Linguist (linguist) - a scientist, a specialist in linguistics (linguistics, linguistics).

Linguist is a profession in the field of linguistics.

A linguist is engaged in a deep study of one or more languages, their features, structure, history of development. The linguist can lead pedagogical activity- work as a teacher educational institutions, engage in the creation of dictionaries, textbooks, translation.

Linguists can be classified according to their specialization:

By language studied:

Specialists in a particular language - for example, Russianists, Anglists, Latinists, Portugueseists, Lezgin scholars, Tatar scholars, Japanese scholars, Arabists, etc.

Specialists in a group/family of languages ​​- for example, Germanists, Romanists, Celtologists, Iranianists, Slavists, Indo-Europeanists, Uralists, Turkologists, Mongolists, Kartvelists, Dagestanists, Semitologists, Bantuists, Dravidologists, etc.

Specialists in the languages ​​of a certain region - for example, Americanists, Africanists, Balkanists, Caucasian scholars, etc.

On a topic related to a specific section or direction of linguistics - for example, phoneticians, morphologists, syntaxists, semasologists (semantics or semantics are less commonly used), lexicologists (according to the language level); typologists, comparativists, psycholinguists, sociolinguists, dialectologists, field linguists, language historians (by the aspect of language consideration and methods used), etc.

By theoretical direction- for example, formalists (supporters of formal trends in linguistics) vs. functionalists (supporters of functionalism), generativists (supporters of generativism, are mainly among the “formalists”), cognitivists (supporters of cognitive linguistics), etc.; In the past, important categories of linguists were descriptivists (supporters of descriptivism), structuralists (supporters of structuralism), etc.

The linguist must have a competent oral and written language, good hearing, be well-rounded an educated person, to possess such qualities as perseverance, attentiveness.

Qualifications

Higher linguistic education. Specialty "Theoretical and applied linguistics". Direction "Linguistics". A linguist can have a higher philological education.

And in order to navigate modern information technologies, future linguists attend computer science classes, learn the basics of programming, probability theory and mathematical statistics, the basics of fundamental and applied mathematics, get acquainted with databases and automated translation systems.

Places of work

Translation agency; companies developing linguistic software ( automatic translation, word processing, speech recognition programs, etc.); secondary vocational and higher educational institutions.

A linguist can work in educational institutions, research institutes, libraries, editorial offices of books, newspapers, magazines, translator.

Among linguists there is high competition. To withstand it, a specialist must be comprehensively educated. The profession of a linguist high level demand in the labor market. Level wages a specialist in this profession, as a rule, is high, largely depends on the place of work and the level of professionalism. Opportunities career development are present.

Performed

3rd year student

Kazakova Reseda

Questions for offset

1. Functions of the language. Verbal and non-verbal communication as a type of human interaction. Language as a language system for the transmission of information. Types of communication. Conditions for the effectiveness of everyday communication.

2. definition of the concept of "culture of speech". The concept of the language norm.

3. Types of norms of the modern literary language. Varieties of the Russian national language, oral and written forms literary language.

4. Orthoepic norms.

5. Morphological norms.

6. Syntactic norms.

7. Lexical norms.

8. Stylistic norms.

9. Spelling norm. Basic principles of Russian spelling. 10. The quality of literate speech (accuracy, consistency, purity, success,

expressiveness, richness of language units).

11 .functional styles modern Russian language (scientific,

official-business, newspaper-journalistic, colloquial style). 12.Substyles: scientific and technical, popular science and educational

literature. Their features.

13. Stylistic coloring of language units (expressives,

emotional-evaluative words, book vocabulary, colloquial

vocabulary).

14. Vocabulary of general use and vocabulary of limited use

(dialectisms, jargon and slang vocabulary, special vocabulary

or professionalism).

15. Russian language among other Slavic and Indo-European languages.

The original vocabulary of the Russian language, borrowings, tracing paper.

16. Speech communication, communication strategies and tactics,

success of speech influence, addresser and addressee. Maxims

Grice, conflicts maxim.

17. Properties and units of the language. Concepts and words. polysemy and

homonymy, paronyms, meaning transfer, occasionalisms, historicisms,

archaisms, synonyms.

18. Rhetoric, origins of rhetoric, rhetorical traditions in Russia. 19. Preparation of speech (choice of topic, goal, search for material). Start,

completion and development of speech. Ways of verbal design

public speaking.

20.Official and business writing. Document types. Requirement

to the processing of documents. Business language unification

1 question.

Language. Language functions.

Language is a system that naturally arises in human society and develops a system of sign units clothed in a sound form, capable of expressing the totality of human concepts and thoughts and intended primarily for the purposes of communication. The Russian language, like any other language, is a system. System - (from the Greek systema - a whole made up of parts; connection) an association of elements that are in relationships and connections that form integrity, unity. The language consists of units:

Morpheme (prefix, root, suffix, ending);

- word;

Phraseological unit (stable phrase);

Free phrase;

Sentence (simple, complex);

Language functions: communicative, cognitive, accumulative, emotional (expresses feelings and emotions), voluntarily (impact function).

Language is inherently multifunctional. It serves as a means of communication, allows the speaker (individual) to express his thoughts, and another individual to perceive them and, in turn, somehow react (take note, agree, object). AT this case language performs a communicative function.

Language also serves as a means of consciousness, promotes the activity of consciousness and reflects its results. Thus, the language is involved in the formation of the thinking of the individual (individual consciousness) and the thinking of society (public consciousness). This is a cognitive function.

Language, in addition, helps to store and transmit information, which is important both for individual person and for the whole society. In written monuments (chronicles, documents, memoirs, newspapers, fiction), in oral folk art, the life of a people, nation, the history of native speakers of a given language is recorded. The function is cumulative.

Types of communication.

Communication is a far from unambiguous phenomenon. Features of people's behavior, their use of certain methods and techniques, the use of a variety of verbal and non-verbal means are determined by the type of communication. In linguistics and psychology there are different classifications types of communication, they do not contradict, but rather complement each other.

Linguists base the classification on: 1) the type of human activity (business and everyday communication), 2) the position of communicants in space (contact and distant), 3) the presence or absence of a mediating apparatus (direct and indirect), 4) the form of language used (oral and written), 5) the constancy or variability of the positions “I am the speaker” - “you are the listener” (dialogical and monologue), 6) the number of communicants (interpersonal and mass).

Psychologists classify communication according to the degree of commonality of communicants, highlighting the following types:

1) extremely low degree of generality - "contact of masks", manipulative;

2) the average degree of generality - primitive, formal-role, secular;

3) high degree community - business, spiritual.

The purpose of manipulative communication is the extraction of one-sided benefits by one of the communicants. This type of communication is used during election campaigns. various types using flattery, deceit, intimidation, demonstration of ostentatious virtue, etc. Close in goals to manipulative communication is primitive, but here the communicants, as a rule, know each other personally.

"Contact masks" as a kind of communication is necessary for residents of large cities, where a person sees up to 10 thousand faces every day. It is this type that should be used if we are faced with the need to communicate with a person unfamiliar to us.

In formal role-playing communication, the content and means are strictly regulated, each of the communicants performs a previously known role: a doctor - a patient, a seller - a buyer, a conductor - a passenger, a cashier - a spectator, etc. However, formal-role communication acquires special features if we consider how this type of interaction between people manifests itself in small settlements. Thus, formal-role communication acquires the features of a business one.

In a business form of communication, the communicants take into account each other's personality traits, strive to understand the character and mood, but at the same time, business interests dominate over possible personal likes or dislikes.

One of the most complex types communication is spiritual communication. The degree of closeness of communicants is very high, and they understand each other not only with the help of words, but also by facial expressions, intonation, and gestures. spiritual fellowship perhaps between relatives, friends, lovers, like-minded people. The purpose of spiritual communication is maximum mutual understanding, cooperation in activities, satisfaction of a person's need for affection.

Conditions for the effectiveness of everyday communication.

Household communication is the most common type of human interaction. The sphere of everyday communication is family, friends, transport, shops, entertainment institutions, etc. Practice shows that it is here that the greatest number of failures and even conflicts lie in wait for a person. How to avoid them and make such communication effective? Learn simple rules of behavior that are based on the units (components, terms) of communication that you know.

Find out if there is this moment your potential communicator has a desire to communicate. He may be upset about something, tired, he is worried about some problem, he is considering this or that situation, which has nothing to do with you. In this case, you will not be able to establish a two-way communication with the communicator. Wait until he needs to communicate with you.

Choose the right subject of communication, since two-way communication is established only when the subject of communication is of interest to both communicants and everyone has something to say on the chosen topic.

Find common verbal and non-verbal means. An invaluable textbook that helps to master the skills of effective everyday communication is Russian classical literature. By analyzing them in order to find out the reasons for the successful or unsuccessful act of communication, we can learn to correct our behavior in certain circumstances.

Non-verbal means of communication.

In a situation of language deficit (lack of common language means), one can communicate using non-verbal (non-verbal) means. They appeared much earlier than speech, therefore they are sometimes called natural, that is, not invented by man, but a communication tool given to him by nature. Non-verbal means of communication are divided into groups. The most extensive - kinesic (from the Greek. kinetis - movement) - visually perceived movements of another person, performing an expressive-regulatory function in communication. These include posture, gesture, facial expressions, gaze, gait, direction of movement. Facial expressions (from Greek mimikos - imitating) - the movement of the facial muscles. The main element of facial expressions is the facial code. This is a special combination of parts and elements of the face: the position of the mouth, lips, eyebrows, forehead, the shape and brightness of the eyes, which convey one of the emotional states. Psychologists outline six basic facial codes and many shades of transition from one to another. The main ones are anger, contempt, joy, surprise, suffering, fear. The most mobile elements of the face are the eyebrows and the area around the mouth. Exclusively importance in communication has a look - a complex that includes the state of the pupils of the eyes (constriction or dilation), eye color, shine, corneas, position of the eyebrows, eyelids, forehead, duration and direction of the gaze. With the help of the eyes, the most accurate signals about the state of a person are transmitted, since the expansion or contraction of the pupil with constant illumination is beyond the control of consciousness. Excitement, interest, high spirits give the expansion of the pupil four times against the usual state. Depression, melancholy cause the pupil to narrow, and at the same time “beady eyes” or “snake” eyes are obtained. The source of information about the state and intentions of a communication partner is the human body, its static or dynamic state. Posture (French pose - position of the body) - a type of more or less stable spatial position of a person.

An important kinesic means of communication is gestures. Gesticulation should include any body movement of a person, which is used as a way to emphasize the meaning of spoken words. The main function of the gesture is to visually contribute to a better perception of speech. Additional - clarification and revitalization of thought, strengthening its emotional sounding in combination with words. Depending on the function performed, gestures are divided into rhythmic, emotional, symbolic, indicative, pictorial. Rhythmic gestures are associated with the rhythm of speech - they emphasize logical stress, slowing down and accelerating the tempo, the place of pauses, that is, what intonation usually conveys. Emotional gestures convey a variety of shades of feelings. Pointing gestures serve to distinguish an object from a number of homogeneous ones, indicate their location, and the order in which they follow. Very often without use pointing gesture speech becomes completely incomprehensible. Pictorial gestures are used by people when there is no time or opportunity to quickly formulate a thought and you can depict an object or action, show them.

Nonverbal means of communication include prosodic and extralinguistic means. Prosody (from Greek, prosoidia - stress, chorus) - rhythmic and intonation features of speech: pitch and loudness of the voice tone, voice timbre, stress force. A person receives individual features of prosody from nature, but much can be corrected by systematic work. Closely associated with prosodic means extralinguistic means (lat. extra- outside, over, lat. lingua - yasyk) - psychophysiological manifestations included in speech. These are pauses, sighs, coughing, laughter, crying, and so on. Prosodic and extralinguistic means regulate the flow of speech, with their help language means of communication are saved.

The next group of non-verbal means of communication are takees means (lat. taktus - touch, feeling). These are dynamic touches in the form of handshakes, pats on the shoulder, knee, back, kisses, body touches.

Very rarely, the smell emitted by partners is noted as a non-verbal means of communication. This is the result of the loss by man of the special role of smell, which it has in the wild.

Non-verbal means of evaluation and decision-making include a hand pressed to the cheek closer to the lips, raising the head and looking up, tilting the head with focused attention, and various actions with glasses.

Protective (defensive) non-verbal means: crossed arms and legs, the posture of a person seeking to occupy as much as possible less space in space, a look sideways or frowningly, etc. These non-verbal means are very powerful, and if one in three or four partners uses them, after a while you can expect all communicants to follow his example. It is extremely difficult to get out of this state, although it is possible.

Language as a sign system for transmitting information.

Language is a system of signs of any physical nature, performing cognitive and communicative (providing communication) functions in the process of human activity. In the most general terms, languages ​​are divided into natural and artificial. natural language is the language of everyday life, which is a form of expression of thoughts, feelings and a form of communication between people. An artificial language is a language man-made to meet their specific, narrow needs. Artificial languages ​​include mathematical symbols, physical theories, chemical formulas, signaling systems, etc. Language is a means of mental abstraction and generalization; it serves to designate and name objects. Linguistic signs and emerging linguistic systems denoted, first of all, sensually visual properties and relations of objects. Signs correlated with external phenomena through chains of visual images, which they simultaneously expressed. The first linguistic sign systems were often images themselves. The development of linguistic sign systems is associated with the penetration of a person into the essence of objects, with a focus on generalizing their properties not according to purely external signs, but taking into account the identification of the internal relations of these objects. Sign systems step by step became the expression of the means of communication. Gradually sign systems began to correlate with the internal connections of objects, to represent them, turning into carriers of abstract images. This led to the transformation of their form. As a result, the sign and sign system, having acquired more abstract features, became schematic. For the first time, an analysis of language as a system of signs was given in the dialogue of the ancient Greek thinker Plato "Cratylus". It raised the question whether the names correspond to the nature of things or whether they are only conventional signs established by agreement. One of the first who moved from a phonetic description of sounds to an analysis of the functional relations of the elements of the language system F. de Saussure language sign, according to Saussure, is the unity of the signifier (or acoustic image, the plane of expression) and the signified (the plane of content, the concept). The study of sign systems is the subject of a special science called semiotics (from the Greek semeiotike - the study of signs). The cognitive interests of semiotics are focused on the study of the production, structure and functioning of various sign systems that store and transmit information. Semiotics keeps in its field of vision natural and artificial languages, all types of visual sign systems. Semiotics is the study of the general principles underlying the structure of all signs. The term "semiotics" was revived by Ch.S. Pierce. He made the first attempt to classify signs, subdividing all signs into: 1) a sign in itself, one that denotes some quality; 2) a sign that can act as a representative of any object; 3) a sign that is a marker of a reference to some law or spiritual convention. The study of various signs and the laws of their combination made it possible to single out three main sections of semiotics: syntactics (from the Greek syntaxis - compilation), or the study internal structure sign systems, regardless of the functions they perform; semantics (from the Greek sema - sign), which studies sign systems as a means of expressing meaning, and pragmatics (from the Greek pragma - deed, action), which comprehends the attitude of sign systems to those who use them. From the standpoint of semiotics, the main functions of a sign system are, firstly, the transmission of a certain message or expression of meaning, and, secondly, ensuring that the listener (reader) understands the message being transmitted, as well as emotional impact, motivation for action, etc. The American researcher C. Morris contributed to the development and systematization of the ideas and principles of semiotics. According to Morris, five types of eye signs can be distinguished: 1) signs-identifiers (the question "where"); 2) zkaki-designers (the question "what is"); 3) evaluative signs (the question "why"); 4) prescriptive signs (the question of "how"); 5) signs of systematization (forming the relationship of the interpreter with other signs).

Each language is unique, beautiful and difficult to understand and learn in its own way. People who think they have vocabulary of several dozen words, are deeply mistaken. Russian, English, German, Chinese, French - one cannot be said to be easier than the other. A person who knows many languages ​​has the key to countless treasures, since each nation has its own culture, customs, interesting to study. Charles V said that one should speak French with friends, German with enemies, Spanish with God, and Italian with women.

Is the profession in demand?

Usually linguists find employment easily. The profession cannot be called widespread and vital, but still in some areas of activity good specialists pay decent wages. A linguist can realize himself as a scientist, researcher, teacher, translator, referent, specialist information technologies, computer software developer. Depending on personal preferences and opportunities, you should choose a job for yourself.

What is the profession of a linguist? What are its main pros and cons? What difficulties will you encounter along the way of its development? Who will suit her best?

A linguist (in other words, a linguist) is a specially trained person who professional level understands such a science as linguistics. Given science studies the history of education and development various languages, their properties and distinctive features.

Introducing short description this kind of activity, which will allow you to become better acquainted with its nuances and, on the basis of this, decide whether this profession suits you personally or not.

Which organizations can hire a linguist

The activities of a linguist are very diverse. It includes the following tasks, depending on the organization where the specialist works:

• So, at the university, he will develop new dictionaries and reference books, will develop professional terminology for various areas human activity, will improve the existing alphabet and spelling, will conduct research in areas such as phonetics, morphology, syntax, and conduct research on various dialects.
• If a linguist works as a teacher, then he will teach this or that language to his students.
• If a linguist is engaged in the activities of a translator, then he will directly perform oral, simultaneous or written translations.

Classification differences

According to the language they are learning. They, in turn, are divided into such subgroups as:

• Connoisseurs of a particular language. It can be, for example, experts in Russian, English, Tatar, Japanese, Arabic and other languages ​​separately.
• These can be experts in a whole group of languages, for example, experts in Germanic, Romance, Turkic, Mongolian and other groups.
• These may be experts in the languages ​​of an entire region. As an example: these are the same Americanists, Africanists and others.

According to a specific branch of this science. These are phoneticians, morphologists, syntaxists, semanticists and others.

According to a certain branch in theory. These include formalists, functionalists, cognitivists, structuralists, and others.

Features of this type of activity

A linguist can get a job in the following areas:

• be a teacher in schools or institutes;
• provide advice on their subject;
• engage in various kinds of scientific research;
• can write highly specialized articles, textbooks or almanacs.

Let's take a look at the main benefits

1. First of all, we note the rather high demand for a linguist as a specialist in the labor market.
2. A unique opportunity to realize their potential in many areas of activity. This is the activity of a translator (translation of films, books, newspapers, magazines, educational articles). A specialist who knows a foreign language well will always be needed in many areas of activity, whether it be journalism, tourism or commerce.
3. If you know your business well, then you are guaranteed a big income and a fast one.
4. You can also always earn a living as a translator as a private executor (freelancer), that is, working exclusively for yourself.
5. In addition, you will be missing as such the language barrier, which will allow you to freely communicate and exchange cultural experiences with people from all over the world.

Let's look at the main disadvantages

1. For some people, the work of a linguist may seem very boring and monotonous, because in fact it is scientific work is a banal systematization and recording of already existing ideas.
2. The job of a teacher is not easy. It requires colossal patience from a person and the ability to calmly and tactfully explain even the most complex issue. For impatient people this is definitely a minus.
3. The work of an interpreter comes with a huge responsibility, for some people it will be a big emotional burden.
4. Your work will be very unstable: sometimes your load will be large, and sometimes not so much. Such turnover is not suitable for those for whom stability is a determining factor.
5. Get ready to be loaded additional responsibilities. This is especially true for simultaneous interpreters, who may have to stay with the delegation all the time.

What personal qualities should a specialist have?

At a minimum, he must have excellent hearing and memory, titanic patience and great perseverance, great attentiveness. A linguist must be educated in many general issues, have analytical warehouse mind. At the same time, have iron discipline and some perfectionism. It is also very important that the linguist be as attentive as possible to details, have a good visual memory, could memorize the contents of a particular text or conversation. A professional must be able to express his thoughts correctly.

Is it possible to build a career

As practice shows, linguists do not have any particular difficulties with getting a job. At the moment, there is a great demand for linguists in the field of information technology, the media, commercial activities and advertising. The linguist has every chance of building good career, including in the field of science, if he can succeed in the relevant developments. He can also be enrolled in the position of head of the department or dean of a particular faculty. At the same time, the salary of a linguist will directly depend on the chosen position and the level of professionalism.

Professionals can easily go into business by taking on the position of representatives of international organizations or translators who will translate foreign publications, make presentations or develop promotions for foreign investors. In this case, you can count on a decent income.

Classification

Linguists can be classified according to their specialization:

Linguists in the USSR and modern Russia

Linguists and philologists

According to the official nomenclature adopted in the USSR and Russia, linguistics (linguistics) is included in the " philological sciences”, therefore a more common name for linguists and representatives related disciplines(literary critics, folklorists, philologists in narrow sense) often acts " philologist».

Pre-university education

As a rule, schoolchildren receive elementary linguistic training at Russian language lessons and foreign languages. In addition, a number of universities have linguistic circles for schoolchildren; Extremely useful for all those interested in linguistics is participation in linguistic competitions.

university education

Professional linguists are trained at the philological (or specialized linguistic) faculties of universities.

From among the specialties included in the List of areas of training (specialties) of higher vocational education, approved by the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, linguistic (including pedagogical) include:

030000 HUMANITIES

050000 EDUCATION AND PEDAGOGY

Nomenclature of linguistic specialties

• 10.02.01 - Russian language
• 10.02.02 - Languages ​​of the peoples of the Russian Federation (indicating a specific language or language family)
• 10.02.03 - Slavic languages
• 10.02.04 - Germanic languages
• 10.02.05 - Romance languages
• 10.02.14 - Classical philology, Byzantine and Modern Greek philology
• 10.02.19 - Theory of language
• 10.02.20 - Comparative-historical, typological and comparative linguistics
• 10.02.21 - Applied and mathematical linguistics
• 10.02.22 - Languages ​​of peoples foreign countries European, Asian, African, Native American and Australian (specifying a specific language or language family)

In the relevant specialties, Russian scientists can defend candidate and doctoral dissertations.

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See what "Linguist" is in other dictionaries:

- (German Linguist, from Latin lingua language). Language expert, linguist; doing linguistics. Vocabulary foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. LINGUIST studying linguistics; language expert. Complete dictionary foreign ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Cm … Synonym dictionary

linguist, linguist, husband. one. Scientific Specialist in linguistics. 2. A person who knows many languages, a polyglot (colloquial). Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

LINGUIST, a, husband. Linguist, linguist. | female linguist, i. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

linguist- a, m. linguiste m. Linguistics specialist; linguist. ALS 1. I decide to address you as a knowledgeable person in everything, and especially as a famous linguist with the question: what does the word I often encounter in foreign newspapers mean: agent ... ... Historical dictionary gallicisms of the Russian language

linguist- (lingvistyr, linguisther) linguist Bzer scientific zeg'eshIeganymkIe senehyat ziIer ary Ar linguist degu ... Adygabzem izekhef guschiIal

Linguist cf. He taught this young girl languages, as he, with a good general classical education, was a great and rather enlightened linguist. Leskov. Mysterious person. 5. Wed. Linguiste (fr.) linguist (langue language). Wed Lingua (lingere… Michelson's Big Explanatory Phraseological Dictionary

Linguist. Loans. through the French linguiste (XVII century), a book derivative from lat. lingua language ... Etymological dictionary Russian language by Max Fasmer

Linguist of languages. Wed He taught this young girl languages, since he, with a good general classical education, was a great and rather enlightened linguist. Leskov. Mysterious man. 5. Wed. Linguiste (fr.) yazyoved, (langue) ... Michelson's Big Explanatory Phraseological Dictionary (original spelling)

M. Specialist in the field of linguistics; linguist. Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova. T. F. Efremova. 2000... Modern dictionary Russian language Efremova