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Helminthology is a multi-volume, exciting poem about subversive, sabotage activities grandiose world helminths, systematically and systematically undermining the health of people and reducing the productivity of animal husbandry.

Helminthology fascinates me because each individual phase of it historical development, each separate direction, even a separate fragment of this science, is fraught with enormous theoretical values ​​and gives a clearly tangible practical effectiveness.

All-Union Institute of Helminthology (VIGIS) and established four scholarships named after him.

The first lectures on helminthology medical doctors read by K. I. Scriabin in Ukraine. In the same year, as already mentioned, a medical helminthological expedition began to work in the Donbass under the leadership of Konstantin Ivanovich.

The flourishing of this branch of helminthology can occur only then, - he wrote, - when - a systematic examination of the helminth fauna of individual regions, regions, provinces, districts, etc. will be carried out ... These statements served scientific justification huge subsequent work on the study of the helminth fauna of the USSR - the organization, on the initiative of Konstantin Ivanovich, of numerous expeditions to various regions of our country. Thanks to this work, the territory of the USSR, despite its vast expanses, has been better studied in terms of helminth fauna than any other country.

Back in August 1942, I expressed my view of helminthology in the following, albeit pompous, expressions, which, however, exactly correspond to the actual essence of this multifaceted discipline.

The training of veterinary specialists in helminthology, in addition to VIGIS, in research and educational veterinary institutes is conducted by Corresponding Member of the All-Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences I. V. Orlov, Professors P. A. Velichkin, T. E. Burdelev (Moscow), Professor R. S. Shults (Alma-Ata), Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR I. Irgashev, Professor V. M. Sadykov (Samarkand), Doctors of Veterinary Sciences V. Yu. Mitskevich (Leningrad), V. G. Evranova (Kazan), M. D. Klesov (Kharkov), X.

Even in the early years of the formation of helminthology in our country, Konstantin Ivanovich noted the great scientific and practical significance of work in the field of helminthogeography, refuting the then-existing idea that the principles of zoogeography in helminthology cannot find application. Proponents of this opinion believed that external conditions environments do not affect the life of the helminth, since it lives in the host organism, where temperature conditions, chemistry and other factors are relatively stable.

The nature of the teaching of helminthology has also changed dramatically. Instead of fragmentary, random and often contradictory information that students received from teachers of various departments, now there is a systematic scientifically based teaching about the whole variety of helminths, about their relationship with the external environment and about measures to combat them. Higher veterinary educational institutions began to produce veterinarians who widely use in their practical work modern methods control of invasive diseases.

The creation and development of helminthology in our country as an independent scientific discipline is inseparably linked with creative scientific and organizational activities outstanding Soviet scientist, academician Konstantin Ivanovich Skryabin.

Scriabin was not limited only to helminthology.

Applied problems cover: detailed study of all pathological and morphological and pathological and physiological processes associated with the infection of humans, useful animals and plants with various helminths, in order to find the most effective methods diagnostics, prevention and treatment of the diseases caused by them, the main sections of G.: general G. (study of G., fauna, morphology, taxonomy, biological cycles and physiology of helminths); medical G. (human helminthiases, measures to combat them); veterinary G. (helminthiases of domestic and game animals, measures to combat them); agronomic G., or Phytohelminthology (the study of the influence of helminths on a plant, the development of measures to combat phytohelminths).

K. M. Ryzhikov.

Scientific work on medical G. is closely connected with the practice of health care, which is facilitated by the creation of the USSR Ministry of Health Committee for the Control of Helminthiasis, which includes scientific and practical workers. On the territory of the USSR, some helminthiases (guinea worm) have been eliminated, and the infestation of others has been reduced. A huge role in the development of medical G. is played by mutually complementary schools created by K. I. Skryabin, E. N. Pavlovsky, and V. A. Dogil. In the USSR, helminthologists of all directions are united in the All-Union Society of Helminthologists under the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Medical G.'s teaching is conducted in medical institutes and institutes for the improvement of doctors.

N. N. Plotnikov.

N. V. Demidov.

Hippocrates (5th century BC) first introduced the terms "helmins" and "ascaris". He wrote about symptoms characteristic of taeniasis, enterobiasis, ascariasis, and echinococcosis in humans and animals. Aristotle (384-342 BC) knew about roundworms, pinworms and tapeworms, but considered them to be insect larvae.

A great contribution to the science of helminthiases and their treatment was made by a Tajik doctor, scientist and statesman Ibn Sina, known in Europe under the name of Avicenna (980-1037). He knew roundworms, pinworms, cestodes and guinea worm. In his opinion, helminths originate from intestinal contents and are the cause of such severe symptoms as "dog's" appetite, intestinal colic, itching in the anus, brain disorders, fever, etc. For the treatment of helminthiasis, he proposed and used many remedies made mainly from plants: bitter wormwood, cumin, cabbage with lupine juice, male fern, bark of fresh pomegranate branches, Ceylon cinnamon, etc.

The first textbook on helminthology can be called the Gabucinus edition (1549). The authors of the first manuals on medical helminthology were Andry in France (1700) and Clericus in Switzerland (1715).

Scientific helminthology began to develop in the second half of the 18th century, when the father of scientific systematics, Carl Linnaeus, created a new taxonomy of the animal kingdom, the principles of which were fully included in helminthology.

Its development at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th centuries is associated with the works of P. Pallas, O. Muller, M. Blok, J. Zeder, F. Schrank and especially K. Rudolfi (1771-1832), who, according to R. S. Schultz and E. V. Gvozdev (1970), is the father of helminthology.

In subsequent years, manuals on helminthology were published by Dujardin (1845), Diesing (1850), Bremser (1839) and other authors, which contributed to the further accumulation of factual material in various branches of science.

Works on the anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and biology of helminths appeared in the literature (Kuchenmeister, 1855, Neumann, 1892, Leuckart, 1881, Taliaferro, 1929, etc.).

Accumulated facts on the study of the cycles of development of pathogens of ascariasis, opisthorchiasis, strongyloidiasis, ankylostomiasis, hymenolepiasis, schistosomiasis. According to R. S. Shults and E. V. Gvozdev, elucidation of the features of the life cycles of helminths is one of the greatest achievements of experimental helminthology of that time.

The study of the phenomenon of helminth migration in the host organism and the first attempt to classify migration routes was made by K. I. Skryabin and R. S. Shults (1940).

For many years, the prevailing opinion was that the most reliable method of combating helminthiasis is the treatment of the infected (von Linden, 1921, 1923).

However, an important stage in the development of helminthological science was the development of a preventive direction. In 1925, K. I. Skryabin introduced the concept of "dehelminthization", to which he attaches importance mainly as a planned mass preventive measure, and in 1944 he proposed a new, more advanced principle of combating helminthiasis - the principle of devastation. It is based on an active attack on the pathogens of helminthiases in order to exterminate them at all stages of the biological cycle.

The greatest contribution to the development of helminthology in Russia was made by P. S. Pallas (1811-1841), I. S. Andrievsky (1759-1809), L. Boyanus (1776-1827), E. K. Brandt (1839-1891) , N. A. Kholodkovsky (1858-1921) and others.

The founder and organizer of Soviet helminthological science and practice is an outstanding scientist of world renown - Academician Konstantin Ivanovich Skryabin.

Among the many names worth mentioning are V. P. Podyapolskaya, N. P. Shikhobalova, L. I. Prokopenko, N. N. Plotnikov, N. N. Ozeretskovskaya, L. M. Isaev, E. S. Leykina, A. Ya. Lysenko, N. N. Romanenko and others.

Expeditions organized by K. I. Skryabin and his students in different years on the territory of the USSR contributed to the expansion of knowledge on various issues of helminthology. As a result, the helminth fauna of humans and animals was studied, and foci of a number of helminthiases were identified, which contributed to the development of a new branch of science - helminth geography.

Since the 1950s and 1960s, more attention has been paid to the creation of synthetic antihelminthic drugs. Previously, for this purpose, mainly used means plant origin- male fern extract, wormwood flowers, tansy flowers, pumpkin seeds, etc. Santonin, a lactone isolated from seeds (flowers) of wormwood, was widely used. They also used chenopodium oil, sulfur and other means.

From synthetic agents in the 60s of the twentieth century. wide application received hexylresorcinol. Some of the agents used had a pronounced anthelmintic activity. Santonin is all effective in ascariasis, male fern extract - in taeniasis and other helminthiases. Hexylresorcinol is effective in ascariasis, trichuriasis, ankylostomiasis. Henopodia oil contains large quantities(more than 50%) ascaridol, effective for ascariasis, etc. However, these drugs are highly toxic, cause a number of side effects. In connection with the emergence of new effective and less toxic drugs, chenopodium oil, santonin, carbon tetrachloride, male fern extract, hexylresorcinol were gradually excluded from the range of drugs. Some other outdated preparations (purified sulfur, wormwood flowers, etc.) have only limited use.

In the 50s of the twentieth century. piperazine salts (adipinate, citrate, maleate), which are effective in the treatment of ascariasis and enterobiosis and have low toxicity, began to be widely used as antihelminthics. Currently, the number of anthelmintic drugs includes a number of synthetic drugs of different chemical groups:

a) for the treatment of hookworms: piperazine salts (mainly adipate), naphtamon, difezil, mebendazole, medamin, pyrantel, pirvinium (pamoate);

b) for the treatment of cestodosis: fenasal.

Praziquantel is a new highly effective drug for the treatment of trematodosis and schistosomatosis.

Limited use continues to have aminoacrychin (for cestodoses), diprazine citrate (for filiriasis) and some other drugs (wormwood flowers, tansy, etc.).

In Ukraine, the beginning of systematic work to combat helminthiases was initiated in 1925 by the 25th allied helminthological expedition to examine the miners of Donbass under the leadership of K. I. Skryabin. Almost simultaneously, helminthological studies were carried out in Odessa, Dnepropetrovsk, Kharkov, Donetsk regions(L. V. Gromashevsky, E. S. Shulman, 1925-1930).

Scientific and applied helminthology in Ukraine has received a particularly rapid development in the postwar years. A large number of studies have been carried out on the spread of helminthiases, sanitary helminthology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment, immunity, prevention and organization of the fight against helminthiasis.

CHRONOLOGICAL CHART

	EVENTS DESCRIPTION
5th century BC e.	Hippocrates first introduced the terms "helmins" and "ascaris".
384-342 BC e.	Aristotle on roundworms, pinworms and tapeworms.
	Avicenna for the treatment of helminthiases offered and used many remedies made mainly from plants.
	The first textbook on helminthology.
	K. I. Scriabin introduces the concept of "deworming".
	In Ukraine, the beginning of systematic work to combat helminthiasis.
50s of the XX century	Piperazine salts (adipate, citrate, maleate) are widely used as antihelminthics.
60s of the XX century.	Hexylresorcinol has been widely used.
Postwar years	Scientific and applied helminthology in Ukraine has received a particularly rapid development.

«UDK 576.858.89 THE MAIN STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF HELMINTHOLOGY IN THE USSR FOR 50 YEARS Academician K. I. Skryabin In pre-revolutionary Russia, helminthology as an independent science did not exist, it was...»

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Academician K, I.

UDC 576.858.89

MAIN STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF HELMINTHOLOGY

IN THE USSR FOR 50 YEARS

Academician K. I. Skryabin

In pre-revolutionary Russia, helminthology as an independent

science did not exist, it was one of the modest sections of zoology

and was completely isolated from medicine and veterinary medicine.

Helminthology is a true brainchild of socialist culture, because it was born, developed and won a strong all-Union and international authority only in the conditions of the Soviet state, turning from a private section of zoology into a multifaceted complex biological-medical-veterinary-phytopathological. a science closely connected with the tasks of communist construction.

throwing hindsight on the path traversed by helminthological science and practice during the period of existence of Soviet power, one has to be amazed at the striking contrast that distinguishes our modernity from the recent pre-revolutionary past.

During the years of Soviet power, helminthology was transformed into a completely new scientific discipline, acquired not only a different scope, but a fundamentally new content, set itself unprecedented noble state tasks closely related to the building of communism.

Tsarist Russia did not have a single specialized research institution for helminthology. The course of helminthology was not taught in either veterinary or medical higher schools, nor at the institutes for the improvement of doctors. As a result, there was not a single helminthologist in our country.

Of course there were individual representatives zoological sciences, which were engaged in the study, among other things, of certain particular issues of helminthology. However, they were numbered in units, and both themselves and all other scientists did not consider them helminthologists, since their main specialty was other branches of biology, and work on helminthology was of a secondary, most often random nature. Such were our professors A. II. Fedchenko, N. A. Kholodkovsky, V. O. Kler and others.

Thus, by the end of 1922 in Moscow, helminthological science was represented by three main areas - veterinary, medical and biological.

STAGES OF CONSTRUCTION OF THE SOVIET HELMINTHOLOGY

The 50-year path of Soviet helminthological science and practice was characterized by a successive change of several main periods, and during the transition from one stage to another, the work of the previous period, of course, did not stop, but continued.

–  –  –

The first stage in the construction of the helminthological business in our country was the organizational and propaganda period and work on the creation of personnel. Here we had to overcome serious difficulties.

The combination of great theoretical depths in helminthology with the widest range of applied sections in the field of medicine, veterinary medicine and agronomy was not taken into account by the general public;

of the population and domestic animals has progressively increased, since the population did not receive qualified assistance from doctors. Doctors did not specialize in helminthology, since it was not taught in universities and in scientific institutions, as well as in practical medical and veterinary laboratories and experimental stations they did not deal with it.

This situation dictated, first of all, the need for propaganda correct ideas about helminthology both among veterinarians and among the general population. Along with this, it was necessary to organize helminthological cells on the periphery as soon as possible.

On the one hand, this work attracted many who were interested in our science, and on the other hand, it expanded the network of helminthological cells in scientific and pedagogical institutions periphery.

–  –  –

The period of detection of helminths in the fauna of the USSR by organizing expeditions The second stage in the construction of helminthology in the USSR was characterized by the study of the helminth fauna of animals and humans in different zones of the USSR by organizing specialized helminthological expeditions. Before the Great October Revolution geographic map of our country was in helminthological terms a solid white spot.

In medicine and veterinary medicine, the idea that the helminth fauna of humans and animals, firstly, is very poor in species, and secondly, is more or less homogeneous in different geographical zones, prevailed.

What helminths are common in one-sixth of the world?

What is the percentage of damage among different national groups of the population, in certain types of farm animals? In what parts of the country are the main foci of the most economically significant helminthiases? What is the intensity of invasions in a particular category of the population? What are the epidemiological and epizootological prerequisites that determine the predominance of certain helminthiases in certain areas? All these and many other questions needed to be resolved.

The need to start mass helminthological reconnaissance followed logically. And the team of Soviet helminthologists began to systematically organize expeditions to various parts of our country to study the helminth fauna of the USSR. They carried out a detailed epidemiological analysis explaining the reason for the predominance or absence of certain invasions in certain areas. And since the reason for the "bittering"

identified, we can already talk about the development recreational activities. As a result of the work of the expeditions, a huge amount of valuable material has been concentrated in the hands of helminthologists. It is concentrated in the Central Helminthological Museum of the All-Union Institute of Helminthology in Moscow. All these materials were collected according to a single method, which has become widely used in our country and is called the “Method of complete helminthological autopsies according to Scriabin”.

From 1919 to 1966, a team of Soviet helminthologists conducted 335 helminthological expeditions covering all the main climatic and geographical zones of the USSR from Belarus to Pacific Ocean and from the Arctic to the border with Afghanistan. As a result, a grandiose quantitatively material (about half a million specimens of various vertebrates have been discovered). Expeditions organized by Moscow workers were the largest in scale (Western Siberia, Far East, Northern Arctic, Yakutia, the republics of Transcaucasia and Central Asia etc.), they included biologists, physicians, veterinarians.

The work of the expeditions played huge role in the development of helminthological science and practice. They set up an addiction various diseases from climatic and geographical factors, from the everyday and professional moments of the population, revealed the true helminthological status of people and animals in our country, forced to re-evaluate the role of the helminthic factor in pathology and brought to life the desire to fight mass "scaling" in the field of medicine and veterinary medicine . Since most of the expeditions organized courses in helminthology for physicians and veterinarians at their places of work, a network of peripheral helminthological research laboratories and experimental stations began to be created. Many cadets came to Moscow for an internship. Subsequently, many of them grew into serious helminthologists. The expeditions introduced sound ideas about helminthic diseases among the broadest sections of the population of the USSR and thereby promoted methods of personal and social prevention.

The material collected by the expeditions was subjected to regular processing in terms of systematics, morphology, ecology, zoogeography, as well as epidemiology and epizootology by a large team of specialists. In addition, the main foci of very serious human and animal diseases were identified (for example, the focus of opisthorchiasis among the population of the Soviet Arctic), which served as the basis for medical and veterinary health measures.

The development of helminthic-faunistic collections collected by 335 specialized expeditions in all geographical areas of our country has enriched helminthological science with a huge new actual material and made concrete way to change a number of old erroneous ideas about the role of helminths in pathology.

At the same time, causative agents of such serious diseases as paragonimiasis of the lungs, thelaziosis of the eyes, hepaticolosis of the liver, tominxosis of the lungs, intestinal nanophyetosis, dirofilariasis of the eye, dioctophymosis of the kidneys, ankylostomatosis, necatoriasis, fascioliasis and many others were ascertained.

Naturally, as a result of our faunistic work, the assessment by public health authorities of both the role of helminths in human pathology and the organization of recreational activities should have changed radically.

The publication of these monographic series began in 1947. By 1967, 22 volumes of the Animal and Human Trematodes series, 20 volumes of Fundamentals of Nematodology, and 6 volumes of Fundamentals of Cestodology were published. Some volumes of these series in the US have been translated into English language. The international value of these monographs lies in the fact that they allow scientists working in any part of our planet to produce precise definition to the type of each helminth found in any organ of any representative of the animal world.

By the end of this five-year plan, we plan to complete the work of 2 main series on trematodes and nematodes. The two-volume "Acanthocephaly" was published in 1956-1958. edited by prof. V.I. PETROCHENKO.

When creating the mentioned monographs, we carried out a very laborious, but interesting job: revision of all representatives of all classes of helminths described in the world literature, and based on the analysis of these materials, the creation new system large taxonomic units of trematodes, cestodes and nematodes.

Third stage

Having condemned the old methods of treating helminthiases in humans and animals, which were completely divorced from prevention, K. I. Skryabin in 1925

developed new principle"deworming", which harmoniously combines elements of therapy and prevention. In 1934, the method of "pre-imaginal" deworming was put into practice, in which the causative agent of the disease is expelled from the host's body at a stage of its development when it is not yet able to release its sexual elements into the external environment. This results in a double positive effect: the development of the disease is prevented and the pollution of the external environment with invasive elements is prevented.

The practical application of these and many other new methods and principles developed by a team of Soviet helminthologists gave very positive results in the field of medicine and veterinary medicine: at first, a slow, but gradually increasing attack on the helminthic enemy began with the combined forces of scientists and practitioners.

Helminthology began not only to be recognized, but to really feel and evaluate the results of its daring, both health authorities and agriculture.

Fourth stage

The Period of Development of the Problems of Experimental Helminthology Approximately from 1926, a team of Soviet helminthologists began to develop the problems of experimental helminthology, which grew from year to year, involving more and more new theoretical and practical problems in the orbit of their research.

Works on the study of development cycles were launched on a wide front different classes helminths. The results were very interesting:

A significant part of dissertations for the degree of candidate of biological sciences was defended by many young employees of central and peripheral institutions on topics devoted to the study of the biological cycles of helminths.

K. I. Skryabin proved that rhabditoid larvae of the pathogen of human strongyloidiasis can, without leaving the external environment, turn into filariform larvae in the intestinal lumen, which enter the mouth through the lungs through the hematogenous route, are swallowed and turn into a sexually mature form.

Soviet researchers enriched this section of helminthology with very important scientific and in practical terms discoveries, many of which are used in medicine and veterinary medicine.

Helminthology has gained a wide range of experimental directions since 1942, when the USSR Academy of Sciences managed to organize an independent special Helminthological Laboratory, which is located directly at the Biology Department (now in the Department of General Biology).

This laboratory was created thanks to the assistance of the President of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Academician V. JI. Komarov and Vice-President Academician L. A. Orbeli. She began her work in Kazan during the height of the Great Patriotic War, consisting of 4 persons: acad. K. I. Skryabin (head of the laboratory), senior researcher E. M. Matevosyan and 2 laboratory assistants.

Over the 25th anniversary of its activity, this laboratory has grown into a large research institution with a staff of 80 people, turning into a biological and theoretical center of Soviet helminthological science, in which experimental work in a variety of directions. In 1965, 4 sectors were organized in this laboratory: 1) on fauna, morphology and systematics of helminths; 2) biology and ecology of helminths; 3) on the physiology, biochemistry of helminths and immunity in helminthiasis, and 4) on phytohelminthology.

During the existence of this laboratory, employees, graduate students and interns defended 16 doctoral and 55 PhD theses, published 17 volumes of "Proceedings of the Helminthological Laboratory of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR" and several thematic collections.

The creation of a specialized helminthological laboratory in the system of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR influenced the organization of similar laboratories in the academies of sciences. union republics. In 1943, an independent laboratory was founded in the Kirghiz branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (now the Academy of Sciences of the KirgSSR); in 1944 - in all academies of sciences of Transcaucasia.

They were followed by the creation of similar laboratories in the academies of sciences of Kazakhstan and the republics of Central Asia, as well as in the Lithuanian and Latvian SSR. The only republic in our country where an independent helminthological laboratory has not yet been established is the Estonian SSR.

Study of biochemistry and physiology of helminths

There is no need to prove the need to develop these topical problems of helminthology. In order to be able to consciously manage the life processes of helminths, to suppress their development without harming the host organism, it is necessary to clearly understand all the subtleties of the metabolic processes and physiological functions of both the host and helminths on different stages their development.

Immunological studies

Toward a systematic study of immunity in helminthiases Soviet researchers started around 1930-1932. During these years, they faced the need to know the various aspects of the relationship between host organisms and helminths. Therefore, in parallel with the development of principles and methods of combating helminthiasis, research on theoretical and practical issues immunity and immunodiagnostics.

The first researchers who dealt with the issues of immunity in helminthiases in our country were prof. R. S. Shults and N. P. Shikhobalova, who began their research on the basis of the All-Union Institute of Helminthology. They deeply analyzed the disparate foreign and domestic literature available by that time and published a number of works that outlined the ways of researching immunity and immunodiagnostics in helminthiases.

It can be stated with satisfaction that the number of studies on various issues of this problem in our country is growing every year. Research has expanded especially in the last 10 years, not only in quantitative terms, but also in terms of the versatility and depth of the issues covered in them.

Despite the fact that research on immunity and immunodiagnostics is carried out in our country in a number of scientific research institutions medical, veterinary and general biological profiles, one can indicate several cells in which these studies are currently carried out most widely.

Lot topical issues decided by prof. Schultz with employees on the basis of the Kazakh Research veterinary institute in Alma-Ata. E. Ya. Davtyan works in close creative contact with R. S. Shultz at the Institute of Zoology of the ArmSSR (Yerevan). Every year, research conducted at VIGIS on the issues of immunity and allergy by V. S. Ershov, M. I. Naumycheva and their employees is expanding.

GELAN is working on general issues immunity N. P. Shikhobalova, Z. K. Leutskaya with employees. Basically, the issues of the nature of immunity and the role of vitamin A in its formation and the possibility of immunizing animals with helminth larvae inactivated by the action of ionizing radiation are being resolved.

To date, the Soviet literature has accumulated very valuable material proving the formation of immunity in animals infested with various helminths (trematodes, cestodes, nematodes). Experimental studies have been carried out mainly on laboratory animals, although a number of valuable studies have also been carried out on farm animals.

The study of the nature and mechanism of immunity in helminthiases has expanded, a number of factors have been identified that affect the intensity of natural and acquired immunity. In recent years, a number of valuable studies have been carried out aimed at understanding the pathogenesis and immunity in actual helminthiases in humans and farm animals. The course of many helminthiases is currently explained by researchers from the standpoint of an allergic restructuring of the body. Allergic reactions, in particular, explain many clinical phenomena during such helminthiases as trichinosis, ascariasis, ankylostomidosis, and some pulmonary helminthiases.

Much attention is paid by Soviet helminthologists to the problems of immunodiagnostics of helminthiases in both humans and animals. If the first years of work were mainly concerned with an allergic reaction, then in subsequent years, researchers began to pay more attention to serological reactions. In the early years, complement fixation reactions and the precipitation reaction were used, and in subsequent years, the attention of researchers was drawn to the reactions of hemagglutination, agglutination with adsorbed antigens, and, in part, double diffusion in the body.

Currently the number scientific staff dealing with issues of immunity in helminthiases, has grown very much. Naturally, the number of papers published annually has also increased significantly.

Studying the problems of phytohelminthology

In 1952, on the basis of GELAN, a second laboratory on plant helminths was organized under the leadership of a prominent biologist A. A. Paramonov. She enriched the theory of phytohelminthological science with serious achievements and developed a number of measures that found practical application in agricultural production. In particular, the laboratory has developed and is putting into practice a new principle of "plant therapy", which allows for recreational activities during the growing season of cultivated plants sick with helminthiases. Received interesting results, from which it is clear that, by acting with various chemical compounds (salts of salicylic acid, ammonium nitrate, and others), it is possible to sharply reduce the sexual function of highly pathogenic gall nematodes. Special measures have been developed to free potato fields from harmful stem nematodes.

A cadre of specialists-phytohelminthologists has been created, a theory of forecasting the number of phytohelminths is being developed, and the influence of a number of biotic and abiotic factors on their number is being studied. Work is underway to experimentally study the dynamics of the number of plant nematodes and their reactions to physical and chemical exposure aimed at reducing fertility and suppressing the viability of plant nematodes. At present, agricultural practitioners have fully appreciated the importance of phytohelminthology as a science aimed at combating phytohelminthiases that damage all major crops in open and protected ground and cause millions of losses to our country.

A. A. Paramonov created a fundamental four-volume monograph "Fundamentals of Phytohelminthology", the first two volumes of which have already been published.

Behind last decade several new laboratories in phytohelminthology have been set up in the academies of sciences of the Union republics, in the All-Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences and in some agricultural institutes.

Studying the problems of entomohelminthology

A great merit in the study of insect helminths and in the popularization of the problems of entomohelminthology belongs to an employee of the Voronezh forestry institute P. A. Polozhentsev, who studied mainly mermitids, and E. S. Kiryanova, an employee of the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, who studied hordiids and some phytohelminths.

In insects living on pine trunks, she found about 40 species of helminths (including 8 new to science).

The study of fine histological structures of helminths This direction was started in the Helminthological Laboratory in 1953 by E. D. Logachev, who studied integumentary and muscle tissues flatworms. At present, Yu.K. different conditions habitat.

These works allowed to resolve some contentious issues concerning the structures of the cuticle, hypodermis and muscular elements of nematodes.

Histological and histochemical materials will help in the future to resolve the issues of phylogenetic relationship of individual systematic groups helminths and establishing functional value histological structures.

Fifth stage Planning of helminthological science and practice The beginning of planning of helminthological research work should be considered the year 1930; practical planned measures in the field of combating helminths in humans and animals began to be implemented somewhat later.

Until 1942, the All-Union Institute of Helminthology was the center for planning scientific problems in veterinary medicine and questions of theoretical and biological profile.

With the organization of the specialized Laboratory for Helminthology (GELAN) in the system of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1942, the main biological sections of helminthological science began to be planned by GELAN.

The principles of planning boiled down to ensuring that the entire network of helminthological institutions worked out the most topical topics, so that the cadres of scientists were focused on solving the most pressing issues raised by the practice of socialist production. Planning made it possible to avoid excessive parallelism, duplication of experimental research; for peripheral institutions, it was possible to choose a topic that would relate to the problems that are most relevant to the area.

The planning of helminthological studies made it possible to set broad issues all-Union scale to be developed by a large team of employees in such a way that each of them conducts his work in the aspect of specific local climatic-geographical and production and living conditions.

The planning of research work finally made it possible to suspend the development of a topic that had already been resolved by some institution in the USSR or abroad.

When in July 1937 the second All-Union Medical Helminthological Conference, at the suggestion of K.I. Scriabin, recognized the need to organize, starting from the third five-year plan, planned work with human taeniasis (and thus also with the Finnosis of cattle and pigs), the Helminthological Department of the Central Tropical Institute in Moscow considered it necessary to put forward as one of the general themes for 1938 "The experience of eliminating the taeniasis focus."

At the same time, a complex-collective topic in veterinary medicine "Study of the geographical distribution of the most important helminthiases of agricultural animals and their dynamics" began to be carried out in a strict planned manner.

In subsequent years, the principles of planning gradually began to be introduced into the practical activities of medical and veterinary workers. In the spring of 1937, the post of senior inspector for combating helminthiases in the USSR was established in the People's Commissariat of Health of the USSR. Since the entire network of helminthological institutions in the USSR was organically connected with the system of antimalarial organizations, the first helminthologist inspector (3. G. Vasilkova) began working in the antimalarial group of the People's Commissariat of Health.

The planning of practical helminthological work in veterinary medicine was somewhat different. In all republics, territories and regions, the number of dewormings carried out by practical veterinary workers has consistently increased from year to year. Thus, in 1940 the number of animals treated with anthelminthic methods reached 14 million heads, and in 1956 - 50 million heads.

In subsequent years, Soviet helminthology moved from individual experiments in the improvement of individual farms (collective farms, state farms) to holding mass events on large territories. The initiative in this regard was made by the Stavropol Territory. Since the autumn of 1940, a huge amount of work has been launched to radically improve the health of sheep farms throughout the region in relation to the seven main helminthiases. During the autumn of 1940, veterinary workers of the Stavropol Territory performed 6,268,000 helminthological procedures.

Over the 9-month period of health-improving measures, the loss of sheep breeding from helminthiasis in the Stavropol Territory, under equal economic conditions, decreased by 3 times compared to the corresponding period of the previous year, and the total waste of sheep decreased by 2 1/2 times.

The example of the Stavropol Territory was followed by the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which received very good results as a result of the deployment of mass health work. So, in the Charoviisky district, the departure of sheep from helminth infections decreased from 30 to 1%.

The scientific and methodological management of this event was carried out by the All-Union Institute of Helminthology.

AT post-war period planned work on the fight against helminthiases has resumed and continues to unfold on a progressive scale. Now anthelminthic measures are gradually covering the entire territory of the USSR.

–  –  –

queue plan scientific and practical events to combat those helminthiases that are prepared by science for devastation.

In the form of preliminary experience, one should first of all deal with echinococcosis and coenurosis, since the complex of therapeutic and preventive measures for these two helminthiases is almost identical.

It is advisable to combine efforts to combat trichinosis and fascioliasis. As for the development of problems of a theoretical order, it would be necessary to combine work on the biochemistry and physiology of helminths in immunological helminthology, and also to organize joint helminthological expeditions to areas not yet affected by faunistic research.

It is extremely important to organize commissions of representatives various countries for a joint experimental test of the comparative effectiveness of chemotherapy drugs used for deworming humans and animals. Along with this, it would be advisable to expand the collective work of helminthologists different countries impact study ionizing radiation on the development and viability of helminths at different stages of their ontogenesis, as well as on the use of the isotope tracer method in various biochemical studies.

The management of the problem of combating echinococcosis is entrusted to the USSR, with trichinosis - to the Polish People's Republic, and with fascioliasis - to the Hungarian People's Republic. The committees for the control of these helminthiases include representatives of all interested countries of people's democracy.

Soviet helminthologists are bound by bonds of great friendship with specialists from various continents of our planet, and above all with the countries of the socialist camp.

In Bulgaria, on the basis of the biological department of the Academy of Sciences, on the initiative of K. I. Skryabin, an independent helminthological laboratory was created in 1953, similar to our GELAN. In Czechoslovakia (Kosice) prof. Govorka (now a corresponding member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences), a helminthological institute was created according to the type of our VIGIS.

protozoology and arachnoentomology.

THE PROBLEM OF "DEVASTATION" OF THE MOST PATHOGENIC HELMINTHS

My scientific outlook has been guided by the following basic idea for many recent years. I think that creative work team of Soviet scientists, combined with the growth common culture, the activity of the broad masses of the population and a strictly scientifically based plan of a complex of therapeutic and preventive measures regulated by state legislation, are able to completely eliminate the most pathogenic helminths of humans and beneficial animals, despite their mass distribution and centuries ago. With this conviction, I entered the science of helminthology, and it naturally strengthened in me as the scientific and practical work both mine and the students of my school.

In October 1944, for the first time, I presented a substantiation of the problem of devastation of helminths on General meeting Academy of Sciences of the USSR, and my report - "The sanitary and economic significance of helminthiases in the national economy of the USSR and the problem of their elimination", was published in 1945.

2* 367 In 1947 the publishing house of the Kirghiz Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (Frunze) published my book "Devastation in the fight against helminthiases and other human and animal diseases." In it, I extended the principle of devastation to both protozoal and bacterial diseases.

By this time, 3 diseases had been devastated in the USSR: 1) prof.

L. M. Isaev carried out the devastation of guinea worm in Uzbekistan (in 1932, the last patient infected with guinea worm was cured) and

As a result, A. M. Petrov developed and put into practice such a complex of recreational activities, which allowed in the fur farms of the Moscow Region. completely devastate fur-bearing animals from dangerous helminthiases.

The success of devastation of pathogenic helminthiases is based on the following basis.

1. Science must first of all decipher life cycle the helminth scheduled for devastation in all details both in the body of definitive and intermediate hosts, and in environmental conditions (biological, epidemiological and epizootological analysis).

2. Science must develop accessible to the public practical application diagnostic methods, as well as to achieve research of the most effective anthelmintics.

3. Ultimately, science must combine the methods of diagnostics, therapy and prevention into a single complex, which must undergo experimental verification, and then enter the plan of state health measures.

4. Health authorities and veterinary service all the above achievements, prepared by science for devastation, are obliged to put into practice, maintaining steady control over its precise and precise implementation.

Based on these principles, it must be recognized that science has already prepared for devastation a number of such pathogenic helminthiases from among biohelminths as echinococcosis, alveococcosis, coenurosis, teniidosis, as well as some of the geohelminths (ankylostomiasis).

Nevertheless, the practice of medicine and veterinary medicine does not use these achievements of helminthological science, and these helminthiases continue to adversely affect human health and the livestock economy, causing the loss of animals and the loss of high-value meat products.

In July 1937, at the 2nd All-Union Medical and Helminthological Conference in Moscow, K.I. Skryabin made a proposal to organize a planned fight against human taeniasis (and thus also against cattle finosis) starting from the 3rd five-year plan. This proposal was approved by the meeting and accepted for execution, and it was decided to place a single general scientific and practical topic for the main medical and helminthological institutions of the USSR: "Experience in the elimination of a teniid focus."

The meeting planned to eliminate taeniasis as a mass disease within 20-25 years. As for human ascariasis, the fight against it should lead to its sharp decrease, primarily among the organized children's population.

Thus, already in 1937, when the principle of devastation had not yet been formulated, the plan of medical and veterinary institutions provided for the elimination of teniidoses. Unfortunately, this work was interrupted by the war of 1941.

More than 25 years have passed since our victory. The question of the devastation of taeniarhynchus and ankylostomiasis was again put forward by the health authorities and put in the plan of the present five-year plan for 1966-1970. We must think that in this five-year period we will be able to achieve positive results and wipe out these helminthiases from the face of the Soviet land.

However, before this, it is necessary to apply a huge mass work of all levels of health authorities and the veterinary service, and not isolated, but coordinated with the development of a clear and specific plan strategic and tactical offensive against these enemies.

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In connection with the diverse localization of helminths, not only therapists and pediatricians often deal with diseases caused by them, but also surgeons, neuropathologists, ophthalmologists, dermatologists, and others. Veterinary G. studies helminths of economically useful mammals, birds, and fish. There are a number of helminthiases common to humans and animals - helminthoses, the fight against which is carried out by the combined forces of honey. and vet. services.

Soviet helminthologists are united by the All-Union Society of Helminthologists (VOG), founded on the initiative of K.I. general biology Academy of Sciences of the USSR). Abroad specialized helminthol. there are societies in the USA (Helminthological Society of Washington) and India (Indian, Helminthological Society).

In the USSR, the specialized publications covering the problems of helminthology are Proceedings of the Helminthological Laboratory of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Proceedings of the All-Union Order of the Red Banner of Labor of the Institute of Helminthology named after Academician K. I. Skryabin; abroad - "Izvestiya na Tsentralnata helminthologicheskoy laboratory Bulgarskat AN", "Helminthologia Bratislava", "Journal of Helminthology" (England), "Indian Journal of Helminthology", "Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington".

H. P. Shikhobalova.