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TASS-DOSIER. 180 years ago, on November 11 (October 30, old style), 1837, the first railway in Russia was opened common use.
It connected St. Petersburg and Tsarskoye Selo.
The editors of TASS-DOSIER have prepared a certificate of history railways Russia.
In Tsarist Russia
Ideas for creating railways in Russian Empire began to appear as early as the 1820s, shortly after the launch of the first line in England. Proposals were put forward to build the first railway from St. Petersburg to Moscow, Tver or Rybinsk. However, all these projects were met with distrust from the government due to the high cost, and also because of the uncertainty about the reliability of the railway in the conditions of the Russian winter.
The beginning of testing of the first Russian steam locomotive in August 1834 is considered the birthday of the Russian railway industry. It was built by mechanics and inventors Efim Alekseevich Cherepanov (1774-1842) and his son Miron Efimovich (1803-1849) to transport ore at the Vyisky plant in Nizhny Tagil. The steam engine, called the "land steamer", could carry more than 200 pounds of weight (about 3.2 tons) at a speed of 12-15 miles per hour (13-17 km / h).
The first public passenger railway in Russia, Tsarskoselskaya, was opened in 1837 and connected St. Tsarskoye Selo, locomotives for her were ordered in England.
In 1840, traffic was opened along the second railway on the territory of the Russian Empire: a line from Warsaw to Skierniewice was built with the money of Polish bankers. In 1848, it merged with the Krakow-Upper Silesian Railway (Austria) and became known as the Warsaw-Vienna Railway (total length with the Austrian section is 799 km).
On February 1, 1842, Emperor Nicholas I signed a decree on the construction of the St. Petersburg - Moscow railway with a length of 650 km. On November 13, 1851, its official opening took place. Exactly at 11:15 a.m. The first passenger train departed from St. Petersburg to Moscow, which stayed on the way for 21 hours and 45 minutes. At first, two passenger and four freight trains ran between St. Petersburg and Moscow. During the construction of the line, a gauge of 1,524 mm (5 feet) was chosen - later it became the standard on Russian railways (since the 1980s, railways in the USSR were switched to a compatible gauge of 1,520 mm).
From 1865 to 2004, the Ministry of Railways (in 1917-1946 - the People's Commissariat) of Railways (MPS, NKPS) was in charge of the railways in the country.
March 17, 1891 Emperor Alexander III instructed his son Nikolai Alekseevich, the future Emperor Nicholas II, "to start building a continuous railway through the whole of Siberia, with the aim of connecting the abundant natural gifts of the Siberian regions with a network of internal rail communications." Solemn ceremony The beginning of the construction of the road took place on May 31, 1891 near Vladivostok. The construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway was completed on October 18 (October 5, old style), 1916, with the commissioning of a three-kilometer bridge across the Amur near Khabarovsk.
Even before the end of construction Trans-Siberian Railway gave impetus to the development of Siberia, in 1906-1914 in eastern regions more than 3 million people moved with its help. As of 2017, the Trans-Siberian is the longest railway in the world (9,288.2 km).
By 1916, the framework of the modern railway system of Russia was formed: all the main radii of the railways of Moscow and St. Petersburg were built, in 1908 traffic was launched along the ring railway in Moscow central ring, MCC). The total length of railways, including access roads, exceeded 80,000 km.
IN USSR
As a result of World War I and civil wars more than 60% of the railway network was destroyed, up to 90% of the rolling stock was lost. Transportation was restored to the level of 1913 only in 1928.
In the 1920s, the electrification of Soviet railways began. The first electric train was launched on May 13, 1926 on the territory of modern Azerbaijan along the commuter route between Baku and Sabunchi. On October 1, 1929, electric trains connected Moscow and Mytishchi. In 1932, the first electric locomotives were built in the USSR. The construction of a new type of railway for the country also began: on May 15, 1935, the Moscow Metro began to work. Before the collapse of the USSR, he and other subways were subordinate to the People's Commissariat / Ministry of Railways.
The railroads played essential role during the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945: 20 million wagons were transported for the needs of the front, they were evacuated civilians and entire factories transporting the wounded. The railway continued to operate despite the fact that its facilities Nazi aviation dropped 44% of all bombs destined for the USSR.
In 1956, the last steam locomotive, P36-0251, was produced in the USSR. By 1980 the railroads Soviet Union were finally transferred to heat and electric traction.
In the 1960s-1980s, railways were especially actively built to the deposits of natural resources in Siberia. In 1984, traffic was opened along the Baikal-Amur Mainline.
In 1984, regular operation of the first high-speed electric train, the ER200, began in the USSR. It ran between Moscow and Leningrad, the speed reached 200 km/h. Travel time was 4 hours 50 minutes, but subsequently reduced to 3 hours 55 minutes.
Russian Railways
In 2001, the reform of railway transport was launched in Russia. As part of it, the Ministry of Railways was liquidated, its economic functions were transferred to Russian Railways OJSC (RZD).
In 2007, as part of the industry reform, freight operators were separated from Russian Railways, including Freight One (privatized in 2011-2012). Nai most Since 2010, passenger transportation on long-distance trains has been carried out by a subsidiary of the Federal Passenger Company. Russian Railways has various stakes in commuter transportation operators and a number of other organizations in the industry.
On December 17, 2009, a new high-speed train - Siemens Velaro Rus ("Sapsan") - set off on the first commercial flight with passengers between Moscow and St. Petersburg. The minimum travel time for trips is 3 hours 35 minutes. JSC "Russian Railways" operates 20 ten-car "Sapsan" ( maximum speed- 250 km / h) and more than 60 electric locomotives EP20 and ChS200, developing speeds up to 200 km / h. The joint company of Russian Railways and Finnish Railways (VR Group) - Karelian Trains - owns four high-speed trains of the Pendolino ("Allegro", maximum 220 km/h).
Since 2013, Russian Railways has been operating Siemens Desiro Rus (Lastochka) electric trains manufactured in Germany and Russia, with a maximum speed of 160 km/h. They are also used on the MCC (passenger traffic on the Moscow Railway Ring was resumed after an 80-year break in 2016).
Statistics
According to Rosstat, the operating length railway tracks public use in Russia as of 2016 was 86 thousand 363.7 km, of which about 44 thousand km were electrified. In addition, about 60 thousand km of factory and service tracks adjoin the public network. At the end of 2016, Russian rail transport transported 1 billion 325 million tons of cargo (4 million tons less than a year earlier). Passenger transportation grew from 1 billion 26 million people to 1 billion 40 million people in 2016.
In total, about 1 million people are employed in railway transport, of which 774 thousand are employed by Russian Railways. average salary in Russian Railways, according to annual report companies for 2016 - 46 thousand 852 rubles.
Regular high speed traffic(over 200 km/h) established on the line Moscow - St. Petersburg (645 km).
Among the main development projects is the expansion bandwidth Trans-Siberian and Baikal-Amur Mainline, the development of the Moscow railway junction, including the passenger traffic along the MCC opened in 2016, the development of high-speed communication, the railway infrastructure of Siberia and the Far East.
In August 2017, traffic was opened on the railway line between Zhuravka (Voronezh region) and Millerovo (Rostov region) on the Moscow-Adler highway, bypassing the territory of Ukraine.
Railwaytransport (Railway) - ground view rail transport.
The two main components of railway transport are material (railway and artificial constructions, traction and non-traction rolling stock, signaling devices, contact network, etc.) and operational (dispatching management (at the levels from the station duty officer to the senior road dispatcher), development of optimal methods for managing the transportation process).
Actually the phrase "Railway" denotes railway infrastructure, i.e. railway track and signalling.
railway track - complex structure, consisting of the upper and lower structures of the path.
Railway tracks are divided into station and special purpose. The station tracks include: main station, receiving and departure, sorting, exhaust, loading and unloading, running, connecting, etc. The main station tracks are a continuation of the tracks adjacent to the station, and do not have deviations at turnouts. Reception and departure tracks are designed for receiving trains at the station, parking and departure for the haul. At large stations, tracks designed to perform homogeneous operations are combined into parks.
Special purpose paths include access roads (industrial railway transport), safety and catching dead ends.
To superstructure relate rails, sleepers, rail fastenings, ballast prism. The rail-sleeper lattice consists of two rails laid and attached to transverse beams - sleepers. Mounting on special plates that perform the same function as sleepers is possible. Sleepers or slabs are usually laid on crushed stone (less often pebbles, sand, asbestos), sprinkled in the form of a prism and called a ballast prism (ballast cushion). On bridges, a ballast structure is distinguished (special troughs are arranged on the span to accommodate ballast) and ballastless - when sleepers or slabs are attached directly to bridge structures.
The lower building includes subgrade and artificial structures (bridges, pipes, overpasses, etc.).
Standard rail length in Russia, 12.5 or 25 meters, however, at present, the so-called jointless track is used on inter-station hauls and station tracks - welded lashes of rails reaching 800 meters or more in length. On the roads of Russia in 2004, mainly rails of the R65 (94.3%) and R50 (3.5%) brands (approximately 65 kg and 50 kg per linear meter of the rail, respectively), were on the way, heavy rail grades - R75 (1.2%). Light rail grades (1%) - P43 and P38 are practically not used.
Permissible slope of the railway track is very insignificant (compared to the slopes of highways, for example) and when designing new lines it cannot exceed 12 ‰ in sections with diesel traction or 15 ‰ in sections with electric traction. However, on existing railways there are slopes up to 25 ‰ and even 30 ‰, in such sections multiple traction (pushing) is used.
To connect the railway tracks to each other, turnouts are used, which, due to their design, create the continuity of the rail track and allow the rolling stock to move from one track to another. Now the majority of turnouts are controlled centrally, from the post of electrical interlocking (EC). Previously, the turnouts were manually switched by the turnouts on duty at the direction of the person in charge of the shunting or train work.
Railroad station- this is a separate point with a track development that allows you to carry out operations for receiving, departing, crossing and overtaking trains, operations for receiving, issuing goods, baggage and cargo luggage and servicing passengers, and with developed track devices - shunting work to disband and form trains and technical operations with trains. Each switch and signal control post at the station should be under the supervision of only one employee who is solely responsible for the control of switches and signals and for traffic safety - the Station Duty Officer.
Distance between rails, measured between the inner edges of the rail heads, called the gauge. AT different countries different gauges were adopted, for example, in the USSR (until the end of the 1960s) and Finland (until now) - 1524, in the USSR since 1970 - 1520 mm. AT overseas Europe(excluding Spain and Portugal) - 1435 mm, in China and Iran - 1435 mm, in India and Pakistan - 1676 mm.
Track distances (FC) are engaged in maintaining the railway track in good condition.
rolling stock it happens: traction - these are locomotives (diesel locomotives, electric locomotives, steam locomotives), electric trains, diesel trains and non-traction - wagons (passenger, freight), as well as special rolling stock.
A train is a formed and coupled set of wagons with one or more operating locomotives or motor wagons, having installed signals.
Russian Railways have a wide range rolling stock. Traction - various locomotives: (diesel locomotives, electric locomotives) electric trains, diesel trains, railcars, railcars and other self-propelled equipment. Non-traction rolling stock is a variety of cars (passenger, freight), as well as special rolling stock.
Russian Railways are the heirs of almost all Russian railways. Therefore, in the history of these railways, almost all modifications of the world's rolling stock have passed.
The length of the railway network of different countries
In many countries, the length of the rail network is shrinking. So, in the USA in 1920 there were more than 400,000 km of railways.
|
№ |
The country |
Railway length (km) |
|---|---|---|
|
The whole world |
1 122 650 |
|
|
USA |
194 731 |
|
|
Russia |
87 157 |
|
|
China |
71 600 |
|
|
India |
63 518 |
|
|
Canada |
49 422 |
|
|
Germany |
45 514 |
|
|
Australia |
41 588 |
|
|
Argentina |
34 463 |
|
|
France |
32 682 |
|
|
Brazil |
31 543 |
|
|
Poland |
23 420 |
|
|
Japan |
23 168 |
|
|
Ukraine |
22 473 |
|
|
South Africa |
22 298 |
|
|
Mexico |
19 510 |
|
|
Italy |
19 493 |
|
|
United Kingdom |
16 893 |
|
|
Spain |
14 189 |
|
|
Kazakhstan |
13 601 |
|
|
Sweden |
11 481 |
|
|
Romania |
11 385 |
List of systems (and countries using said systems):
Eurasian - Great Britain, France, Andorra, Spain, Portugal, Monaco, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Liechtenstein, Italy, San Marino, Vatican, Austria, Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, Kosovo, Montenegro, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Russia, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, China, North Korea, South Korea, Vietnam, Iran, Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Kuwait, Israel, Jordan, Egypt, Libya (eastern part)
North American - Canada, USA, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica.
Indochinese - Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Laos.
Indian - Pakistan, Iran (Sistan and Balochistan), India, Nepal, Bangladesh.
South American-Northern - Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela.
South American-southern - Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Chile.
South African - South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Angola, Tanzania, Malawi, Zaire (southern part), Swaziland.
North African - Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya (western part).
East African - Kenya, Uganda, Somalia (southern part), Zaire (northern part).
Nubian - Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia (northern part).
West African-South - Gabon, Congo.
West African-central - Cameroon, Nigeria, Benin, Niger.
West African-Western - Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, Ghana, Togo.
Celtic - Ireland, UK.
Antilles - Haiti, Dominican Republic.
Arabian - Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman.
Short story.
The appearance of the steam engine and the prototype of the locomotive. In the 60s - 80s years XVIII century, first in England, and then in other countries, an industrial boom began. Instead of manual labor machine production appeared, instead of handicraft workshops and manufactories - large industrial enterprises.
In 1763, Russian engineer I. I. Polzunov presented a draft steam engine for supplying air to melting furnaces. Polzunov's steam engine had a power of 40 horsepower.
A real revolution in industry was made by the steam engine, created by engineer James Watt in 1784. The versatility of Watt's steam engine made it possible to use it in any production and transport.
The steam engine gave a powerful impetus to the development of transport. In 1769, French artillery officer Joseph Cugnot invented the first steam wagon to move heavy guns. It turned out to be cumbersome and, during tests on the streets of Paris, broke through the wall of the house. This wagon has found its place in the Paris Museum of Arts and Crafts.
In 1802, the English designer Richard Trevithick made a steam car. The crew moved with a roar and fumes, frightening pedestrians. His speed reached 10 km/h. To get this speed, Trevithick made huge drive wheels, which were a good help on bad roads.
The advent of the railroad. In 1755, a narrow-gauge track with wooden rails was already built to transport rock in the mines of Altai, along which wooden trolleys moved. A cable loop was stretched along the path. To set it in motion, horses were used to rotate the pulley. Each trolley had two clamps that could be attached alternately to one side or the other of the lead cable loop. Thanks to this, it was possible to stop the trolleys or change the direction of their movement when continuous movement leading cable.
In 1788, the first railway in Russia appeared in Petrozavodsk (it is also the first railway in the world for factory purposes). The railway was built at the Aleksandrovsky plant for the needs of the enterprise. (Today, sections of the first Russian railway are stored in Petrozavodsk near the OTZ museum building and in the Governor's Garden; in addition, the wheels from the trolley have been preserved in the Governor's Garden).
The appearance of the locomotive. For a long time, railway tracks were built only in mines, but then horse-drawn passenger roads became widespread. The first such railroad was built in 1801 in England between Wandsworth and Croydon.
The first steam locomotive was built in 1804 by Richard Trevithick. in his youth he was acquainted with James Watt, the inventor of the steam engine. However, iron was too expensive in those years, and cast-iron rails could not support a heavy machine.
In subsequent years, many engineers tried to create steam locomotives, but the most successful of them was Georg Stephenson, who in 1812-1829. not only proposed several successful designs of steam locomotives, but also managed to convince the mine owners to build the first railway from Darlington to Stockton, capable of supporting a steam locomotive. Later, Stephenson's "Rocket" steam locomotive won a specially arranged competition and became the main locomotive of the first Manchester-Liverpool public road.
Railway electrification
Railway electrification- a set of measures carried out on a railway section to enable the use of electric rolling stock on it: electric locomotives, electric sections or electric trains.
Electric locomotives are used for traction of trains on electrified sections of railways. Electric sections or electric trains are used as suburban transport.
electrification systems can be classified:
with contact suspension
with contact rail
D.C.
alternating current:
current frequency
number of phases
type of conductors:
by voltage
by type of current:
Usually use direct or single-phase alternating current.
The use of three-phase current requires the suspension of at least two contact wires, so this system did not catch on.
When using direct current, the voltage in the network is made low enough to turn on the electric motors directly. Using alternating current a much higher voltage is chosen, since on an electric locomotive the voltage can be easily lowered using a transformer.
DC system.
DC motors are directly powered by contact network. The regulation is carried out by connecting resistors, rearranging the motors and weakening the excitation. AT recent decades pulse regulation began to spread, which made it possible to avoid energy losses in resistors.
Auxiliary electric motors (compressor drive, fans, etc.) are usually also powered directly from the contact network, so they turn out to be very large and heavy. In some cases, they are powered by rotating or static converters (for example, on ER2T, ED4M, ET2M electric trains, a motor-generator is used that converts direct current 3000 V into three-phase 220 V 50 Hz).
Simplicity of electrical equipment, low specific gravity and high efficiency led to the widespread use of this system in the early period of electrification.
The disadvantage of the system is the low voltage of the contact network, which forces the use of a larger total cross-section of wires and a reduction in the distance between traction substations, since, according to Ohm's law, a proportionally larger current is required to transmit the same power at a lower voltage.
On the railways, voltages of 3000 V and 1500 V are mainly used. practical research with the possibility of electrification DC voltage of 6000 V. Trams, trolleybuses, metro use voltage of 600, 750, 1200 V.
Low frequency AC system.
In a number European countries(Germany, Switzerland, etc.) a single-phase alternating current system 15 kV 16⅔ Hz is used. The reduced frequency allows the use of AC asynchronous motors. The motors are fed from the secondary winding of the transformer without any converters. Auxiliary electric motors (for the compressor, fans, etc.) are also usually asynchronous, fed from a separate transformer winding.
The disadvantage of the system is the need to convert the frequency of the current at substations or the construction of separate power plants for railways.
Power frequency alternating current system.
The most economical would be the use of industrial frequency current, but its implementation has met with many difficulties. At first, they tried to use AC collector motors, motor-generators (a single-phase synchronous motor plus a DC generator, from which DC traction motors worked), rotating frequency converters (giving current to traction asynchronous motors). Collector motors did not work well on power frequency current, and rotary converters were too heavy.
The system of single-phase current of industrial frequency (25 kV 50 Hz) began to be widely used only after the creation in France in the 1950s of electric locomotives with static mercury rectifiers (ignitrons; later they were replaced by silicon rectifiers); then this system spread to many other countries (including the USSR).
When rectifying a single-phase current, it is not a direct current that is obtained, but a pulsating one, therefore special pulsating current motors are used, and the circuit has smoothing reactors (choke), which reduces current ripples, and constant excitation attenuation resistors connected in parallel with the excitation winding of the motors and passing the alternating component of the pulsating current , which only causes unnecessary heating of the winding.
To drive auxiliary machines, either pulsating current motors are used, powered by a separate transformer winding through a rectifier, or industrial asynchronous electric motors powered by a phase splitter (this scheme was common on French and American electric locomotives, and was transferred from them to Soviet ones), or capacitors ( used, in particular, on Russian electric locomotives VL65, EP1, 2ES5K).
The disadvantages of the system are significant electromagnetic interference for communication lines, as well as uneven loading of the phases of the external power system. To increase the uniformity of the load of the phases in the contact network, sections with different phases; neutral inserts are arranged between them - short, several hundred meters long, sections of the contact network that the rolling stock passes with the engines turned off, by inertia. They are made so that the pantograph does not bridge the gap between the sections under high linear (interphase) voltage at the moment of transition from wire to wire. When stopping at the neutral insert, it can be supplied with voltage from the front along the section of the contact network.
Railways of the world.
Australia
Railways are represented by five state railways and a number of private railways. Track width 1600, 1435, 1067 mm.
Austria
Austrian Federal Railways (Österreichische Bundesbahnen) - gauge 1435 mm, 1000 mm, 760 mm, length 5624 km, 3186 km electrified, traction diesel locomotives and electric locomotives.
Azərbaycan Dövlət Uşaq Dəmir Yolu
Vitebsk branch of the Belarusian railway.
Georgia
Georgian Railway (Georgian Railway). The operational length of the main lines is 1323.9 km. 1422 bridges, 32 tunnels, 22 passenger stations and 114 loading stations are in operation.
Narrow gauge railway Borjomi - Bakuriani. UZhD with a gauge of 900 mm and a length of 37 km. In 1966 it was electrified for a voltage of 1500 V (direct current).
Israel
Israeli Railways. The railway network is approximately 750 km long and has 45 passenger stations. In addition to the existing and under construction sections of the railway network, there are long abandoned and unused sections. The standard gauge of 1435 mm is used. The operating lines run through densely populated coastal, northern, central and some southern regions countries. The lines use both single-deck and double-deck cars powered by diesel locomotives. Polish State Railways (Polskie Koleje Państwowe). The length of railways in the country is 26644 km, including 24287 km with a gauge of 1435 mm, and 2357 km with a gauge of 1520, 100, 785, 750 and 600 mm. Of the total length of roads, 1,138 km have been electrified. Mostly electrification was carried out at a direct current of 3 kV.
Russia
Russian Railways. Russian Railways owns 99% of the railway lines in Russia with a total length of 85,500 km (with the exception of a number of railways operated by private companies, for example, the Norilsk Railway, etc.), stations and railway stations, depots and dispatch systems. The company also owns about 20 thousand locomotives (about 90% of the total locomotive fleet), more than 600 thousand freight and passenger cars. Passenger locomotives account for about 12%. Part of the passenger traffic on the network of Russian Railways, in particular, in the direction of Moscow - St. Petersburg, is carried out by private trains.
The Trans-Siberian Railway or the Great Siberian Way, which connects the Russian capital Moscow with Vladivostok, until recently wore honorary title the longest railway in the world. But when the New silk road", then he moved the Trans-Siberian to second place, as he became noticeably longer than the previous record holder. The longest railway routes include unique routes with a length of many thousands of kilometers, during the journey along which a person can learn a lot about our planet.
1. Madrid-Iu, or the "New Silk Road" (13,052 km)
Nowadays, to deliver goods from the Middle Kingdom to Europe, it is not necessary to make dangerous months-long off-road trips on horses and camels. However, to avoid this, huge investments are required. The Chinese have historically dreamed of making the direction to the west profitable, fast and reliable, and at some point attracted Russian specialists to cooperate.
The length of the railway line big name The "New Silk Road" was 13,052 kilometers. That is how much railway track it took to connect the capital of Spain with the small Chinese town of Yiwu. After the completion of construction, this railway became the record holder in the world in terms of length. The Chinese government has not been stingy and has spent about $40 billion to improve the infrastructure of the railway and increase the tonnage of goods carried on it.
At the end of 2014, a train from Chinese city Yiwu, located on the Pacific coast, and after 21 days he finished in distant Madrid. This was the beginning of the work of the longest railway in the world. Unfortunately, the quality of the track does not yet allow comfortable passenger express trains to run on it for train traffic. strong influence provided by the weather and other natural factors, but, despite this, the start of the functioning of this highway allowed the world economy to stand one step higher.
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2. Moscow-Vladivostok, or the Trans-Siberian Railway (9,289 km)
This road passes exclusively through Russian territory, she was the first to globally connect Europe and Asia. The construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway began in 1891. Returning from a months-long sea cruise from Japan, heir to the throne Nikolai Romanov (future the last Emperor Nicholas II) laid the first stone of the Ussuri railway in the vicinity of Vladivostok. The longest railway in Russia, like beads, strung 87 cities on itself, 5 federal districts and 8 time zones. 81% of the length of this path falls on Asian part, and the rest to European.
The Soviet builders of BAM could envy the speed of construction of this railway line - the route from Kotlas and Miass to Port Arthur and Vladivostok appeared in just 13.5 years (1891-1904). Basically, the "cast iron" passed through undeveloped lands, areas permafrost. Through major rivers many bridges were built. The construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway was completed on October 1 (according to the old style), 1904. But even after the official completion, construction continued for many more years. For example, only in 1938 the second track was completed. This legendary railway, which has a length of 9289 kilometers, was launched at the height of the First World War - in 1916.
To get from the capital to Vladivostok, a traveler will need to spend 167 hours on the train, which will make 120 stops during this time. Traveling along the Trans-Siberian Railway is akin to a long tourist voyage - passengers will see many famous settlements, natural attractions of incredible beauty and pristine. In addition, winding kilometers, the train gradually crosses 8 time zones.
3. Moscow-Beijing (8,984 km)
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Russia and China are long-standing partners with common interests not only in politics and economics, but also in culture. It is not surprising that the capitals of these vast countries were connected by a direct railway line, which stretches for 8984 kilometers. The journey from one capital to another lasts about 145 hours. A significant part of the train route is covered by the already mentioned Trans-Siberian Railway, but in Chita, the cars heading to China turn aside Chinese border. This is followed by a 6-hour stop in Zabaikalsk, where border control and a change of wheelsets are carried out, since the gauge is different in the two countries.
4. Far Eastern Railway (6,826 km)
.jpg)
The length of this route is 6826 kilometers. The railway administration is located in Khabarovsk. Throughout the journey, the train passes through 416 stations, as well as 3 state border crossing points. Travelers sitting on the train will not get bored, because they can admire the nature of the reserves and the view of the permafrost zones.
5. Gorky Railway (5,296 km)
.jpg)
In 1936, the Gorky railway was formed with a length of 5296 kilometers. This highway is being modernized all the time, for example, in 2010 Sapsan, a high-speed electric train manufactured by the German company Siemens, began to run along it, which began to deliver passengers for more than a short time. For example, with its help to get from Moscow to Nizhny Novgorod became possible in 3.5 hours. More than 52 million passengers travel on the Gorky Railway every year. For Russia, this area has long been an important economic and political factor, on its way are located historical cities, along the way you can see the big woodlands and picturesque landscapes.
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6. Lhasa-Guangzhou (4,980 km)
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Inside China, there is another long railroad with 4,980 kilometer poles. She is bound seaport Guangzhou and continental Lhasa, located in the Tibetan Plateau. Train T264 overcomes this grandiose way in 54.5 hours. The conductors tell passengers about the sights flickering outside the windows on three languages. The train has a 24-hour restaurant serving Tibetan and Chinese cuisine.
In recent decades, China has taken a leading position in the world in organizing modern networks railways. The Chinese use the latest building technology, put on rails modern high speed trains capable of going much faster than regular cars.
7. Yining-Shanghai (4,742 km)
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In 2014, traffic was opened on a new railway route connecting Shanghai and Yining with a length of 4742 kilometers. Passenger trains move along it, while they sequentially cross 7 Chinese provinces, in which 32 stops are made. Travel time is 56 hours, during which passengers cross most of China and have the opportunity to admire its beauty, which is really quite a lot.
8. Urumqi-Guangzhou (4,684 km)
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This railway connects the northwestern lands of China with its southeastern regions, its length was 4684 kilometers, and it will take 49.5 hours to overcome them. Three trains operate here, in which businessmen, politicians and just travelers who want to get to Guangzhou most often sit.
9. Toronto-Vancouver (4,466 km)
In Canada, VIA Rail trains run between Vancouver and Toronto on a 4,466 kilometer route. They make 66 stops along the way. But passengers sitting in comfortable carriages do not have to be bored, because the snow-capped peaks of the Rocky Mountains, the Canadian taiga untouched by man and various natural attractions rush through the windows. Often, passengers manage not only to admire the scenery, but also to see deer, elk or bears.
The German statistical company Jacdec has compiled its authoritative ranking of the safest airlines in the world for 2018. The authors of this list...
10. Chicago - Los Angeles (4,390 km)
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The transcontinental American highway connects Los Angeles and Chicago, which are located on opposite sides North American mainland. This route is operated by the state-owned company Amtrak. The length of the path is 4390 kilometers, which the trains cover on average in 65 hours. During the journey, they cross 7 states and make 40 stops along the way. For the convenience of travelers, train cars have a special design - there are windows here not only on their sides, but also on the roof.
The longest railway in Russia
In Russia, as well as throughout the world, the Trans-Siberian Railway is recognized as the longest railway. Its second name is Transsib.The giant road began to be laid in 1891. In those years, she received the name - Great Siberian way. Despite the fact that construction has been carried out since the nineteenth century, this road has been modernized and quite modern.
Its length is almost nine thousand three hundred kilometers. The path passes through the capital of Russia, through Perm, Yaroslavl, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, Vladivostok, Yekaterinburg and other large industrial cities. Stretching across Far East and Eastern Siberia, this record-breaking railway pierces the largest exits to Asia. Connecting Asia and Europe, for the most part it passes through Asia.
The fastest train of the Trans-Siberian Railway is Rossiya. His route is Moscow-Vladivostok. The train delivers passengers from one destination in another in just over six days.
I must say that Russia is second only to America in the length of railroad tracks, being in second place in the world. The length of Russian networks is eighty-five thousand kilometers three hundred meters.
The longest railroad in the USA
The oldest and one of the longest in America is the transcontinental railroad, which links the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. Construction began in the days of President Lincoln, was carried out for a long time and with great difficulty.The opening took place in 1869. It took the locomotive almost eighty-four hours to cover the journey from San Francisco to New York. This significant railroad connected ports located on two oceans and became the impetus for the development of the US economy. By the end of the nineteenth century, three more transcontinental railways appeared on the continent, today there are seven of them.
Thanks to the growing popularity of railroads and their active construction, America has become the world leader in the length of the railroad network (254 thousand miles). Now there is a trend towards a significant reduction.
In 2001, the two roads were merged in order to improve them. economic situation and competitiveness. Thus was formed the longest system in the United States, which included fifty-four thousand kilometers of one road and fifty-three thousand kilometers of another.
The longest railway in Latin America
In Latin America, railroad construction began in the nineteenth century and continued until the mid-twentieth century. Transcontinental railroads cross countries such as Mexico, Chile, Brazil, Central America, Bolivia, Argentina. They are distinguished by a large length, but low technical equipment.Railroad tracks are located throughout Latin America very uneven. A country like Argentina is in first place among the countries of its continent in terms of passenger traffic. The length of the railways of this country is thirty-two thousand kilometers.
Not to mention Brazil and Mexico. Countries on their continent occupy a leading position in terms of freight transport by rail. The length of the railways in Mexico is twenty-one thousand kilometers, and in Brazil - thirty thousand kilometers.
China recently signed an agreement with Brazil to build a transatlantic railroad that will connect Pacific Ocean middle west of the country. This road, passing through Bolivia and Peru, will enable all Latin American countries to trade directly with China.
