Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (Azerbaijani Sovet Sosialist Respublikasi) - one of the republics Soviet Union. It existed from April 28, 1920 to August 30, 1991. The Azerbaijan SSR was formed on April 28, 1920 immediately after the fall of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. From March 12, 1922 to December 5, 1936, it was part of the Transcaucasian Federation, and from December 5, 1936, it entered directly into the USSR as a Union Republic. Location - in the southeastern part of Transcaucasia. It bordered in the north with the RSFSR (Dagestan ASSR), in the northwest with Georgian SSR, in the southwest with the Armenian SSR and Turkey, in the south with Iran ...
The Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (Azerbaijani Sovet Sosialist Respublikasi) is one of the republics of the Soviet Union. It existed from April 28, 1920 to August 30, 1991. The Azerbaijan SSR was formed on April 28, 1920 immediately after the fall of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. From March 12, 1922 to December 5, 1936, it was part of the Transcaucasian Federation, and from December 5, 1936, it entered directly into the USSR as a Union Republic. Location - in the southeastern part of Transcaucasia. It bordered in the north with the RSFSR (Dagestan ASSR), in the northwest with the Georgian SSR, in the southwest with the Armenian SSR and Turkey, in the south with Iran. In the east, it was washed by the Caspian Sea with an area of 86.6 thousand km², including the islands of the Caspian Sea (as a result of the fall in the level of the Caspian Sea, the territory of Azerbaijan increased over time by 3.5 thousand km²). Population 5042 thousand people. (as of January 1, 1969, estimate). The capital is Baku. The Azerbaijan SSR included the Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region. The republic was divided into 60 districts, had 57 cities (in 1913 there were 13), 119 urban-type settlements. In 1985, the policy of perestroika and democratization began in the Soviet Union, which led, in particular, to the weakening of the previously existing tight control of the central and party power in the country and the Soviet Union as a state as a whole. Since 1987, on the territory of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region of the Azerbaijan SSR (populated mainly by Armenians), on the basis of Armenian separatism, the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict smoldering in Soviet times begins to flare up. From the very beginning, the conflict was overshadowed by a wave of ethnic violence (the Sumgayit pogrom, which was a provocation by Armenian nationalists). At the same time, tensions constantly increased, there were dead and refugees from both sides. The consequence of this was Armenian pogroms in January 1990, which developed into an anti-Soviet uprising, coordinated by the Popular Front of Azerbaijan. The uprising was crushed by the Soviet army, however, despite this, since the spring of 1991, the conflict has turned into an open armed confrontation. After the August putsch on August 19-21, 1991, already on August 30, the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijan SSR proclaimed the independence of the republic.
Left to right, top to bottom:
Hamid Sultanov, Davud Huseynov;
Dr. M. Kadirli, Dadash Buniat-zade, Nariman Narimanov, Ali Heydar Karaev, Dr. Musabekov;
Agha Huseyn Kazimov, Samad Agamali oglu, Chingiz Ildrym, Jamil Vezirov.
In the spring of 1920, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR) experienced a government crisis. At the end of March, a group of socialists were arrested and accused of treason. In response, the parliamentary faction of the socialists declared no confidence in the cabinet of ministers of Usubbekov. After the faction of the Ittihad party joined the socialists, Usubbekov's government resigned (April 1, 1920).
The new cabinet was proposed to be formed by Mammad Hasan Hajinsky, who was previously the Minister of Internal Affairs and then the Minister of Trade and Industry in the previous government, who invited the Bolsheviks to form a left-wing coalition government. His negotiations with the communists lasted 20 days, but they refused to take part in the activities of the newly formed government. On April 22, M. Gadzhinsky announced his failure in an attempt to form a cabinet. Political crisis reached its climax.
Under these conditions, the Communist Party headed for an armed uprising. An emergency meeting of the Central Committee of the Azerbaijan Communist Party (Bolsheviks) held on April 26, together with the Baku Bureau of the Caucasian Regional Committee of the Party, outlined a plan to seize power. The Azerbaijani Provisional Revolutionary Committee (Azrevkom) was organized to lead the uprising. To avoid bloodshed, the Central Committee of the AKP (b) at the same meeting decided to present an ultimatum to the Musavat government to surrender power. At noon on April 27, a delegation of communists headed by Hamid Sultanov, on behalf of the Central Committee of the AKP (b), the Baku Bureau of the Caucasian Regional Committee of the RCP (b) and the Central Working Conference, delivered an ultimatum to surrender power within the next 12 hours. The ultimatum said:
Azerbaijani parliament and government.
The Central Committee of the Azerbaijan Communist Party, expressing the will of the Azerbaijani proletariat and the working peasantry, and in order to prevent bloodshed, considers it its duty to ultimatum to you the question of the immediate surrender of power to the Bolshevik Party.
On the night of April 26-27, troops of the 11th Red Army crossed the border to support the uprising, and a group of 4 armored trains with troops from two companies moved by rail to Baku. The military fleet of the ADR went over to the side of the rebels, the command of which was taken by the engineer Chingiz Ildrym, who at that time was the head of the port. The warships "Kars", "Ardagan" and "Astrabad" entered the bay and, under the muzzles of their guns, Ch. Ildrym also issued an ultimatum:
Government and Parliament of Azerbaijan.
Red Fleet of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Azerbaijan invites you to immediately surrender power to the Soviet Workers 'and Peasants' Government headed by Comrade. Narimanov. The Red Fleet in this case guarantees calmness and peace for the entire population of the city of Baku, without distinction of nationalities. The answer must be submitted with the receipt of this in (two) hours, otherwise fire will be opened.
Commander of the Red Fleet of Soviet Azerbaijan
engineer Ildrym.
April 27, 1920
Parliament was convened immediately. The meeting continued until deep night. At midnight, a parliamentary resolution was passed: the majority of all were against one abstention and one against, on the surrender of power to the Bolsheviks.
Thus, on the night of April 27-28, 1920, in Baku, without a single shot being fired, a bloodless armed uprising of the proletariat won and Soviet power was established. All completeness state power As a result of the coup, it passed into the hands of the Azerbaijan Provisional Revolutionary Committee, which proclaimed Azerbaijan an independent Soviet Socialist Republic.
The Azerbaijan Provisional Military Revolutionary Committee (Azrevkom) became the highest authorized body of power, consisting of: Nariman Narimanov (chairman), Mirza Davud Huseynov, Gazanfar Musabekov, Hamid Sultanov, Abid Alimov, Ali Heydar Karayev and Dadash Buniat-zade.
It was decided that the Azrevkom would exist until the convocation of the Congress of Soviets of Workers', Peasants' and Askers' Deputies.
On April 28, 1920, at a meeting of the Azrevkom, a government was approved - the Council of People's Commissars, in the following composition:
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars and People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs - Nariman Narimanov.
People's Commissar of Naval Affairs - Chingiz Ildrym.
People's Commissar of Internal Affairs - Hamid Sultanov.
People's Commissar of Labor and Justice - Ali Heydar Karayev.
People's Commissar for Agriculture, Trade, Industry and Food - Gazanfar Musabekov, board: Myachin, Yusup Melikov and Solovyov N.
People's Commissar of Finance - Mirza Davud Huseynov, his deputy - Tagiyev N. Kh.
People's Commissar of Education and state control- Dadash Buniat-zade.
People's Commissar of Posts, Telegraphs and Communications - Jamil Vezirov.
People's Commissar of Health and Charity - Abid Alimov, his deputy - Agha Huseyn Kazimov.
On May 1, 1920, the Commissariat of Agriculture stood out - Samad Agha Agamali oglu became People's Commissar for Agriculture, and the position of Commissar of the Oil Industry and Bulk Fleet was established as part of the Commissariat of Trade, Industry and Food.
On May 4, the People's Commissariat for Food, People's Commissar Gazanfar Musabekov, stood out.
On May 5-7, the Azrevkom partly outlined the first members of the presidium of the Azerbaijan Council of the National Economy, which marked the beginning of the creation of the Azsovnarkhoz, which gradually developed and covered all departments of the national economy and every industry, starting with handicraftsmen. At first, the Presidium of the Azovnarkhoz had at its disposal three specialist engineers and an office of six employees (the former industrial department of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Food of the ADR). The entire huge apparatus of this ministry with personnel, inventory, etc. remained in the People's Commissariat of Food, which was allocated on May 1.
After April 28, 1920, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Food turned into the People's Commissariat, and a few days later, with the formation of the People's Commissariat for Food, into the Azovnarkhoz, which radically changed the situation with the production and distribution of finished products. The beginning of planned production and distribution was laid, instead of the former spontaneous free market.
Solovyov N.
From the position of the Azrevkom on the Council of the National Economy of the Republic dated May 29, 1920.
Council of National Economy of Azerbaijan Soviet Republic is the highest economic institution in charge and organizing all production and distribution within the Azerbaijan Soviet Republic. As an economic body of the Azerbaijan Central Executive Committee (Azrevkom), it is responsible to it and the Council of People's Commissars of the Azerbaijan Soviet Republic. The Economic Council is in charge of: organizing and regulating all production and distribution (except food); direct management of state enterprises; organization of state procurement of raw materials and fuel; financing and reporting of enterprises and procurements.
To direct the daily work of the Economic Council and resolve individual specific issues, as well as to direct and guide all the national economic bodies of the republic, a presidium of the Council of the National Economy of 7-9 persons is elected, approved by a special committee. The chairman of the committee is elected from the presidium of the executive committee and enjoys the rights of a people's commissar.
In June-July, the following changes took place in the composition of the Council of People's Commissars.
Nariman Narimanov, former chairman of the Council of People's Commissars and People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, remained only chairman of the Council of People's Commissars.
Mirza Davud Huseynov, who was previously People's Commissar for Finance, became People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, and Tagiyev N. Kh., former Deputy People's Commissar, became People's Commissar for Finance.
Agha Huseyn Kazimov became People's Commissar for Health and Charity.
On April 28, 1920, the People's Commissariat of State Control, operating from the first day of the coup in Azerbaijan, was renamed the People's Commissariat of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspection on June 1, following the model of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspection in the RSFSR.
On June 12, 1920, Ali Heydar Karaev, who had previously been People's Commissar for Labor and Justice, was appointed acting People's Commissar for Naval Affairs. On June 21, he was confirmed in this position and held it until February 1, 1923.
Chingiz Ildrym, who until that time was the People's Commissar for the Sea of Defense, later became the head of the Auto-transport of the AzSSR.
Behbud Shakhtakhtinsky became People's Commissar of Justice.
At a meeting of the Azrevkom on November 10, 1920, under the chairmanship of N. Narimanov, a decision was made to reorganize the People's Commissariat of Labor and to separate the People's Commissariat from the People's Commissariat of Labor social security. M. N. Kadyrli (Israfilbekov) was approved by the People's Commissar for Social Security.
On November 27, 1920, the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade (People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade) of the Azerbaijan SSR was formed by transformation and merger - People's Commissar Teymur Aliyev.
On May 6, 1921, the First All-Azerbaijan Congress of Soviets began its work, which on May 19 unanimously adopted the Constitution of the Azerbaijan SSR.
According to the adopted Constitution, the Azerbaijan Congress of Soviets was the highest authority of the Azerbaijan Socialist Soviet Republic. Between the Congresses, the highest authority in the Republic is the Azerbaijan Central Executive Committee (AzCEC):
The AzCEC is the highest legislative, administrative and controlling body of the AzSSR. AzCEC gives general direction activities of the Workers' and Peasants' Government and all bodies Soviet power in the country, unites and harmonizes the work on legislation and administration and oversees the implementation of the Soviet constitution and the decisions of the Azerbaijan Congresses of Soviets and central authorities Soviet power.
The AzCEC forms the Council of People's Commissars for the general management of the affairs of the AzSSR and departments (People's Commissariats) for the management of individual branches of government.
The Council of People's Commissars owns the general administration of the affairs of the AzSSR.
AzCEC has the right to cancel or suspend any resolution or decision of the Council of People's Commissars. Members of the Council of People's Commissars are at the head of individual People's Commissariats.
17 People's Commissariats are formed, namely:
1. For Foreign Affairs,
2. For Military and Naval Affairs,
3. For Internal Affairs,
4. Justice,
5. Labor,
6. Social Security,
7. Enlightenment,
8. Post and Telegraph,
9. Finance,
10. Ways of Communication,
11. Agriculture,
12. foreign trade,
13. Food,
14. Council of the National Economy,
15. Health care,
16. Workers' and Peasants' Inspection,
17. Neftekom.
The Council of People's Commissars is fully responsible to the Azerbaijan Congress of Soviets and the AzCEC.
On May 21, 1921, at the 1st session of the Plenum of the Azerbaijan Central Executive Committee of Soviets of Workers', Peasants', Red Army and Sailors' Deputies, the following presidium of the AzCEC was elected from 9 members and 3 candidates: Hajiyev Mukhtar (chairman), Agamali oglu (deputy chairman), Huseynov Teymur ( secretary) and members: Narimanov Nariman, Karaev Ali Heydar, Kasumov Mir Bashir, Shahbazov Tagi, Pleshakov Mikhail Grigorievich and Konushkin.
Candidates were elected: Andreev, Sumbat Fatalizade and Mamedyarov M.
Then the AzCEC approved the Council of People's Commissars. The following were elected to the Council of People's Commissars of the Azerbaijan SSR:
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars comrade. Nariman Narimanov,
People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs and Chairman of the Supreme Economic Council Huseynov M. D.,
People's Commissar of the Military - Karaev Ali Heydar,
People's Commissar of Internal Affairs - Hamid Sultanov,
Narkomzem - Efendiev Soltan Majid,
People's Commissariat for Education - Buniat-zade Dadash (Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars),
People's Commissariat for Social Security - Kadyrli Movsum,
People's Commissariat of Health - Kazimov Agha Hussein,
Narkomrakrestin (Workers-Peasants Inspectorate) - Shakhtakhtinsky Behbud,
People's Commissariat of Justice - Chvanov,
Commissar of Labor - Mirzoyan L.,
Chairman of the Council of National Economy - Talybly Boyuk Aga M.,
People's Commissar - Vezirov Jamil,
Narkomfin - Tagiev N. Kh.
the chairman of Neftekom is Serebrovsky, the chairman of the AzChK is Bagirov Mir Jafar.
November 28, 1921 M. N. Kadyrli was appointed People's Commissar of Health of the Azerbaijan SSR and held this post until January 21, 1935. Agha Huseyn Kazimov became Deputy People's Commissar of Health.
Left to right, top to bottom:
military commissar of the AzSSR Vezirov Heydar Sadyk oglu, deputy chairman. WES of the AzSSR Gadzhi Kasumov Yu., People's Commissariat of Education Kuliyev Mustafa, People's Commissariat of Education Buniat-zade Dadash, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Azerbaijan SSR Musabekov Gazanfar, People's Commissar of Internal Affairs Bagirov Mir Jafar - no photo, authorized by the Zaknarkomfin Aliev Teimur, People's Commissar of Labor Vasily Krylov, Head of the Baksoviet Ivan Konushkin, Head of Oil Serebrovsky Alexander Pavlovich, People's Commissar of Health Kadirli Movsum, People's Commissar of the RCT and KK KPA Efendiev Soltan Mejid, People's Commissariat for Justice Talybly Boyuk Agha, People's Commissariat of Security Mamed "Yarov Mamed Mamedkuli oglu, Commissioner of the Zaknarkomvnutorg Bukreev Afanasy Nikolaevich
Literature.
1. Ismailov Eldar. Essays on the history of Azerbaijan. -M. 2010
2. Iskenderov M.S. From the history of the struggle of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan for the victory of Soviet power. -Baku. 1958
3. History of Azerbaijan. Volume 3, part 1. Pod. ed. ak. I.A. Huseynova, M.A. Dadashzade, A.S. Sumbatzade and others - Baku. 1963
4. Katibli M. Chingiz Ildrym. -Baku. 1964
5. Nariman Narimanov. Selected works. Volume 2. 1918-1921. -Baku. 1989
6. Azerbaijan Council of National Economy. Activity report for 1920 - Baku.
7. Constitution of the Azerbaijan Socialist Soviet Republic. - Baku. 1921
The Azerbaijan SSR was an order-bearing republic: it was awarded two Orders of Lenin (1935, 1964), the Order of the October Revolution (1970) and the Order of Friendship of Peoples (1972).
The problem of sovereignty
The first step towards the loss of independence was the creation in 1921 of the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (ZSFSR) and ended with the formation of the USSR on December 30, 1922. The Soviet-Russian jurist O. I. Chistyakov wrote the following:
Since 1922, we have been dominated by the American idea of combining the sovereignty of the Union with the sovereignty of its members. The construction is, strictly speaking, artificial. In theory, it seemed to be recognized that sovereignty is the independence of the state from any power inside and outside it. But if the union republics were members of the Union, obeyed its Constitution and other legislation, then what kind of independence could we talk about? In turn, the Union, limited in its rights by the competence of the union republics, can also hardly be considered completely independent. But this construction of sovereignty was enshrined in law, and therefore became indisputable.
Among Soviet jurists, there were two points of view on the problem of the sovereignty of the Union republics. Some believed that with the unification of the republics, each republic delegated to him a part of its rights and equally limited itself. S. L. Ronin, M. A. Kafarzade, Yu. G. Sudnitsyn, etc., adhered to the point of view on the restriction of rights. Nedbailo, etc.) shared the opinion about the unlimited or complete sovereignty of the union republic. G. Kh. Ryaboshapko, adhering to the point of view of unlimited sovereignty, appealed to the Treaty on the Formation of the USSR, the Constitution of the USSR of 1924, the Constitutions of the Union Republics adopted on its basis, as well as the Constitutions in force at that time, arguing that they do not contain indications of limiting the sovereignty of the Union republics. As for the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, which dealt with limiting the sovereignty of the union republics, it was considered as unsuccessfully edited, since here we should talk about delimiting the jurisdiction of the Union and union republics. A. Sh. Milman disagreed with this. He drew attention to the fact that according to the Constitution of the USSR of 1924, the sovereignty of the union republic is limited by the limits "specified in this constitution", and otherwise exercises state power independently. Moreover, the Constitution of the Azerbaijan SSR of 1921 (1925 edition) states that “The Azerbaijan SSR is a sovereign state. This sovereignty is limited only within the limits specified in the Basic Law of the USSR and in the Constitution of the TSFSR, and only in subjects that fall within the competence of these state entities " .
The possibility of entering into foreign policy relations, which is one of the manifestations of sovereignty, also looked contradictory. People's Commissariat for foreign affairs The Azerbaijan SSR lasted only a year (1920-1921) and was restored 23 years later, later becoming the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Azerbaijan SSR. Those authors who shared the opinion of unlimited sovereignty considered the unification in 1922 of the affairs of the foreign relations of the union republics to ensure the strengthening of their sovereignty. When the United Nations Organization (UN) was established, only two republics became one of its members, along with the USSR: the Ukrainian and Byelorussian SSR.
By 1991, Soviet Azerbaijan was one of the 15 union republics that together made up the Union SSR (USSR). Their history, however, was markedly different. The Byelorussian SSR originally emerged on the territory of the RSFSR as a Russian autonomy, while the Azerbaijan SSR was proclaimed independent state in the process of transfer of power by the previous government. The Ukrainian, Armenian and Georgian SSRs arose on the part of the territories that separated from the former empire, while the rest of the territory was controlled by national governments Georgia, Armenia and Ukraine. Moreover, all of these republics appeared before the formation of the USSR, while other union republics appeared during the years of the existence of the USSR (five Central Asian republics were separated from the RSFSR in the 1920s, and three Baltic states were annexed in 1940). There were reverse cases (the Karelian-Finnish SSR turned from a union republic into an autonomy of the RSFSR, and the Tuva People's Republic became part of the USSR not as a union republic, but as an autonomy of the RSFSR).
General information
The Azerbaijan SSR was formed on April 28 immediately after the fall of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. From March 12 to December 5, 1936, it was part of the Transcaucasian Federation, and from December 5, 1936, it entered directly into the USSR as a Union Republic. Location - in the southeastern part of Transcaucasia. It bordered in the north with the RSFSR (Dagestan ASSR), in the northwest with the Georgian SSR, in the southwest with the Armenian SSR and Turkey, in the south with Iran. In the east, it was washed by the Caspian Sea with an area of 86.6 thousand km², including the islands of the Caspian Sea. Population 5042 thousand people. (as of January 1, 1969, estimate). The capital is the city of Baku. since 1921, according to the Moscow Treaty, the Moscow Treaty (1921) was separated from Armenia and transferred to the newly minted Azerbaijan SSR, the Armenian - Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region. The republic was divided into 60 districts, had 57 cities (in 1913 there were 13), 119 urban-type settlements.
In 1985, the policy of perestroika and democratization began in the Soviet Union, which led, in particular, to the weakening of the previously existing tight control of the central and party power in the country and the Soviet Union as a state as a whole. Since 1987, on the territory of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region of the Azerbaijan SSR (populated mainly by Armenians), on the basis of pogroms in Baku and Sumgayit of the Armenian population (Sumgayit pogrom), the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict smoldering in Soviet times begins to flare up. From the very beginning, the conflict was overshadowed by a wave of ethnic violence (the Sumgayit pogrom). At the same time, tensions constantly increased, there were dead and refugees from both sides. This resulted in the January 1990 Armenian pogroms, which escalated into an anti-Soviet uprising coordinated by the Popular Front of Azerbaijan. The uprising was crushed by the Soviet army, however, despite this, since the spring of 1991, the conflict has turned into an open armed confrontation.
On February 5, 1991, the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijan SSR adopts a law on changing the name of the republic to "Azerbaijan Republic", which did not comply with Article 71 of the USSR Constitution.
The Republic of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan SSR) formally remained part of the USSR until its collapse on December 26, 1991, since the procedures provided for by the USSR Law “On the procedure for resolving issues related to the withdrawal of a union republic from the USSR” dated April 3, 1990 were not followed.
Political system
From the first days of the establishment of Soviet power in cities and districts, local authorities began to be created - rural, district and district revolutionary committees (revolutionary committees). M. D. Bagirov, who headed Azerbaijan for 20 years (from 1933 to 1953), wrote about revolutionary committees: “These were the first contours, still vaguely defined, pale, incorrect - of the new building of the Soviet system ...” .
The District Revolutionary Committee included the chairman, his deputy, the secretary of the committee, the head of the political department of the revolutionary committee and the military commissar, who were approved by Azrevkom. On the proposal of the district revolutionary committees, the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Azerbaijan SSR approved the members of the district revolutionary committee (the chairman and two members), and already on the proposal of the district revolutionary committees, the district revolutionary committee approved the composition of the rural revolutionary committee (chairman and two members), which were created in villages where there were at least 300 inhabitants . For example, in the Baku district, 4 precinct and 68 rural revolutionary committees were created.
Each of the local authorities carried out its activities on the ground in accordance with its competencies. The activities of district and rural revolutionary committees were led by the District Revolutionary Committee, which had departments for various branches of work. So, the Cuban Revolutionary Committee in June 1920 had departments of administration, communal, food, health, finance, land, social security, etc.. Structural units also existed in the composition of district revolutionary committees: departments of management (administrative), public education, land, supply and military. Own departments were absent only in the rural revolutionary committee, but if necessary, he was given the right to create commissions to assist in resolving economic issues.
The first Constitution of Azerbaijan, adopted at the 1st All-Azerbaijan Congress of Soviets on May 19, 1921, established next system the highest bodies of state power: the Azerbaijan Congress of Soviets, the Azerbaijan Central Executive Committee (azerb.) Russian(AzCEC) and its Presidium.
The Azerbaijan Congress of Soviets held the highest power in Azerbaijan. At least twice a year, it was convened by the AzCEC. The Congress included representatives of all city councils (the ratio is 1 deputy per 1,000 voters) and county congresses of Soviets (the ratio is 1 deputy per 5,000 voters). A total of 8 Congresses of Soviets were held, and the IX was an Extraordinary Congress
The AzCEC itself was elected at the Azerbaijan Congress of Soviets, moreover, from the delegates of the Congress, and was subordinate to it. AzCEC was located at 11/13 Kommunisticheskaya Street on the 2nd floor. It was headed by the Chairman, who was elected at the first meeting of each new convocation of the AzCEC for the term of office of the AzCEC itself. Together with him, the deputy chairman and secretary of the AzCEC were elected. His strength was determined by the Constitution with no more than 75 members and 25 candidates, but in the future it expanded with each successive Congress. If the I All-Azerbaijan Congress of Soviets elected 75 members and 25 candidates to the AzCEC, then the II Congress - 95 members and 35 candidates, the III Congress - 115 members and 37 candidates, the IV Congress - 159 members and 27 candidates.
At the initiative of its Presidium, the AzCEC met once every two months for sessional meetings, and in the period between sessions supreme body power was the Presidium of the AzCEC.
The system of Congresses of Soviets, when several bodies of state power and administration carried out legislative activities, was abolished by the Constitution of the Azerbaijan SSR of 1937, which established the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijan SSR as the only legislature republics. As a collegial head of state (formally), he existed until 1991, until he adopted the Declaration "On the restoration of the state independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan" and introduced the position of president. On October 30, 1991, the Supreme Council decided to transfer part of its powers to the National Assembly (Milli Majlis).
The term of office of the Supreme Council under the Constitution of 1937 (as of 1966) lasted 4 years, and under the Constitution of 1978 - 5 years. It consisted of 450 deputies in accordance with the Basic Law of 1978. Throughout history, there were 12 convocations of the Supreme Council: I-IV convocation - 310, V convocation - 325, VI convocation - 345, VII convocation - 380, VIII convocation - 385, IX convocation - 400, X-XI convocations - 450 deputies
The Supreme Council at the first session of the next convocation formed the Council of Ministers (government). The selection of its composition was carried out by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, and the candidates were approved by the Supreme Council. The residential building of the Baksovet (architects S. Dadashev and M. Useynov) served as the building of the Council of Ministers, as well as the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Azerbaijan SSR.
President of the Azerbaijan SSR (1991)
In May 1991, with the consent of the Advisory Council, the Supreme Council unanimously elected the only candidate - the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Azerbaijan SSR A. Mutalibov - the first president of the republic. After the adoption of the "Declaration on the Restoration of the State Independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan" on August 30 and despite the protests of the opposition Popular Front of Azerbaijan, the first presidential elections were held on September 8, which were won by Mutalibov.
Political parties
Political power in the USSR and its republics actually belonged to the party. For all the years of the existence of Soviet Azerbaijan, the Communist Party of Azerbaijan (the so-called one-party regime) had a monopoly on power in the republic, which was part of the CPSU (b) / CPSU with other republican Communist Parties (except for the RSFSR, which formed its own Communist Party only in 1990). The head of the party apparatus (first secretary of the Central Committee) was the de facto leader of the republic. The first multi-party elections in the Azerbaijan SSR were held in the fall of 1990, which were won by the Communist Party of Azerbaijan.
Communist Party of Azerbaijan SSR
Azerbaijan Communist Party (Bolsheviks) or abbreviated AKP(b) It was formed on February 11, 1920 at the illegal First Congress of Communist Organizations of Azerbaijan in Baku by the merger of three socialist organizations: Gummet, Adalat and the Baku Committee of the RCP (b). The main core of the newly formed party was the Baku Bolshevik Organization. The party existed for 71 years and at its Extraordinary Congress, held on September 10, 1991, dissolved itself.
All three of these organizations were social democratic in origin. The Baku Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Baku Committee of the RSDLP) was created in the spring of 1901 by the leading center of the Baku revolutionary social democrats and took the position of a prominent revolutionary figure of the 20th century V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin) and the Iskra newspaper. At the II Congress of the RSDLP in 1903, the party split into two factions: the Bolsheviks (led by Lenin) and the Mensheviks (led by Martov). The split persisted until 1917, when the two factions finally separated and became independent parties in the form of the RSDLP (b) and simply the RSDLP. After changing its name to the Communist Party, the Baku Committee of the RSDLP(b) will become the Baku Committee of the RCP(b).
The activity of the Gummet (Energy) organization dates back to October 1904. According to the opinion established in historiography, Gummet created the Baku Committee of the RSDLP as its branch and this organization was not independent (S. M. Efendiev wrote that it was organically connected with the Baku Committee of the RSDLP and at the same time enjoyed autonomy). But foreign researchers saw in the creation of "Gummet" a peculiar phenomenon of Russian social democracy, in which Marxism was combined with Turkic nationalism and which independently existed from the RSDLP. The problem of Gummet's independence in the Khrushchev era caused controversy between scientists in Baku and Moscow, in particular around the fundamental monograph "History of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan" (1958). If the head of the department of the Transcaucasian Higher Party School, Professor P. N. Valuev criticized the presentation of Gummet as an independent party of Azerbaijani communists, then Azerbaijani scientists strongly objected to attempts to unfairly belittle the role of Gummet. In the post-Soviet period, one of the Azerbaijani researchers, I. Bagirova, came to the conclusion that the initiative to create Gummet belonged to a group of Azerbaijani democratic intellectuals. As for the Adalat party, it was founded in 1916 in Baku by Iranian immigrants.
If by its I illegal congress in 1920 the membership of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan was about 4 thousand people, then after 59 years, by January 1, 1979, it reached 313,742 people (300,786 members and 12,956 candidate members). For comparison, the New Azerbaijan party, ruling in present-day Azerbaijan (since 1993), has reached 725,000 people in just 25 years (by 2018).
AT social relations by January 1, 1924, workers in the party accounted for 30.4%, almost a third of peasants, and employees and others - 41.4%. If at the beginning of 1966 the share of workers reached 33.5%, then by the beginning of 1979 it had increased to 42.2%, while the share of peasants was a quarter with a little, and employees and others over the years decreased from 42.6 % to 37.1%. At the same time, it is worth noting that in the first years after the formation, more than half of the communists (56.8%) were in rural areas, but with the growth of industrialization, this ratio changed in favor of the city.
As for the national composition, in 1921 the share of Azerbaijanis in the Communist Party of the Azerbaijan SSR was 42.2%. Later this share increased. As of January 1, 1979, the Communist Party consisted of 72.9% Azerbaijanis, 10.8% - Armenians, 2.6% - Lezgins, 1.1% - Jews, as well as others.
At the birth of the AKP(b), it had its own main body- The Central Committee (CC), a body of political leadership from the members of the Central Committee (Politburo), the Orgburo. At the initial stage, the network of party bodies of the Communist Party of the Republic consisted of Baku and 16 county committees. This was the case with the entire VKP(b) // CPSU. The leading position of the organizational and technical apparatus of the all-Union party - the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks - in 1922 becomes the general secretary (general secretary), which is occupied by Stalin. Over the next decades, in the CPSU (b) // CPSU, structural changes. The Central Committee (CC) began to play the role of "intra-party parliament", the role of the executive body of the party was transferred to the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, and the activities of the Organizing Bureau merged with the Secretariat. By the end of the 1920s, Stalin had concentrated such significant personal power in his hands that the position became associated with the highest position in the party leadership, although the Charter of the CPSU (b) did not provide for its existence. The system laid down by Stalin, the defeated oppositionists will call the "dictatorship of the secretariat" (Bukharin will call it the "secretary regime"). At the head of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan was the First Secretary. In the days of L. I. Brezhnev, at the level of the Central Committee of the Communist Parties of the republics, there was a principle that the secretary for ideology is the second secretary, followed by the secretary for industry (thus, he, as it were, was the third secretary).
The party system has embraced various aspects of life, including the younger generation. In July 1920, the First Congress of the Komsomol of the Azerbaijan SSR (Azerbaijan Komsomol, that is, the Leninist Communist Youth Union of Azerbaijan), established in 1918 (as the "Union of International Working Youth of Baku and its regions"), was held. Its strength as of January 1, 1975 amounted to 619,258 people, while specific gravity Azerbaijanis in 1974 was 74.4%. About the struggle of the Komsomol youth for Soviet power, the poet Samed Vurgun wrote an epic Komsomol poem, based on which the film “My Seven Sons” was shot at the Azerbaijanfilm studio. On the initiative of the Komsomol cells, from the second half of 1922, pioneer detachments began to be created in the republic, especially in Baku. The Baku Higher Party School (now the Academy of Public Administration under the President of Azerbaijan) was located in Baku.
Popular Front of Azerbaijan
The activities of the Popular Front of Azerbaijan (PFA) began with the "Club of Baku Scientists" from among young liberals (Z. Alizade, L. Yunusova, T. Gasimova, H. Hajizade, I. Gambarov, E. Mammadova). Organized by them in the summer of 1988, the Initiative Group for the Creation of the NFA merged in late February - early March 1989 with the organization of N. Panahov "Varlyg", but soon the oriental scholar A. Aliyev (Elchibey), who was not associated with them, came to the fore. At the III conference of the PFA in January 1990, the liberal part of this organization separated. The liberal leaders (Z. Alizade and L. Yunusova) created the Social Democratic Group, which served as the basis for the Social Democratic Party of Azerbaijan.
Social Democratic Party of Azerbaijan
The Social Democratic Party of Azerbaijan was registered in 1990 and became the first officially registered party in the Azerbaijan SSR. Its chairman Araz Alizade was elected to the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan in 1991.
Administrative device
The Azerbaijan SSR was, according to the Constitution, "a socialist state of workers and peasants, a union Soviet socialist republic, which is part of USSR". The highest body of state power is the unicameral Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijan SSR, elected for 4 years according to the norm: 1 deputy from 12.5 thousand inhabitants. During the period between sessions of the Supreme Soviet, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijan SSR was the highest body of state power. The Supreme Council formed the government of the republic - the Council of Ministers, adopted the laws of the Azerbaijan SSR, etc. Local authorities in the regions, cities, towns and villages, as well as in the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region, were the corresponding Councils of Workers' Deputies, elected by the population for 2 years. In the Council of Nationalities of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Azerbaijan SSR was represented by 32 deputies (in addition, the Nakhichevan ASSR and the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which are part of Azerbaijan, were represented in the Council of Nationalities by 11 and 5 deputies, respectively).
Supreme judicial authority According to the Constitution, the Azerbaijan SSR was the Supreme Court of the Republic, elected by the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijan SSR for a term of 5 years, acted as part of 2 judicial boards (for civil cases and criminal cases) and the Plenum. In addition, the Presidium of the Supreme Court was formed. The prosecutor of the Azerbaijan SSR, as well as the prosecutors of the Nakhichevan ASSR and the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region, were appointed by the Prosecutor General of the USSR for a period of 5 years.
Economy
Military establishment
culture
Social and ethical ideal
In 1961, at the XXII Congress of the CPSU, the “Moral Code of the Builder of Communism” was formulated. He held the ideal Soviet society. The text of the code included 12 points:
art
After the establishment of Soviet power in Azerbaijan in
Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
The Azerbaijan SSR (Azerbaijan) is located in the eastern part of Transcaucasia. It borders on the south with Iran and Turkey. In the east it is washed by the Caspian Sea. Area 86.6 thousand sq. km 2. Population 5689 thousand people. (as of January 1, 1976). National composition(according to the 1970 census, thousand people): 3777 Azerbaijanis, 510 Russians, 484 Armenians, 137 Lezgins, etc. The average population density is 65.7 people. for 1 km 2(as of January 1, 1976). The capital is Baku (1406 thousand inhabitants as of January 1, 1976). The largest city is Kirovabad (211 thousand inhabitants). New cities have grown: Sumgait (168 thousand inhabitants), Mingechaur, Stepanakert, Ali-Bayramly, Dashkesan, etc. The Azerbaijan SSR includes the Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region. There are 61 districts, 60 cities and 125 urban-type settlements in the republic.
Nature. Almost 1/2 of the territory of the Azerbaijan SSR is occupied by mountains. Us. - southeastern part the Greater Caucasus, in the south - the Lesser Caucasus, between which the Kura depression is located; to the south-east - Talysh mountains, in the south-west. (separated territory of the Armenian SSR) - the Middle Araks basin and its northern mountainous frame - the Daralagez (Ayots Dzor) and Zangezur ridges. The highest point is the city of Bazarduzu (4480 m). Minerals: oil, gas, iron and polymetallic ores, alunite. The climate and land cover are characterized by altitudinal zonality. The climate varies from dry and humid subtropical to the climate of upland tundra. In lowland areas, the average temperature in July is 25-28 °С, in January from 3 °С to 1.5-2 °С, the temperatures drop above (up to -10 °С in the highlands). Precipitation from 200-300 mm in year in coastal and lowland areas (excluding the Lankaran lowland - 1200-1400 mm) up to 1300 mm on the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus. The main river is the Kura. The most significant lakes are Hajikabul and Boyukshor. The vegetation of dry steppes, semi-deserts and alpine meadows prevails in various types chestnut, brown, serozem and mountain-meadow soils. On the slopes of the mountains - broad-leaved forests on mountain-forest soils; forests occupy 11% of the territory
History reference. class society on the territory of Azerbaijan arose at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. e. From the 9th century BC e. existed ancient states: Mana, Mussel, Atropatena, Caucasian Albania. In the 3-10 centuries. n. e. the territory was under the rule of the Iranian Sassanids and Arab Caliphate; this period includes anti-feudal, liberation actions (anti-Sasanian uprisings, the Mazdakit movement, the Babek uprising). By the 9th-16th centuries. include the feudal states of the Shirvanshahs, Hulagunds, and others. In the 11-13 centuries. the Azerbaijani people were mainly formed. In the 11th-14th centuries. there were invasions of the Seljuk Turks, Mongol-Tatars, Timur. In the 16-18 centuries. territory within the Safavid state; was the object of a struggle between Iran and Turkey; people's liberation movement (Ker-ogly and others). From the middle of the 18th century there were over 15 feudal states (Sheki, Karabakh, Quba khanates, etc.). In the 1st third of the 19th century. Northern Azerbaijan is annexed to Russia. Peasant reform 1870 accelerated the development of capitalism; by the end of the 19th century. Baku is the largest industrial centre; the first social-democratic organizations appeared; the working class waged a strike struggle (the Baku strikes). The working people participated in the Revolution of 1905-07, February Revolution 1917 and Great October socialist revolution. Soviet power was established in November 1917; the Baku Commune was formed, a stronghold of Soviet power in Transcaucasia. Anglo-Turkish intervention began in the summer of 1918, and Musavatists seized power. With the help of the Red Army, the working people restored Soviet power. On April 28, 1920, the Azerbaijani SSR was proclaimed, which from March 12, 1922 was part of the TSFSR, from December 5, 1936, directly into the USSR as a union republic. As a result of the industrialization, the collectivization of agriculture and the cultural revolution carried out under the leadership of the Communist Party, a largely socialist society was built in the republic.
During the Great Patriotic War, the Azerbaijani people mobilized all forces to repel fascist aggression.
As of January 1, 1976, the Communist Party of Azerbaijan had 276,508 members and 11,315 candidate members of the party; there were 647,315 members in the ranks of the Leninist Communist Youth Union of Azerbaijan; there are over 1657.1 thousand members of trade unions in the republic.
The people of Azerbaijan, together with all the fraternal peoples of the USSR, achieved new successes in communist construction in the post-war decades.
The Azerbaijan SSR was awarded 2 Orders of Lenin (1935, 1964), the Order October revolution(1970) and the Order of Friendship of Peoples (1972).
Economy. During the years of socialist construction, Azerbaijan became an industrial-agrarian republic. In the national economy of the USSR, Azerbaijan stands out for oil, oil refining and related industries. chemical industry as well as mechanical engineering.
Azerbaijan has developed economic ties with all the union republics.
In 1975, the volume of industrial output exceeded the 1940 level by 8.3 times, and the 1913 level by 49 times.
On the production of the most important types of industrial products, see the data in Table. one.
Tab. 1. - Production of the most important types of industrial products
| Oil (including gas condensate), mln. t | |||
| Gas, mln. m 3 | |||
| Electricity, bln. kWh | |||
| Iron ore, thousand t | |||
| Steel, thous. t | |||
| Rolled ferrous metals (finished), thous. t | |||
| Sulfuric acid in monohydrate, thous. t | |||
| Mineral fertilizers (in standard units), thous. t | |||
| Pumping units, thousand pieces | |||
| Downhole pumps, thous. | |||
| Cement, thous. t | |||
| Cotton fiber, thous. t | |||
| Cotton fabrics, mln. m | |||
| Woolen fabrics, mln. m | |||
| Silk fabrics, mln. m | |||
| Leather shoes, million pairs | |||
| Catch of fish, harvest of sea animals, thous. t | |||
| Canned food, mln conditional cans | |||
| Grape wine, thous. gave* | |||
| Meat, thous. t |
* Without wine, refinement and bottling of which are carried out on the territory of other republics.
90% of electricity is produced at thermal power plants, of which the largest is Ali-Bayramli GRES (1100 MW). Under construction (1977) Azerbaijan State District Power Plant. Azerbaijan is the oldest region in the USSR in terms of oil production (produced on the Absheron Peninsula, in the Kura-Araks lowland, in offshore fields) and gas. The oil refining and petrochemical industries, mechanical engineering, non-ferrous metallurgy, light and food industry.
Gross agricultural output in 1975 increased by 3.5 times compared to 1940. At the end of 1975 there were 496 state farms and 873 collective farms. In 1975, 30,800 tractors worked in agriculture (in physical units; 6.1 thousand in 1940), 4.4 thousand grain harvesters (0.7 thousand in 1940), 22.1 thousand trucks. Agricultural land in 1975 amounted to 4.1 million hectares. ha(47.1% of the entire territory), including arable land - 1.4 million hectares. ha, hayfields - 0.1 million ha and pastures - 2 million. ha. Importance for agriculture has irrigation. The area of irrigated land in 1975 reached 1,141,000 hectares. ha. The largest channels are: Upper Shirvan, Upper Karabakh and Samur-Absheron. Agricultural production accounts for 65% of the total agricultural output (1975). Data on sown areas and gross harvest of agricultural crops, see Table. 2.
Tab. 2. - Cultivated area and gross harvest of agricultural crops
| Total sown area, thous. ha | |||
| Cereal crops | |||
| Including: | |||
| corn (grain) | |||
| Industrial crops | |||
| Including: | |||
| cotton | |||
| Potato | |||
| Forage crops | |||
| Gross collection, thous. t | |||
| Grain crops, thous. t | |||
| Including: wheat | |||
| corn (for grain) | |||
| Raw cotton | |||
| Potato | |||
One of the leading branches of agriculture - cotton growing, provides more than 30% of the proceeds from the sale of agricultural products of collective farms and state farms. High quality varieties of tobacco are grown. The Azerbaijan SSR is one of the all-Union bases for early vegetable growing. Vineyard area - 178 thousand hectares ha in 1975 (33 thousand people) ha in 1940), fruit and berry plantations - 147 thousand hectares. ha(37 thousand ha in 1940), tea plantations - 8.5 thousand hectares. ha(5.1 thousand ha in 1940). Gross grape harvest - 706 thousand tons t in 1975 (81 thousand t in 1940), fruits and berries - 151.9 thousand. t(115 thousand t in 1940), tea - 13.1 thousand tons. t(0.24 thous. t in 1940).
An important place in agriculture is occupied by animal husbandry of the meat-wool and meat-and-dairy directions (see Table 3). It gives 15% of the proceeds from the sale of agricultural products of collective farms and state farms. On the growth of livestock production, see the data in Table. 4.
| Cattle | |||
| including cows and buffaloes | |||
| Sheep and goats | |||
| Bird, million |
Tab. 4. - Production of basic livestock products
| Meat (in slaughter weight), thous. t | |||
| Milk, thous. t | |||
| Eggs, mln. | |||
| Wool, thousand t |
The main mode of transport is rail. The operational length of railways is 1.85 thousand km. km. The length of roads is 22 thousand km. km(1975), including hard-surfaced 14.7 thous. km. The major port is Baku. Navigable river routes 0.5 thousand km. Developed air transport. Oil pipelines operate: Baku - Batumi, Ali-Bayramli - Baku; gas pipelines: Karadag - Akstafa with branches to Yerevan and Tbilisi, Karadag - Sumgayit, Ali-Bayramli - Karadag.
The standard of living of the population of the republic is steadily rising. The national income for 1966-75 increased 1.8 times. Real income per capita in 1975 compared with 1965 increased by 1.5 times. Retail turnover of state and cooperative trade (including public catering) increased from 297 million rubles. in 1940 to 2757 million rubles. in 1975, while the turnover per capita - 4 times. The amount of deposits in savings banks in 1975 reached 896 million rubles. (8 million rubles in 1940), the average size deposit - 941 rubles. (26 rubles in 1940). At the end of 1975, the city's housing stock amounted to 28.5 million sq. m 2 total (usable) area. During 1971-75, 6.9 million tons were put into operation at the expense of the state, collective farms and the population. m 2 total (usable) area.
Cultural building. According to the 1897 census, 9.2% of the population was literate, among men - 13.1%, among women - 4.2%. In 1914/15 school. There were 976 general education schools of all kinds (73.1 thousand students), 3 secondary specialized educational institutions (455 students), there were no higher educational institutions. After the establishment of Soviet power, a new school with teaching at mother tongue. By 1939, the literacy of the population had risen to 82.8%; according to the 1970 census, it reached 99.6%. In 1975, 127,000 children were being brought up in permanent preschool institutions.
In 1975/76 school. in 4618 general education schools 1656 thousand students of all types studied, in 125 vocational educational institutions - 63.3 thousand students (including in 49 vocational educational institutions providing secondary education - 30.9 thousand students), in 78 secondary specialized educational institutions - 72.3 thousand students, in 17 universities - 99.0 thousand students. Largest universities: Azerbaijan University, Azerbaijan Institute of Oil and Chemistry, Azerbaijan medical institute, conservatory.
In 1975, there were 775 people per 1,000 people employed in the national economy. with higher and secondary (complete and incomplete) education (in 1939 - 122 people). The leading scientific institution of the republic is the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR. As of January 1, 1976, 21,300 researchers were working in scientific institutions.
The network of cultural institutions has received significant development. On January 1, 1975, there were: 14 theaters, including the Azerbaijan Opera and Ballet Theater named after. M. F. Akhundov, Azerbaijan Drama Theater named after. M. Azizbekova, Russian Drama Theater. S. Vurgun, Theater of the Young Spectator. M. Gorky, Theater of Musical Comedy. Sh. Kurbanov, Azerbaijan Drama Theatre. J. Jabarli; 2.2 thousand stationary cinema installations; 2806 club institutions. The largest republican library: The State Library of the Azerbaijan SSR. M. F. Akhundov in Baku (founded in 1923, over 3 million copies of books, brochures, magazines, etc.); had: 3479 public libraries(26.7 million copies of books and magazines), 41 museums.
In 1975, 1,156 titles of books and pamphlets were published with a circulation of 11.3 million copies, including 799 titles in Azerbaijani with a circulation of 9.1 million copies. (1141 titles with a circulation of 4974 thousand copies in 1940). 123 journal publications were published (one-time circulation 1771 thousand copies, annual circulation 34.8 million copies), including 71 publications in the Azerbaijani language (44 publications with an annual circulation of 722 thousand copies in 1940). 117 newspapers were published. The total one-time circulation of newspapers is 2711 thousand copies, the annual circulation is 519 million copies.
The Azerbaijan Telegraph Agency (AzTAG) was established in 1920, since 1972 - Azerinform. The Republican Book Chamber has been operating since 1925. The first radio broadcasts began in Baku in 1926. In 1956, the Baku Television Center went into operation. Radio and TV programs are conducted in Azerbaijani, Russian and Armenian.
In the republic in 1975 there were 748 hospitals with 54,800 beds (222 hospitals with 12,600 beds in 1940); 16,500 doctors and 46,500 paramedical personnel worked (3,300 doctors and 7,500 paramedical personnel in 1940). Popular balneological resorts: Istisu, Naftalan and etc.
Nakhichevan ASSR
The Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed on February 9, 1924. It is located in the south of Transcaucasia. It borders on the southwest. with Turkey and Iran. Area 5.5 thousand sq. km 2. Population 227 thousand people. (as of January 1, 1976). National composition (according to the 1970 census, thousand people): 190 Azerbaijanis, 6 Armenians, 4 Russians, etc. The average population density is 41.2 people. for 1 km 2(as of January 1, 1976). The capital is the city of Nakhichevan.
In 1975 the volume of industrial output exceeded the level of 1940 by 12 times. The food and mining industries stand out. There is an electrical engineering, metalworking, woodworking industry, production of building materials.
In 1975 there were 24 state farms and 49 collective farms. Agriculture is dominated by irrigated agriculture. The sown area of all agricultural crops in 1975 amounted to 40,000 ha. ha. Cotton, tobacco and vegetables are cultivated. Horticulture and viticulture are developed. Breed mainly sheep and cattle. Livestock (as of January 1, 1976, thousand): cattle 61, sheep and goats 312.
In 1975/76 school. in 225 general education schools of all types, 71.9 thousand students studied (before the establishment of Soviet power, 6.2 thousand students studied in general education schools), in 3 vocational schools - 1.1 thousand students (in 1 secondary vocational school - 600 students), in 4 secondary specialized educational institutions - 1.5 thousand students, in pedagogical institute in Nakhichevan - 2.1 thousand students (before the establishment of Soviet power, there were no secondary specialized and higher educational institutions).
In 1975, there were 773 people per 1,000 people employed in the national economy. with higher and secondary (complete or incomplete) education.
Among the scientific institutions is the Scientific Center of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR in Nakhichevan.
In 1975 there were: 1 theatre, 238 public libraries, 3 museums, 218 club institutions, 180 stationary film installations.
In 1975, 0.4 thousand doctors worked in the Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, that is, 1 doctor per 608 inhabitants. (58 doctors, i.e. 1 doctor per 2.3 thousand inhabitants, in 1940); there were 2.1 thousand hospital beds (0.4 thousand beds in 1940).
The Nakhichevan ASSR was awarded the Order of Lenin (1967), the Order of Friendship of Peoples (1972) and the Order of the October Revolution (1974).
Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region
The Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region was formed on July 7, 1923. It is located in the southeastern part of the Lesser Caucasus. Area 4.4 thousand sq. km 2. Population 156 thousand people. (as of January 1, 1976). The average population density is 35.4 people. for 1 km 2. Center - Stepanakert.
In 1975 the volume of industrial output exceeded the level of 1940 by 11 times. The most developed food and light industry. The new industry is electrical engineering. There is a timber, woodworking industry, production of building materials. Carpet weaving. In 1975 there were 18 state farms and 64 collective farms. The sown area of all agricultural crops in 1975 amounted to 63.1 thousand ha. ha. Cereals, cotton, tobacco, fodder crops are cultivated. Viticulture and fruit growing are developed. Animal husbandry of meat and dairy and meat and wool direction. Livestock (as of January 1, 1975, thousand): cattle 86.8, sheep and goats 290.2, pigs 69.1.
In 1975/76 school. more than 42 thousand students studied in 205 general education schools of all types, more than 1.6 thousand students studied in 4 vocational educational institutions, more than 1.8 thousand students studied in 5 secondary specialized educational institutions, at the Pedagogical Institute in Stepanakert - 1.6 thousand students. Among the scientific institutions: Karabakh Scientific-Experimental Base of the Institute of Genetics and Breeding of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR.
In 1975 there were: 1 theatre, 188 public libraries, 3 museums, 222 clubs, 188 stationary film installations.
In 1975 there were 312 doctors, that is, 1 doctor for every 499 inhabitants; there were 1.6 thousand hospital beds.
The Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region was awarded the Order of Lenin (1967) and the Order of Friendship of Peoples (1972).
AZERBAIJANIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC- Union Soviet Socialist Republic.
The Soviet Republic of Azerbaijan was founded on April 28, 1920. From March 12, 1922 to December 5, 1936, it was part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic; On December 5, 1936, it became part of the USSR as an independent union republic. It is located in the southeastern part of Transcaucasia. Territory - 86.6 thousand km 2. The population is 5421 thousand people (as of January 1, 1973). The average population density is 62.6 people per 1 km2. The main population is Azerbaijanis (73.8%); over 80 nationalities live on the territory of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic. The capital is the city of Baku (as of January 1, 1973, 1337 thousand inhabitants). The Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic includes the Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (215 thousand people) and the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region (153 thousand people). The Republic is divided into 60 districts; it has 122 urban-type settlements, 60 cities. Large cities are Kirovabad (199 thousand inhabitants), Sumgayit (145 thousand inhabitants), Nakhichevan (35 thousand inhabitants), Stepanakert (32 thousand inhabitants).
Almost 1/2 of the territory of the republic is occupied by the mountains of the Greater and Lesser Caucasus; the foothills are represented by sloping plains. Azerbaijan is mainly located in the subtropical zone, however, several types of climate can be distinguished on its territory - from dry and humid subtropics to cold mountainous.
Until October 1917, Azerbaijan was one of the backward outskirts tsarist Russia, where underdeveloped capitalist relations were combined with the surviving feudal-patriarchal remnants.
The establishment of Soviet power opened before the working people of the republic wide road economic and cultural development. In a short historical period, Azerbaijan has turned from an agrarian, economically backward country into an industrial republic with developed agriculture. Before the Great October Socialist Revolution, there was actually the only industry here - oil production and refining. During the years of Soviet power, many new leading industries have been developed - ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, machine building, and others. The total volume of industrial output in 1972 compared with 1913 increased 36 times. The republic has achieved great success in the field of agriculture. Thus, the production of the main agricultural crop, raw cotton, increased by more than 6 times compared to 1913. Irrigation and land reclamation made it possible to double the area under crops.
Socialist industrialization, the collectivization of agriculture radically changed the face of a previously backward country, where 90% of the population was illiterate. Leninist national policy, friendly support of everything Soviet people helped to carry out a cultural revolution in Azerbaijan - to eliminate illiteracy, to grow qualified national cadres of the working class and the people's intelligentsia, to create higher educational institutions, scientific, cultural and educational institutions.
In the 1972/73 academic year, about 100 thousand students studied at the Azerbaijan State University and 13 higher educational institutions of the republic. During the years of Soviet power, it flourished national culture, increased the national cadre of scientists. In 1945, on the basis of the Azerbaijan branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic was established. In 1972, it included 56 academicians and 46 corresponding members. There are 32 scientific institutions in the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic. In the republic at the end of 1972 there were 19104 scientific worker, including 742 doctors and 6181 candidates of sciences.
Before the Great October Socialist Revolution medical assistance was inaccessible to the majority of the population. The network of medical institutions was extremely small and did not meet the needs of the population in medical care. Inpatient and outpatient care existed only in cities and was paid. The majority of the population had to resort to the help of ignorant healers (tabibs), mullahs, who also charged a high fee for this. High morbidity and mortality was noted among the population of Azerbaijan. Mass infectious diseases almost did not stop; tens of thousands of people died every year from malaria, cholera, typhus and other infectious diseases.
With the establishment of Soviet power in Azerbaijan, the protection of public health, the organization of free, publicly available qualified medical care became the most important tasks states. As well as throughout the country, Azerbaijan has established public health care, which is part of the unified system of Soviet health care. In the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic there is a Ministry of Health, which is administratively subordinate to the Council of Ministers of the Republic, and in a special respect - to the Ministry of Health of the USSR (see Health).
As a result of success in the development of the economy and culture, the growth of prosperity populace, improvements medical care during the years of Soviet power, a significant improvement in the health status of the population has been achieved. This is evidenced primarily by the favorable course of demographic processes in the republic.
Vital movement of the population
The Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic is one of the regions of the USSR characterized by a particularly rapid population growth.
In terms of population, the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic ranks sixth among the union republics (1972). By 1973, the population of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic had increased 2.3 times (compared to 1913). In 1972, the birth rate (per 1,000 population) was 25.6; mortality (per 1000 population) 6.6; compared with 1913, the mortality rate decreased by 4 times (in 1913 - 25.5). Child mortality in 1972 compared with pre-revolutionary times decreased 11 times, and compared with 1940 - more than 3 times. The natural increase was 19.0 (Table 1); compared with 1913 increased by 20%.
The Azerbaijan Socialist Republic of Azerbaijan is a republic with a large number centenarians. According to the All-Union Population Census of 1970, for every 200 thousand people. in Azerbaijan there are 95 aged 100 years and over. The largest number of centenarians is noted in the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region, where there are 199 people for every 200 thousand people. over the age of 100 years.
Physical development. A significant improvement in the living conditions of the people, the creation of a state health care system, measures to protect the health of children contribute not only to a steady increase general level physical development of the population, but also the elimination of differences in the level of physical development of the urban and rural population. The rates of increase in the level of physical development of children in Azerbaijan are close to those found in children in the RSFSR and a number of other union republics.
Table 1. Indicators natural movement population in Azerbaijan from 1940 to 1972 (per 1000 people)
| Indicators | years | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1940 | 1950 | 1960 | 1965 | 1970 | 1972 | |
| fertility | 29,4 | 31,2 | 42,6 | 36,6 | 29,2 | 25,6 |
| Mortality | 14,7 | 9,6 | 6,7 | 6,4 | 6,7 | 6,6 |
| natural growth | 14,7 | 21,6 | 35,9 | 30,2 | 22,5 | 19,0 |
Incidence
During the years of Soviet power, diseases of plague, smallpox and skin leishmaniasis have been eliminated in the republic. Trachoma and tularemia have been eliminated as a mass disease. The incidence of typhus, paratyphoid and other acute gastrointestinal infections, diphtheria, scarlet fever, measles, poliomyelitis and others has sharply decreased. Thus, in 1972, compared with 1959, a 3.5-fold decrease in the incidence of acute intestinal infections was achieved; diphtheria 25 times; whooping cough 18 times; poliomyelitis by 3.6 times; brucellosis by 9.7 times; tuberculosis more than 3 times. In the republic (some foothill and mountainous regions) there are foci of natural focal diseases, some diseases of which are also recorded among people: tick-borne spirochetosis, leptospirosis, Q fever. Of the non-communicable diseases, endemic goiter is noted in a number of mountainous regions.
hospital care
In 1913 there were 8 hospitals in the cities of Azerbaijan, including 2 in Baku; at the expense of city governments, they contained 550 beds; in addition, a maternity hospital with 40 beds and a charity home for the mentally ill with 30 beds functioned in the cities. In rural areas in 1913 there were 33 hospitals with 198 beds and 33 feldsher points. The possibility of organizing specialized care was excluded, since most hospitals were small. During the years of Soviet power, a wide network of hospitals has been created in Azerbaijan. The bed fund in 1972 exceeded the bed fund in 1913 by almost 50 times; the provision of the population with beds in 1972 exceeded the same indicator in 1913 by almost 20 times. Instead of low-capacity hospitals and clinics, large hospitals with inpatient and polyclinic departments equipped with modern equipment have been created. The growth in the number of hospitals and beds in them in Azerbaijan during the years of Soviet power is shown in Table. 2.
Table 2. Increase in the number of hospitals and hospital beds in Azerbaijan
In order to better organize inpatient medical care for the population, existing hospitals are being consolidated and expanded and new powerful multi-bed hospitals are being built both in cities and in rural areas. In the republic in 1972 such large centers of specialized medical care as the Republican Urological Clinical Hospital and the Republican Hospital of Thoracic Surgery were built. In 1972, medical assistance to the population was provided by 16 clinical hospitals (with total number beds 7690) and 10 clinics of research medical institutes (with a total number of beds 1610), where there were specialized departments: neurosurgery, hematology, endocrinology, cardio-rheumatology, gastroenterology, allergology, etc. The growth in the number of hospitals made it possible to increase the volume of inpatient care for the population. So, in 1972, for every thousand urban residents, 169 people. received inpatient care.
Great success has been achieved in providing inpatient care to the rural population. There are 354 rural district hospitals in the republic with a total of 9,135 beds and 59 central district hospitals with a total of 8,260 beds (data for 1972). Specialized medical care for the rural population, in addition, is provided by regional hospitals, the Republican Hospital named after. M. A. Mir-Kasimov (1200 beds), as well as city hospitals, research medical institutes and republican dispensaries in the city of Baku. For every thousand rural residents, 120 received in-patient care in 1960, and 137 in 1970.
Outpatient care
The most widespread and close to the population medical institutions are polyclinics, outpatient clinics, dispensaries and consultations that provide outpatient care, home care and carry out extensive preventive measures. In 1913, there were 55 primitively equipped outpatient clinics in Azerbaijan, each of which employed 1-2 doctors, and in many cases, patients were treated by a paramedic. In 1972, in the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, there were 1024 institutions providing outpatient care, that is, almost 20 times more than before the revolution. In outpatient clinics equipped with the necessary medical and diagnostic equipment, admission to specialized types of care (stomatology, traumatology and orthopedics, neuropathology, cardiology, rheumatology, ophthalmology, etc.) is expanding. The volume of outpatient care is growing. Thus, in 1972, 34,232,000 visits were made to outpatient clinics, and the number of medical visits at home was 3,561,000. The dispensary method was widely developed in the work of outpatient clinics. Mass preventive medical examinations of the adult and child population are carried out annually, the number of periodic examinations increases from year to year (in 1965 - 1482 thousand, in 1972 - more than 2 million). Patients with cardiovascular and some gastrointestinal diseases, tuberculosis, neoplasms and others are taken for dispensary observation.
Specialized medical care is also provided by 87 dispensaries (according to data for 1972), including 31 anti-tuberculosis, 28 dermatovenerological, and oncological, 6 psycho-neurological, 4 anti-goiter, 6 medical sports. Hospitals with a total number of beds 4095 were deployed at dispensaries (1972). Much attention is paid to the health care of industrial workers. Along with urban medical institutions, workers of industrial enterprises are served by 32 medical units (1972), in which hospitals with a total number of beds of 1355 are deployed. industrial enterprises of the republic is steadily growing: in 1940 it was 157, in 1960 - 357, and in 1972 - 411 (including 91 medical and 320 paramedic health centers). In stationary and outpatient clinics there are auxiliary diagnostic departments and rooms equipped with the latest equipment. In 1972, there were 519 clinical and diagnostic laboratories, 312 X-ray and 144 electrocardiographic rooms, 23 pathoanatomical departments, and so on in the institutions of the Ministry of Health of the Republic.
A network of institutions providing emergency medical care has been created in the cities and rural areas of Azerbaijan. The number of ambulance stations in 1955 was 59, in 1960 - 67, and in 1972 - 79; the volume of their services to the population in 1972 compared with 1955 more than tripled. The organization of specialized emergency medical care has significantly improved; more than 700,000 calls for emergency surgical, therapeutic, obstetric-gynecological, pediatric and other types of medical care are performed annually. Ambulance stations are equipped with specialized vehicles equipped with equipment for urgent diagnostics and emergency assistance in life-threatening conditions. Resuscitation, anti-infarction, toxicological and neurological teams function at ambulance stations in large cities of the republic, specialized services for children and neuropsychiatric patients are organized. To provide emergency medical care to the population of remote and hard-to-reach areas, an air ambulance station has been established at the Republican Hospital, where highly qualified medical specialists are on duty around the clock.
Protection of motherhood and childhood.
From the first days of Soviet power, the health authorities of Azerbaijan began to create a state system for the protection of motherhood and childhood. To put this system into practice, it was necessary to fight against the centuries-old religious superstitions and prejudices of Azerbaijani women. Before the revolution, there were no women's and children's consultations, nurseries and kindergartens in Azerbaijan. Obstetrics was almost entirely in the hands of healers. Every year, hundreds of women die in childbirth or from postpartum diseases. In 1929, the Scientific Research Institute for the Protection of Motherhood and Childhood was established in Azerbaijan, which became the scientific and methodological center of the republic for a network of institutions for obstetric care and child care. During the years of Soviet power, a wide network of antenatal clinics, maternity hospitals, obstetric and gynecological departments in hospitals has been created for the treatment and preventive care of women. The problem of providing all women in the cities with obstetric care in stationary conditions has been completely solved. By 1972, all women in the countryside were provided with medical care during childbirth and almost all gave birth in a hospital. In 1972, there were 342 medical institutions in the republic to serve women and children. The number of beds for pregnant women and women in labor in 1913 was 40, in 1940 - 2025, in 1950 - 2131, in 1960 - 3313, in 1972 - 5766. In 1972, 949 obstetrician-gynecologists and 10 633 midwives and paramedical midwives. The organization of antenatal care and patronage services for pregnant women by antenatal clinics, providing women in labor with qualified medical care contributed to a significant reduction in maternal mortality and stillbirth.
In 1972, 2118 pediatricians worked in children's medical institutions of the republic - children's consultations, children's clinics, children's hospitals and children's departments of hospitals (in 1940 - 434, in 1960 - 1609). From year to year, the number of hospital beds for the treatment of children is growing: for example, in 1940 there were 1.7 thousand; in 1950 - 2.6 thousand; in 1959 - 4.0 thousand; in 1972 - 7.8 thousand beds. In the city children's polyclinics of the system of the Ministry of Health of the Republic, there are 845 pediatric sites, where pediatricians, together with medical specialists, along with medical specialists, carry out a lot of preventive work. Children of the first year of life are under systematic patronage supervision of local doctors and medical specialists. Every year, more than 70 thousand children in kindergartens, more than 100 thousand children entering the first grade of school, more than 1 million schoolchildren undergo in-depth medical examinations for the purpose of early detection of diseases and subsequent active treatment. All students are under the supervision of school doctors.
The number of children attending permanent preschool institutions is growing: in 1950 there were 31,000, in 1960 - 53,000, in 1970 - 110,000, and in 1972 - 118,000 children. In 1972, more than 300 nurseries functioned, in which 9.7 thousand children consisted; 1352 nurseries and kindergartens with 108.6 thousand children; 5 children's homes for 360 places. More than 300 pioneer camps are organized annually, in which 90-95 thousand children have a rest during the summer holidays.
In 1972, 898 sanitary and epidemiological doctors and 3,715 assistants worked in the republic. sanitary doctors and the help of epidemiologists, disinfectors and disinstructors. Sanitary and anti-epidemic work is also carried out common network medical institutions. In the activities of sanitary and epidemic stations, as well as other health care institutions of the republic, a large place is occupied by sanitary and educational work, which is led by the 21st House of Sanitary Education.
pharmacy business
The supply of medicines to the population in Azerbaijan before the revolution was extremely insufficient. In 1913, there were 50 pharmacies located only in large cities. A wide network of pharmacies has been created in Soviet Azerbaijan, fully meeting the population's need for medicines. In 1940 there were 223 pharmacies in the republic, in 1960 - 331, in 1972 - 538. To approximate drug care to the population in sparsely populated areas in rural medical stations at feldsher points, a network of pharmacy points has been organized. Pharmacies are staffed with highly qualified specialists. A plant for endocrine preparations and a chemical-pharmaceutical plant operate in the republic.
Sanatorium-resort assistance
Azerbaijan is rich in resort resources; there are more than 60 climatic and balneotherapeutic resorts and 960 mineral springs in the republic. Before the Great October Socialist Revolution, the resort business in Azerbaijan was almost not developed. After the establishment of Soviet power in Azerbaijan, the study of resort resources becomes the task of health authorities. Since 1925, research work began on the study of the resorts of Istisu, Naftalan, Surakhani. In the development of the resort business big role played organized in 1935. Research Institute of Balneology and physical methods treatment for them. S. M. Kirov, which is a scientific center for the study of climatic, balneological and other healing factors resorts of the republic. The institute has a hospital with 160 beds. Of the resorts in Azerbaijan, the largest are Naftalan (see), Istisu (see), Turshsu, Dar-Dag, Badamly, Sirab, Chukhuryurd, Lenkoran, Masalli, as well as the resorts of the Absheron group: Surakhany, Shikhovo, Mardakan, Buzovna, Bilgah, Zagulba, Shuvelyan, Pirshaga, Turkyan (see Absheron group of resorts). The waters of the Badamli, Istisu, Turshsu, Dardag, Sirab springs are used for balneological, mainly drinking treatment. Their mass bottling began in 1949; at present, bottling reaches 4 million bottles per year.
Table 3. Growth in the provision of doctors and nurses to the population of Azerbaijan (per 10,000 people)
The network of sanatoriums and rest houses in the republic is constantly expanding. In 1928, there were 3 sanatoriums with 252 beds in the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, in 1939 - 31 with 3063 beds, and in 1972 - 57 with 9556 beds. In 1972 there were 11 rest houses and boarding houses for 2879 places. About 100 thousand people are treated and rested in sanatoriums and rest houses every year.
Medical workforce and medical education
In 1913, 353 doctors worked in Azerbaijan, the vast majority of whom were engaged in private practice and lived only in large cities. The only honey the educational institution was a school for the preparation of midwives, organized at a maternity shelter in the city of Baku. In 1972, 13,880 doctors and 42,362 nurses worked in the republic's medical institutions (in 1913, 450 nurses). In terms of providing the population with medical personnel, the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic is far ahead of such economically developed capitalist countries as the USA, England, and France. The growth in the provision of doctors and paramedical staff to the population of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic over the years is shown in the table. 3.
Before the revolution, there was practically no specialized medical care in Azerbaijan. In 1972, in the republic, the provision of the population (per 10,000 people) with doctors of all specialties was 25.6; therapists 5.6; surgeons 2.2; obstetricians-gynecologists 1.8; pediatricians 3.9 and more. Almost every doctor takes a course of specialization or improvement at least once every three years.
A significant increase in the number of doctors and paramedical workers is associated with the expansion of the network of higher and secondary medical educational institutions of the republic. There are 17 secondary medical educational institutions in Azerbaijan, which annually graduate about 3 thousand people with secondary medical education, and one of the largest medical institutes of the USSR - (see), annually graduating 800-900 specialists with supreme honey. education, which fully meets the needs of the republic in doctors, including dentists and pharmacists.
Before the Great October Socialist Revolution, there was no system for the improvement of doctors and paramedical workers in Azerbaijan. Since 1935, the Institute for the Improvement of Physicians named after A.I. A. M. Aliyev, at the departments of which more than a thousand doctors annually improve their qualifications. At the Medical School. M.A. Alizade annually undergoes the improvement of more than a thousand paramedical workers.
Before the revolution, there was not a single medical research institute in Azerbaijan. With the establishment of Soviet power, showing constant concern for the development medical science in the country and on the training of scientific personnel, the formation of research work in the republic in the field of medicine is taking place. Prominent Russian scientists - professors V. I. Razumovsky, I. I. Shirokogorov, S. N. Davidenkov, P. G. Mezernitsky, P. F. Zdrodovsky, N. G. Ushinsky, P. P. Popov, K. A. Egorov, A. G. Trubin and others who made a lot of efforts to organize Faculty of Medicine Baku University in 1919, on the basis of which the Azerbaijan Medical Institute was later established.
In 1922, the Scientific Medical Council was established under the People's Commissariat of Health of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, which was the scientific and coordinating center medical institutions and scientific medical societies. In 1934, with the aim of uniting the activities of medical societies in various branches of medical science and for greater involvement of doctors in research work, the Azerbaijan medical society under the chairmanship of Professor N. I. Anserov. Branches of the society were organized in all cities and regions of Azerbaijan.
The studies of medical scientists of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic are closely connected with the tasks of developing the health care system of the republic. Azerbaijani doctors are conducting big job on the study of the state of health of the population and scientific justification plans and prospects for the development of medical institutions. Marginal pathology is being studied and practical measures for its liquidation. During the Great Patriotic War, research work was mainly related to solving the problems of military pathology. Much attention is paid to the study of cardiovascular pathology, malignant tumors, viral diseases, the fight against injuries, the development of problems in occupational health and occupational diseases, especially in the oil and oil refining industry, security environment, hygiene of dwellings, sanitary condition of reservoirs and water supply of populated areas. The study of resort factors and the development of methods for their treatment and prophylactic use are being carried out. It was very important to study the effect on the body of the only medicinal oil in the world - naftalan and the development of new, effective naftalan preparations. These works are carried out in the Scientific Research Problematic Naftalan Laboratory of the Ministry of Health of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, established in 1966
Fruitful research work is carried out by the full member of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic and the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences M. A. Topchibashev, full members and corresponding members of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic V. Yu. Akhundov, M. R. Nazirov, D. Yu. Huseynov , B. F. Majidov, U. S. Musabekova; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences A. A. Namazova, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, M. M. Javad-zade and others.
There were absolutely no Azerbaijani women doctors in pre-revolutionary Azerbaijan. At present, among the doctors of the republic, 64% are women; Prof. S. Valikhan, S. Akhundov-Bagirbekova, and others, honored workers of science of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, are doing a great deal of pedagogical and research work.
Health budget. Expenses for health care in the republic are increasing from year to year. In 1940, spending on health care and physical culture by state budget Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic per capita amounted to 5.7 rubles, in 1960 - 17.4 rubles, in 1972 - 27.4 rubles.
Bibliography: Aliyev G.A. Soviet Azerbaijan is 50 years old, M., 1970; Ibragimov M. A. Health care of Soviet Azerbaijan, M., 1967, bibliogr.; Faradzheva K. Protection of motherhood and childhood in Azerbaijan, Baku, 1968, bibliogr.
G. M. Abdullaev, M. A. Ibragimov.
