The concept of a new order in history. History Lesson "Nazi" New Order "

reaction entity political systems Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and militaristic Japan was especially evident in their policy towards the population of the occupied countries. Under the slogan of establishing a "new order" in Europe and Asia, they reshaped the previously established state borders, annexed separate territories and entire countries, forcibly imposed unbearable material and moral conditions of existence on other peoples, rapaciously used their economic and labor resources, carried out mass resettlements and deportations, tortured and abused, physically destroyed millions civilians and prisoners of war, forced them to work hard and starved them in special camps death and the ghetto.

Initiator and main driving force redrawing the map of Europe was Nazi Germany, which set itself the goal of creating a gigantic empire that would have to extend from Arctic Ocean before mediterranean sea, from the shores of the Atlantic to the Urals. She and her allies enslaved the peoples of many countries. From the spring of 1938 to the summer of 1941, Germany, with the help of military force conquered 11 countries. Under its domination was a territory of about 2 million square kilometers, where almost 190 million people lived. From the end of June 1941 to December 1942, Germany, with the assistance of its allies, captured about 8% of Soviet territory.

In all the occupied countries of Europe, the invaders pursued a policy of national and social oppression and suppression of opposition movements. The German occupiers were distinguished by the greatest cruelty, but the methods of enslaving the peoples of different countries by them were not the same. If in the East, especially in the temporarily occupied territory of the USSR, the Nazis and their benefits mainly asserted their dominance by bloody terror, then in the West they combined violent measures with the cultivation of collaborationism, support for local fascists, widely attracted local industrialists to cooperate in pursuing a course towards economic integration of their countries within the Great German space. Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands and Belgium according to the plan " economic transformation peace", prepared on May 30, 1940 by the German Foreign Ministry, it was planned to include in the scope of "great German Reich". Pursuing a flexible, relatively mild occupation policy in Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands and Belgium, the Nazi government pursued the goal of creating conditions for the unhindered use of material and human resources to prevent the growth of the national liberation movement there, to form influential groups from local political figures, relying on which it would be without excesses to carry out the accession of these countries to Germany.

Hitler and his entourage regarded France as one of the most sworn enemies Germany and intended to permanently exclude her from the ranks of the great powers. According to the terms of the German-French armistice, the southern part of France was left under the control of the government of Marshal Petain, where it settled in Vichy. the policy of collaborationism was formalized during Petain's meeting with Hitler in Montuan in October 1940.

Almost the entire industry of the occupied countries of Western and Northern Europe worked for Germany, from there the labor force was forcibly deported to its industrial enterprises. During the war, 875 thousand workers, 987 thousand prisoners of war and prisoners of concentration camps created there by the invaders were taken out of France, 500 thousand workers from Belgium, 300 thousand from Norway, 70 thousand from Denmark, 500 thousand from Holland .

During the war years, the capture of export to Germany, along with material and cultural values from the occupied countries of Western Europe, including Italy, gained wide scope. In accordance with Hitler’s order of September 17, 1940, the “Rosenberg Einsatzstab” was created, which was tasked with taking works of art, antique furniture, antique furniture, rare books etc. As a result, from 1940 to 1944 it was appropriated by Hitler, Goering and other Nazis, and also transported to German museums more than 20 thousand different works of art. In addition, from almost 70,000 apartments of Jewish families that had been looted and sent to extermination camps, their property was taken to Germany, which required 674 trains. The peoples of the occupied countries of the Western, Northern, South of Eastern Europe and Poland were heavily taxed. Which allegedly went completely to the maintenance of the German troops holding them at gunpoint. The desire to rely on the collaborationist regimes and preserve the freedom of the rear during the preparation and then the war against the USSR was the reason that the Nazi leadership did not switch to large-scale terror against the population of the occupied countries of Western Europe for quite a long time. At the same time, the invaders responded to the slightest manifestation of disobedience, protest and resistance with repressions. In Norway, for example, they first introduced a system of collective fines. In Denmark, in September 1943, a system of indemnities was introduced, according to which the population was obliged to pay 1 million crowns for each killed German soldier. By order of Hitler on December 7, 1941, an operation was carried out under the conditional name "Darkness and Fog". During this operation, which lasted until the end of 1944, in Norway, Holland, Belgium and other countries of Western Europe, as well as in Ukraine and the Czech Republic, civilians were arrested on suspicion without any charges. Then they were secretly transported to Germany for reprisal. Exact number The victims of this operation are not known, but they probably numbered in the tens of thousands. The most cruel and aggressive German invaders began to behave in the countries of Western Europe after in 1943 there was a turning point in the war in favor of anti-Hitler coalition. Among the population of these countries, the desire for disobedience and resistance to the invaders and local collaborators has sharply increased in the hope of bringing their liberation closer. The invaders responded with bloody terror. Retreating, they were engaged not only in robbery and destruction, guided by the tactics of "scorched earth", but often destroyed settlements along with the residents.

The methods of occupation policy, which were used by the Nazis in the West, became even more severe when they imposed their domination on the occupied territories of Poland, the USSR and the countries South Eastern Europe. The bulk of the population of these countries, with the exception of Greece and Albania, were Slavs, whom the Nazis referred to as an "inferior race." A few days after the start of the war in Berlin, under the leadership of Hitler, the development of the so-called Ost plan began. According to the first version of this plan dated July 15, 1941, in order to clear the territory for the Germans to settle in the East, it was planned to expel from native land or destroy from 80 to 85% of Poles, 85% of Lithuanians, 75% of Belarusians, 65% of the population of Western Ukraine, half of Estonians, Latvians and Czechs, in total from 31 to 45 million people. April 1942 general plan"Ost" has been modified. It provided for the deportation or extermination of 46-51 million people from their countries of residence.

Taking into account those who died in German penal servitude, the number of deliberately destroyed peaceful Soviet citizens amounted to about 13.7 million people.

The occupation policy of the aggressors in the Balkans was frankly predatory. Attempts by the German military administration to establish its dominance in Yugoslavia and Greece, relying on local collaborators, failed. Resistance to the invaders quickly developed into a large-scale guerrilla war.

Based on everyday anti-Semitism, widespread in Germany, the Nazi government in September 1935 adopted the so-called Nuremberg Laws, according to which Jews could not be citizens of the German Reich, and Germans were not supposed to marry Jews and have children from them. During the war years, the German leadership set the task of exterminating the Jews in all European countries. For this, they used various ways- executions, hangings, overwork and gas chambers in concentration camps, primarily in Auschwitz. In total, 6 million Jews were liquidated, including 1.5 million living in the temporarily occupied territory of the USSR.

The Japanese "new order", which envisaged the creation of a colonial empire in Asia, was essentially no different from the Nazi "new order" in Europe. At the same time, the Japanese occupation policy had its own characteristics. Given the deep hatred of nations South-East Asia and the Pacific Basin to colonialism, Japanese government tried to present its own aggression as a liberation war against the 2white race”, to unite the peoples of the occupied countries under the nationalist slogan “Asia for Asians”. In practice, the conquered countries became more and more convinced that the "yellow colonialists" would not give them either freedom or independence. Like the Nazis in Europe, so the Japanese militarists in Asia during the war years met with a growing rebuff from the peoples of the states they occupied.

For countries subjected to aggression, from the very beginning the war of 1939-1945 was a liberation war. In Poland, France, Yugoslavia, the first actions of the Resistance arose from the moment of occupation: anti-fascist forces were consolidated, an underground press was established, anti-fascist propaganda was deployed, acts of sabotage, strikes were committed, and partisan detachments were formed. At the same time, each country revealed its own specifics, used certain forms and methods of struggle.

London hosted the emigrant governments of Belgium, the Netherlands, Norway, Greece, Poland, Yugoslavia, the Resistance organizations of a number of other countries, and a movement was formed. Free France"led by General Charles de Gaulle. Not immediately, but his connections with internal resistance France.

Already at the first stage of the war, Great Britain began to establish contacts with underground Europe. Churchill declared the need to "ignite a fire in Europe." July 16, 1940 under the Ministry of Economic War was created secret control special operations (USO) with an extensive network of connections with various organizations of the Resistance, primarily in Northern Europe: Belgium, Denmark, Norway. The USO coordinated their actions, sent them weapons and radio transmitters. Radio communications made it possible to unite disparate organizations of the Resistance, created by parties and political groups or arising spontaneously. BBC radio broadcasts from London and the underground press exposed Nazi ideology and propaganda, shaping the anti-fascist consciousness of the population of occupied Europe. This task turned out to be the most difficult in Germany, where, almost until the end of the war, the majority of the population supported the Nazi regime, falsely understood as a patriotic duty. The government of the USSR at the beginning of the war did not encourage the development of the Resistance in Europe. General leadership The resistance in France during this period was carried out by the secretariat of the Central Committee of the PCF, located in the Paris region, which included J. Duclos, B. Frachon and Ch. Tillon. In the fall of 1940, the communists created the first armed groups, which soon united into a militant "Special Organization" (OS). In November 1940, a large student demonstration took place in occupied Paris under the slogan: “Long live France! Long live de Gaulle! Down with Petain! In May 1941, in accordance with the directive of the Comintern on the creation of national fronts, the French Communist Party issued a call for the formation of a National Front.

In Norway, the armed organization "Milorg" was created by former officers and soldiers of the Norwegian army. Civil disobedience campaigns became the predominant forms of resistance.

In the Netherlands, the first underground organizations Resistance appeared in May 1940 in Haarlem and other cities. They called themselves "Gozes", distributed anti-Nazi materials, and committed sabotage. On February 17, 1941, the first major anti-fascist strike in occupied Europe took place in Amsterdam under the leadership of the Communist Party of the Netherlands: metalworkers opposed forced deportation to Germany. Following. The political strike on February 25 was attended by 300,000 people.

In Belgium in the fall of 1940, on the initiative of the Communist Party, people's committees for mutual assistance and solidarity were created, which became the organizers of the first patriotic demonstrations. At the end of August 1940, a partisan army was formed, as well as the Belgian Army and the Belgian Legion.

In the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe, as well as in the Balkans, the anti-fascist resistance took shape in general in the same structures as in the West.

Resistance in the Czech Republic and Slovakia developed independently. In the Czech Republic it took the form of a defense movement national culture and against the beginning of Germanization.

The Polish resistance, which began in 1939, was directed mainly against the Nazi occupiers and their policy of brutal repression and genocide. Already at the end of 1939, an underground government organization arose on the pre-war territory of Poland. military organization"Union of Armed Struggle". Another mass organization of the Resistance was the peasant battalions (battalions khlopske), in politically representing the Peasant Party (Stronnitstvo people).

The resistance movement in the countries had its own specifics. fascist bloc. here it was directed against their own regimes and developed under conditions of the most severe repressions from the state and the entire system of mass fascist organizations. in Germany against Nazi regime the underground group of Schulze-Boysen and Harnack, which had arisen as early as 1938, fought. With extensive connections at home and abroad, this group transmitted Soviet intelligence valuable information about Germany's military preparations against the USSR, at the beginning of 1940 another group of anti-fascist politicians emerged, headed by Count H. von Moltke and Count P. Yorck von Wartenburg, called the Kreisau Circle. Many clergy from positions Christian morality they condemned the war, the persecution of Jews, and provided assistance to prisoners of war.

The entry of the USSR into the war against Germany led to the rise of the resistance movement and a change in the position of the Comintern. Great Britain and the United States have expanded the network of intelligence communications with European Resistance in June 1942 in Washington, with the participation of the British, the Directorate strategic services(USS), whose tasks included the organization of sabotage activities in Western Europe jointly with the previously established British ODR. As the resistance movement grew, it became more and more difficult to lead the Communist parties from one center. This served as a formal explanation for the decision of the Comintern to dissolve itself (May 15, 1943).

The Italian resistance fighters Spinelli and Rossi, while in prison, in 1941 published the famous "Ventotene Manifesto", in which they criticized fascism.

The resistance movement developed in an ascending line: from passive forms to armed struggle. Various social strata poured into it: workers, peasants, intelligentsia, students, small urban entrepreneurs, priests. In France, Italy, Belgium, Norway, the Netherlands, the Hand, national anti-fascist fronts were formed.

The resistance in France acquired particular importance. In October 1941, de Gaulle notified the British government of his decision to take up political activity in France. Missions were sent to France to unite the internal and external Resistance.

In a number of countries, 2 blocs of anti-fascist forces arose: national and people's liberation fronts were created under the control of the communists and focused on support from the USSR, while other centers that united moderate-liberal forces established contact with emigre governments and sought to gain recognition and support from the USSR. Western allies.

In Yugoslavia, as early as July 1941, armed operations of people's liberation partisan detachments began. By the end of the year, they had liberated two-thirds of the Serbian territory, where the so-called Uzhitz Republic was established. In November 1942, the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia was created, headed by Tito.

Topic. Nazi "new order"

Target. Describe the features of the "new order" in the Soviet Union, reveal the criminal actions of the Nazis

Tasks:

1. Find out what the "new order" is and evaluate it.

2. Talk about the Holocaust.

3. Find out the features of the "new order" in the Donbass.

4. Tell what role the Ostarbeiters played during the war years.

5. Describe the phenomenon of collaborationism.

Plan

« New order».

Plan "Ost".

Holocaust.

"New Order" in Donbass.

Concepts: “new order”, plan “Ost”, Holocaust, collaborationism

"New order"

Germany and its allies established a "new order" in the occupied territories.

New order - the occupation regime established by the Nazis in the occupied territories, which was characterized by the destruction of the population, the economic exploitation of the occupied lands.

Plan "Ost"

The criminal intentions of the Nazis were outlined in the Ost plan.

Plan "Ost" - occupation policy in the territories of Eastern Europe and the USSR occupied by the Nazis.

Colonization of the USSR and countries of Eastern Europe.

Destruction of millions of people.

Turning into slaves of those who remained.

Resettlement of Germans to new territories.

The USSR was subject to dismemberment and liquidation. It was supposed to form four Reichskommissariats on its territory - German colonial provinces: "Ostland", "Ukraine", "Moscow", "Caucasus". Management was to be eastern ministry"headed by A. Rozenberg.

Concentration camps (Buchenwald) and death camps (Auschwitz, Majdanek, Treblinka, Dachau) operated throughout the occupied territory. In total, 18 million ended up in concentration camps, 12 million died.

Ostarbeiters - persons taken out by the Nazis from the eastern occupied territories during the Second World War for forced labor in Germany.

In order to use cheap labor in Germany, deportations of the able-bodied population were cited. About 4.9 million inhabitants of the occupied regions of the USSR ended up in a foreign land in difficult living conditions (ostarbeiters), of which 1.4 million died. In total, 10 million people became victims of the occupation (3.1 million people in Ukraine, 1.3 million people in Belarus). The economy of the occupied countries became an appendage of the German war machine.

Holocaust

Holocaust - purposeful and organized extermination of the Jewish population during the Second World War.

Ghetto - a separate settlement with minimal living conditions.

"New order" in Donbass

Fierce battles for the Donbass continued for a long 8 months. Directly on the territory of the Stalin region, the fighting began on October 8, 1941, on this day the Germans occupied district center Mangush and large industrial and seaport Mariupol. After stubborn fighting at the end of October 1941, the fascist troops managed to capture Stalino, Makeevka, Gorlovka, Krasnoarmeysk, Slavyansk. By the beginning of November, the enemy occupied the central and southeastern part region and went out to the rivers Seversky Donets and Mius. In November, German troops invaded the borders of the Voroshilovgrad region. July 22, 1942 Soviet troops left the last regional center of the Voroshilovgrad region - the city of Sverdlovsk. The entire territory of Donbass was occupied and included in the so-called "frontline zone", which is directly subordinate to the military command.

On the occupied territory, the Nazis established a regime of terror and violence, which pursued 3 main goals: 1) suppression of any attempts at resistance; 2) exploitation of material and human resources; 3) the physical destruction of part of the population to ensure " living space» German colonists. The so-called “new order” was established, which included general labor service for the population aged 14 to 65, hard labor, forced removal to work in Germany. Difficult conditions occupation regime aggravated by the high mobility of the front, on the line of which from Slavyansk to Sea of Azov was focused great amount enemy troops, field gendarmerie, counterintelligence agencies of the invaders.

The lives of people in the occupied areas were worthless. in an efficient way intimidation was the death penalty. In the very first days of the occupation, the Nazis posted orders and announcements, for the violation of which the death penalty threatened. All residents of cities and workers' settlements, starting from the age of 10, were required to register at the labor exchange and wear an armband with a certain number. Violation of this requirement was punishable by execution. Communists and Komsomol members must register, otherwise - execution. For possession of weapons - execution. For helping partisans and runaway prisoners of war - execution. For violation of the curfew - execution. Each resident had to report the presence of foreign citizens and Soviet soldiers otherwise, shooting. The occupiers introduced a system of hostages for "crimes against the army." If the culprit is not identified, then for the murder German officer or a soldier, 100 civilians were subject to execution, for the murder of a policeman - 10 people. At the same time, whistleblowing was encouraged. Active and conscientious participants in the struggle against the partisans were given a double allotment of land in the countryside and a bonus of 1,000 karbovanets in the city.

The "new order" was established by the Nazis with the help of mass executions and concentration camps. During the 700 days of occupation of the capital of Donbass, they killed 279 thousand people, took 200 thousand to work in Germany, destroyed 150 mines, 50 factories, 14 power plants, burned 5 million square meters of living space. They turned the cellars of the Donbass Hotel and the building of the Kalinin branch of the State Bank into death row. In the burned club. Lenin, the Germans organized a concentration camp for prisoners of war, where they tortured and shot more than 25 thousand people. On the Fire Square(now Dzerzhinsky Square) shot dozens of Jews. At mine No. 3-3-bis, the Nazis buried 60 young people alive who refused to work for the Germans. 75 thousand people were thrown into the shafts of mine No. 4-4-bis Kalinino and left to die.

In total, 100 death camps were created in the Donbass, 20 punitive fascist bodies and detachments operated. For 22 months of occupation, the Nazis killed over 468 thousand people.

With the failure of the "blitzkrieg" and the transition of the war into a protracted phase in the fall of 1941, the Third Reich faced the problem of a shortage of skilled workers within the country. To prevent a possible industrial crisis in the Reich's economy, the labor of hired workers from the occupied territories of Eastern Europe was widely used. These workers were called "Ostarbeiters". In December 1941, the first recruitment commissions were created. In January 1942, an active campaign began to recruit Ostarbeiters. The propaganda apparatus worked in full force: in city newspapers, in documentaries, at the meetings they talked about the excellent living conditions of Ukrainian workers in Germany. On February 15, 1942, the first echelon with 1,000 employees left Stalino for Germany. In total, about 350 thousand of them were taken out of the Donbass. The existence of Ostarbeiters was difficult - this was due not only to the difficulties of wartime, but also artificially created German leadership and proceeded from the very political and legal status of the "Eastern workers". They had to live in isolated, barbed-wire camps, in wooden barracks, which housed up to 200 people. For the first time, they were given overalls, rubber or wooden-soled shoes, a straw mattress, and a pillow, the cost of which was deducted from the money they earned. It was obligatory to constantly wear the “Ost” sign on outerwear. Books, radio, movies, concerts, religious ceremonies were forbidden. There was also discrimination in wages. The work of Ostarbeiters was paid at rates three times less than that of German workers. A distinctive feature of their stay in Nazi Germany was constant supervision and control, as well as a system of penalties for labor and political offenses. Serious offenses (leaving the workplace, theft, sabotage) were punished by being sent to concentration camps. Those who tried to escape were killed, leaving the dead body as a warning.

The local population also had to work for the benefit of Germany. The enterprises introduced a 14-16 hour working day. The work was carried out under the constant supervision of soldiers and policemen. During the work, corporal punishment was often used. Those who refused to go to work were shot. Food rations were set up for the workers. But they were so meager that the population was starving.

From the first days of the occupation, large German firms such as Krupp, Siemens, Oppel and others have shown active attention to the wealth of our region. For the operation of mines and factories, the mining and metallurgical society "Vostok" was created. The special organization "Berg Hütte-Ost" was responsible for the restoration of the mines. Hitler demanded the speedy inclusion of the economy of Donbass in military production. It was planned that already in 1943 the pool was to produce 1 million, and in 1944 - 2 million tons of metal.

Under the implementation of this program, it was necessary to establish coal mining. However, despite the fact that by November 1942, 40 coal mines had been restored, the occupiers received from them only 2.3 percent of the pre-war coal production during the same period. In this regard, the needs of the German army were met by coal brought from Poland and other countries.

The Germans failed to organize the production of metal at the enterprises of our region. Plans for the economic enslavement of Donbass failed. The population of the region sabotaged the activities of the invaders, as a result of which not a single large enterprise, not a single capital mine was put into operation. The villagers hid bread, fodder and livestock from the invaders, disrupted the supply of food for the German army.

Thus, the establishment of the occupation regime was accompanied by mass terror of the civilian population. From February 1942, the Nazis began the forced export of Ostarbeiters. At the same time, the remaining material resources and enterprises came under the control of German corporations. The mass feat of the inhabitants of Donbass was the disruption of the attempts of the occupiers to put the industry of the occupied territory at their service.

Repetition:

What body was created in the USSR to control the armed forces and direct military operations on the fronts in the first days of the war? (Bid Supreme High Command, Stalin, Timoshenko, Zhukov, Molotov, Budyonny, Voroshilov, Kuznetsov.)

Who became the Supreme Commander? (Stalin)

In the hands of which body was all power concentrated at the beginning of the war? ( State Committee Defense)

When was it created and who became its chairman?

What slogan became a patriotic call to war? (“Everything for the front, everything for victory!”)

Where was sent main blow German troops?

Where and when did the first bloodshed take place? tank battle in our country? (June 26 - 30, 1941 in the Rivne-Dubno-Lutsk-Brody region).

Name the main battles and military events of 1941.

September 8, 1941 - January 27, 1944 - Leningrad blockade.

July 7 - September 26, 1941 - Kyiv defensive operation.

October 30, 1941 - July 4, 1942 - Defense of Sevastopol.

What is the significance of the Battle of Smolensk?

What is the main significance of the Moscow battle?

What was the code name German operation to capture Moscow?

What strategic mistake did the Stalinist leadership make already in January 1942, inspired by the success of the battle? (Stalin gave the directive to launch an offensive on all fronts in order to complete the defeat of the Nazis in 1942).

What was the main task in the order? ("Not one step back!").

Name the members of the anti-Hitler coalition.

Formation of the anti-Hitler coalition

Stages of formation of the anti-Hitler coalition:

On July 12, 1941, an Anglo-Soviet agreement was signed on a joint struggle against Germany.

On August 14, 1941, England and the USA signed the Atlantic Charter. The USSR joined it in December.

September 29 - October 1, 1941 Moscow conference. On October 1, a tripartite treaty was signed between the USSR, the USA and England on assistance to the USSR with weapons and food.

On January 1, 1942, 26 states signed the Declaration of the United Nations in Washington.

On May 26, 1942, a Soviet-British treaty was signed and on June 11, 1942, a Soviet-American treaty against Germany was signed.

Homework.

§ 22 pp. 27 – 33.

During the first period of the war fascist states by force of arms they established their rule over almost all of capitalist Europe. In addition to the peoples of Austria, Czechoslovakia and Albania, who became victims of aggression even before the outbreak of World War II, Poland, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg, a significant part of France, Greece and Yugoslavia were under the yoke of fascist occupation by the summer of 1941. At the same time, the Asiatic ally of Germany and Italy, militaristic Japan, occupied vast areas of the Central and South China and then Indochina.

In the occupied countries, the fascists established the so-called "new order", which embodied the main goals of the states of the fascist bloc in the Second World War - the territorial redistribution of the world, the enslavement of independent states, the extermination of entire peoples, the establishment of world domination.

Creating a "new order", the Axis sought to mobilize the resources of the occupied and vassal countries in order to destroy the socialist state - Soviet Union, to restore the undivided dominance of the capitalist system throughout the world, to crush the revolutionary workers' and national liberation movement, and with it all the forces of democracy and progress. That is why the "new order", based on bayonets fascist troops, were supported by the most reactionary representatives of the ruling classes of the occupied countries, who pursued a policy of collaborationism. He also had supporters in other imperialist countries, for example, pro-fascist organizations in the USA, O. Mosley's clique in England, etc. The "new order" meant, first of all, the territorial redistribution of the world in favor of the fascist powers. In an effort to undermine the viability of the occupied countries as much as possible, the German fascists redrawn the map of Europe. The Nazi Reich included Austria, the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia, Silesia and western regions Poland (Pomorie, Poznan, Lodz, Northern Mazovia), the Belgian districts of Eupen and Malmedy, Luxembourg, the French provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. FROM political map Europe, entire states disappeared. Some of them were annexed, others were divided into parts and ceased to exist as a historically formed whole. Even before the war, a puppet Slovak state was created under the auspices of Nazi Germany, and the Czech Republic and Moravia were turned into a German “protectorate”.

The non-annexed territory of Poland became known as the "governor general", in which all power was in the hands of the Nazi governor. France was divided into occupied northern zone, the most industrially developed (while the departments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais were administratively subordinate to the commander of the occupying forces in Belgium), and unoccupied - southern, with a center in the city of Vichy. In Yugoslavia, "independent" Croatia and Serbia were formed. Montenegro became the prey of Italy, Macedonia was given to Bulgaria, Vojvodina - to Hungary, and Slovenia was divided between Italy and Germany.

In artificially created states, the Nazis planted totalitarian military dictatorships that were submissive to them, such as the regime of A. Pavelić in Croatia, M. Nedich in Serbia, I. Tisso in Slovakia.

In countries that were completely or partially occupied, the invaders, as a rule, sought to form puppet governments from collaborationist elements - representatives of the big monopoly bourgeoisie and landowners who had betrayed the national interests of the people. The "governments" of Petain in France, Gakhi in the Czech Republic were obedient executors of the will of the winner. Above them was usually an "imperial commissar", "viceroy" or "protector", who held all power in his hands, controlling the actions of the puppets.

But it was not possible to create puppet governments everywhere. In Belgium and Holland, the agents of the German fascists (L. Degrel, A. Mussert) turned out to be too weak and unpopular. In Denmark, there was no need for such a government at all, since after the capitulation, the Stauning government obediently carried out the will of the German invaders.

The "new order" meant, therefore, the enslavement European countries in various forms- from open annexation and occupation to the establishment of "allied", but actually vassal (for example, in Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania) relations with Germany.

Nor were the political regimes implanted by Germany in the enslaved countries the same. Some of them were openly military-dictatorial, others, following the example of the German Reich, masked their reactionary essence with social demagogy. For example, Quisling in Norway declared himself to be the defender of the country's national interests. The Vichy puppets in France did not hesitate to shout about " national revolution"," the fight against trusts "and" the abolition of class struggle while openly collaborating with the occupiers.

Finally, there was some difference in the nature of the occupation policy German fascists towards different countries. So, in Poland and a number of other countries of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, the fascist "order" immediately manifested itself in all its anti-human essence, since the fate of slaves was intended for the Polish and other Slavic peoples. German nation. In Holland, Denmark, Luxembourg and Norway, the Nazis at first acted as "Nordic blood brothers", sought to win over to their side certain sections of the population and social groups these countries. In France, the occupiers initially pursued a policy of gradually drawing the country into the orbit of their influence and turning it into their satellite.

However, in their own circle, the leaders of German fascism did not hide the fact that such a policy was temporary and dictated only by tactical considerations. The Hitlerite elite believed that "the unification of Europe can be achieved ... only with the help of armed violence." Hitler intended to speak to the Vichy government in a different language as soon as the "Russian operation" was over and he would free his rear.

With the establishment of the "new order", the entire European economy was subordinated to German state-monopoly capitalism. A huge amount of equipment, raw materials and food was exported from the occupied countries to Germany. The national industry of the European states was turned into an appendage of the German fascist war machine. Millions of people were driven from the occupied countries to Germany, where they were forced to work for the German capitalists and landowners.

The establishment of the rule of German and Italian fascists in the enslaved countries was accompanied by cruel terror and massacres.

Following the model of Germany, the occupied countries began to be covered with a network of fascist concentration camps. In May 1940, a monstrous death factory began to operate on the territory of Poland in Auschwitz, which gradually turned into a whole concern of 39 camps. The German monopolies IG Farbenindustri, Krupna, Siemens soon built their enterprises here in order to finally get the profits once promised by Hitler, which “history did not know”, using free labor. According to the testimony of prisoners, the life expectancy of prisoners who worked at the Bunaverk plant (IG Farbenindustry) did not exceed two months: every two to three weeks a selection was carried out and all those weakened were sent to the ovens of Auschwitz. The exploitation of foreign labor power here has turned into the "destruction through work" of all people objectionable to fascism.

Among the population of occupied Europe, fascist propaganda intensively propagated anti-communism, racism and anti-Semitism. All mass media were placed under the control of the German occupation authorities.

The "new order" in Europe meant brutal national oppression of the peoples of the occupied countries. Asserting the racial superiority of the German nation, the Nazis provided the German minorities ("Volksdeutsche") living in puppet states, such as the Czech Republic, Croatia, Slovenia and Slovakia, with special exploitative rights and privileges. The Nazis resettled Germans from other countries to the lands annexed to the Reich, which were gradually "cleared" from the local population. From the western regions of Poland, 700 thousand people were evicted, from Alsace and Lorraine by February 15, 1941 - about 124 thousand people. The eviction of indigenous people was carried out from Slovenia and the Sudetenland.

The Nazis in every possible way incited national hatred between the peoples of the occupied and dependent countries: Croats and Serbs, Czechs and Slovaks, Hungarians and Romanians, Flemings and Walloons, etc.

The fascist invaders treated the working classes and industrial workers with particular cruelty, seeing in them a force capable of resistance. The fascists wanted to turn Poles, Czechs and other Slavs into slaves, to undermine the fundamental foundations of their national viability. “From now on,” said the Polish Governor-General G. Frank, “ political role the Polish people is finished. It is declared to be a labor force, nothing else... We will ensure that the very concept of "Poland" is erased forever. In relation to entire nations and peoples, a policy of extermination was pursued.

On the Polish lands annexed to Germany, along with the expulsion of local residents, a policy of artificial limitation of population growth was carried out by castration of people, the mass removal of children to raise them in the German spirit. Poles were even forbidden to be called Poles, they were given the old tribal names - “Kashubians”, “Mazurs”, etc. Systematic extermination Polish population, especially the intelligentsia, was also carried out on the territory of the "governor general". For example, in the spring and summer of 1940, the occupation authorities carried out the so-called “Aktion AB” (“emergency pacification action”) here, during which they destroyed about 3,500 Polish scientists, cultural and art workers, and also closed not only higher, but also secondary educational institutions.

A savage, misanthropic policy was also carried out in the dismembered Yugoslavia. In Slovenia, the Nazis destroyed the centers of national culture, exterminated the intelligentsia, clergymen, public figures. In Serbia, for every German soldier killed by partisans, hundreds of civilians were subject to "merciless destruction".

Doomed to national degeneration and destruction of the Czech people. “You closed our universities,” wrote national hero Czechoslovakia Yu. Fuchik in 1940 in an open letter to Goebbels - you Germanize our schools, you robbed and occupied the best school buildings, turned the theater, concert halls and art salons into barracks, you rob scientific institutions You stop scientific work, you want to turn journalists into mind-killing machines, you kill thousands of cultural workers, you destroy the foundations of all culture, everything that the intelligentsia creates.

Thus, already in the first period of the war, the racist theories of fascism turned into a monstrous policy of national oppression, destruction and extermination (genocide), carried out in relation to many peoples of Europe. Smoking chimneys of the crematoria of Auschwitz, Majdanek and other camps mass destruction people testified that the savage racial and political nonsense of fascism is being carried out in practice.

The social policy of fascism was extremely reactionary. In Europe of the “new order”, the working masses, and above all the working class, were subjected to the most cruel persecution and exploitation. Reduction wages and a sharp increase in the working day, the abolition of the rights won in a long struggle for social Security, the prohibition of strikes, meetings and demonstrations, the liquidation of trade unions under the guise of their "unification", the prohibition of political organizations of the working class and all working people, primarily the communist parties, to which the Nazis harbored bestial hatred - this is what fascism brought with it to the peoples of Europe. The “new order” meant an attempt by German state-monopoly capital and its allies to crush their class opponents with the hands of the fascists, to crush their political and trade union organizations, to eradicate the ideology of Marxism-Leninism, all democratic, even liberal views, planting a misanthropic fascist ideology of racism, national and class domination and subjugation. In savagery, fanaticism, obscurantism, fascism surpassed the horrors of the Middle Ages. He was an outright cynical denial of all progressive, humane and moral values developed by civilization over its thousand-year history. He planted a system of surveillance, denunciations, arrests, torture, created a monstrous apparatus of repression and violence against peoples.

Deal with it or get on the path anti-fascist resistance and determined struggle for national independence, democracy and social progress- such was the alternative that confronted the peoples of the occupied countries.

The people have made their choice. They rose to fight against the brown plague - fascism. The brunt of this struggle was courageously taken up by the working masses, primarily the working class.

Within one year, German troops and their allies occupied the territory of Ukraine (June 1941 - July 1942). The intentions of the Nazis were reflected in plan "Ost"- a plan for the extermination of the population and the "development" of the occupied territories in the East. This plan included, in particular:

Partial Germanization of the local population;

Mass deportation, including Ukrainians, to Siberia;

Settling of the occupied lands by the Germans;

Undermining biological force Slavic peoples;

Physical destruction of the Slavic peoples.

To manage the occupied territories, the Third Reich created a special Directorate (Ministry) of the occupied territories. Rosenberg headed the ministry.

The Nazis began to implement their plans immediately after the conquest of the territory of Ukraine. First, the Nazis sought to destroy the very concept of "Ukraine", dividing its territory into administrative regions:

Lviv, Drohobych, Stanislav and Ternopil regions (without
northern regions) formed "District Galicia", which was subordinate to the so-called Polish (Warsaw) General Government;

Rivne, Volyn, Kamenetz-Podolsk, Zhytomyr, northern
districts of Ternopil, northern regions Vinnitsa, the eastern regions of the Nikolaev, Kiev, Poltava, Dnepropetrovsk regions, the northern regions of the Crimea and the southern regions of Belarus formed Reichskommissariat Ukraine.
The city of Rivne became the center;

Eastern regions Ukraine (Chernihiv region, Sumy region, Kharkiv region,
Donbass) to the coast of the Sea of Azov, as well as south Crimean peninsula were under the control military administration;

Territories of Odessa, Chernivtsi, southern regions Vinnitsa and the western regions of the Nikolaev regions formed a new Romanian province
"Transnistria";

Transcarpathia since 1939 remained under the rule of Hungary.

Ukrainian lands, as the most fertile, were to become a source of products and raw materials for " new Europe". The peoples inhabiting the occupied territories were subject to destruction or expulsion. The part that survived was turned into slaves. At the end of the war, 8 million German colonists were supposed to be resettled on Ukrainian lands.

In September 1941, E. Koch was appointed Reichskommissar of Ukraine.

"New order", introduced by the invaders included: a system of mass extermination of people; robbery system; system of exploitation of human and material resources.

A feature of the German "new order" was total terror. For this purpose, a system of punitive organs operated - the state secret police (Gestapo), armed formations of the security service (SD) and the National Socialist Party (SS), etc.

In the occupied territories, the Nazis killed millions of civilians, almost 300 places were found mass executions population, 180 concentration camps, over 400 ghettos, etc. To prevent the resistance movement, the Germans introduced a system of collective responsibility for an act of terror or sabotage. 50% of Jews and 50% of Ukrainians, Russians and other nationalities from the total number of hostages were subject to execution. In general, 3.9 million civilians were killed on the territory of Ukraine during the occupation.

On the territory of Ukraine, the Nazi executioners resorted to the mass execution of prisoners of war: in Yanovsky camp(Lviv) 200 thousand people died, in Slavutinsky(the so-called grosslazaret) - 150 thousand, Darnitsky(Kyiv) - 68 thousand, Siretsky(Kyiv) - 25 thousand, Khorolsky(Poltava region) - 53 thousand, in Uman Pit- 50 thousand people. In general, 1.3 million prisoners of war were destroyed on the territory of Ukraine.

In addition to mass executions, the occupiers also carried out ideological indoctrination of the population (agitation and propaganda), the purpose of which was to undermine the will to resist, to kindle national enmity. The invaders published 190 newspapers with a total circulation of 1 million copies, radio stations, a cinema network, etc. worked.

Cruelty, disdain for Ukrainians and people of other nationalities as people of the lowest grade were the main features of the German system of government. Military ranks, even the lowest, were given the right to be shot without trial or investigation. Throughout the occupation, curfews were in effect in cities and villages. For its violation, civilians were shot on the spot. Shops, restaurants, hairdressers served only the invaders. The population of cities was forbidden to use railway and public transport, electricity, telegraph, post office, pharmacy. At every step one could see an announcement: “Only for Germans”, “Ukrainians are not allowed to enter”, etc.

The occupying power immediately began to implement a policy of economic exploitation and merciless oppression of the population. The occupiers declared the surviving industrial enterprises the property of Germany and used them for repairs military equipment, ammunition production, etc. Workers were forced to work 12-14 hours a day for meager wages.

The Nazis did not destroy the collective farms and state farms, but on their basis they created the so-called public meetings, or common courtyards, and state estates, the main task of which was to supply and export bread and other agricultural products to Germany.

In the occupied territories, the Nazis introduced various requisitions and taxes. The population was forced to pay taxes for the house, estate, livestock, domestic animals (dogs, cats). The capitation was introduced - 120 rubles. for a man and 100 rubles. for a woman. In addition to official taxes, the invaders resorted to outright robbery and looting. They took away from the population not only food, but also property.

So, in March 1943, 5950 thousand tons of wheat, 1372 thousand tons of potatoes, 2120 thousand heads of cattle, 49 thousand tons of butter, 220 thousand tons of sugar, 400 thousand heads of pigs, 406 thousand cattle were exported to Germany. sheep. As of March 1944, these figures already had the following figures: 9.2 million tons of grain, 622 thousand tons of meat and millions of tons of other industrial products and foodstuffs.

Among other activities carried out by the occupying power was the forced mobilization of labor to Germany (about 2.5 million people). The living conditions of most Ostarbeiters were unbearable. The minimum dietary allowance and physical exhaustion from excessive work became the cause of illness and high level mortality.

One of the measures of the "new order" was the total appropriation of the cultural values of the Ukrainian SSR. Museums, art galleries, libraries, temples were looted. Jewelry, masterpieces of painting, historical values, books were exported to Germany. During the years of occupation, many architectural monuments were destroyed.

The formation of the "new order" was closely connected with the "final solution of the Jewish question." The attack on the Soviet Union was the beginning of the planned and systematic destruction of the Jewish population by the Nazis, first on the territory of the USSR, and eventually throughout Europe. This process has been named Holocaust.

The symbol of the Holocaust in Ukraine has become Babi Yar, where only 29 -September 30, 1941 33,771 Jews were exterminated. Then, for 103 weeks, the occupiers carried out executions here every Tuesday and Friday (the total number of victims is 150 thousand people).

The advancing German army was followed by four specially created Einsatzgruppen (two of them operated in Ukraine), which were supposed to destroy "enemy elements", especially Jews. The Einsatzgruppen massacred about 500,000 Jews in Ukraine. In January 1942, six death camps equipped with gas chambers and crematoria were set up in Poland (Treblinka, Sobibor, Majdanek, Auschwitz, Belzec), where Jews were taken from the western regions of Ukraine, as well as from other European countries. Before the destruction, a system of ghettos and Jewish residential quarters was created.

The creation of death camps was accompanied by the mass extermination of the ghetto population, of which there were more than 350 in Ukraine. Almost all ghettos were liquidated, and their population was sent to death camps or shot on the spot. In general, about 1.6 million Jews died on the territory of Ukraine.

Conclusion. The “new order” established by the Nazis on the territory of occupied Ukraine brought devastation and suffering to its people. Millions of civilians became its victims. At the same time, the Ukrainian lands became the place where the tragedy of the Jewish people, the Holocaust, unfolded.

During the first period of the war, the fascist states by force of arms established their rule over almost all of capitalist Europe. In addition to the peoples of Austria, Czechoslovakia and Albania, who became victims of aggression even before the outbreak of World War II, Poland, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg, a significant part of France, Greece and Yugoslavia were under the yoke of fascist occupation by the summer of 1941. At the same time, the Asian ally of Germany and Italy, militaristic Japan, occupied vast areas of Central and Southern China, and then Indochina.

By creating the "new order", the Axis sought to mobilize the resources of the occupied and vassal countries in order to destroy the socialist state - the Soviet Union, restore the undivided dominance of the capitalist system throughout the world, defeat the revolutionary workers' and national liberation movement, and with it all forces of democracy and progress. That is why the "new order", based on the bayonets of the fascist troops, was supported by the most reactionary representatives of the ruling classes of the occupied countries, who pursued a policy of collaborationism. He also had supporters in other imperialist countries, for example, pro-fascist organizations in the USA, O. Mosley's clique in England, etc. The "new order" meant, first of all, the territorial redistribution of the world in favor of the fascist powers. In an effort to undermine the viability of the occupied countries as much as possible, the German fascists redrawn the map of Europe. The Nazi Reich included Austria, the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia, Silesia and the western regions of Poland (Pomorie, Poznan, Lodz, Northern Mazovia), the Belgian districts of Eupen and Malmedy, Luxembourg, the French provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. Entire states disappeared from the political map of Europe. Some of them were annexed, others were divided into parts and ceased to exist as a historically formed whole. Even before the war, a puppet Slovak state was created under the auspices of Nazi Germany, and the Czech Republic and Moravia were turned into a German “protectorate”.

The non-annexed territory of Poland became known as the "governor general", in which all power was in the hands of the Nazi governor. France was divided into an occupied northern zone, the most industrially developed (while the departments of Nord and Pas de Calais were administratively subordinate to the commander of the occupying forces in Belgium), and an unoccupied southern zone, centered in the city of Vichy. In Yugoslavia, "independent" Croatia and Serbia were formed. Montenegro became the prey of Italy, Macedonia was given to Bulgaria, Vojvodina - to Hungary, and Slovenia was divided between Italy and Germany.

The "new order" meant, therefore, the enslavement of European countries in various forms - from open annexation and occupation to the establishment of "allied", and in fact vassal (for example, in Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania) relations with Germany.

Nor were the political regimes implanted by Germany in the enslaved countries the same. Some of them were openly military-dictatorial, others, following the example of the German Reich, masked their reactionary essence with social demagogy. For example, Quisling in Norway declared himself to be the defender of the country's national interests. The Vichy puppets in France did not hesitate to shout about "national revolution", "fight against the trusts" and "abolition of the class struggle", while at the same time openly collaborating with the occupiers.

Finally, there was some difference in the nature of the occupation policy of the German fascists in relation to different countries. So, in Poland and a number of other countries of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, the fascist "order" immediately manifested itself in all its anti-human essence, since the fate of the slaves of the German nation was intended for the Polish and other Slavic peoples. In Holland, Denmark, Luxembourg and Norway, the Nazis at first acted as "Nordic blood brothers", sought to win over to their side certain sections of the population and social groups of these countries. In France, the occupiers initially pursued a policy of gradually drawing the country into the orbit of their influence and turning it into their satellite.

The establishment of the rule of German and Italian fascists in the enslaved countries was accompanied by cruel terror and massacres.

The fascist invaders treated the working classes and industrial workers with particular cruelty, seeing in them a force capable of resistance. The fascists wanted to turn Poles, Czechs and other Slavs into slaves, to undermine the fundamental foundations of their national viability. “From now on,” declared the Polish Governor-General G. Frank, “the political role of the Polish people is over. It is declared to be a labor force, nothing else... We will ensure that the very concept of "Poland" is erased forever. In relation to entire nations and peoples, a policy of extermination was pursued.

On the Polish lands annexed to Germany, along with the expulsion of local residents, a policy of artificial limitation of population growth was carried out by castration of people, the mass removal of children to raise them in the German spirit. Poles were even forbidden to be called Poles, they were given the old tribal names - "Kashubians", "Mazurs", etc. The systematic extermination of the Polish population, especially the intelligentsia, was also carried out on the territory of the "governor general". For example, in the spring and summer of 1940, the occupation authorities carried out the so-called “Aktion AB” (“emergency pacification action”) here, during which they destroyed about 3,500 Polish scientists, cultural and art workers, and also closed not only higher, but also secondary educational institutions.

A savage, misanthropic policy was also carried out in the dismembered Yugoslavia. In Slovenia, the Nazis destroyed the centers of national culture, exterminated the intelligentsia, clergy, and public figures. In Serbia, for every German soldier killed by partisans, hundreds of civilians were subject to "merciless destruction".

Doomed to national degeneration and destruction of the Czech people. “You closed our universities,” wrote the national hero of Czechoslovakia Yu. Fuchik in 1940 in an open letter to Goebbels, “you Germanize our schools, you robbed and occupied the best school buildings, turned the theater, concert halls and art salons into barracks, you rob scientific institutions, stop scientific work, want to turn journalists into mind-killing machines, kill thousands of cultural workers, destroy the foundations of all culture, everything that the intelligentsia creates.

Thus, already in the first period of the war, the racist theories of fascism turned into a monstrous policy of national oppression, destruction and extermination (genocide), carried out in relation to many peoples of Europe. The smoking chimneys of the crematoria of Auschwitz, Majdanek and other camps for mass extermination of people testified that the savage racial and political nonsense of fascism was being carried out in practice.

The social policy of fascism was extremely reactionary. In Europe of the “new order”, the working masses, and above all the working class, were subjected to the most cruel persecution and exploitation. Reduction of wages and a sharp increase in the working day, the abolition of the rights to social security won in a long struggle, the prohibition of strikes, meetings and demonstrations, the liquidation of trade unions under the guise of their "unification", the prohibition of political organizations of the working class and all workers, primarily communist parties, to whom the Nazis harbored bestial hatred—this is what fascism brought with it to the peoples of Europe. The “new order” meant an attempt by German state-monopoly capital and its allies to crush their class opponents with the hands of the fascists, crush their political and trade union organizations, eradicate the ideology of Marxism-Leninism, all democratic, even liberal views, planting the misanthropic fascist ideology of racism, national and class dominance and submission. In savagery, fanaticism, obscurantism, fascism surpassed the horrors of the Middle Ages. He was a frank cynical denial of all the progressive, humane and moral values that civilization has developed over its thousand-year history. He planted a system of surveillance, denunciations, arrests, torture, created a monstrous apparatus of repression and violence against peoples.

Accept this or embark on the path of anti-fascist resistance and a resolute struggle for national independence, democracy and social progress - such was the alternative that confronted the peoples of the occupied countries.

The people have made their choice. They rose to fight against the brown plague - fascism. The brunt of this struggle was courageously taken up by the working masses, primarily the working class.

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