If people did not decorate their speech with additional definitions or explanatory circumstances, it would be uninteresting and dull. The entire population of the planet would speak in a business or official style, there would be no art books, and fairy-tale heroes would not expect children before going to bed.

Colors speech precisely what is in it isolated definition. Examples can be found as in a simple colloquial speech as well as in fiction.

Definition concept

The definition is part of the sentence and describes the attribute of the subject. It answers the questions “what-th, -th, -th?”, Defining the object or “whose, th, th?”, indicating its belonging to someone.

Most often, the function of definition is performed by adjectives, for example:

• good (what?) heart;
• gold (what?) nugget;
• bright (what?) Appearance;
• old (what?) friends.

In addition to adjectives, definitions in a sentence can be pronouns denoting that an object belongs to a person:

• the boy took (whose?) his briefcase;
• mother irons (whose?) her blouse;
• my brother sent home (whose?) my friends;
• father watered (whose?) my tree.

In a sentence, a definition is underlined by a wavy line and always refers to the subject expressed by the noun or other part of speech. This part of the sentence may consist of one word or be combined with other words dependent on it. In this case, these are sentences with isolated definitions. Examples:

• "Joyful, she reported the news." AT this proposal isolated is a single adjective.
• "The garden, overgrown with weeds, was in a deplorable state." A separate definition is participial turnover.

• "Satisfied with the success of her son, mother secretly wiped away her tears of joy." Here, the adjective with dependent words is a separate definition.

The examples in the sentence show that different parts of speech can be a definition of the quality of an object or its belonging.

Separate definitions

Separate definitions are those that give Additional information about an object or clarifying its belonging to any person. The meaning of the sentence will not change if a separate definition is removed from the text. Examples:

• "Mother carried the child, who fell asleep on the floor, to his crib" - "Mother carried the child to his crib."

• "Excited by the first performance, the girl closed her eyes before going on stage" - "The girl closed her eyes before going on stage."

As you can see, sentences with isolated definitions, examples of which are given above, sound more interesting, since the additional explanation conveys the state of the object.

Separate definitions can be consistent and inconsistent.

Agreed definitions

Definitions that agree with the word, the quality of which is determined in case, gender and number, are called agreed. In the offer they can be presented:

• adjective - a yellow leaf (what?) fell from a tree;
• pronoun - my dog ​​(whose?) got off the leash;
• numeral - give him (what?) a second chance;
• communion - in the front garden (what?) green grass was visible.

The same properties in relation to the defined word have a separate definition. Examples:

• "Briefly said (what?), his speech made an impression on everyone." The participle "said" is feminine, singular, nominative case, like the word "speech" that it defines.
• "We went outside (what?), still wet from the rain." The adjective "wet" is in the same number, gender and case as the word "street" it defines.
• "People (what?), Joyful from the upcoming meeting with the actors, went to the theater." Since the word being defined is in plural and the nominative case, then the definition agrees with it in this.

It was shown that it was isolated) can stand both before the word being defined, and after it, or in the middle of a sentence.

Inconsistent definition

When a definition does not change in gender and number according to the main word, it is inconsistent. They are associated with the word being defined in 2 ways:

1. Adjacency is a combination of stable word forms or an invariable part of speech. For example: "He likes eggs (what?) Soft-boiled."
2. Control is the setting of a definition in a case, which is required by the word being defined. Often they indicate a sign by material, purpose or location of an object. For example: "the girl sat on a chair (what?) made of wood."

Several parts of speech can express an inconsistent isolated definition. Examples:

• Noun in creative or prepositional with the prepositions "with" or "in". Nouns can be either single or with dependent words - Asya met Olya after the exam (which one?), in chalk, but satisfied with her grade. ("in chalk" is an inconsistent definition, expressed by a noun in the prepositional case).
• Verb in indefinite form, answering the question "what?", "what to do?", "what to do?". Natasha was alone in her life great joy(what?) - to give birth to a child.
• with dependent words. From a distance we spotted a friend in a dress (what?) brighter than she usually wears.

Each isolated definition, examples confirm this, may differ in its structure.

Structure of definitions

In terms of their structure, definitions can consist of:

• from single word, for example, a delighted grandfather;
• adjective or participle with dependent words - grandfather, delighted with the news;
• from several separate definitions - grandfather, delighted with the news told.

Separation of definitions depends on which word they refer to and where exactly they are located. Most often they are distinguished by intonation and commas, less often by a dash (for example, the most great luck(what?) - hit the jackpot in the lottery).

Separation of the sacrament

The most popular isolated definition, examples of which are most common, is a single participle with this type of definition, if it comes after the word that defines.

• The girl (what?), frightened, silently walked forward. AT this example the participle determines the state of the object and stands after it, therefore it is separated from both sides by commas.
• The painting (what?), painted in Italy, became his favorite creation. Here, the participle with a dependent word highlights the object and stands after the word being defined, therefore it is also separated by commas.

If the participle or participial turnover comes before the word being defined, then punctuation marks are not put:

• The frightened girl silently walked forward.
• Painted in Italy, the picture became his favorite creation.

You should be aware of the formation of participles in order to use such a separate definition. Examples, suffixes in the formation of participles:

• when creating a valid sacrament in the present. tense from verb 1 conjugation, the suffix -usch -yushch is written (thinks - thinking, write - writing);
• when creating in present. real participle time 2 sp., use -asch-box (smoke - fuming, sting - stinging);
• in the past time real participles are formed with the help of the suffix -vsh (wrote - wrote, spoke - spoke);
• passive participles are created with the addition of the suffixes -nn-enn in the past tense (invented - invented, offended - offended) and -em, -om-im and -t in the present (leads - driven, love - beloved).

In addition to the participle, the adjective is just as common.

Separation of the adjective

Single or dependent adjectives are separated in the same way as participles. If a separate definition (examples and the rule are similar to a participle) is after the word being defined, then a comma is placed, and if before, then no.

• The morning, gray and foggy, was not conducive to a walk. (Gray and foggy morning didn't feel like walking).

• Mom, angry, can be silent for several hours. (An angry mother may be silent for several hours).

Isolation with a defined personal pronoun

When a participle or adjective refers to a pronoun, they are separated by a comma, regardless of where they are located:

• Frustrated, she went into the yard.
• They were tired and went straight to bed.
• He, red with embarrassment, kissed her hand.

When the word being defined is shared by other words, the isolated definition (examples from fiction this is demonstrated) is also separated by commas. For example, "Suddenly the whole steppe shook and, engulfed in a dazzling blue light, expanded (M. Gorky).

Other segregation definitions

A separate definition (examples, rules below) can convey a meaning by kinship or profession, then they are also separated by commas. For example:

• The professor, a handsome young man, looked at his new entrants.

• Mom, in her usual dressing gown and apron, has not changed at all this year.

In such constructions, additional messages about the object are carried.

The rules seem complicated at first glance, but if you understand their logic and practice, then the material is well absorbed.

A participle spread by a dependent word or words forms a participle turnover. This phenomenon is more typical for writing but is much less common orally.

Unlike the participial turnover, which is always separated by commas in writing, the participle turnover is not always isolated. The need for isolation is determined depending on the position of the turnover in relation to the word being defined.

Participle turnover must be separated by commas if:

1. Participle turnover (PO) is after the word being defined (OS).

Example:

Her eyes, tired from long reading by candlelight closed themselves.

[OS , ON , … ]

2. The participial turnover refers to a personal pronoun. In this case, the position in relation to the word being defined does not play a role.

Example:

He, sincerely amazed at the unfriendly reception , hastened to take his leave immediately.

[OS(personal seats) , ON , …]

Example:

Encouraged by the support of superiors , they enthusiastically continued their research.

[ON , OS (personal seats) ...]

Exception: if the participial turnover in meaning and grammatically is closely related to both the subject and the predicate, then commas are not put.

Example:

We're back home soaked to the skin.

Here the emphasis is not on the very fact of returning home, but on the fact that they returned home wet. Such a close connection of the participial turnover with the predicate indicates that the turnover does not need to be separated by commas.

3. The participial turnover stands before the word being defined, but at the same time it has a circumstantial meaning, most often the reasons. In this case, the turnover can be converted into a subordinate clause of a complex sentence.

Example:

Overjoyed at such a clear success, Alexander decided not to pay attention to minor flaws. = Alexander decided not to pay attention to minor shortcomings, as he was delighted with such a clear success.

[Software, OS … ]

4. The participial turnover stands before the word being defined, but is separated from it by other members of the sentence.

Example:

Bathed in salty waves , stones glittered on the seashore.

[Software, ... OS]

The participle turnover is not isolated:

If the participial turnover in the sentence is in front of the defined word, expressed by the noun, and at the same time does not carry a circumstantial meaning.

Example:

Reading a book on the go the boy almost ran into a passerby.

Isolation(comma-separated) agreed-upon definitions depend on several factors:

a) from the part of speech of the defined (main) word;
b) from the position of the definition in relation to the defined (main) word - before the main word, after the main word;
c) from the presence of additional shades of meaning in the definition (circumstantial, explanatory);
d) on the degree of distribution and the way of expressing the definition.

Conditions for separating agreed definitions

A) The word being defined is a pronoun

1. Definitions that refer to personal pronouns ( I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they) are isolated. The degree of distribution of the definition, the way it is expressed (participle, adjective), position in relation to the main word usually do not play a role:

I , learned by experience I will be more attentive to her. Tired, she shut up, looked around. AND, tired of your happiness, is he fell asleep immediately.

2. Definitions that refer to negative pronouns ( nobody, nothing), indefinite pronouns ( someone, something, somebody, something), are usually not isolated, since they form a single whole with pronouns:

Can't compare to this novel. nothing previously written by the author. Flashed across his face something like a smile.

Notes.

1) At less close connection, with a pause after indefinite pronoun the determinative turnover is isolated. For example: And someone , sweaty and out of breath running from store to store(Panova).

2) Adjectives or participles with or without dependent words associated with the definitive pronoun all are not isolated if the adjective or participle acts as the main word, and the pronoun all - as a dependent definition. For example: All those late to class standing in the hallway. (cf.: Late to lecture standing in the hallway). If the main word is the pronoun all, and the attributive phrase explains or clarifies it, then such a phrase is isolated. For example: Everything , railroad related, still fanned for me by the poetry of travel(cf.: Everything still fanned for me by the poetry of travel).

B) The word being defined is a noun

1. A common definition (participle or adjective with dependent words), homogeneous single definitions stand apart if they come after the noun being defined. Such definitions are usually not isolated if they come before the noun they define.

Wed: glades, strewn with leaves were full of sunshine. - Leaf-strewn meadows were full of sunshine; I especially liked eyes big and sad. - I especially liked big and sad eyes.

Notes.

1) Common and homogeneous single definitions after the noun are not isolated if the noun needs a definition, if without this definition the statement does not have a complete meaning. AT oral speech it is on these definitions that logical stress, and there is no pause between the word being defined and the definition. For example: Instead of a fun Petersburg life, boredom awaited me in the side deaf and distant (Pushkin). Somewhere in this world there is life pure, graceful, poetic (Chekhov).

2) A single definition, standing after a noun, is usually not isolated. For example: To a young man the old man's worries are incomprehensible. A single definition can be isolated only if it has an additional adverbial value (it can be replaced by a subordinate clause with conjunctions if, when, because, although and etc.). In oral speech, isolated single definitions are necessarily pronounced with pauses. For example: young man in love, it's impossible not to talk(Turgenev). - To a young man if he is in love, it is impossible not to spill the beans; The people, amazed, steel like stones(M. Gorky). - People became like stones because they were amazed. However, such a selection is always copyrighted (!).

2. Before the noun being defined, a common definition (participle or adjective with dependent words), homogeneous single definitions are isolated only if they have an additional adverbial meaning (you can ask questions to them why? contrary to what? and etc.; they can be replaced by circumstantial subordinate clauses with unions because although and etc.). In oral speech, such definitions are necessarily distinguished by pauses.

Wed: Always cheerful, lively, nurses now they were moving silently and concentratedly around Tanya (Kazakov). - Although the nurses were always cheerful and lively, now they were moving silently and concentratedly around Tanya.

However, such separation is usually optional, not mandatory. And depending on the intonation (the presence of pauses or their absence), the same definition in the position before the main word - the noun will be isolated or non-isolated.

Wed: Wounded in the head, scout couldn't crawl (Since the scout was wounded in the head he couldn't crawl- pause after noun to the head). - Scout wounded in the head couldn't crawl(pause after noun) scout).

3. Common and single definitions are isolated if they are torn off from the noun being defined by other members of the sentence (regardless of whether they are before or after the main word).

For example:

1. angry, sullen walked around the room(Chekhov). Homogeneous single definitions angry, sullen refer to the noun Kashtanka and separated from it by predicates stretched, yawned.

2. towards me, pure and clear,, the sounds of the bell came(Turgenev). Definitions pure and clear, as if washed by the morning chill stand before the noun sounds, but separated from it by other members of the sentence - predicate brought.

Note!

1) If a separate definition is in the middle of a sentence, then it is separated by commas on both sides.

glades, strewn with leaves were full of sunshine.

2) Determinative turnover after coordinating union (and, or, but etc.), but not associated with it, is separated by a comma from the union according to the general rule.

Kashtanka stretched, yawned and, angry, sullen walked across the room.

union and bind homogeneous predicates and has nothing to do with separate definitions. Definitions can be removed, but the union can be kept: Kashtanka stretched, yawned, and walked up and down the room.. Therefore, a comma is placed after the union and.

But between the union (usually it is the union a) and the definitive turnover, a comma is not placed if the omission of the turnover requires a restructuring of the sentence.

The ball rests on the surface of the pool, a immersed in water, pops up quickly.

AT this case it is impossible to remove the attributive turnover without the union a.

The ball stays on the surface of the pool, but quickly floats up.

3) The adjective and participle associated with the verb - predicate are not definitions, but nominal part predicate. Such adjectives, participles do not obey the above rules.

Wed: To the hut we ran wet; She is came running from the club excited and joyful.

Isolation is a semantic and intonation emphasis minor members proposals for giving them greater independence in comparison with other members. Separate sentence members contain an additional message element. The additional nature of the message is formed through semi-predicative relations, that is, the relationship of a separate component with the entire grammatical basis. A detached component expresses an independent event. This is a polypropitive proposal in general.

Separations are different. Separate definitions, circumstances and additions differ. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:

Separate definition: The boy, who had fallen asleep in an uncomfortable position right on the suitcase, shuddered.

Special circumstance: Sasha was sitting on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and dangling his legs.

Standalone addition: I heard nothing but the ticking of an alarm clock.

Most often, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Separate members of the sentence are distinguished in oral speech intonation, and in writing - punctuation.

Separate definitions are divided into:

Agreed

inconsistent

The child who fell asleep in my arms suddenly woke up.

(agreed isolated definition, expressed by participial turnover)

Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.

(inconsistent isolated definition)

Agreed Definition

The agreed stand-alone definition is expressed as:

participial turnover: The child, who was sleeping in my arms, woke up.

two or more adjectives or participles: The child, full and satisfied, quickly fell asleep.

Note:

A single agreed definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:

He, full, quickly fell asleep.

Inconsistent definition

An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by nominal phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names. Examples: How did you, with your mind, not understand her intention?

An inconsistent isolated definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined. If the inconsistent definition refers to the word being defined, expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:

The guy in the baseball cap kept looking around.

Definition structure

The structure of the definition can be different. Differ:

single definition: excited girl;

two or three single definitions: a girl excited and happy;

common definition, expressed by the phrase: girl, excited by the news received, ...

1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the word being defined, only if the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun: She was agitated and could not sleep.(single isolated definition after the defined word expressed by the pronoun) Excited, she could not sleep.(single isolated definition before the defined word, expressed by the pronoun)

2. Two or three single definitions are isolated if they come after the word being defined, expressed by the noun: The girl, excited and happy, could not fall asleep for a long time.

If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is also possible in the position before the defined member: Excited and happy, she could not sleep for a long time.(separation of several single definitions before the defined word - pronoun)

3. A common definition, expressed by a phrase, is isolated if it refers to the word being defined, expressed by a noun, and stands after it: The girl, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.(a separate definition, expressed by participle turnover, is after the defined word, expressed by a noun). If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the common definition can be in a position both after and before the word being defined: Excited by the news she received, she could not sleep for a long time. She, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.

Separate definitions with an additional adverbial value

The definitions that precede the word being defined are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings. These can be both common and single definitions, standing directly before the noun being defined, if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessive, etc.). In such cases, the attributive turnover is easily replaced by the subordinate clause of the reason with the union because, a subordinate clause of a condition with a union if, a clause assignment with a union although. To check for the presence of a circumstantial meaning, you can use the replacement of the attributive phrase with a phrase with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is isolated. For example: Seriously ill, her mother could not go to work.(additional reason value) Even when she was ill, her mother went to work.(additional concession value).

Thus, various factors are important for isolation:

1) by what part of speech the defined word is expressed, 2) what is the structure of the definition, 3) how the definition is expressed, 4) whether it expresses additional adverbial meanings.

Standalone Applications

Appendix- This special kind definition expressed by a noun in the same case and number as the noun or pronoun it defines: dragonfly jumper, beauty girl. The application can be:

1) single: Bear, fidget, tortured everyone;

2) common: Mishka, a terrible fidget, tortured everyone.

The application, both single and common, is isolated if it refers to the word being defined, expressed by the pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the word being defined:

He is a great doctor and helped me a lot.

Great doctor, he helped me a lot.

A common application is isolated if it comes after the defined word expressed by a noun:

My brother, an excellent doctor, treats our entire family.

A single non-spread application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words: He saw his son, the baby, and immediately began to smile.

Any application stands apart if it stands after its own name: Mishka, the neighbor's son, is a desperate tomboy.

An application expressed by a proper name is separated if it serves to clarify or clarify: And the neighbor's son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, set a fire in the attic.

The application is isolated in a position before the word being defined - a proper name, if an additional adverbial meaning is expressed at the same time. An architect from God, Gaudi, could not conceive an ordinary cathedral.

(why? for what reason?)

Application with union as is isolated if the connotation of the cause is expressed:

On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.

Note:

Single applications after the word being defined, which are not distinguished by intonation during pronunciation, are not isolated, because merge with it:

In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka-neighbor.

Note:

Separate applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized in the voice and is highlighted with a pause.

New Year is coming soon - the favorite holiday of the children.

If people did not decorate their speech with additional definitions or explanatory circumstances, it would be uninteresting and dull. The entire population of the planet would speak in a business or official style, there would be no art books, and fairy-tale heroes would not expect children before going to bed.

What colorizes speech is precisely the isolated definition contained in it. Examples can be found both in simple colloquial speech and in fiction.

Definition concept

The definition is part of the sentence and describes the attribute of the subject. It answers the questions “what-th, -th, -th?”, Defining the object or “whose, th, th?”, indicating its belonging to someone.

Most often, the function of definition is performed by adjectives, for example:

• good (what?) heart;
• gold (what?) nugget;
• bright (what?) Appearance;
• old (what?) friends.

In addition to adjectives, definitions in a sentence can be pronouns denoting that an object belongs to a person:

• the boy took (whose?) his briefcase;
• mother irons (whose?) her blouse;
• my brother sent home (whose?) my friends;
• father watered (whose?) my tree.

In a sentence, a definition is underlined by a wavy line and always refers to the subject expressed by the noun or other part of speech. This part of the sentence may consist of one word or be combined with other words dependent on it. In this case, these are sentences with isolated definitions. Examples:

• "Joyful, she reported the news." In this sentence, a single adjective is isolated.
• "The garden, overgrown with weeds, was in a deplorable state." A separate definition is participial turnover.

• "Satisfied with the success of her son, mother secretly wiped away her tears of joy." Here, the adjective with dependent words is a separate definition.

The examples in the sentence show that different parts of speech can be a definition of the quality of an object or its belonging.

Separate definitions

Definitions that provide additional information about the subject or clarify its belonging to any person are considered isolated. The meaning of the sentence will not change if a separate definition is removed from the text. Examples:

• "Mother carried the child, who fell asleep on the floor, to his crib" - "Mother carried the child to his crib."

• "Excited by the first performance, the girl closed her eyes before going on stage" - "The girl closed her eyes before going on stage."

As you can see, sentences with isolated definitions, examples of which are given above, sound more interesting, since the additional explanation conveys the state of the object.

Separate definitions can be consistent and inconsistent.

Agreed definitions

Definitions that agree with the word, the quality of which is determined in case, gender and number, are called agreed. In the offer they can be presented:

• adjective - a yellow leaf (what?) fell from a tree;
• pronoun - (whose?) My dog ​​fell off the leash;
• numerals - give him (what?) A second chance;
• communion - in the front garden (what?) green grass was visible.

The same properties in relation to the defined word have a separate definition. Examples:

• "Briefly said (what?), his speech made an impression on everyone." The participle "said" is in the feminine, singular, nominative case, as is the word "speech", which it defines.
• "We went outside (what?), still wet from the rain." The adjective "wet" is in the same number, gender and case as the word "street" it defines.
• "People (what?), Joyful from the upcoming meeting with the actors, went to the theater." Since the word being defined is in the plural and the nominative case, the definition agrees with it in this.

A separate agreed definition (examples have shown this) can stand both before the word being defined, and after it, or in the middle of a sentence.

Inconsistent definition

When a definition does not change in gender and number according to the main word, it is inconsistent. They are associated with the word being defined in 2 ways:

1. Adjacency is a combination of stable word forms or an invariable part of speech. For example: "He likes eggs (what?) Soft-boiled."
2. Control is the setting of a definition in a case, which is required by the word being defined. Often they indicate a sign by material, purpose or location of an object. For example: "the girl sat on a chair (what?) made of wood."

Several parts of speech can express an inconsistent isolated definition. Examples:

• A noun in the instrumental or prepositional case with the prepositions "with" or "in". Nouns can be either single or with dependent words - Asya met Olya after the exam (which one?), In chalk, but satisfied with her grade. (“in mele” is an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in the prepositional case).
• A verb in an indefinite form that answers the question "what?", "what to do?", "what to do?". In Natasha's life there was one great joy (what?) - to give birth to a child.
• Comparative degree of an adjective with dependent words. From a distance we spotted a friend in a dress (what?) brighter than she usually wears.

Each isolated definition, examples confirm this, may differ in its structure.

Structure of definitions

In terms of their structure, definitions can consist of:

• from a separate word, for example, a delighted grandfather;
• adjective or participle with dependent words - grandfather, delighted with the news;
• from several separate definitions - grandfather, delighted with the news.

Separation of definitions depends on which word they refer to and where exactly they are located. Most often they are distinguished by intonation and commas, less often by a dash (for example, the biggest luck (what?) is to hit the jackpot in the lottery).

Separation of the sacrament

The most popular isolated definition, examples of which are most common, is a single participle (participial turnover). Commas with this type of definition are placed if it comes after the word that defines.

• The girl (what?), frightened, silently walked forward. In this example, the participle defines the state of the object and comes after it, so it is separated from both sides by commas.
• The painting (what?), painted in Italy, became his favorite creation. Here, the participle with a dependent word highlights the object and stands after the word being defined, therefore it is also separated by commas.

If the participle or participial turnover comes before the word being defined, then punctuation marks are not put:

• The frightened girl silently walked forward.
• Painted in Italy, the picture became his favorite creation.

You should be aware of the formation of participles in order to use such a separate definition. Examples, suffixes in the formation of participles:

• when creating a valid sacrament in the present. tense from verb 1 conjugation, the suffix -usch -yusch is written (thinks - thinking, write - writing);
• when creating in present. the time of real communion 2 ref., use -asch-box (smoke - fuming, sting - stinging);
• in the past tense, real participles are formed using the suffix -vsh (wrote - wrote, spoke - spoke);
• passive participles are created with the addition of suffixes -nn-enn in the past tense (invented - invented, offended - offended) and -em, -om-im and -t in the present (leads - led, love - beloved).

In addition to the participle, the adjective is just as common.

Separation of the adjective

Single or dependent adjectives are separated in the same way as participles. If a separate definition (examples and the rule are similar to a participle) is after the word being defined, then a comma is placed, and if before, then no.

• The morning, gray and foggy, was not conducive to a walk. (The gray and foggy morning did not favor a walk.)

• Mom, angry, can be silent for several hours. (An angry mother may be silent for several hours).

Isolation with a defined personal pronoun

When a participle or adjective refers to a pronoun, they are separated by a comma, regardless of where they are located:

• Frustrated, she went into the yard.
• They were tired and went straight to bed.
• He, red with embarrassment, kissed her hand.

When the word being defined is separated by other words, the isolated definition (examples from fiction demonstrate this) is also separated by commas. For example, “Suddenly the whole steppe shook and, engulfed in a dazzling blue light, expanded (M. Gorky).

Other segregation definitions

A separate definition (examples, rules below) can convey a meaning by kinship or profession, then they are also separated by commas. For example:

• The professor, a handsome young man, looked at his new entrants.

• Mom, in her usual dressing gown and apron, has not changed at all this year.

In such constructions, separate definitions carry additional messages about the object.

The rules seem complicated at first glance, but if you understand their logic and practice, then the material is well absorbed.

To help the student: isolated definitions

Isolation: a general concept

In Russian, a sentence consists of main and secondary members. The subject and predicate are the basis of any statement, however, without circumstances, additions and definitions, it does not so widely reveal the idea that the author wants to convey. To make the sentence more voluminous and fully convey the meaning, it combines grammatical basis and minor members of the sentence, which have the ability to stand apart. What does it mean? Isolation is the separation of secondary members from the context in terms of meaning and intonation, in which words acquire syntactic independence. In this article, isolated definitions will be considered.

Definition

So, first you need to remember what a simple definition is, and then proceed to the study of the isolated. So, definitions are called secondary members of the sentence, which answer the questions "Which one?" and "Whose?" They indicate the sign of the subject, about which in question in a statement, are distinguished by punctuation marks and depend on the grammatical basis. But isolated definitions acquire a certain syntactic independence. In writing, they are distinguished by commas, and in oral speech - by intonation. Such definitions, as well as simple ones, are of two types: agreed and inconsistent. Each of the species has its own characteristics of isolation.

Agreed definitions

A separate agreed definition, as well as a simple one, always depends on the noun, which is the defining word for it. Such definitions are formed by adjectives and participles. They can be single or have dependent words and stand in the sentence directly after the noun or be separated from it by other members of the sentence. As a rule, such definitions have a semi-predicative meaning, it is especially clearly visible when the sentence structure contains adverbial words that are extending for this definition. Single definitions are also isolated if they stand after a noun or pronoun and clearly indicate their features. For example: the child, embarrassed, stood near the mother; pale, tired, he lay down on the bed. AT without fail stand out definitions expressed in brief passive participles and short adjectives. For example: then the beast appeared, shaggy and tall; our world is burning, spiritual and transparent, and it will become truly good.

Inconsistent definitions

Like simple inconsistent definitions, stipulated in the sentence, they are expressed by nouns in indirect case forms. In a statement, they are almost always an additional message and are associated in meaning with personal pronouns and proper names. The definition in this case is always isolated if it has a semi-predicative meaning and is temporary. This condition is necessary, because proper names are sufficiently specific and do not need constant signs, and the pronoun is not combined with the features lexically. For example: Seryozhka, with a worn spoon in his hands, took his place by the fire; today he, in a new tunic, was especially good. In case of common noun to isolate the definition, a characterizing value is required. For example: in the middle of the village stood an old abandoned house, with a massive high chimney on the roof.

What definitions are not isolated

In some cases, even in the presence of relevant factors, the definitions are not isolated:

1. In the case when definitions are used together with words that do not have an inferior lexical meaning(The father looked angry and formidable.) In this example, there is a defining word "view", but the definition is not isolated.
2. Common definitions do not lend themselves to isolation when connected with the two main members of the proposal. (After mowing, the hay lay folded in the bins.)
3. If the definition is expressed in a complex comparative form or has a superlative degree of an adjective. (More popular songs have appeared.)
4. If the so-called attributive turn comes after an indefinite, definitive, demonstrative or possessive pronoun and forms a single whole with it.
5. If the definition comes after negative pronoun, such as no one, no one, no one. (No one admitted to the exams could answer the additional question.)

Punctuation marks

When writing sentences with separate definitions, they should be separated by commas in such cases:

1. If isolated definitions are participles or adjectives and come after the defining word. (The perfume given to her (what?) had a divine aroma, reminiscent of spring freshness.) This sentence has two definitions, expressed by participial phrases. For the first turnover, the defining word is perfume, and for the second, aroma.
2. If two or more definitions are used after the defining word, then they are isolated. (And this sun, gentle, gentle, shone right through my window.) This rule also applies when using inconsistent definitions. (Father, in a hat, in a black coat, quietly walked along the alley of the park.)
3. If in the sentence the definition indicates an additional circumstance (concessive, conditional or causal). (Tired by the hot day (reason), she collapsed on the bed exhausted.)
4. If in the statement the definition depends on the personal pronoun. (Dreaming of a vacation at sea, he continued to work.)
5. A separate definition is always separated by commas if it is torn off from the defining word by other members of the sentence or comes before it. (And in the sky, accustomed to rain, a raven circled senselessly.)

How to find isolated definitions in a sentence

In order to find a sentence with a separate definition, you should pay attention to punctuation marks. After highlighting the grammatical basis. Asking questions from the subject and predicate, establish the connection of words and find definitions in the sentence. If these minor members are separated by commas, then this desired design statements. Quite often, isolated definitions are expressed by participial phrases, which, as a rule, come after the defining word. Also, such definitions can be expressed by adjectives and participles with dependent words and single ones. Quite often in a sentence there are isolated homogeneous definitions. It is not difficult to determine them, in a sentence they are expressed by homogeneous participles and adjectives.

Strengthening exercises

In order to better assimilate the topic, you need to consolidate the knowledge gained in practice. To do this, you should perform exercises in which you need to find sentences with separate definitions, put punctuation marks in them and explain each comma. You can also write sentences from dictation. When performing this exercise, the ability to identify isolated definitions by ear and write them down correctly will be developed. The ability to correctly place commas will come in handy both during study and during entrance exams to a higher educational institution.

Participle turnover: example, definition, rules

In order to give expressiveness to written speech, one of the means is used - participle turnover. Examples of its use can be found in the literature since ancient times. After all, he came from the Old Slavonic language. This explains the use of participial turnover in writing, because Old Church Slavonic is the language of church literature. Our ancestors spoke Old Russian.

Participle turnover: definition

The participle and the dependent words adjacent to it are called a simple phrase - participle turnover. Example: girl jumping rope. Here, jumping rope is a participial turnover. It consists of several parts: the participle itself, dependent words, the word being defined. The participial turnover in the sentence is a separate definition. It is necessary to distinguish between adverbial and participle turnover. Examples:

I finally read the book that had been gathering dust on the shelf for a long time.

The participial turnover “long dusty on the shelf” plays the role of a separate definition (answers the question: which one?).

The puppy, frightened of us, ran away.

In this proposal there is participial turnover: "Frightened of us." It adjoins the verb-predicate “ran away”, in addition, it answers the question: what did you do? and is a circumstance.

Communion - the main component of the sacramental turnover

The participle combines the characteristics of a verb and an adjective. From the verb, this part of speech took recurrence, aspect, tense (present and past) and transitivity. The participle is related to the adjective by the ability to change by gender, number and case, the possibility of education short form, as well as questions: what? which? For example:

• thinking(what?) - denotes the one who thinks;
• turning th (what?) - denotes the one who turned;
• built(what?) - denotes what was built.

The participle as an independent part of speech is still being debated. Some linguists define it as special form verb.

What else contains participial turnover

In addition to the participle, participle turnover includes:

1. Dependent words. They are asked a direct question from the sacrament. For example:

Table covered with a tablecloth.

In this case, “covered” is a participle. Answers the question: which one? Denotes a sign by action (the one that was covered). From the sacrament we ask a question to the word tablecloth (covered with what? - tablecloth). Accordingly, “tablecloth” is a dependent word.

2. The word being defined is the one to which the participial phrase refers. Example:

Child running around the apartment.

“Running around the apartment” - participial turnover (“running” - participle, dependent word - “around the apartment”). To this participial turnover, we ask a question from the word "child". What child? running around the apartment. So the word being defined is "child".

Separation rule

Consider the cases in which the participial turnover is isolated (highlighted by commas). Examples, the rule is as follows: if the part of speech we are considering is after the word being defined, then it must be denoted by commas.

The flower growing in the wasteland was very beautiful.

Here the word “flower” is defined, the participle turnover is “growing in a wasteland”. A separate definition is after the word being defined, respectively, it is separated by commas.

Consider another example: The flower growing in the wasteland was very beautiful.

In this case, the position of the participial turnover has changed: the word being defined is after a separate definition, so commas are not needed.

However, there are cases in which commas are necessary:

1. The participle turnover is always isolated with the defined word-personal pronoun. Example: Anticipating trouble, I tossed and turned in bed for a long time.. The participial turnover “foreseeing trouble” refers to the personal pronoun “I”, therefore it is distinguished by commas, regardless of the position. Compare: I, anticipating trouble, tossed and turned in bed for a long time.
2. The added value of a circumstance that has a participial turnover. For example: Blinded by the glare of the sea, we did not dare to enter the water for a long time.. Here the participial turnover "blinded by the glare of the sea" has additional value reasons: from the predicate, you can ask an additional question: for a long time did not decide why? Because they were blinded by the glare of the sea.
3. Other members of the sentence break the word being defined and the participial turnover. Example: Showing the first rays, a month appears in the sky. Here the participial turnover is “showing the first rays”, and the word being defined is “month”. Between them there are still the predicate “appears” and the circumstance with the preposition “in heaven”. In this case, it is necessary to separate the participial turnover with commas.

When Commas Are Not Necessary

There are times when commas are not required in participial turnover. We have already analyzed one of the options when the participial turnover will not be separated by commas: if it is in front of the word being defined.

A sun-soaked world surrounded us.

In this position of participial turnover, commas are not needed.

There are two more cases when it is not necessary to single out the participial turnover. Examples:

1. If it refers not only to the subject, but also to the predicate:

We ran to the tent soaking wet.

In this case, it is possible to ask a question to the participial phrase “soaked through” both from the pronoun-subject “we” (what?), but also from the predicate “fled” (how?).

2. Accusative case of a personal pronoun acting as a defined word. For example:

We found him lying on the battlefield.

The word being defined is the personal pronoun "his" in accusative(whom?).

What conclusion can be drawn from the above? If you do not know whether or not to isolate the participial turnover, pay attention to the following points:

1. The location of the turnover relative to the word being defined.
2. How is the defined word expressed and in what form does it stand.

What is a separate definition?

Sasha gagiev

And the Cossacks, both on foot and on horseback, marched on three roads to three gates;
Beneath this thick gray overcoat beat a passionate and noble heart.

Lyubov Isaeva

Isolation is the semantic and intonation separation of secondary members in order to give them a certain syntactic independence in the sentence.

Detached Members:

- clarify the idea being expressed;
- specify the description of the action;
- give a more in-depth description of a person or object;
- add expressive coloring to the sentence.

General conditions for separating definitions:

1) stand after the word being defined;
2) refer to a personal pronoun;
3) have additional circumstantial significance.
4) remoteness of the definition from the word being defined

Romella Huseynova

As a rule, common definitions are isolated (separated by a comma, and in the middle of a sentence are highlighted on both sides by commas) common definitions expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and standing after a defined noun or a substantiated word: Poplars covered with dew filled the air with a delicate aroma. Common definitions are not isolated:
standing in front of the noun being defined (if they do not have additional adverbial shades of meaning: The detachment that left early in the morning has already traveled four miles;
standing after the noun being defined, if the latter in itself in this sentence does not express the desired meaning and needs to be defined: Chernyshevsky created the work the highest degree original and extremely remarkable; If he had written about all this, it would have been a fascinating book, unlike anything else in literature;
connected in meaning not only with the subject, but also with the predicate, of which they are included: the moon rose very purple and gloomy, as if sick; The sea at his feet lay silent and unmoved by the cloudy sky. Usually such constructions are formed with verbs of motion and state, acting as a significant copula; if a verb of this type in itself serves as a predicate, then the definition is isolated: Trifon Ivanovich won two rubles from me and left, very pleased with his victory;
pronounced complex shape comparative or superlatives adjectival name, since such forms do not form a turnover and act as an indivisible member of the sentence: The guest watched with wariness much more convincing than the hospitality shown by the host. However, if there is a turnover: In the circle closest to the bride were her two sisters.
Participles and adjectives with dependent words after an indefinite pronoun are usually not separated, since they form one whole with the preceding pronoun: Her big eyes, filled with inexplicable sadness, seemed to be looking for something like hope in mine. But if the semantic connection between the pronoun and the definition following it is less close, and when reading after the pronoun, a pause is made, then isolation is possible: And someone, sweating and out of breath, runs from store to store.
Definitive, demonstrative and possessive pronouns are not separated by a comma from the participial phrase following them, closely adjoining it: All factual data published in the book were verified by the author. However, compare: Everything laughing, cheerful, marked with the stamp of humor, was not very accessible to him. But if the definitive pronoun is substantiated or if the participial turnover has the character of clarification or explanation, then the definition is isolated: Everything connected with the railway is still fanned for me by the poetry of travel. Turnover combined in different forms always stands apart: All this, taken together, convinces of the correctness decision. Often sentences with agreed definitions allow punctuation options: That middle one plays better than others (that one is a definition with the substantiated word average) - That one, the middle one, plays better than others (the substantiated word that one is the subject, with it a separate definition is average).
A common definition is not separated by a comma from the previous negative pronoun: No one admitted to the Olympiad solved the last problem.
Two or more single definitions are separated, standing after the noun being defined, if the latter is preceded by another definition: Favorite faces, dead and alive, come to mind.
In the absence of a previous definition, two subsequent single definitions are separated or not separated depending on the degree of their intonation-semantic connection with the noun being defined:
BUT

Goncharenko marina

Separate definitions are:
Interpretation
Separate definitions
1. As a rule, common definitions are isolated (separated by a comma, and in the middle of the sentence are separated by commas on both sides) common definitions expressed by participles or adjectives with words dependent on them and standing after the defined noun or substantivized word, for example: Poplars covered with dew filled the air with a delicate aroma (Chekhov); Pale light, like water slightly diluted with blue, flooded eastern part horizon (Paustovsky); Those three are also standing, all gloomy (Bitter).
Note. Common definitions are not isolated:
a) standing in front of the noun being defined (if they do not have additional adverbial shades of meaning, see below, paragraph 6), for example: The detachment that left early in the morning has already passed four miles (L. Tolstoy); I came two weeks later and was received by some girl with eyes slanted to her nose from constant lies (Bulgakov);
b) standing after the noun being defined, if the latter in itself in this sentence does not express the desired meaning and needs to be defined, for example: He could hear things that are rather unpleasant for himself if Grushnitsky had unequally guessed the truth (Lermontov) (the combination could hear things not expresses desired concept); Chernyshevsky created a highly original and extremely remarkable work (Pisarev); It was an unusually kind smile, wide and soft, like that of an awakened child (Chekhov); If he wrote about all this, then the book would be fascinating and not like anything in literature (Paustovsky);
c) connected in meaning not only with the subject, but also with the predicate, in which they are included, for example: The moon rose crimson and gloomy, as if sick (Chekhov); Even birches and mountain ash stood sleepy in the sultry languor surrounding them (Mamin-Sibiryak); Foliage from under the feet comes out tightly packed, gray (Prishvin); The sea at his feet lay silent and white from the cloudy sky (Paustovsky). Usually such constructions are formed with the verbs of motion and state and state, acting as a significant copula; if a verb of this type in itself serves as a predicate, then the definition is isolated, for example: Trifon Ivanovich won two rubles from me and left, very pleased with his victory (Turgenev);
d) expressed in a complex form of the comparative or superlative degree of the adjective, since such forms do not form a turnover and act as an indivisible member of the sentence, for example: The guest watched with wariness much more convincing than the hospitality shown by the host; The author suggested a shorter version; The most urgent messages are published. Wed (if there is a turnover): In the circle closest to the bride were her two sisters (L. Tolstoy).
2. Participles and adjectives with dependent words after an indefinite pronoun are usually not isolated, since they form one whole with the previous pronoun, for example: Her big eyes, filled with inexplicable sadness seemed to be looking for something like hope in mine (Lermontov). But if the semantic connection between the pronoun and the definition following it is less close and when reading after the pronoun there is a pause, then isolation is possible, for example: And someone, sweating and out of breath, runs from store to store ... (V. Panova) (two are separated single definitions, see below, item 4).
3. Definitive, demonstrative and possessive pronouns are not separated by a comma from the participle turnover following them, closely adjoining it, for example: All factual data published in the book were verified by the author; The song sounds inviting for all those tortured by captivity; In this forgotten

A separate definition, expressed by participial turnover?

in which sentence the subordinate part of a complex sentence cannot be replaced by a separate definition, expressed by participial turnover?
1) And now luck smiled at him, about which he had dreamed for so long.
2) We found a mushroom that struck us with its unusually bright color.
3) A candle that had just gone out began to smoke.
4) The swift, which was sitting in a cage, merrily clicked its beak.

Vlasov Mikhail

Exactly 1! mk in the rest can be replaced by turnover, without distorting the meaning:
2) We found a mushroom that struck with its unusually bright color.
3) The candle, just extinguished, began to smoke.
4) The swift, sitting in a cage, cheerfully clicks with its beak.