Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Full academic reference book Lopatin Vladimir Vladimirovich
Punctuation marks at comparative turnovers
§ 88. Comparative phrases beginning with comparative conjunctions ( as if, as if, exactly, than, than, as if, like, that, as well as etc.), stand out (or separate) commas: Again over the field of Kulikov a haze rose and spread, and, like a harsh cloud, the coming day clouded(Bl.); Barely noticeable like drops of silver water, the first stars shone(Paust.); Dasha felt how everything in him was trembling, just from a terrible excitement (A. T.); I remember the war more work than studying(Chiv.); And her hair[mermaids] green, what is your cannabis (T.); Aspen is more compatible with the northern grayish sky, than with the blazing azure of heaven (Sol.); It is known that luck as well as its antipode - failure, do not go alone(gas.).
Comparative phrases beginning with union how stand out:
a) if they denote assimilation: At the bottom, like a steel mirror, jet lakes turn blue(Tyutch.); The sun burned his hands and knees, the earth breathed hotly, it was even visible that above it, like over a brazier, the air trembles(Boon.); Turbin slept in his bedroom, and the dream hung over him, like a blurry picture (Bulg.); The rumble of the city lulled how Lullaby (B. Past.); But there is such a woman's hand, which is especially sweet when it touches a tormented forehead, like eternity and destiny (Eut.); From nowhere, like in a dream, my daughter swoops down on me - swarthy and bright, like a strawberry (Current.); She looked at him like an icon, with fear and remorse(Ch.);
b) if there are demonstrative words in the main part of the sentence so, such, that, so: And on the other side of the gate stood a barn, completely such or on the facade like a house (M. G.); Two such great Germans, like Schiller and Goethe, could not meet(Paust.); His facial features were those same, like my sister (L. T.).
Note. If union how and pointing words yes, like that with particle same are nearby, then they can merge into a single allied combination: He, just like Ilyushin, studied at Air Force Academy (A. Yakovlev).
§ 89. Is always stand out combinations as a rule, as an exception, as a consequence, as always, as now, as on purpose, as for example, as now etc., except for those included in the predicate: He came, as always, suddenly(Paust.); Like now I remember a quiet July day(Fad.); Usually, in these places there are heavy rains(cf.: There are heavy rains in these places. usually ).
A turn is always highlighted, starting with a combination like: At Smetanina, like Garth, there was a reverent attitude to places marked by the memory of great people(Paust.); Levin sat down as usual, with a book on an armchair(L. T.).
In revolutions none other than and nothing but put a comma before the conjunction how: This task could be completed none other than he; I could see in the distance nothing else like a small tower.
Section 90. Turnovers with comparative unions (particles) as, as if, as if, exactly, as if, as if are not separated by commas in the following cases:
a) with a predicate that requires specification (turnover has the meaning of identification or equating): That's why she looked at the ground like a vale of sorrow (New-Rev.); She took her mother like an older sister; ... Any official assignment at that time was perceived as the fulfillment of the sacred revolutionary duty (Cat.);
b) when transferring the meaning "as" (turnover is part of the predicate): Sergey Lazo was sent by the committee as commander in chief (Fad.); ... Tamara Ivanovna understood this voice like a farewell sent after her (rasp.);
c) if the turnover is a predicate: Snow on the porch like quicksand (Ec.); splashes and waves were as in life (Fed.); Life like a legend; You to me like a song; Like a child I have become a soul(T.); We are with her like siblings; Brook in spring that river; Her eyes like lakes ;
d) if the turnover matters the mode of action (such turnovers can be replaced instrumental noun or adverb): We were advancing. Serbs fought like lions (Cat.) (cf.: like a lion); The path meandered like a snake (cf.: snake);
e) if the comparative turnover is preceded by negation not or particles quite, completely, almost, just like, exactly, exactly, just and etc.: Yes he does everything. not like people (M. G.); It became light almost like daytime; He looked absolutely (at all ) like a child ;
e) if the turnover with the union how is a stable combination: pale as death (like a canvas), shine like a mirror, gray as a harrier, spin like a squirrel in a wheel, ride like cheese in butter, hungry like a wolf (like a dog), go like an execution, fly like an arrow, red like a cancer, know like the back of your hand, sit on pins and needles, naked like a falcon, feel at home, stick to the throat like a knife, stop like a stone, tremble like an aspen leaf, need like air, fall like a knocked down, stubborn like a donkey, disperse like smoke, hit like a butt on the head, walk as if lowered into water and etc.: You'll see - it will take it back, it will fall like snow on your head (Ait.); Like smoke scattered dreams(L.); Suddenly he lowered the muzzle of his pistol and, pale as a sheet, turned to his second(L.); The rain, which began on Wednesday, poured from morning until evening, lil like a bucket (Boon.).
Note. If there are some deviations in the use of stable turns (word order, word substitution in set phrases etc.), then the selection is possible: And on the bridge like hell, black tossed up cloak(Color.). - cf.: black like hell; Threads of wood ... Melt, like smoke (N. Matv.). - cf.: dispelled like smoke ; when clarifying, the selection is mandatory: Who walks boldly like a hero, in the predawn crown of winter sometimes(Vl. Fedorov). - Wed: fought like a hero .
From the book Handbook of the Russian language. Punctuation author Rosenthal Ditmar ElyashevichSECTION 11 Punctuation marks for turnovers that are not an adjective part of a complex
From the book Big Soviet Encyclopedia(ZN) author TSB§ 51. Punctuation marks during dialogue 1. If the replicas of the dialogue are given each from a paragraph, then a dash is placed in front of them: - So, is the German calm? - Silence. - Rockets? - Yes, but not very often (Kaz.) .2. If the replicas follow the selection without indicating to whom they belong, then each of them
From the book Spelling and Style Guide author Rosenthal Ditmar ElyashevichSECTION 15 Punctuation marks for quotations § 54. Quotation marks for quotations 1. Quotations are enclosed in quotation marks. If the quotation is framed as direct speech, i.e., accompanied by the words of the author who cites it, then the appropriate punctuation rules apply (see § 47 - 50): Belinsky wrote:
From the book A Guide to Spelling, Pronunciation, literary editing author Rosenthal Ditmar Elyashevich§ 71. Alternative punctuation marks 1. With complex subordinating unions the comma is placed once - either before the whole union, or, depending on the meaning, intonation, certain lexical conditions, before the second part (the first is part of the main part
From the book Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation. Complete Academic Handbook author Lopatin Vladimir Vladimirovich§ 72. Variable punctuation marks Often in the press there is a different punctuation design of similar texts. Above, for example, it was said that before the connecting structure there can be different signs punctuation: comma, dash, period, ellipsis (see § 24,
From the book Rock Encyclopedia. Popular music in Leningrad-Petersburg, 1965–2005. Volume 1 author Burlaka Andrey Petrovich From the author's book§ 123. Punctuation marks during dialogue If the replicas of the dialogue are given from a new paragraph, then a dash is placed before them, for example: - Do you have relatives? - There is no one. I am alone in the world. - Do you know grammar? - Yes. Do you know any language other than Aramaic? - I know. Greek (Bulgakov). If a
From the author's book§ 123. Punctuation marks during dialogue 1. If the replicas of the dialogue are given from a new paragraph, then a dash is placed in front of them, for example: - So, is the German calm? - Silence. - Rockets! - Yes, but not very often (Kazakevich) .2. If the replicas follow the selection without indicating who they belong to, then
From the author's bookPUNCUNCATION AT THE END AND AT THE BEGINNING OF A SENTENCE. ENDING SIGNS IN THE MIDDLE OF A SENTENCE Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence § 1. Depending on the purpose of the message, the presence or absence emotional coloring sentences end with a dot
From the author's bookPunctuation marks with restrictive-excretory turns § 78. Turnovers with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion and substitution, naming objects included in a series homogeneous members or, on the contrary, excluded from it, or objects replacing others, are distinguished or not
From the author's bookPunctuation marks when inserting § 97. Plug-in structures(words, combinations of words, sentences) are separated by brackets or dashes. They contain additional information, comments, clarifications, explanations, amendments to what has been said; explain, interpret the main part of the statement: Since 1851
From the author's bookPUNICATION SIGNS IN APPEALS § 101. Address, that is, words and combinations of words that name the addressee of the speech, is highlighted (or separated) by commas. With increased emotionality, Exclamation point after the appeal: Congratulations, comrades, on a safe arrival
From the author's bookPunctuation marks in a complex sentence § 115. In the subordinate parts of a complex sentence, unions and allied words as if, where, for nothing, if (if ... then), for, why, as if, as soon as, how, which, when, which, who, where, only, only,
From the author's bookPunctuation marks in quotations § 140. Quotations are enclosed in quotation marks and punctuated in the same way as direct speech (see § 133-136): a) Marcus Aurelius said: “Pain is a living idea of pain: make an effort of will to change it's a show, put it down, stop it
From the author's bookat comparative turns, commas at turns with unions as if, as if, exactly, than, rather than, as if, etc. § 88 with revolutions with a union as: - if they indicate the likeness of § 88 - if in the main part of the sentence there are demonstrative words so, such, the one so § 88pri
From the author's bookPUNCIATION MARKS The PUNICATION SIGNS group was born in June 1988 as a kind of reaction to a change in the musical course in the popular St. Petersburg group of the second half of the 80s JUNIOR BROTHERS - from melodic neo-romanticism and electropop towards hard guitar
1. Comparative turns, starting with the words as if, as if, rather than, exactly, etc. separated by commas (I like cinema more than / than theater.)
2. Turnovers with a union as separated by commas:
- if they denote assimilation and do not contain any additional shades of meaning (Night approached and grew like a thundercloud.).
- if before the turnover there are demonstrative words so, such, that, so (His facial features were the same as those of his sister.),
- if the turnover is introduced into the sentence with a combination like and (I have been to London, as well as to other European cities.),
- if this combination of type is none other than and none other than (In front rose none other than a tall palace.)
3. Turnovers with a union are not separated by commas:
- if in the turnover in the foreground there is a circumstantial value (The ring burns like a heat. - can be replaced by a combination burns with heat),
- if in the foreground the meaning of equating or identifying (I tell you this as a doctor.),
- if turnover is included compound predicate or is closely related to it in meaning (Work as work.),
- if turnover is set expression(Things went swimmingly.),
- if it is before turnover negative particle not (He acted not as a patriot.).
7.6 Punctuation marks with qualifying members of a sentence
End of work -
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1. Comparative turns beginning with comparative conjunctions as, as if, exactly, as if, as if, what, than, than, are usually set off or separated by commas.
For example: 1) Poplar fluff, like Black Sea foam, rolled in surf on the panels (K. Paustovsky). In the hollows, the fog turns white like milk (L. Tolstoy). By the end of the hunt, ducks, as if saying goodbye, began to rise in whole flocks (I. Turgenev). 4) White birch covered with snow under my window, like silver (S. Yesenin). 5) And suddenly an unknown force is gentler than a spring breeze, it lifts it into the air (A. Pushkin). 6) Days, our dear friends, run like morning shadows, like the waters of a fast stream (A. Pushkin).
2. Revolutions with how, if:
a) there are words in the main part of the sentence yes, like that and under: 1) Nowhere at a mutual meeting do they bow so nobly and naturally as on Nevsky Prospekt (N. Gogol). 2) From such entertainment as theater and concerts, he avoided (A. Chekhov);
b) the turnover is introduced by the union like(or if after how you can insert and): 1) To Moscow, as well as to the whole country, I feel my sonship ... (K. Paustovsky). 2) In war, trees, like people, each have their own destiny (M. Sholokhov);
c) turnover with as has causal significance: 1) Of course, as a kind person, Levin loved people more than he did not love people (L. Tolstoy)(= being kind person because he was a kind person). 2) Leontiev was carried away by this idea, but, as a cautious person, so far he has not told anyone about it (K. Paustovsky);
d) turnover is expressed by combinations as a rule, as an exception, as usual, as always, as before, as on purpose, as now, as now etc.: 1) I see, as now, a light room, three windows, a porch and a door (A. Pushkin). 2) What a shame! As luck would have it, not a soul! (N. Gogol).
e) is part of expressions none other than; nothing else (other) than: 1) The proposed article is nothing more than an introduction to the article itself about Pushkin (V. Belinsky). 2) The guest was none other than our venerable Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov (N. Gogol), long abandoned by us.
3. The comparative turnover, located in the middle of the sentence, is not separated by commas on both sides, but is separated by one comma if you need to show which part of the sentence (to which member of the sentence) it refers. For example: 1) At the very time when Volynsky, amorous as an ardent youth, was talking in this way with his passion, the portrait of his wife ... caught his eye (I. Lazhechnikov)(comparative turnover like an ardent young man not separated by a comma from a word amorous, because it is related to it: "amorous as an ardent youth"; if you put a comma before how, then it will make sense "talked like an ardent youth"). 2) The Neva swelled and roared, bubbling and swirling like a cauldron, and suddenly, like a wild animal, rushed at the city (A. Pushkin)(not “like a beast rushed”, but “like a beast freaked out”).
4. Comparative turnovers not separated by commas in the following cases:
a) if the turnover is part of the predicate: 1) His face was pale eyes like glass (A. Tolstoy). 2) To the beginning of the repair house at all diverged and st al like a sieve(V. Soloukhin);
b) if it is closely related in meaning to the predicate: 1) After the telegram everything gone like a whirlwind of snow that does not let you breathe, blinds, turns the world into a white rainbow (K. Paustovsky)(the turnover is closely connected in meaning with the predicate, without it the predicate does not express the desired meaning). 2) And this confusion I always feel as happiness (K. Paustovsky);
c) if it is a stable combination: 1) Their life flowed like clockwork (A. Chekhov). 2) Yes, tell our doctor to bandage his wound and take care of him like the apple of his eye (A. Pushkin). 3) He is known in every village as flaky (A. Kuprin);
d) if the union how preceded by a particle not or words almost, quite, exactly, exactly, just: 1) Yes, he did everything not like people (M. Gorky). 2) He [Andrei Bely] devoted himself to the language precisely as a shaman, surrendering to self-excitation (K. Fedin).
5. They are not comparative turns and turns with a union are not separated by commas how, having the meaning "as", "in the role", "in the function": 1) The reading public managed to get used to Chekhov as a comedian (K. Fedin). 2) Tarusa entered the history of our art as a place of fruitful inspiration (K. Paustovsky).
If “how” is used in the meaning of “like” and another comparative union can be written instead (“as if”, “exactly”, “as if”, etc.), for example: “The scarlet flag blazed like”.
If demonstrative words are used in the main part of the sentence (“such”, “so”, “so”, “that”), for example: “Nothing paints a person like the mind.”
If a comparative turnover is introduced by the phrase “like”, for example: “Sister, like everyone else, tried to stand out from the crowd.”
If the comparative turnover is an application, it can be replaced subordinate clause with unions “because”, “because”, “because” or introduced by the union “being”, for example: “As your guardian, I demand obedience and respect”;
If in comparative union"as" is used in the following combinations: "as an exception", "as usual", "as a rule", "as", "as before", "as always". For example: "As usual, it was full of people, most of whom we saw for the first time."
If the comparative turnover is the following combinations: "none other than"; "nothing but"; "no one else like"; "nothing else but". For example: "Your act was nothing more than an attempt to embarrass me."
Turnover with "how": when not to highlight with commas
If the turnover in meaning is a circumstance of the manner of action, which could be replaced by the instrumental case of a noun, for example: “What are you after me like a tail?” - "Why are you following me with a ponytail?"
Commas are not put if the comparative turnover is a phraseological unit: “it took off like a hand”, “hungry like a wolf”, “dirty like a pig”, etc.
If the union "as" means "as", for example: "He introduced me as a wife" - "He introduced me as a wife."
If the comparative turnover in its lexical meaning identifies with or equates to someone, for example: "Don't look at me like I'm dying (don't look at me like I'm dying)."
Comparative turnover with "as" is not separated by commas if it is nominal part predicate, for example: "Father and mother are like strangers to her."
If the comparative turnover is part of the predicate or is closely related lexically: "She is like the sun is warm."
If there is a negative particle “not” of the word before the comparative turnover: “perfectly”, “completely”, “like”, “exactly”, “almost”, “precisely”, “directly”, etc., for example : "You're acting like a child!"
