Modern schoolchildren, in accordance with educational program, study several types of analysis: phonetic, lexical, morphological, morphemic, syntactic and punctuation parsing suggestions. Each of them has its own distinctive features and difficult to understand moments.
Definition
Many students and their parents wonder what punctuation analysis of a sentence means. It is designed to find and clarify the punctuation marks in the sentence. The ability to punctuate a sentence can improve general level student's literacy. Parsing a simple (PP) and complex (SP) sentence has its own distinctive features.
Parsing a simple sentence
- Read the proposed text for analysis.
- Assign to everyone present in the text punctuation marks room.
- Mark the punctogram that completes the sentence, explain the reason for its statement.
- Identify and explain all the signs found in the sentence.
It is according to this plan that the punctuation analysis of the sentence is carried out. A sample parsing is shown below.
Analysis examples
As an example, let's take a punctuation parsing of a sentence:
1. I can entrust this secret to a man who knows how to keep his mouth shut.
2.Haven't you seen people running down the street holding flags, posters, Balloons?
Step one. The sentence is interrogative in terms of the purpose of the utterance and intonation. Therefore, it ends with a question mark.
Step two. Having assigned a number to punctuation marks, we determine their number in the sentence:
Haven't you seen people running down the street (1), holding flags (2), posters (3), balloons (4) in their hands?
Step three. The sentence has one grammatical basis you did not see.
The comma at number one highlights the participial turnover. Commas two and three separate homogeneous members suggestions flags, posters, balloons, expressed by additions.
Parsing a complex sentence
The punctuation parsing of a sentence of this kind is somewhat more complicated.
1. Read the sentence.
2. Assign a serial number to all punctuation marks in the sentence.
3. Designate the punctogram that completes the sentence and explain its formulation.
4. Designate punctuation marks at the level of joint venture and explain the reason for their setting.
5. Explain the placement of punctuation marks in parts of the joint venture.
Analysis examples
As an example, we propose to conduct a punctuation analysis of a sentence:
1.We probably won't see Sergei again, since the offense inflicted on him can hardly be easily forgotten.
Step one. A full stop is put at the end of the sentence, because in terms of purpose, the statement is narrative, in terms of intonation it is non-exclamatory.
Step two. The numbering showed the presence of five punctuation marks in the sentence:
Probably (1), we will not see Sergey (2) again, since the offense (3) inflicted on him (4) can hardly be easily forgotten (5).
Step three. This proposal is complex. Parts complex sentence connected subordinating union because the. The comma stands on the border of the main and subordinate clauses.
Step four. In the main sentence, the introductory word is separated by a comma probably. In the subordinate part, commas separate the participial turnover inflicted on him.
2. I am sure that you will complete this assignment, because you appreciate my location, you want to be promoted.
Step one. The sentence ends with a dot because it is declarative, non-exclamatory.
Step two. There are four punctuation marks in the sentence:
I am sure (1) that you will complete this assignment (2) because you appreciate my location (3), you want to be promoted (4).
Step three. This sentence consists of one main and two subordinate clauses, which are separated from each other by commas numbered one and two.
Step four. In the main part and the first subordinate clause there are no punctuation marks. In the second subordinate clause, the comma at number three separates homogeneous predicates appreciate and want to advance.
If the student knows what punctuation parsing of a sentence means, he will not make gross mistakes in punctuation. Thus, he will significantly improve his academic performance and increase the chances of getting a decent mark during the final exams. This is important, because how well the student passes them depends on his future admission to the university. And even such a trifle as an erroneous punctuation mark can deprive him of much-needed points.
In the study of punctuation parsing, it is important to highlight the basic principles:
- search for a grammatical basis;
- search for participial or adverbial phrases;
- search for introductory structures.
We suggest that you familiarize yourself with the main steps in the algorithm for punctuation parsing a sentence:
- First of all, you need to pay attention to the punctuation mark at the end of the sentence. By whether there is a dot at the end of the sentence, question mark or ellipsis, the reader determines the emotional color of the statement. It is necessary that the student could explain in detail and clearly why this particular punctuation mark was chosen.
- next step the structure of the sentence must be determined. The number of punctuation marks depends on whether a simple sentence is in front of us or a complex one. In order for students to easily distinguish a simple sentence from a complex one, they must be able to independently determine not only the grammatical basis of the sentence, but also the type of the subordinate clause.
- Next, analyze the functions of each punctuation mark; we remind you that they can be separating and highlighting.
Students should understand the difference between the use of dividing and emphasizing marks.
To distinguishing marks include dashes, colons, commas, quotation marks, and brackets. With their help, separations, definitions and generalizations, etc. are distinguished.
To separating marks include comma, semicolon, dash, colon. Signs are intended to separate homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of a compound sentence, etc.
- Immediately before the punctuation analysis, teachers recommend analyzing the sentence by composition with the obligatory allocation of the grammatical basis, homogeneous members of the sentence, definitions and circumstances.
- Graphic scheme sentences, compiled on the basis of the analysis of the sentence by composition, will greatly simplify the punctuation analysis.
- The final point is punctuation analysis.
Examples
We propose to consolidate the information received in practice. Students need to have an accurate understanding of what the teacher is asking them to do, so it is important to provide them with a sample debrief.
Example 1
[Halfway through open window the trapezoid was pushed sunlight], 1 (top corner which touched the edge of the mirror cabinet).(D. Rubina)
- Grammatical bases: the trapezoid is pushed in, the angle touches.
- The main clause and the subordinate clause are separated by a comma.
[The boys looked at each other and, 1 |without taking their eyes off me|, 2 began to back away slowly and cautiously]. (K. Paustovsky)
- Grammatical basis: the boys looked at each other and began to back away.
- There is a period at the end of the sentence, because the sentence is narrative and is a complete statement.
- In the sentence, two commas highlight the adverbial turnover.
| Straining and turning purple |, 1 (the sun plopped down behind the stanitsa cemetery), 2 (and twilight swirled blue over the brushwood behind me). (M. Sholokhov)
- Grammatical bases: the sun plopped down, twilight swirled.
- There is a period at the end of the sentence, because the sentence is narrative and is a complete statement.
- The sentence has two punctuation marks. In the first case, a comma separates two homogeneous gerunds, and in the second case, a comma separates parts of a compound sentence.
It should be summed up. If the student is able to remember this simple algorithm, then he will master the punctuation analysis of the sentence to perfection.
When a sentence is written on the board and all spellings in words are explained, the student usually proceeds to perform oral punctuation analysis.
How to do it right? What is the order of punctuation conditions? These and many other questions are relevant for middle and high school.
Punctuation parsing differs significantly from syntactic parsing, which is familiar to schoolchildren. symbol under the number 4. It is unacceptable to confuse them! Target parsing- characteristics of the sentence, its structure and meaning.
Why is punctuation needed? It helps to apply punctograms, find boundaries semantic segments, follow the rules of punctuation. For parsing, sentences that are already punctuated are suitable. To complicate the analysis, the teacher offers texts with omissions of punctuation marks.
When performing punctuation analysis, they pay attention to the structure of the sentence. It is important not only the presence of the main and minor members, amount grammar basics and parts of the sentence, it is also important to determine the ways of expressing the secondary members of the sentence and their sequence, to find out intonation features suggestions.
Here are two proposals, let's analyze them.
1) Once Seryozha and Petya met in the yard, they raked the snow on the bench and sat down. 2) What to do?
In the first declarative sentence, only two signs are used: a comma separating homogeneous predicates, and a period. The second has only one question mark, since there is a question word at the beginning of the sentence.
When there are no punctuation marks inside a sentence, is it necessary to pay attention to it? Yes, it is necessary to clarify the conditions for the absence of signs. Consider an example.
Aunt Tanya treated skates like a family heirloom.
AT this proposal except for the dot, there is no sign standing inside. But it was possible to mistakenly put a comma before the union AS. Why is the sign not posted? Because there is a condition that prohibits a comma: the semantic segment AS TO A FAMILY RELIC has the meaning "as".
The punctuation parsing plan involves only a few points. It is customary to perform this analysis orally, therefore, for the convenience of a written description, we number all punctuation marks and explain their setting. We took all the suggestions for examples from the works of Lyudmila Ulitskaya.
APPROXIMATE ORDER OF PUNCTUATION ANALYSIS
I. Place of punctogram (end of sentence, simple sentence, complex sentence): punctuation marks are numbered.
II. Terms punctuation norm(rules for setting / not setting punctuation marks).
III. Punctuation feature.
EXAMPLE SAMPLE OF PUNCTUATION ANALYSIS
Example 1
The birches and aspens set on fire in the autumn hit the eyes with bright colors.
1 - a sign of completion in a declarative simple sentence.
Explanation: there is no comma between homogeneous subjects connected by a single union AND, there is no comma after the participial turnover FIRED IN AUTUMN, standing before the definitive word BIRCH AND ASPEN.
Example 2
Skating was,1 of course,2 the number one event during those holidays.3
1 and 2 - commas highlight the introductory word with the meaning of confidence,
Example 3
On the ninth of January, 1 at the end of the holidays, 2 celebrated Sanin's birthday. 3
1 and 2 - commas highlight the clarifying member of the sentence, circumstantial time
3 - a sign of completion in a declarative simple sentence.
Example 4
Anna Alexandrovna called the girls 1 "young ladies" 2.3 boys 4 "young people" 5 ... 6
1, 2 and 4, 5 - the character's statements are marked with quotation marks (a way of formalizing someone else's speech),
3 - comma separates homogeneous additions,
6 - a sign of completion in a declarative simple sentence (ellipsis indicates the incompleteness of the statement).
Example 5
Everything around seemed unusually clear and incredibly beautiful: 1 and white trunks of birches, 2 and bright leaves, 3 and pale blue, 4 like a faded sky.5
1 - we put a colon before a series of homogeneous members, since there is a generalizing word EVERYTHING,
2, 3 - commas separate homogeneous subjects connected by repeated unions.
4 - comma highlights comparative turnover with the union BUDTO,
5 - a sign of completion in a declarative simple sentence.
Example 6
One morning,1 going out into the yard,2 Sergey saw the barn roof whitened with hoarfrost,3 gray ground,4 frozen in frost,5 hardened grass,6 covered with rare snow,7 as if with salt.8
1, 2 - commas highlight isolated circumstance, expressed dee participle turnover GOING OUT INTO THE YARD,
3, 5 - commas separate homogeneous additions,
4, 5 - comma highlights isolated definition, expressed by the participial turnover TAKEN BY FROST, after the defined word EARTH,
6, 7 - a comma highlights a separate definition, expressed by the participial turnover COVERED WITH RARE SNOW, after the word GRASS being defined,
7 - a comma highlights a comparative turnover with the union LIKE,
8 - a sign of completion in a declarative simple sentence.
Example 7
Poetry -1 is the heart of literature,2 the highest concentration of all the best,3 that exists in the world and in man.4
1 - a dash separates the subject and the predicate, expressed by the noun in the First case,
2 - a comma separates homogeneous predicates,
3 - a comma separates the subordinate part complex sentence from the main
4 - a sign of completion in a declarative simple sentence.
Explanation: there is no comma between homogeneous members connected by a single union I.
Example 8
The beauty of the earth disturbed Sergey's heart,1 reminded him of the past days,2 so vividly imprinted in his memory.3
1 - comma in the middle simple sentence separates homogeneous predicates,
2 - a comma highlights a separate definition, expressed by the participle turnover SO BRIGHTLY IMPRINTED IN MEMORY, after the word being defined DAYS,
3 - point completes the declarative sentence.
Example 9
The trees ended at the level of the fifth floor,1 from the balcony only the finely curly tops of two ash trees were visible,2 and the ground under them was barely translucent.3
1 - a comma in the middle separates parts of a complex sentence (union-free connection),
2 - a comma separates parts of a complex sentence (coordinative connection),
3 - the point completes the declarative complex sentence.
Example 10
There was such silence in the forest1 that the chirping of tits2 jumping along the branches3 seemed unusually sonorous.4
1 - a comma in the middle separates parts of a complex sentence (subordinating relationship),
2 and 3 - paired commas distinguish in the subordinate part of a complex sentence a separate definition, expressed by the participial turnover JUMPING ON THE BRANCHES, after the defined word TITTS,
4 - the point completes the declarative complex sentence.
In some sentences, there may be several punctuation marks, in which case you need to decide in what order to do the punctuation parsing. It is logical to go from the end to those punctuation marks that are inside the sentence. But a consistent approach is also possible - in the order of the signs.
Literature
1. Bednarskaya L.D. Classification of spelling and punctuation errors made by students in written works/ Russian language at school. - 2008. - No. 8.
2. Blinov G.I. Punctuation analysis / Russian language at school. - 1985. - No. 3.
3. Nikerov A.I. On the full punctuation analysis in the lessons of the Russian language / Russian language at school. - 1989. - No. 6.
When writing various kinds of texts, many of us face the problem of the correct use of punctuation marks. Often there are situations when the author of the text skips the necessary commas, does not work correctly with direct speech, allows other punctuation errors. To correct these shortcomings and improve common work with speech, it is recommended to use punctuation analysis of the sentence, which is an important tool parsing text.
Working with punctuation parsing of a sentence allows you to “hone” the correct use of punctograms (specific cases of application punctuation rule), learn to determine the boundaries of semantic segments in a sentence, use in practice the norms of punctuation marks.
When conducting a punctuation analysis, they analyze the structure of the sentence, the presence of main and secondary members, the number of parts of the sentence, its intonational features, the order of the members of the sentence, and so on.
Order of punctuation text analysis
Let's move on to the direct algorithm for punctuation parsing a sentence. It usually looks like this:
Explanations for punctuation marks
If the sentence we are analyzing carries a complete message that speaks of some action, event, or fact that is affirmed or denied, then such a sentence is narrative. If the sentence contains a question, it is interrogative, and if the sentence contains an order or request, then such a sentence is motivating. When there is an understatement in the sentence, or the speech is interrupted by a pause, it is worth using an ellipsis at the end.
When analyzing a complex sentence, determine the number of its parts, and the features of the connection between these parts (allied or non-union, subordinating, coordinating). Having decided on the specifics of the connection, you will be able to understand the need to use one or another sign between the parts of the sentence under consideration.
Highlighting signs(comma, dash, brackets, quotation marks, colon) are used to highlight especially significant parts of a sentence. Such significant elements there can be introductory words, appeals, phrases, sentences, circumstances and additions, homogeneous members of the sentence, clarifying and explanatory terms suggestions.
Dividing marks(comma, semicolon, dash, colon) in a simple sentence indicate the boundaries between homogeneous members (usually a comma and a semicolon are used). In a complex sentence, they help to separate the simple sentences that make up the specified complex sentence.
When analyzing direct speech, determine where the words of the author are located, and where the direct speech is located. If direct speech is before the words of the author or after the words of the author, then use rule of four punctuation marks, if direct speech is interrupted by the words of the author, then apply the rule of seven punctuation marks.
Examples of using punctuation analysis of written speech
Consider examples of punctuation analysis of simple and complex sentences.
Simple sentence example
As an example of a simple sentence, take the sentence:
"The words 'language' and 'speech' to a non-linguist usually mean the same thing."
Let's designate the punctograms available in this sentence by numbers:
The words "language" and "speech" for a person who (1) is not engaged in linguistics, (2) usually mean the same thing. (3)
Let's analyze the offer:
Complex sentence example
As an example of a complex sentence, take the sentence:
“Of course, the modern Russian language is different from the one spoken and written by Pushkin, Gogol, Karamzin and Turgenev.”
Let's designate each available punctogram in the sentence with numbers:
Of course, (1) the modern Russian language is different from that (2) spoken and written by Pushkin, (3) Gogol, (4) Karamzin and Turgenev. (5).
Let's analyze the offer:
- First, explain the punctogram at the end of the sentence. Since we are dealing with narrative sentence, where there is a complete thought, then there should be a point (5).
- A comma (2) separates the subordinate clause of a complex sentence from the main one;
- Comma (1) is used to separate introductory word from the rest of the proposal;
- Commas (3) and (4) separate homogeneous members of the sentence.
Conclusion
Punctuation analysis of the text consists in a consistent explanation of the punctograms used in the sentence under consideration. Its implementation requires knowledge necessary rules of the Russian language in the context of the use of punctuation marks in a particular sentence. I recommend using the tips given in this article to perform punctuation parsing of the text you need.
