceases to be satisfied only with the change of homogeneous poetic motives trying to find adequate form a new attitude to reality, which has grown political. thoughts and revolution. practice. O.'s path in this respect is similar to Ryleev's path from "Dums" to the historical and folk plots of "freedom-loving" poems, with one difference, however: O.'s political lyrics did not seek epic, but oratorical forms - a consequence of the poet's conscious propaganda attitude. More and more clearly, the oratory is also reflected in O.'s numerous messages and dedications ("Iskander", "Herzen", "Preface to the Bell", "On the Death of Pushkin", etc.).
The ideological and artistic closeness of Ogarev to Ryleyev is by no means accidental: "Ryleyev was my first light ... My father in spirit is dear to me - Your name in this world has become a valiant testament to me And a guiding star" ("In memory of Ryleyev"). But of course, this continuation of the Ryley tradition was extremely complicated by the particularly difficult situation of political conditions that characterized the era of the post-December rout. The motifs of philosophical lyrics and reflection that arise in this atmosphere are of a special nature. O.'s reflection was caused by an intense search for a new revolutionary environment - the environment of the "heirs of Decembrism." It was the reflective lyrics of O. of the 30-60s that subsequently developed into a combat civil lyrics, intensively developed by the poet and introducing a number of new features into the poetry of O. Ch. arr. O.'s second period of activity includes political epigrams and parodies. In its subject matter, the young Ogarev approaches Lermontov, although Ogarev's poetry is ideologically very different from the work of Lermontov, who is languishing in a political impasse. In the future, these ties weaken. On O.'s attitude to Lermontov's poetry, see O.'s diary article "From Morning Till Night."
It is characteristic, however, that already in the 40s. Both in poetry and in Ogarev's poetics, motifs of realistic lyrics appear, opposed to both mystical-romantic and subjectivist motifs of the previous period. In a number of works devoted to the serf village, it is planned to go beyond the limits of the former style. However, O. did not create a complete new style.
O.'s poetry has the undeniable virtues of simplicity, sincerity, and political richness, representing one of the most difficult stages in the history of the Russian revolutionary movement.
The literary activity of O. has not yet found a correct assessment. Bourgeois aesthetic criticism emphasized in O. the manor lyricist, the poet of aristocratic decline, reflection, and weak-willed sadness, systematically distorting the leading revolutionary content of his poetry. Highly appreciated by many contemporaries (see, for example, N. G. Chernyshevsky’s review, which retains all its significance to this day), O.’s poetry subsequently received distorted coverage in a series of statements from P. V. Annenkov, V. P. Botkin, N. Shcherbina to Y. Aikhenvald, A. Volynsky and many others. M. O. Gershenzon, a connoisseur of O.'s biography, emphasized in a number of his articles precisely those aspects of his poetry that made O. involved in the literary tradition of liberalism. Only in individual reviews, eg. Andreevich (Soloviev), it is planned correct assessment: "In Ogarev's lyrics, - the critic writes, - the protesting mood, her hatred of serfdom and her impulses for freedom are best of all." The task of Marxist criticism is to destroy the liberal-bourgeois legend about O. and restore the true revolutionary significance of his political and literary activities.
Bibliography:
I. Poems, M., 1856; Same, ed. 2nd, M., 1859; Same, ed. 3rd, M., 1863; The same, London, 1858;
Poems, 2 vols., ed. M. O. Gershenzon, ed. M. and S. Sabashnikov, M., 1904;
For five years (1855-1860). Political and social articles, part 2. Articles by N. Ogarev, London, 1861;
Essai sur la situation russe, London, 1862;
Humor, with a preface I-ra [A. I. Herzen], Poem, London, 1857; The same, with preface. J. Elsberg, ed. "Academia", M. - L., 1933;
Trilogy of my life, "Russian Thought", 1902, XI;
Confession of a Superfluous Man, ibid., 1904, VIII;
Russian propylaea. Materials on the history of Russian thought and literature. Collected and prepared for publication by M. Gershenzon, Volume II, Moscow, 1915;
The story of a prostitute, with notes by N. Brodsky, collection "Nedra", book II, Moscow, 1923;
From morning till night Notes-diary of 1872-1873, with the afterword. S. Pereselenkova, "Literary Thought", L., 1923, I;
Notes of a Russian landowner, "Past", book. XXVII-XXVIII (L., 1925);
Pereselenkov S.A., "From morning to night." Diary article by Ogarev;
Sat. "Archive of N. A. and N. P. Ogarevs". Sobr. M. Gershenzon, ed. and with preface. V. P. Polonsky, Guise, M. - L., 1930;
Gurshtein A., Forgotten pages of Ogarev, "Literature and Marxism", 1930, II;
Pereselenkov S. A., From the literary heritage of N. P. Ogarev, "Literature", I, ed. A. V. Lunacharsky, Leningrad, 1931 (Proceedings of the Institute of New Russian Literature of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR);
Mendelson N., Letters of N. P. Ogarev, "New World", 1931, V;
His own, Letters of N.P. Ogarev, Sat. "Links", M. - L., 1932;
His own, Forgotten Articles by N. P. Ogarev, ibid., M. - L., 1933, II.
II. Chernyshevsky N. G.,
Aesthetics and poetry, St. Petersburg, 1893, and in the "Complete collection of works.", Vol. II, St. Petersburg, 1905;
Tuchkova-Ogareva N., Memoirs, Moscow, 1903;
Passek T., From distant years, ed. 2nd, St. Petersburg, 1905-1906;
Annenkov P., Literary memories, St. Petersburg, 1909;
Gershenzon M. O., History of young Russia, M., 1923 (Article "Ogarev's Lyric");
Mendelson N. M., N. P. Ogarev, "History of Russian literature of the 19th century", vol. II, M., 1911;
Nevedomsky M., On the 100th anniversary of N. Ogarev, "Our Dawn", 1913, X-XI;
Andronov I., N. P. Ogarev, Essay on life and work, with preface. N. Kotlyarevsky, P., 1922;
Herzen A.I., Past and thoughts, ed. "Academia", M. - L., 1932 (see the index);
Chernyak Ya. Z., Ogarev, Nekrasov, Herzen, Chernyshevsky in the dispute about the Ogarev inheritance (the Case of Ogarev - Panaeva), Based on archival materials, [Foreword. L. B. Kameneva], ed. "Academia", M. - L., 1933.
III. Tikhomirov D.P., Materials for a bibliographic index of the works of N.P. Ogarev and literature about him, "News of the Department of the Russian Language and Literature of the Academy of Sciences", volume XII (1907, book IV). Vladislavlev I.V., Russian writers, ed. 4th, M. - L., 1924;
His, Literature of the Great Decade, vol. I, M. - L., 1928.
Literary encyclopedia: In 11 volumes - [M.], 1929-1939.
Compositions
poems
Winter Way (1855)
Matvey Radaev (1856)
Prison (1858)
From the Other Shore (1858)
Humor (1861)
Forgetfulness (1861)
Eastern Question in Panorama (1869)
Goy, guys, Russian people!.. (1869)
Poems
1832
Fire, fire in the soul burns ...
1833
When in the hours of holy contemplation...
A. Herzen
To friend Herzen
1835
alley
1836
The day goes by and the night goes by...
1837
On the death of a poet
To friends
The lot of the poet
1838
Troubled moments
Shakespeare
I saw you, strangers from distant lands
With my tormented soul...
My prayer
Among the graves I am at night ...
1839
road impression
So with you I will be again
I was thrown into prison, sent into exile...
old house
New Year
Station
Maria, Alexander and Natasha
E. G. Levashova
Song (Where are you from, cloud, cloud...)
A. A. Tuchkov
Father
From midnight a cold wind blew ...
autumn feeling
Night
Wish for Peace
Augenblick
Night foggy dark...
City (It starts to get dark...)
On a late walk I saw...
Oh, come back, love is a beautiful moment ...
1840
Discord
I was bored talking...
Fog over the dim river...
To M. L. Ogaryova (I want to write another letter...)
City (Under the distant sky...)
village watchman
Farewell to the edge, where I did not leave
Winter night
Nocturno (How empty is my country house...)
Serenade (My song flies with a prayer...)
The funeral
Nocturno (The wave is flowing...)
K E. V. Salias
fashionable
I went to bed late, tired and sick...
Kremlin
1841
On the death of Lermontov
Le cauchemar
Tavern
Lots of sadness!
How eagerly I listened to confessions ...
Character
When anxiety is fruitless...
I haven't given you much happiness...
Poetry (When I sit alone at night...)
Road
Gasthaus zur Stadt Rom
Evening (When the clear evening comes...)
Fantasy
Sounds
Prometheus
Noon
Baby
She never loved him...
fragmentation
friends
Blues
1842
I'm walking in God's great world...
ordinary story
Izba
Stagecoach
To the entrance! - I rushed strongly for the call ...
In the north, foggy and sad...
America
I remember a timid desire...
Confession
Warrior Premonition
Spring
I plucked a cypress branch
1843
For the dream to come
The long day passes slowly...
Minnesinger
EMC
T. N. Granovsky
Livorno
Talk
I knock - the old keykeeper opened the door for me ...
Bitch der liebe
Night (When in the darkness of the night...)
Farewell to Italy
1844
More love madly heart asks ...
To M. L. Ogareva (We parted ...)
1846-1847
Iskander (“I was driving through an empty field…”)
Departure (“Well, goodbye, brother! I will go far…”)
“Often I am confused inside my soul…”
Adulthood (“I calmly see the years of the past far ...”)
"Gray clouds roam in the skies..."
Monologues
“What do I want?.. What?.. Oh! so many wishes…”
1848-1849
Hope
In feasts, insanely youth passes ...
1849
Fatum
Forgotten
1850-1855
Prisoner
K N. (A. Tuchkova)
I'm to blame, perhaps in many ways ...
bathing
Old man
To Lydia
Young lady
On the bridge
Spleen
Dream
The first love
1855-1856
He is pathetic who is under the hammer of fate...
Aurora musae amica
portraits
few
Again a familiar house, again a familiar garden...
in the spring
You lament that after so many years...
I could curse my fate...
I finally left the bustling city...
E. F. Korshu
Iskander (In the despondency of the slow illness and cure...)
1857
Preface to "The Bell"
Renegade
Worzel
Caucasian officer
dead friend
1858
To V. A. Panaev
Summer
Freedom (1858)
autumn
By the sea
parting word
Grandmother
On the side of the road...
Contemporary
Parting
Baby! God's mercy be with you!
At night
My native side...
1859-1860
childhood memories
Youth
All excellent...
Whistle, O wind, with sleepless strength...
In memory of Ryleev
Grandpa
Among the dry repetition...
The corpse of a child, all broken...
Lisa
A city grew up in a swamp...
1861-1862
And if I had to live another year...
Mikhailov
Excerpts (Day by day - timidly - step by step...)
depraved thoughts
Let's have a drink, Vanya...
Vortex
Tate Herzen
1863-1864
Birch in my old garden...
Exil
Present and thoughts
Pictures from a journey through England
Sim win
My Russian verse, living word...
1865
Il giorno di Dante
Mozart
1867
She was sick and I didn't know about it!
Goodbye
Natasha
1868
Student
Granovsky
1870-1871
Today my brain is tuned musically...
In memory of a friend
The song of the Russian nanny at the bedside of the master's child
1870s
To my biography
Beethoven's Heroic Symphony
On the New Year
My street in Greenwich
Poems of unknown years
Translations
Song about the willow (Shakespeare/Ogaryov)
Stanzas (Byron/Ogaryov)
He was one of the organizers of the political student circle at Moscow University. In the year, at the request of his father, he entered the service of the Moscow Main Archive.
political activity
In the summer of 1833, police supervision was established for Ogarev, and on the night of July 10, he was arrested. Thanks to influential relatives, Ogarev was released on bail, but on July 31 he was arrested a second time because of the letters written "in the constitutional style". According to the verdict on March 31, Ogarev was sent into exile in the Penza province. In - years he served, while serving a link, in the office of the Penza governor.
Participated in the creation of the revolutionary organization "Land and Freedom" (- years), in the propaganda campaign of M.A. Bakunin and S. G. Nechaev ( - years).
| "Student" | "Bright Personality" |
|---|---|
He was born in poverty And, driven by royal revenge He ended his life in this world - |
He was of a noble breed, And the uprising begins He waited for him without exception, |
stamps
ForwardCaseFor the new year (1876)
N.P. Ogarev. Beethoven's Heroic Symphony
memory
Named after Ogarev:
- Mordovian State University.
- Streets in a number of cities.
essays
- Ogarev N.P. Humor. Poem / Foreword Ya. Elsberg. - M.; L.: Academia, 1933. - 172 p.
- Ogarev N.P. Poems / Ed. and notes by S. Reiser and N. Surina. Introductory article by S. Racer. - B. m .:, Owls. writer, 1937. - 289 p.
- Ogarev N.P. Poems and poems / Enter. Art. S. A. Reiser and B. P. Kozmin. Ed. and approx. S. A. Reiser and N. P. Surina. - L.: Owls. writer, 1937. - Vol. 1. - 426 p.
- Ogarev N.P. Selected Poems and Poems / Ed. Ya. Z. Chernyaka. - M.: Goslitizdat, 1938. - 457 p.
- Ogarev N.P. Selected socio-political and philosophical works: In 2 volumes. To the 75th anniversary of his death. (1877-1952) / Under the general. ed. M. T. Iovchuk and N. G. Tarakanov. Enter. article: N. G. Tarakanov. “Worldview of N.P. Ogarev”, Selection, preparation of text and notes. Ya. Z. Chernyaka. - M.: Gospolitizdat, 1952. - T. 1. - 864 p. - (P.).
- Ogarev N.P. Selected works: in 2 volumes / Preparation of the text and notes. N. M. Gaidenkova. Enter. article by V. A. Putintsev.
- Ogarev N.P. Poems // Selected works: in 2 volumes / Text preparation and notes. N. M. Gaidenkova. Enter. article by V. A. Putintsev. - M.: Goslitizdat, 1956. - T. 1. - 491 p. - (P.).
- Ogarev N.P. Poems. Prose. Literary-critical articles // Selected works: in 2 volumes / Text preparation and notes. N. M. Gaidenkova. Enter. article by V. A. Putintsev. - M.: Goslitizdat, 1956. - T. 2. - 540 p.
- Ogarev N.P. Selected Socio-Political and Philosophical Works / Ed. ed. M. T. Iovchuk and N. G. Tarakanova. - M.: Goslitizdat, 1956. - T. 2. - 683 p.
- Ogarev N.P. Poems and poems / Enter. article prepared. text and notes. S. A. Reiser. - L.: Owls. writer, 1961. - 482 p. - (P.).
sources
- Tuchkova-Ogareva N. A. Memories: With 52 illustrations / Enter. Art., ed. and note. S. A. Pereselenkova. - L.: Academia, 1929. - 544 p. - (ill., portrait).
- Tuchkova-Ogareva N. A.
Ogarev, Nikolai Platonovich(1813–1877), Russian poet, publicist, revolutionary figure. Born November 24 (December 6), 1813 in St. Petersburg, from an old noble family. He lost his mother early, spent his childhood on his father's estate (Penza province), which for a sickly boy (Ogarev suffered from epilepsy) remained "a place of romantic affection" for the rest of his life. From 1820 he lived in Moscow. The beginning of his many years of friendship with A.I. Herzen dates back to 1826, distant relative and a like-minded person in the enthusiastic acceptance of the liberal liberation and anti-despotic ideas of Decembrism. In the summer of 1826 (or 1827) on Sparrow Hills, friends swore to devote their lives to the struggle for the freedom of the people. In 1829, Ogarev, who received an excellent education at home, entered the physics and mathematics department of Moscow University as a volunteer, attended lectures of the verbal and moral-political (legal) department, where he moved in 1832 (left in 1833), at the same time starting service in the Moscow archive of the collegium of foreign affairs. The student circle formed around friends (Herzen also studied at the university) contributed to the intensive mental work of Ogarev, who was especially carried away during these years by the ideas of the French utopian socialists. In 1834 he was arrested for singing "libelous" verses discrediting the royal family; from the summer of 1834 to the spring of 1835 he was in solitary confinement, then exiled to his father's estate. He was appointed to the office of the civil governor A.A. Panchulidzev, whose niece M.L. Roslavleva married in 1836. In 1838, during treatment at the Caucasian mineral waters (Pyatigorsk), he became close to A.I. Odoevsky and other exiled Decembrists.
After the death of his father (1838), he took up the liberation of some of his peasants (the corresponding agreement was approved by Nicholas I in 1842) and (in the second half of the 1840s) the implementation of "industrial" projects - the organization of free labor of serfs. By 1839, Ogarev’s permission to move to Moscow, acquaintance with V.G. Belinsky and disputes with him, as well as with other Hegelians (including with an old friend, the famous “Westernizer” historian T.N. Granovsky), about the role of a living feeling, love in evolutionary development humanity. Ogarev spent the years 1841-1846 (with interruptions) in Germany, Switzerland, Italy, France, actively maintaining friendly and literary and philosophical ties with compatriots in Russia and abroad. Complicated Relationships with his wife, who did not share either his radicalism or philosophical and poetic quests, led to a break. Upon returning to his homeland, Ogarev, despite the disappointment from the results of his experiment with the emancipation of serfs (the poor were enslaved by rich peasants), continues the planned reforms: he builds a cloth factory, a sugar and distillery in his villages, buys a stationery factory, begins forest industrial development, construction river boats, opens schools, hospitals, etc., while he himself is enthusiastically engaged in medicine, pharmacology, pedagogy, economics and statistics.
The economic activities of Ogarev did not bring the desired success, which, in particular, is described, not without self-irony, in the autobiographical lines of Ogarev's poem of the 1840s Village(incomplete, publ. 1908) and a poetic story Mister(publ. 1857), and in 1848 it was almost ruined. By the same time, the beginning of the story of his love for N.A. Tuchkova (daughter of the district marshal of the nobility, former member of the Decembrist Union of Welfare), complicated by the denunciation of the father of Ogarev’s wife on “immorality”, “freethinking” and participation in the creation of the “communist sect”, in connection with which Ogarev was imprisoned for several months, was placed under police supervision and deprived of the right to travel abroad.
Having formalized, after the death of his first wife (1853), relations with Tuchkova (the future memoirist, known from publications as Tuchkova-Ogareva; from 1857 - the common-law wife of Herzen), Ogarev left Russia with her in 1856. Having settled in London, he lived either in the house of Herzen, or in the neighborhood with him. Starting from the 3rd issue, together with Herzen, he publishes the oppositional anti-serfdom and anti-tsarist almanac "Polar Star"; from 1857 - the newspaper "Kolokol" with the supplement "General Veche", a series of collections "Voices from Russia", which became influential political force in Russia (where they were delivered secretly) and Europe (for example, J. Garibaldi, V. Hugo, J. Michelet published in the Bell). Ogarev gave a lot of effort to the publication Doom K.F. Ryleev, collections Russian hidden literature of the 19th century, Free Russian songs, assistance from the Bern printing house, which printed radically accusatory literature, the Heidelberg circle of advanced youth, participation in the development of a plan for Russian underground organization"Land and freedom".
Together with N.N. Obruchev in July 1861 Ogarev wrote a proclamation What do the people need? In a number of articles in Kolokol and Polar Star he criticizes the bourgeois parliamentarism of Europe and the capitalist processes in Europe and America. Populist utopias of Ogarev find expression in the apology of the Russian landed community and the social hopes placed on it. In 1865 Ogarev and Herzen moved to Switzerland, where at that time the center of Russian emigration moved. Unlike Herzen, who did not accept promiscuity in the means of the so-called. "young emigration", Ogarev is trying to establish contacts with her, incl. with the anarchist M.A. Bakunin and the terrorist-conspirator S.G. Nechaev, participating in his publication of the new Bell (1870).
From 1875 in England, where Ogarev, who was expelled by the Swiss government, settled with the “Englishwoman of a simple rank” Mary Sutherland, who in 1858 was raised by him from the London “bottom” and became his devoted friend until the end of his days, he became close to the famous revolutionary populist P. L. Lavrov, speaking in the latest periodic two-week review, Forward! with his own articles and selections of materials about Russia in the foreign press.
The poetic and journalistic work of Ogarev is an essential part of the history of Russian literature of the 19th century. His journalism included a treatise profession de foi (confession of faith, 1916), reflecting the deep religious quest of the young Ogarev, the socio-economic research of the late 1840s ( Article notes..., 1847, etc.), fiery accusatory articles and proclamations of the 1850–1870s Russian questions (1856–1858), Government orders (1858), Moscow Committee (1858–1859), On trial! (1859, together with Herzen), Analysis of the new serfdom(1861), as well as concept papers In memory of the artist(1859), dedicated to the fate of A.A. Ivanov, criticism of the theory of “art for art’s sake”, generated by the “epoch of social decline”, and calling on creative youth to reflect in their works “social suffering and all elements of living public life»; First answer and Second reply to an old friend(both 1869), defending, in the spirit of Bakunin's anarchism, the need for the total destruction of all existing institutions; The main foundations of the future social order(1870) and others.
Beginning in 1823 with elegiac poetry, in mature years Ogarev most clearly declared himself civil lyrics Nekrasov's incandescence and a wide social spectrum, often agitational and pathos, sometimes philosophical and meditative, sometimes sincerely nostalgic, invariably clear in thought and style, compositionally and rhythmically clearly organized, marked by a fusion of colloquial, characteristic of Russian democratic poetry of the 1860s–1870s, even folk-colloquial vocabulary and "newspaper" declamation (poems village watchman, 1840; Tavern, 1841; Road, set to music by the author, Izba, both 1842, etc., where types of rural losers are depicted with sympathy; On the death of a poet dedicated to A.S. Pushkin, 1837, publ. 1931 On the death of Lermontov, 1841, publ. 1937; became a soldier's song Prisoner, 1850, publ. 1869; freedom, 1858, became a revolutionary song; In memory of Ryleev, 1859; Mikhailov, 1862, the final part of which - "Shackled in glands, with a heavy chain" - also became a revolutionary song; In memory of Herzen, 1870, and imitating folk raeshnik and recitative The song of the Russian nanny at the bedside of the master child, Reflections of a Russian non-commissioned officer before the campaign, poems Goy guys, Russian people!, Oriental question in panorama, both 1869, etc.). Socially critical poems created in exile were distributed in Russia in lists ( Humor, 1840–1841, publ. 1857; Since then shores, Prison, both 1857; Stage officer's story, Matvey Radaev, 1859, in full 1866); partly incomplete, sometimes they broke up into fragments popular in the underground repertoire (the song of the Cossack from the poem Don, final lines poems oblivion and etc.).
The romantic poems of the first period of Ogarev's work are diverse in their philosophical orientation (from Saint-Simon to G.W.F. Hegel), often saturated with religious and mystical motives (“I saw you, aliens of distant lands”, 1838) and inspired by the search for absolute truth and justice, the metaphor of which for the poet is often Christianity (poems Jesus, Christian). In the reflective lyrics of the cycle Monologues(1844–1847), which provoked criticism from Belinsky, a supporter of active forms of protest, Ogarev creates the image of a lonely person suffering from a “Hamletism” complex, disbelief in his ability to change the world. Later in the poem Mister Ogarev exposed the type of "superfluous person" and the liberal in the nobility. The role of the poet-fighter, with which he entered literature, was also reflected in Ogarev's love lyrics, this kind of diary of "hidden love", often interspersed with civil thoughts ( To our holy and free union..., 1850–1852, etc.). Many everyday and landscape poetic sketches of Ogarev are sincere, conveying the dynamics of the author's mood with subtle musicality, the poet's late lyrics are marked by philosophical psychologism. Author of poetry cycles Memories childhood (1856–1861), Present and thoughts. Letters to Herzen(1863, publ. 1953) and others, satirical poems and epigrams, translations from G. Heine, Fr. Schlegel, unfinished dramatic scenes Confessions of a superfluous person.
Ogarev died after an epileptic seizure in Greenwich near London on May 31 (June 12), 1877; in 1966 the ashes were reburied in Moscow at the Novodevichy Cemetery.
(December 6 (November 24), 1813, St. Petersburg - June 12 (May 31), 1877, Greenwich, Great Britain),
poet, publicist, philosopher, politician. He came from an environment of noble landlord and bureaucratic nobility. He spent his childhood in the family estate of Old Aksheno, Insar district, Penza province (now the Republic of Mordovia). In 1820 the family moved to Moscow. N.P. Ogaryov was educated at home, teachers I.F. Volkov and V.P. Zapolsky attached him to liberal views. The circle of his reading included, K.F. Ryleev (lists of their forbidden poems were brought by the son of a friend of his father F. Levin), F. Schiller, Zh.Zh. Russo, J. Byron. In 1823 Ogaryov began to write elegiac poetry. By February 1826, the beginning of Ogaryov's friendship with A.I. Herzen, a distant relative. The uprising of the Decembrists had a decisive influence on the formation of their worldview. In the summer of 1827, on Sparrow Hills, they vowed to devote themselves to the struggle for the freedom of the people. In 1829 N.P. Ogaryov and A.I. Herzen entered Moscow University. Ogaryov becomes a volunteer in the Physics and Mathematics Department. Attending lectures at the verbal and moral-political (legal) department, in 1832 he became a full student of this department, at the same time, at the insistence of his father, he entered the Moscow archive of the College of Foreign Affairs. Ogaryov and Herzen came to Moscow University with a firm determination to establish a secret society here in order to continue the work of the Decembrists. Soon a circle of freedom-loving youth formed around them. In the summer of 1833, for collecting money in favor of the arrested members of the N.P. Sungurov, Ogaryov was placed under secret police supervision. In July 1834, he and his friends were arrested on charges of singing "libelous" poems defaming the royal family, but after 3 days he was released, then arrested again and subjected to nine months of solitary confinement. Memories of this time are reflected in his poem "Prison" (1857-1858). Sentenced to exile, N.P. Ogaryov in mid-April 1835 with a gendarmerie escort was taken to Penza under supervision local authorities and father's supervision. In May 1838, Ogaryov was allowed to travel from Penza to Pyatigorsk for treatment, which he later described in his autobiographical essay "Caucasian Waters" (1860-1861). In Pyatigorsk, Ogarev met the exiled Decembrists N.I. Lorer, V.N. Likharev, M.M. Naryshkin, A.E. Rosen, A.I. Odoevsky, with whom he became especially close. Ogaryov spoke about his admiration for the feat of the "people on December 14" in a number of his works. Among them are the poem “I saw you, aliens of distant lands ...” (1838) and the article “Analysis of the book of Korf” (first published in the collection “December 14 and Emperor Nicholas”. London, 1858).
After the death of his father (1838), Ogaryov inherited a large landowner's estate. In 1839, he began efforts to free the peasants of the village from serfdom. Upper Beloomut, Ryazan province. Following this, measures were planned to improve the peasant life in his Penza possessions. However, the work begun was interrupted by years of foreign wanderings (1841-1846). The trip was also undertaken with the aim of studying the "experience of Europe", the possibility of its application in Russia. Ogaryov visited Germany, Italy, France, Switzerland. Over the years, the poet has created many poetry. Among them is the poetic cycle "BuchderLiebe" ("The Book of Love"), dedicated to Evdokia Sukhovo-Kobylina.
From November 1846 N.P. Ogaryov lives in Old Akshen. AT next year, in the autumn of 1847, he examined and then acquired the Talsk stationery factory in the Karsun district of the Simbirsk province (now the Inza district). On the business of the bought factory, the poet began to visit here often, and after a while he completely moved to Prolomikha. In the Simbirsk province, an acquaintance with the composer V.N. Kashperov, M.N. Ostrovsky - the brother of the playwright, A.N. Tatarinov and others. Deciding to start implementing his socio-economic transformations here, Ogaryov equipped the factory with new imported machines, introduced passports for peasants, opened a school and a hospital. Activities N.P. Ogaryov to improve the lives of factory workers and peasants aroused the discontent of the surrounding landowners and, according to one of the denunciations, on the morning of February 24, 1850 (old style), he was arrested in Simbirsk on charges of "communism." In mid-March 1850, N.P. Ogaryov was released and, together with his wife N.A. Tuchkova returned to the Tal factory, where he stayed until the end of 1855. He was actively engaged in literary work, musical creativity, wrote dozens of journalistic and poetic works, made translations from German, French and English, corresponded with A.I. Herzen and others prominent people. N.P. Ogaryov again continued his transformative activities, but soon a turning point occurred in his mood - he became convinced of the futility of his social utopian experiments. As a result of unsuccessful financial transactions and fires, it went bankrupt, the factory ceased to exist.
At the beginning of 1856, N.P. Ogaryov leaves for London, where he begins to engage in intensive political activities professional revolutionary. On the pages of the almanac "Polar Star", published jointly with Herzen, N.P. Ogaryov publishes his poems, as well as articles about the burning problems of Russian life. In the same year, the publishing house K.T. Soldatenkov published the first collection of poems by the poet. On the initiative of N.P. Ogarev in 1857, the publication of Kolokol, the first Russian uncensored newspaper, was launched. The Kolokol was followed by the General Veche, an uncensored newspaper intended for the Russian peasantry. On the pages of these and other publications of the Free Printing House, Ogaryov published many dozens of journalistic articles, proclamations and poetic works. On the eve of the reforms of the 1860s, N.P. Ogarev actively participates in the creation of the first illegal party in Russia, Land and Freedom. The years of revolutionary emigration (1856-1877) were the most fruitful in literary activity Ogaryov. Especially the first decade. Over three hundred art and journalistic works was published by him at that time on the pages of "Polar Star", "Bell", "General Vech", in various collections of the Free Printing House. Through all the poetic work of Ogarev of the foreign period, the image of the motherland, Russia, passed.
About half a century continued artistic and creative and revolutionary activity N.P. Ogaryov. His poetry was a link between Pushkin and Lermontov, on the one hand, and Nekrasov and the poetry of revolutionary populism, on the other. In the 70s N.P. Ogaryov is gradually moving away from active political life. A serious illness often and for a long time chained him to bed. He lived in dire need, slowly fading away. N.P. Ogaryov died on June 12 (May 31), 1877 in the suburbs of London - Greenwich. After 89 years, in February 1966, the urn with the ashes of the poet was returned to his homeland and solemnly buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow. in the Zavolzhsky district of Ulyanovsk are named after the Russian revolutionary, poet, publicist, friend and ally of Herzen Nikolai Platonovich Ogaryov. On December 10, 2014, a city holiday dedicated to the naming of the Inza Intersettlement Central Library named after Nikolai Platonovich Ogaryov was held at the Zarya cinema in Inza.
Bibliography:
Blokhintsev A. N. House in Prolomikha// Monuments of the Fatherland: ill. alm. - M .: Monuments of the Fatherland. - 1998. - Issue. 41(5-6). : Ages over the Crown: in 2 hours : Part 1. - S. 141-144: ill. - (All Russia). - Simbirsk-Ulyanovsk-Simbirsk: 350 years.
Voloskova N. K. N. P. Ogaryov in Prolomikha// There is a raspberry region in Russia: to the 70th anniversary of the Inza district of the Ulyanovsk region. - Ulyanovsk, 1999. - S. 114-122.
Voronina N. I. Ogaryov and music. - Saransk: Muzzle. book. publishing house, 1981. - 176 p. : not., ill.
Gritsenko N.P.N.P. Ogaryov at the Tal factory in 1848-1855.: review archival materials// Local history notes / Ulyan. region local historian museum. - Ulyanovsk, 1953. - Issue. 1. - S. 181-203.
N. P. Ogaryov in the memoirs of his contemporaries/ intro. article, comp. S. S. Konkin; comments S. S. Konkina and L. S. Konkina. - M.: Artist. lit. 1989. - 543 p. : ill. - (A series of literary memoirs).
Reshetilova I. V. In the holy silence of memories: based on the materials of the lyrics and letters of Nikolai Ogaryov. - M.: Sovremennik, 1990. - 229, p.
Sudakova N. “I am full of music…”// Monomakh. - 2003. - No. 4. - S. 8-10: photo.
