Y. Pantyukhin "Prince Alexander Nevsky"
But first, let's deal with the very concept of "nobility". "What is nobility? - wrote A.S. Pushkin. “The hereditary estate of the people is higher, that is, awarded with great advantages regarding property and private freedom.”
The emergence of the nobility in Russia
The word "noble" literally means "a man from the prince's court", or "court".
In Russia, the nobility arose in the 12th century. as the lowest part of the military service class, which constituted the court of a prince or a major boyar.
The "Code of Laws of the Russian Empire" says that belonging to the nobility " there is a consequence that flows from the quality and virtue of the men who ruled in antiquity, who distinguished themselves by merit, by which, turning the very service into merit, they acquired a noble name for their offspring. Noble means all those who are born from noble ancestors, or who are granted this dignity by monarchs.
Rise of the nobility
From the 14th century nobles began to receive land for diligent service. So there was a class of landowners - landowners. Later they were allowed to buy land.
The Sudebnik of 1497 limited the right of peasants to move and thereby strengthened the position of the nobles.
In February 1549, the first Zemsky Sobor. Ivan IV (the Terrible) delivered a speech there. The tsar took a course towards building a centralized monarchy (autocracy) based on the nobility, which meant fighting the old (boyar) aristocracy. He accused the boyars of abuse of power and called on everyone to joint activities to strengthen the unity of the Russian state.
G. Sedov "Ivan the Terrible and Malyuta Skuratov"
In 1550 chosen thousand Moscow nobles (1071 people) was placed within 60-70 km around Moscow.
AT mid-sixteenth in. the Kazan Khanate was annexed, and the estates were evicted from the oprichnina region, which was declared the property of the tsar. The vacated lands were distributed to the nobles under the condition of service.
In the 80s years XVI in. introduced reserved summers(the period during which in some regions of the Russian state a peasant exit was prohibited on the autumn St. George's Day, provided for in the Sudebnik of 1497. Protected years began to be introduced by the government of Ivan IV (the Terrible) from 1581.
The "Cathedral Code" of 1649 secured the right of the nobles to eternal possession and an indefinite search for fugitive peasants.
But Peter I began a decisive struggle with the old boyar aristocracy, making the nobles his support. In 1722 he introduced Table of ranks.
Monument to Peter I in Voronezh
The table of ranks replaced the principle of generosity with the principle of personal service. The table of ranks influenced the official routine and the historical fate of the nobility.
The only regulator of service was personal length of service; "Paternal honor", the breed has lost all meaning in this regard. Under Peter I, the rank of the lower XIV class in military service gave the right to hereditary nobility. civil service in the rank up to VIII class gave only personal nobility, and the right to hereditary nobility began with the rank of VIII class. “For this reason, we do not allow anyone any rank,” wrote Peter, “until they show us and the fatherland no services.”
The table of ranks was subjected to numerous changes, but in general it existed until 1917.
After Peter I, the nobles receive one privilege after another. Catherine II actually freed the nobles from compulsory service while maintaining serfdom for the peasants, which created a real gulf between the nobles and the people. The pressure of the nobles on the peasantry and their anger became one of the reasons for the Pugachev uprising.
The apogee of the power of the Russian nobility was the receipt of "noble liberty" - a letter of Catherine II, which freed the nobles from compulsory service. But with this began the decline of the nobility, which gradually turned into an "idle class", and the slow ruin of the lower nobility. And then peasant reform In 1861, the economic position of the nobility weakened even more.
By the beginning of the XX century. the hereditary nobility, "the first pillar of the throne" and "one of the most reliable instruments of the government", is gradually losing its economic and administrative dominance.
titles of nobility
In Muscovite Russia there was only one aristocratic title - "prince". He came from the word "prince" and meant that his ancestors once ruled any part of Russia. Not only Russians possessed this title - grants to princes and foreigners who converted to Orthodoxy were allowed.
Foreign titles in Russia appeared under Peter I: "baron" and "count". There is the following explanation for this: in the territories annexed by Peter there were already people with such titles, and these titles were also worn by foreigners whom Peter attracted to Russia. But the title "count" was first burdened with the words "Holy Roman Empire", i.e. this title was assigned at the request of the Russian monarch German emperor. In January 1776, Catherine II intercedes with the "Roman Emperor" Grigory Orlov " give the Roman Empire princely dignity, for which the post».
Golovin (1701) and Menshikov (1702) become the first counts of the Holy Roman Empire in Russia, and under Catherine II, four of her favorites receive the titles of princes of the Holy Roman Empire: Orlov, Potemkin, Bezborodko and Zubov. But the assignment of such titles ceases in 1796.
Title "Count"
Count's heraldic crown
Graph(German graph) is a royal official in Early Middle Ages in Western Europe. The title originated in the 4th century. in the Roman Empire and was originally assigned to the highest dignitaries.
During the period feudal fragmentation graph- feudal lord of a county, then becomes a title high nobility. Female - countess. As a title, it still formally continues to be preserved in most European countries with a monarchical form of government.
Sheremetiev became the first Russian count in 1706.
Boris Petrovich Sheremetiev (1652-1719)
Russian commander during the Northern War, diplomat, one of the first Russian field marshals.
Born in ancient boyar family Sheremetevs.
In 1681 he commanded troops against the Tatars. He proved himself in the military and diplomatic fields. In 1686 he participated in the conclusion " Eternal peace» with the Commonwealth, and then was sent to Warsaw to ratify the concluded peace.
Protected Russia from the Crimean raids. In 1695 he participated in the first Azov campaign Peter I.
In 1697-1699. visited Poland, Austria, Italy, the island of Malta, carrying out diplomatic missions of Peter I. During the Northern War of 1700-1721. proved to be a cautious and talented commander who earned the trust of Peter I. In 1701, he inflicted a defeat on the Swedes, from which they were “for a long time unreasonable and not corrected”, for which he was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called and granted the rank of Field Marshal. Subsequently, he won several victories over the Swedes.
In 1705-1706. Sheremetyev suppressed the rebellion of the archers in Astrakhan, for which he was the first in Russia to be awarded the title of count.
AT last years he expressed a desire to be tonsured as a monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, but the tsar did not allow this, just as he did not allow the execution of Sheremetyev’s will to bury him in the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra: Peter I ordered Sheremetev to be buried in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, forcing even a dead associate to serve the state.
At the end of the XIX century. in Russia there were over 300 count families. Count's title in Soviet Russia was liquidated by the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of November 11, 1917.
Title "Baron"
English baronial crown
Baron(from late lat. baro with the original meaning "man, man"). In medieval feudal Western Europe, a large sovereign nobleman and feudal lord, later simply an honorary title of nobility. Female - baroness. The title of baron in England is preserved to this day and is located in the hierarchical system below the title of viscount. In Germany, this title was below the count.
In the Russian Empire, the title of baron was introduced by Peter I, the first to receive it in 1710 was P.P. Shafirov. Then A. I. Osterman (1721), A. G., N. G. and S. G. Stroganovs (1722), A.-E. Stambken (1726). The families of the barons were divided into Russian, Baltic and foreign.
Pyotr Pavlovich Shafirov (1669-1739)
Diplomat of the time of Peter the Great, Vice-Chancellor. Knight of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called (1719). In 1701-1722. actually supervised the Russian post. In 1723 he was sentenced to death penalty on charges of abuse, but after the death of Peter was able to return to diplomatic activities.
He came from a family of Polish Jews who settled in Smolensk and converted to Orthodoxy. He began his service as an interpreter in 1691 in the same embassy order where his father served. Accompanying Peter the Great during his travels and campaigns, he took part in the conclusion of an agreement with Polish king August II (1701) and with the ambassadors of the seven-grad prince Rakoczy. In 1709 he became a Privy Councilor and was promoted to Vice-Chancellor. In 1711, he concluded the Prut peace treaty with the Turks and himself, together with Count M. B. Sheremetev, remained a hostage to them. He concluded agreements with Denmark, Prussia, France on the preservation of peace in Europe.
In 1723 Shafirov quarreled with mighty prince A. D. Menshikov and Chief Prosecutor Skornyakov-Pisarev, having convicted them of embezzlement. In response, he himself was accused of embezzlement and sentenced to death, which Peter I replaced with exile to Siberia, but on the way there he allowed him to stop "to live" in Nizhny Novgorod"under strong guard."
Empress Catherine I, upon accession to the throne, returned Shafirov from exile, restored him to the baronial title, conferred the rank of real state councilor, made him president of the College of Commerce and entrusted the compilation of the history of Peter the Great.
The barons enjoyed the right to appeal "your honor"(like untitled nobles) or "Mr. Baron".
At the end of the XIX century. in Russia there were about 240 baronial families (including extinct ones), mainly representatives of the Baltic (Baltic) nobility. The title was abolished by the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of November 11, 1917.
Baron P.N. Wrangel
Title "prince"
Prince- the head of a feudal monarchical state or a separate political entity (specific prince) in the 9th-16th centuries. among the Slavs and some other peoples; representative of the feudal aristocracy. Later it became the highest title of nobility, equated to a prince or a duke in Western and Southern Europe, in Central Europe(of the former Holy Roman Empire), this title is called Fürst, and in the North - king.
In Russia Grand Duke(or princess) - the title of nobility of the members royal family. Princess also called the prince's wife, knyazhych(among the Slavs) - the son of a prince, princess- The daughter of a prince.
Y. Pantyukhin "Prince Alexander Nevsky" ("For the Russian Land!")
Princely power, at first most often elective, gradually becomes hereditary (Rurikovich in Russia, Gediminoviches and Jagiellons in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Piasts in Poland, etc.). With education centralized state appanage princes gradually passed into the grand ducal (since 1547 - royal) court in the Moscow principality. in Russia until the 18th century. the title of prince was only generic. With early XVIII in. the title of prince also began to be complained by the tsar to the highest dignitaries for special merits (the first prince granted was A. D. Menshikov).
Russian princes
Before Peter I, there were 47 princely families in Russia, some of which originated from Rurik. Princely titles were divided into "His Excellency" and "his lordship" which was considered higher.
Until 1797, new princely families did not appear, with the exception of Menshikov, granted in 1707 the title of Prince of Izhora.
Under Paul I, this title began to be awarded, and the annexation of Georgia literally “blew up” the Russian nobility - 86 clans recognized the princely title.
To late XIX in. in the Russian Empire there were 250 princely families, 40 of which were descended from Rurik or Gediminas. 56% of the princely families in the empire were Georgian.
In addition, there were about 30 Tatar, Kalmyk and Mordovian princes; the status of these princes was considered below the baronial.
Did you know?
Portrait of A.V. Suvorov. Unknown artist 19th century
Did you know that Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov, the national hero of Russia, the great Russian commander, who did not suffer a single defeat in his military career(more than 60 battles), one of the founders of Russian military art, had several titles at the same time: prince Italian (1799), graph Rymniksky (1789), graph of the Holy Roman Empire, Generalissimo of the Russian Land and naval forces, Field Marshal of the Austrian and Sardinian troops, grandee of the Sardinian kingdom and prince of royal blood (with the title "king's cousin"), knight of all Russian orders of their time, awarded to men, as well as many foreign military orders.
Emblem of the Russian Empire
By God's hastening mercy, We, ..., Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia, Moscow, Kyiv, Vladimir, Novgorod; Tsar of Kazan, Tsar of Astrakhan, Tsar of Poland, Tsar of Siberia, Tsar of Tauric Chersonis, Tsar of Georgia, Sovereign of Pskov, and Grand Duke of Smolensk, Lithuanian, Volyn, Podolsk and Finland; Prince of Estonia, Livonia, Courland and Semigalsky, Samogitsky, Bialystok, Korelsky, Tver, Yugorsky, Perm, Vyatsky, Bulgarian and others; Sovereign and Grand Duke of Novgorod Nizovsky land, Chernigov, Ryazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Belozersky, Udorsky, Obdorsky, Kondia, Vitebsk, Mstislav, and all the Northern countries Ruler; and Sovereign of Iversky, Kartalinsky and Kabardian lands and regions of Armenia; Circassian and Mountain Princes and other Hereditary Sovereign and Possessor; Sovereign of Turkestan; Heir of Norway, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Stormarn, Dithmarsen and Oldenburg, and so on, and so on, and so on.
The Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia is named primarily after the names of the four throne cities, starting with Moscow, the capital of the Russian Empire, where the royal power and where until now our Monarchs are married and anointed to the kingdom. Moscow is followed by the naming of Kiev. City of St. Vladimir, the cradle of the faith of Christ in Russia and the chair of the All-Russian Metropolitan, Kyiv was for a long time the capital city, was called the mother of Russian cities, and its prince was the Grand Duke and the head of all other Russian princes. Vlapdimir-on-Klyazma, from the time of Grand Duke Andrei Bogolyubsky, took the place of Kyiv and was the capital of Russia until Ivan Kalita, who, having become the Grand Duke of Vladimir and All Russia, transferred the great reign to his former inheritance of Moscow, where he moved to live after him and Metropolitan of All Russia.
The fourth name of the All-Russian Autocrat is Novgorod. Novgorod was the capital of the first Russian prince Rurik before Oleg transferred the reign to Kyiv. After granting him rights by the Grand Duke Yaroslav, Novgorod gradually began to grow stronger, expand its possessions and govern itself, as a separate state under the name of Veliky Novgorod. Grand Duke Ivan the Third in relations with foreign states called Novgorod.
Then our Sovereign is called the titles of the kings - of the five kingdoms that became part of the Russian state: the Tsar of Kazan, and the Tsar of Astrakhan - from the time of Grozny, the Tsar of Poland - from the time of Alexander the First, the Tsar of Siberia - from the time of the same Terrible Tsar, the Tsar of Chersonis Tauride - from the time of the conquest of the Crimea by Catherine II and the Tsar of Georgia - from the time of Emperor Alexander II.
Then the Autocrat of All Russia is called the Sovereign of Pskov. Pskov was a special state depending on Novgorod, which it was called younger brother. Ivan the Third, who conquered Novgorod, called himself Novgorod and at the same time Pskov, his son, Grand Duke Vasily Ivanovich, in 1510, finally took Pskov to the Muscovite state.
This is followed by five grand ducal titles. Of these, the first Smolensk was adopted by the Grand Duke Vasily Ivanovich, who took Smolensk from the Polish-Lithuanian state in 1514. This city was under the rule of Lithuania for 110 years.
The title of the Grand Duke of Lithuania recalls Lithuanian state, which took most Western Russia, where Gedimin, Olgerd, Jagiello and others reigned. The main city of the principality was the city of Vilna. The inhabitants are for the most part Belarussians, and then Litvins and Latvians. Since 1386, Lithuania was united with Poland and, under Catherine II, was annexed to the Russian Empire along with Volyn and Podolia in 1793. The titles of Volyn and Podolsky were the titles of the Grand Duke of Lithuania and the King of Poland, but in more ancient time Volyn land was the inheritance of the descendants of St. Vladimir. Cities: Vladimir-Volynsky, Turov, Lutsk had special princes and their own special bishops.
The title of the Grand Duke of Finland has joined other titles of our Sovereigns since the time of Emperor Alexander the First, when the whole country of Finland was annexed, after the war with the Swedes, to Russia, under the name of the Grand Duchy of Finland (in 1808). Grand ducal titles are followed by princely titles. The sovereign is called the Prince of Estonia (where main city Revel) from the time of Peter the Great. Tsar Ivan the Terrible called himself Livonsky, but then this title was abandoned until Peter the Great annexed it again, taking the city of Riga. In 1721, Sweden ceded the Principality of Livonia to the eternal possession of the Russian emperors, and the King of Sweden announced that it would not be written as Prince of Livonia. In Livonia there is the city of Derpt - the ancient Yuryev, founded by the Great Kvyaz Kievsky Yaroslav Wise, in St. baptism by George or Yuri.
Courland was separate state, but depended on Poland and in 1795 became part of the Russian Empire by the verdict of its Sejm. East End her (two counties) were called Semigallia and the dukes of Courland were called Semigallia.
The name Samogitsky points to the Sovereign's power over Samogitia, the country of the Lithuanian Zhmudi tribe, which entered the current provinces of Kovno and Augustow. Bialystok: the city of Bialystok, in the current Grodno province, remained longer than other Western Russian cities in Poland. Under Alexander I, it was annexed to Russia and was made regional city. These last four names were included in the Imperial title after the partition of Poland, under Catherine II.
From the Western regions, the names of the royal title take us north. Peter the Great, who conquered Korela from the Swedes, was also called the Prince of Korelsky. Korela contained parts of present-day Finland, St. Petersburg, Olonets and Arkhangelsk provinces.
Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilyevich began to be called the Tver prince when he annexed the Tver principality, which had remained independent longer than others, to Moscow.
The same Grand Duke called himself Yugorsky after his governors brought the entire Yugra land into his citizenship and imposed tribute on the inhabitants. This land was inhabited by Vogulichs and Ostyaks, who had their own princes; it was very extensive and is now part of the provinces of Perm and Tobolsk (in Siberia). Perm, Vyatka and Bulgarian was called the Grand Duke Ivan the Third. Extensive Perm region, inhabited by the Zyryans, was enlightened by the Christian faith from St. Stephen, during the time of Dmitry Donskoy. Novgorodians subjugated this country and together with Novgorod it passed to Moscow. The Vyatka region, since ancient times inhabited by the people of the Chud tribe, after the Novgorod natives formed settlements in it, became a special independent Russian region and was subordinated especially from Novgorod to the Grand Duke Ivan the Third.
The Bulgarian, or Bulgar kingdom was located on the Volga even before the beginning of Russia (other Bulgarians founded a state on the Danube, in Slavic land. These Bulgarians gave their name to the Slavs, among whom they founded a state). Volga Bulgars there were Asiatics, like the Polovtsy, Tatars and other similar peoples; they adopted the Muslim faith. The Bulgars invaded the Russian lands and were at enmity with Russia even before the invasion of the Tatars, by whom they were subjugated. In the fourteenth century, the Novogorodtsy plundered the Bulgar cities. In the neighborhood of Bulgaria, then the kingdom of Kazan arose. The capital of Bulgaria - the city of Bulgar was taken by the governor of the Grand Duke Vasily Vasilyevich Temnago, but even after that there were their own khans for some time. Bulgaria, together with Kazan, became part of the Russian state under Ivan the Terrible, but even his grandfather, Ivan III, remembering the capture of Bulgar by his father's governor, took the title of Prince of Bulgaria.
Since the time of the Grand Duke Vasily Ivanovich, the name of the Sovereign and the Grand Duke of Novgorod of the Nizovsky land, or Nizhny Novgorod, has been added.
Nizhny Novgorod, founded by one of the Grand Dukes of Vladimir with the aim of protecting Russian possessions from Mordva and Bulgars, in 1350 became the capital of the princes of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod, who also called themselves Grand Dukes. This title was taken by the Grand Duke of All Russia along with the title of Grand Duke of Chernigov and Ryazan. Chernigov, one of the oldest Russian cities, was the first princely inheritance after Kyiv and then fell under the rule of Lithuania and the Poles. In 1479, Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich took away Severnaya Zemlya and Chernigov from the Lithuanians. Ryazan princes were called great, remembering their origin from the eldest son of Yaroslav the Wise, Prince Svyatoslav of Chernigov. Ryazan remained independent longer than other principalities; the sister of the Grand Duke Ivan the Trety was married to the Grand Duke of Ryazan, who bequeathed his inheritance to the sovereign of Moscow and all Russia. Our sovereign has been called Polotsky since the time of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, but Peter the Great did not accept this title, since this city remained with Poland. It was annexed to Russia, like the whole of Belarus, in 1772. Polotsk was a special principality even before St. Vladimir, who conquered it and then gave it as an inheritance to his son, born from the Polotsk princess Rogneda. Now located in the Vitebsk province.
The next six names are found in the title of Grand Duke Vasily Ivanovich and his son, Tsar Ivan the Terrible. Rostovsky points to the ancient city of Rostov the Great, where Christianity flourished shortly after Kyiv. Cities arose and flourished in the Rostov land: Suzdal and the capital Vladimir on the Klyazma.
The princes of Rostov, Yaroslavl, and finally Belozersky were descendants of the great princes of Vladimir, like those of Moscow. Belozersky Krai (in the north of the current Novgorod province) was independent of the ancient Velikago Novgorod; his princes became famous for their feat in the battle of Kulikovo. The title of Udorskago transfers our thoughts to a distant seser to the country surrounding the city of Mezen - on the river of the same name, into which the river Udor flows. Obdorsky means the ruler of the area of the abutments of the Siberian Ob River, in the present Tobolsk province, where the city of Berezov and where there were Obdorsk towns, submitted to Moscow long before the Siberian kingdom.
Kondi means the region of the Konda River, which flows into the Irtysh, in the Tobolsk province. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich called himself Vitebsk and Mstislavsky during the accounts with Poland and according to the legitimate desire of the Russian Tsar to own White Russia. But Peter the Great was not titled like that. With the annexation of Belarus, Catherine was called Grand Duchess Vitebsk and Mstislav. Mstislavl, now a district town of the Mogilev province, was the capital of the principality of Mstislavsky, and Catherine attached particular importance to the acquisition of this city, since it is located on this side of the Dnieper and from ancient times was a specific city of one of the sons of Prince Smolensky, a descendant of St. Vladimir.
After that, the Sovereign is called the ruler of the entire Northern country. In the north of Kyiv, large areas from west to east received the name of the country of Severskaya or Northern. Now it is part of the province of Chernigov (Novgorod-Seversky), Oryol, Kursk, Voronezh province and behind it the steppes along the Don, where the Land of the Don army is now.
Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich began to be called the Sovereign of the Iberian land, the Georgian kings and Kabardian lands, the Circassian and Mountain princes. All these names indicate the dependence of the Caucasus and Transcaucasia on Russia.
Subsequently, the Kartalin land (Mingrelia) was added under Catherine II and the Armenian Region - under Nicholas I.
Emperor Alexander Nikolayevich added the title of Tsar Gruzinsky to the rest of the royal titles.
Now the reigning Sovereign has attached the title of Sovereign of Turkestan, which indicates our great acquisitions in terms of space. Central Asia, between the Caspian and Aral Seas, where many peoples have taken Russian citizenship and where now there are eight regions, of which seven are two governor-generals: Turkestan and Steppe, and the eighth region (Transcaspian) is included in the Caucasus in terms of management.
In addition to these meaningful names, the Russian Emperor bears the title of Heir of Norway. This title belonged to the Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein. The Duke of Schleswig-Holstein with the titles of Stormarn, Dithmarsen and Oldenburg was Emperor Peter the Third, the only son of the duke of these titles and, by his mother, the grandson of Peter the Great.
Published according to the text of the edition: Handbook for the people. Edited by I.P. Khrushchov. in four departments. By the labors and means of the Publishing Society under the permanent commission folk readings. St. Petersburg. Printing house of A.Katansky and Co. (Nevsky Prospekt, house No. 132). 1891.
Coat of arms image: Small Armorial of Adam Kromer.
Emperor of all Russia , empress of all russia(Russian doref. emperor of all Russia, empress of all Russia) - the title of the monarch of the Russian Empire from 1721 to 1917.
Article 1 of the Fundamental Laws of the Russian Empire stated that “The All-Russian Emperor is an autocratic and unlimited Monarch. To obey his supreme authority, not only out of fear, but also out of conscience, God himself commands. The terms "autocratic" and "unlimited", coinciding in their meaning, indicate that all the functions of state power in law formation, expedient activity within the law (administrative-executive) and the administration of justice are performed undividedly and without the obligatory participation of other institutions by the head of state, who transfers the implementation of some of them by certain bodies acting on his behalf and by his authority (Article 81).
Based on this, Art. 1 characterizes Russia as constitutional state with a monarchical-unlimited form of government.
The full title of the emperor at the beginning of the 20th century (Article 37 of the main Law):
By God's hastening mercy, We, ΝΝ, Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia, Moscow, Kyiv, Vladimir, Novgorod; Tsar of Kazan, Tsar of Astrakhan, Tsar of Poland, Tsar of Siberia, Tsar of Tauric Chersonis, Tsar of Georgia; Sovereign of Pskov and Grand Duke of Smolensk, Lithuanian, Volyn, Podolsk and Finland; Prince of Estonia, Livonia, Courland and Semigalsky, Samogitsky, Belostoksky, Korelsky, Tversky, Yugorsky, Permsky, Vyatsky, Bulgarian and others; Sovereign and Grand Duke of Novgorod Nizovsky lands, Chernigov, Ryazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Belozersky, Udorsky, Obdorsky, Kondia, Vitebsk, Mstislav and all northern countries Sovereign; and Sovereign of Iversky, Kartalinsky and Kabardian lands and regions of Armenia; Cherkasy and Mountain Princes and other Hereditary Sovereign and Possessor; Sovereign of Turkestan; Heir of Norway, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Stormarn, Dithmarsen and Oldenburg and others, and others, and others.
Supreme imperial title Emperor Nicholas II:
“By the grace of God, We, Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia, Moscow, Kyiv, Vladimir, Novgorod; Tsar of Kazan, Tsar of Astrakhan, Tsar of Poland, Tsar of Siberia, Tsar of Tauride Chersonis, Tsar of Georgia; Sovereign of Pskov and Grand Duke of Smolensk, Lithuanian, Volyn, Podolsk and Finland; Prince of Estonia, Livonia, Courland and Semigalsky, Samogitsky, Belostoksky, Korelsky, Tversky, Yugorsky, Permsky, Vyatsky, Bulgarian and others; Sovereign and Grand Duke of Novgorod of the Nizovsky lands, Chernigov, Ryazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Belozersky, Udora, Obdorsky, Kondia, Vitebsk, Mstislav and all northern countries Sovereign; and Sovereign of Iversky, Kartalinsky and Kabardian lands and regions of Armenia; Cherkasy and Mountain Princes and other Hereditary Sovereign and Possessor; Sovereign of Turkestan; Heir of Norway, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Stormarn, Ditmarsen and Oldenburg and others, and others, and others ”
or briefly:
« by the grace of God We, Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia, Tsar of Poland, Grand Duke of Finland and others, and others, and others.”
In some cases specified by law, an abbreviated form was used: “By God's hastening mercy, We, ΝΝ, Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia, Moscow, Kyiv, Vladimir, Novgorod; Tsar of Kazan, Tsar of Astrakhan, Tsar of Poland, Tsar of Siberia, Tsar of Tauric Chersonis, Tsar of Georgia, Grand Duke of Finland and others, and others, and others.
The title of emperor of all Russia was introduced under Peter I. After the victory in northern war and the signing of the Niesstadt peace treaty in September 1721, the Senate and the Synod decided to present Peter with the title of emperor of all Russia with the following wording: “ as usual, from the Roman Senate, for the noble deeds of emperors, such titles were publicly presented to them as a gift and signed on statutes for memory in eternal birth. »
October 22 (November 2), 1721, Peter I took the title. Prussia and Holland immediately recognized the new title of Russian Tsar, Sweden in 1723, Turkey in 1739, the United Kingdom and Austria in 1742, France and Spain in 1745, and finally the Commonwealth in 1764. The Russian state, respectively, became known as the Russian Empire (Russian Empire)
On February 5 (16), 1722, Peter issued a Decree on the succession to the throne, in which he canceled ancient custom transfer the throne to direct descendants in the male line, but allowed the appointment of any heir worthy person by the will of the monarch.
On April 5 (16), 1797, Paul I established new order inheritance. Since that time, the order of succession to the Russian throne, and then the Polish and Finnish thrones associated with it, is based on the principle of primogeniture, that is, with the succession of descendants of their ascendants in the event of death or abdication of the latter by the time the inheritance is opened. In the absence of heirs in a straight line, the throne passes to the side. Within each line (straight line or side line), males are preferred over females, and the male side lines are invoked before the female ones. Accession to the throne for the called is limited to confession Orthodox faith. The majority of the reigning emperor (and heir) comes at the age of 16, until this age (as well as in other cases of incapacity), his power is exercised by the ruler, which are (if there is no person specially appointed by the pre-reigning emperor), the surviving father or mother of the emperor, and when in the absence of such - the closest adult heir.
All the emperors who ruled Russia belonged to one imperial family- The House of Romanov, the first representative of which became a monarch in 1613. Since 1761, the descendants of the daughter of Peter I Anna and the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp Karl-Friedrich reigned, who descended in the male line from Holstein-Gottorp (a branch of the Oldenburg dynasty), and in the genealogical literature, these representatives of the Romanov family, starting from Peter III, are called the Romanovs-Holstein- Gottorp.
Upon the abdication of the throne on March 2 (March 15), 1917, by Emperor Nicholas II for himself and his son, Tsarevich Alexei, and the refusal on March 3 of the same year by his brother Mikhail to "accept supreme power", the empire de facto ceased to exist. On September 1, 1917, the Provisional Government declared Russia a republic.
Bibliography:
1. In the official listing of titles, all words are capitalized. - Question No. 246116 // Information Bureau "Gramoty.ru"
2. Shubinsky S.N. Historical essays and stories. – 6th ed. - St. Petersburg, 1911. p. 44-51
3. Shubinsky S.N. Historical essays and stories. - 6th ed. - St. Petersburg, 1911, p. 44–51
4. Russia//Big Encyclopedia / ed. S. N. Yuzhakova. - St. Petersburg: Enlightenment, 1903
EMPERORS
Emperor (from lat. imperator - sovereign) - the title of the monarch, head of state (empire).
Emperors in Russia were from 1721 to 1917. The title Emperor of All Russia (Emperor of All Russia) was adopted for the first time after the victory in the Northern War by Peter I the Great on October 22, 1721 at the request of the Senate “as usual from the Roman Senate for the noble deeds of emperors, such titles were publicly presented to them as a gift and on statutes for memory in eternal childbirth signed. The last Emperor Nicholas II was overthrown during February Revolution 1917.
The emperor had supreme autocratic power(since 1906 - legislature together with State Duma and State Council), officially he was titled "His Imperial Majesty"(in an abbreviated form -" Sovereign "or" E. I. V. ").
Article 1 of the Fundamental Laws of the Russian Empire indicated that “The All-Russian Emperor is an autocratic and unlimited Monarch. To obey his supreme authority, not only out of fear, but also out of conscience, God himself commands. The terms "autocratic" and "unlimited", coinciding in their meaning, indicate that all the functions of state power in law formation, expedient activity within the law (administrative-executive) and the administration of justice are performed undividedly and without the obligatory participation of other institutions by the head of state, who transfers the implementation of some of them by certain bodies acting on his behalf and by his authority (Article 81).
Russia under the emperors was a legal state with a monarchical-unlimited form of government.
Full title of emperor at the beginning of the 20th century. was like this (Article 37 of the Basic Laws of the Russian Empire):
By God's hastening mercy, We, ΝΝ, Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia, Moscow, Kyiv, Vladimir, Novgorod; Tsar of Kazan, Tsar of Astrakhan, Tsar of Poland, Tsar of Siberia, Tsar of Tauric Chersonis, Tsar of Georgia; Sovereign of Pskov and Grand Duke of Smolensk, Lithuanian, Volyn, Podolsk and Finland; Prince of Estonia, Livonia, Courland and Semigalsky, Samogitsky, Belostoksky, Korelsky, Tversky, Yugorsky, Permsky, Vyatsky, Bulgarian and others; Sovereign and Grand Duke of Novgorod Nizovsky lands, Chernigov, Ryazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Belozersky, Udorsky, Obdorsky, Kondia, Vitebsk, Mstislav and all northern countries Sovereign; and Sovereign of Iversky, Kartalinsky and Kasardinsky lands and regions of Armenia; Cherkasy and Mountain Princes and other Hereditary Sovereign and Possessor; Sovereign of Turkestan; Heir of Norway, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Stormarn, Dithmarsen and Oldenburg and others, and others, and others.
In some cases, determined by law, an abbreviated form of title was used: “By God's hastening mercy, We, ΝΝ, Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia, Moscow, Kyiv, Vladimir, Novgorod; Tsar of Kazan, Tsar of Astrakhan, Tsar of Poland, Tsar of Siberia, Tsar of Tauric Chersonis, Tsar of Georgia, Grand Duke of Finland and others, and others, and others.
After the adoption by Peter the Great of the title of emperor, on October 22 (November 2), 1721, and the recognition of his title by other countries, the Russian state began to be called the Russian Empire (Russian Empire).
On February 5 (16), 1722, Peter the Great issued a decree on succession to the throne, in which he abolished the ancient custom of transferring the throne to direct male descendants, but allowed, at the will of the monarch, the appointment of any worthy person as heir.
On April 5 (16), 1797, Paul I established a new order of succession. Since that time, the order of succession to the Russian throne is based on the principle of primogeniture, i.e. with the accession to the throne by the descendants of their ascendants in the event of the death or abdication of the latter by the time the inheritance is opened. In the absence of heirs in a straight line, the throne should pass to the side ones. Within each line (straight or lateral), males are preferred over females, and male sidelines are called before females. Accession to the throne for the called must be limited to the confession of the Orthodox faith. The majority of the reigning emperor (and heir) comes at the age of sixteen, until this age (as well as in other cases of incapacity) his power is exercised by the ruler, who may be (if there is no person specially appointed by the reigning emperor), the surviving father or mother of the emperor , and in their absence - the closest adult heir.
All the emperors who ruled Russia belonged to the same imperial family - the House of Romanov, the first representative of which became the monarch in 1613. Since 1761, the descendants of the daughter of Peter I Anna and the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp Karl-Friedrich reigned, who descended from the family in the male line Holstein-Gottorpov (a branch of the Oldenburg dynasty), and in the genealogy these representatives of the Romanov dynasty, starting from Peter III, are called the Romanovs-Holstein-Gottorp.
By birthright and in terms of the scope of his powers, the emperor was the supreme leader of a great world power, the 1st official in the state. On behalf of the emperor, all laws were issued, they were appointed to positions.
All government ministers, governors and other senior officials. It was the emperor who determined the most important areas of government activity, including issues of war and peace, and managed state finances almost uncontrollably.
The organic nature of the Russian autocracy is inextricably linked with historical conditions development and fate of the Russian Empire, the peculiarities of the Russian folk mentality. supreme power had support in the minds and souls of the Russian people. The monarchical idea was popular and accepted by society.
In their objective role, all the emperors of Russia were major political figures, whose activities reflected both public interest and contradictions, as well as their personal qualities.
Mind and education, political preferences, moral principles, life principles and features of the psychological make-up of the character of the monarch to a large extent determined the direction and nature of the internal and foreign policy states of Russia and, ultimately, had great value for the fate of the whole country.
In 1917, with the abdication of Nicholas II for himself and his son Tsarevich Alexei, the imperial title and the empire itself were abolished.
I know the world. History of Russian tsars Istomin Sergey Vitalievich
Title - king
Title - king
Tsar- from the Latin caesar - sovereign sovereign, emperor, as well as the official title of the monarch. AT Old Russian this Latin word sounded like a caesar - "tssar".
Initially, the so-called Roman and Byzantine emperors, hence Slavic name Byzantine capital - Tsesargrad, Tsargrad. After the Mongol-Tatar invasion in Russia, this word in written monuments also began to designate the Tatar khans.
royal crown
AT narrow sense the word "tsar" is the main title of the monarchs of Russia from 1547 to 1721. But this title was used much earlier in the form of “Caesar”, and then “Tsar”, it was used episodically by the rulers of Russia since the 12th century, and systematically since the time of Grand Duke Ivan III (most often in diplomatic communication). In 1497, Ivan III crowned his grandson Dmitry Ivanovich as tsar, who was declared heir, but then imprisoned. The next ruler after Ivan III - Vasily III - was pleased with the old title of "Grand Duke". But on the other hand, his son Ivan IV the Terrible, upon reaching adulthood, was crowned as king (in 1547), thus establishing his prestige in the eyes of his subjects as a sovereign ruler and heir to the Byzantine emperors.
In 1721, Peter I the Great adopted as his main title - the title of "emperor". However, unofficially and semi-officially, the title "Tsar" continued to be used until the abdication of Emperor Nicholas II in February 1917.
The title "Tsar" was used, in particular, in the national anthem of the Russian Empire, and the word, if it referred to Russian monarch were supposed to be capitalized.
In addition, the title "Tsar" was included in the official full title as the title of the owner of the former Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberian khanates and then Poland.
In the Russian word usage of the 19th century, especially common people, this word sometimes denoted the monarch in general.
The territory that is under the control of the king is called the kingdom.
Titles of the royal family:
Queen- the royal person or the wife of the king.
Tsarevich- the son of the king and queen (before Peter I).
Tsesarevich- male heir full title- Heir Tsesarevich, abbreviated in tsarist Russia to Heir (with a capital letter) and rarely to Tsesarevich.
Tsesarevna- The wife of the Tsarevich.
During the imperial period, a son who was not an heir had the title of Grand Duke. The last title was also used by grandchildren (in the male line).
Princess The daughter of a king or queen.
From the book King of the Slavs. author4. King of Glory = King of the Slavs = King of Christians On numerous images of the crucifixion, Christ is called the "King of Glory", see, for example, fig. 2.13, fig. 2.14, fig. 2.16, fig. 2.17. The interpretation of such a name of Christ is considered not entirely clear. Usually offered very general and vague
From the book Ivan the Terrible author From the book of Vasily III. Ivan the Terrible author Skrynnikov Ruslan GrigorievichThe royal title of Vasily III ordered the boyars, as noted above, to “protect” their son until the age of 15, after which he was to begin independent government. 15 years is the time of coming of age in the life of people of the 16th century. At this age, noble children entered the military as "novices".
From the book Rus and Rome. Colonization of America by Russia-Horde in the XV-XVI centuries author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich1. The title of the Moscow Tsar What would you say if you saw that the coat of arms of a certain modern state constantly depicted in a pair with the coat of arms of some other state? Moreover, being enclosed with him in a common frame. On coins, letters, government papers, etc. Probably
From the book Rus. China. England. Dating of the Nativity of Christ and the First Ecumenical Council author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich From the book King of the Slavs author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich4. KING OF GLORY = KING OF SLAVES = KING OF CHRISTIANS In numerous images of the crucifixion, Christ is called the "King of Glory", see, for example, fig. 2.13, fig. 2.14, fig. 2.16, fig. 2.17. The interpretation of such a name of Christ is considered not entirely clear. Usually offered very general and vague
From the book History of Peter the Great author Brikner Alexander GustavovichCHAPTER VII The imperial title Russia under Peter became great power. The overall result of his efforts in the field of foreign policy was the transformation of the Moscow kingdom, alien to Europe, into a close connection with Europe the All-Russian Empire. In 1715, Peter already wrote:
From book secret office under Peter the Great author Semevsky Mikhail Ivanovich4. New title On October 22, 1721, at the solemn celebration of the Peace of Nystad, Feofan Prokopovich said a eulogy. Calculating the unusually wise orders and blessings of His Majesty in favor of his subjects, the archbishop announced that the sovereign deserved
author Istomin Sergey VitalievichTitle - Grand Duke Grand Duke - the oldest title of Russian rulers. When the family of Prince Rurik grew, the senior princes began to be distinguished from the younger ones by the title "Grand Duke". Initially, this title had only an honorary meaning. In the future, the “Grand Duke” is the title
From the book I know the world. History of Russian tsars author Istomin Sergey VitalievichTitle - king King - from the Latin caesar - sovereign sovereign, emperor, as well as the official title of the monarch. In the Old Russian language, this Latin word sounded like a Caesar - “tssar.” Initially, this was the name of the Roman and Byzantine emperors, hence the Slavic
From the book Without the Eternal Blue Sky [Essays on our history] by Aji MuradWhy did the title "king" fall into disuse? Now about the details of another mentioned event, which was also related to the Caucasus - perhaps even motivated the reason Caucasian War... How and why did the tsar appear in Moscow and how did he end up? Something about it I already
From the book Fight for the Seas. The era of the great geographical discoveries author Erdödi Janos From the book Tsar Ivan the Terrible author Kolyvanova Valentina ValerievnaRoyal title As we have already said, and Ivan III, and Basil III sometimes called kings. But officially, it was Ivan the Terrible who became the first Russian tsar. The word “tsar” itself comes from the Latin “Caesar” (from the personal name of Gaius Julius Caesar, which gradually turned into
Why did the title "king" fall into disuse? Now about the details of another mentioned event, which was also related to the Caucasus - perhaps even motivated the cause of the Caucasian war ... How and why did the tsar appear in Moscow and how did he end up? Something about it I already
