A continent is a huge piece of land where most of it is land. In addition to land, it includes its outskirts, the shelf and the islands located there. Concepts Continents and Continents in Russian are synonyms.
A continent is a single, undivided piece of land. The largest continent is Eurasia, which has two parts of the world: Asia and Europe. Next in size are North America , then South America, after Africa, Australia and Antarctica.
Continents on Earth - 6
In some countries, a different number of continents are distinguished:
- In China, they are sure that there are seven of them, since Asia and Europe are separated into separate parts there.
- In Portugal and Greece, six continents are also distinguished, but instead of uniting Europe and Asia, they unite North and South America.
- The Olympic Committee understands only the inhabited part of the Earth as continents, excluding Antarctica from this list. Therefore, there are five continents and the same number of Olympic rings.
If we combine not only Europe and Asia, but also the North with South America, you get four continents. Therefore, the dispute over the number of continents has not been resolved so far, scientists different countries put forward their theory and stubbornly prove it. But while the majority for six continents on planet Earth.
History of the continents
However, such a number of continents on Earth was not always. Scientists identify several hypothetical continents that existed on Earth in different time periods.
- Kenorland- a supercontinent that existed during the Neoarchean period (2.75 billion years ago).
- Nuna- a supercontinent, the existence of which is considered to be the Paleoproterozoic era (1.8-1.5 billion years ago).
- Rodinia- the supercontinent of the Proterozoic-Precambrian era. The mainland appeared 1.1 billion years ago, and broke up 750 million years ago.
- Pangea- a supercontinent that arose in the Paleozoic ( Permian) and disappeared in the Triassic era (200-210 million years ago).
- Euramerica (or Laurussia)- the supercontinent of the Paleozoic era. The mainland broke up in the Paleogene era.
- gondwana- a supercontinent that appeared 750-530 million years ago, and broke up 70-80 million years ago.
This is not the whole list of predecessors of modern continents. Furthermore, some scientists argue that in the future, earthlings expect the formation of another supercontinent. Presumably, future events will develop as follows:
- First, Africa will merge with Eurasia.
- In about 60 million years, Australia will connect with East Asia, as a result of which the continent Australia-Afro-Eurasia will appear.
- After 130 million years to south australia or Asia, Antarctica will join, and the mainland Australia-Antarctica-Afro-Eurasia will appear.
- In 250-400 million years, the inhabitants of the planet expect the appearance of the supercontinents Pangea Ultima (200-300 million years, all the current continents will merge), Amasia (50-200 million years, the center of the mainland will be at the North Pole), New Pangea (the reappearance of the supercontinent past - Pangea).
The information presented is only part of scientists' assumptions about the future of the Earth. And today erudite and educated people to the question "How many continents are there on Earth?" confidently answer - exactly 6.
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Only a third of the planet Earth is occupied by land, while the remaining 2/3 are endless expanses of water. That is why it is also called the "blue planet". Water separates parts of the land, creating several continents from the once-existing merged land masses.
What parts is the earth divided into?
In geological terms, the land is divided into continents, but from the side of history, culture and politics - into parts of the world.
There are also concepts of "Old" and "New World". During the heyday of the ancient Greek state, three parts of the world were known: Europe, Asia and Africa - they are called the "Old World", and the rest of the land that was discovered after 1500 is called the "New World", this includes North and South America , Australia and Antarctica.
Most of the land, which has a common cultural, scientific, economic and political heritage, is called "part of the world."
It is interesting to know: what exist on planet Earth?
Their names and locations
Often they coincide with the continents, but it is known that one continent can contain two parts of the world. For example, the continent of Eurasia is divided into Europe and Asia. And, on the contrary, two continents can be one part of the world - South and North America.
So, there are six parts of the world:
- Europe
- Africa
- America
- Australia and Oceania
- Antarctic
It is worth noting that the islands adjacent to the mainland also belong to a certain part of the world.
The mainland, or continent, is not covered by water, a large and inseparable area of the crust of the Earth.. The boundaries of the continents and their outlines change over time. The continents that existed in ancient times are called paleocontinents.
They are separated by oceanic and sea waters, and those between which lies land border, separated by isthmuses: North and South America are connected by the Isthmus of Panama, Africa and Asia - by the Isthmus of Suez.
Eurasia
by the most big mainland The land washed by the waters of four oceans (Indian, Arctic, Atlantic and Pacific) is Eurasia. It is located in the Northern Hemisphere, and part of its islands - in the Southern. It covers an area of about 53 million square kilometers - this is 36% of all land earth's surface.
On this mainland, there are two parts of the world related to the "Old World" - Europe and Asia. They are separated by the Ural Mountains, the Caspian Sea, the Dardanelles, the Strait of Gibraltar, the Aegean, Mediterranean and Black Seas.
Initially, the mainland was called Asia, and only since 1880, Austrian geologist Eduard Suess the term Eurasia was introduced. This part land was formed during the division of the protocontinent Laurasia into North America and Eurasia.
Why are parts of the world Asia and Europe unique?
- The presence of the narrowest strait in the world - the Bosphorus;
- The continent is home to great ancient civilizations (Mesopotamia, Egypt, Assyria, Persia, Roman and Byzantine empires etc.);
- Here is an area that is rightfully considered the most cold spot land is Oymyakon;
- In Eurasia is Tibet and the Black Sea depression - the highest and most low points on the planet;
- The mainland has all existing climatic zones;
- 75% of the total population lives on the continent globe.
It belongs to the New World, surrounded by the waters of two oceans: the Pacific and the Atlantic. The border between the two Americas is the Isthmus of Panama and the Caribbean Sea. Countries bordering by the caribbean commonly referred to as Caribbean America.
In terms of size, South America ranks 4th among the continents, with a population of about 400 million.
opened given land H. Columbus in 1492. In his desire to find India, he crossed the Pacific Ocean and landed on the Greater Antilles, but realized that behind them lies a whole hitherto unknown mainland.
- A third of the entire area is occupied by the Amazon, Parana and Orinoco rivers;
- Here is the largest river in the world - the Amazon, according to the results of the world competition in 2011, it is one of the seven natural wonders of the world.
- In South America is the largest dry-bottom lake in the world - Titicaca;
- On the territory of the continent there are the highest - Angel, and the most powerful - Iguazu waterfalls of the world;
- The most big country mainland - Brazil;
- The most highland capital in the world - La Paz (Bolivia);
- In the Atacami Desert of Chile, precipitation never falls;
- It is also home to the largest beetles and butterflies in the world (lumberjack beetles and agrippina butterflies), the smallest monkeys (marmosets) and life-threatening poisonous red-backed frogs.
North America
Another continent belonging to the same part of the world. Located in the Western Hemisphere with north side, washed by the Bering Sea, Mexican, California, St. Lawrence and Hudson Bays, the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic Oceans.
The discovery of the mainland took place in 1502. It is believed that America was named after the Italian navigator and traveler Amerigo Vespucci who discovered it. However, there is a version according to which America was discovered long before by the Vikings. First appeared on the map as America in 1507.
On its area, which occupies about 20 million square kilometers, there are 20 countries. Most of the territory is divided between two of them - Canada and the United States.
North America also includes a number of islands: the Aleutian, Greenland, Vancouver, the Alexander Archipelago and the Canadian.
- North America has the largest administrative building the world - the Pentagon;
- Most of the population spends almost all their time indoors;
- Mauna Kea is the highest mountain in the world, the height of which is two thousand meters higher than Chomolungma;
- Greenland is the most big Island on the planet, belongs to this continent.
Africa
The second largest continent after Eurasia. Its area occupies 6% of all land on Earth. It is washed by the Mediterranean and Red Seas, as well as the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The mainland crosses the equator.
It is believed that the name of the mainland comes from such Latin words as "sunny", "without cold", "dust".
What is unique about Africa?
- On the mainland there are huge reserves of diamonds and gold;
- There are places here that no human foot has set foot on;
- One can see the tribes with the lowest and highest tall people on the planet;
- Average duration human life in Africa is 50 years.
Antarctica
Part of the world, a continent, almost entirely covered with a thickness of ice of 2 thousand meters. It is located in the very south of the globe.
- There are no permanent residents on the mainland, only scientific stations are located here;
- Traces have been found in the glaciers that testify to the "former tropical life of the continent";
- Comes to Antarctica every year a large number of tourists (about 35 thousand) who want to see seals, penguins and whales, as well as those who are fond of scuba diving.
Australia
The continent is washed by the Pacific and Indian Oceans, as well as the Tasman, Timor, Arafura and Coral Seas. Pacific Ocean. The mainland was discovered by the Dutch in the 17th century.
Off the coast of Australia is huge size coral reef - the Great Barrier Reef, with a length of about 2 thousand km.
Also sometimes under separate part lights mean Oceania, the Arctic, New Zealand .
But most scientists still divide the land into 6 parts of the world presented above.
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Continent(from lat. continens, genitive case continentis) - a large massif of the earth's crust, a significant part of which is located above the level of the world ocean (land), and the rest of the peripheral part is below sea level. The continent also includes islands located on the underwater periphery. In addition to the concept of a continent, the term mainland is also used.
Terminology
Mainland- a vast expanse of land washed by the seas and oceans (or Land, land - as opposed to water or islands). In Russian, the words mainland and continent have the same meaning.
From a tectonic point of view, continents are sections of the lithosphere that have continental structure earth's crust.
There are several continental models in the world (see below). In the territory post-Soviet space the model of six continents with a divided America is adopted as the main one.
There is also a similar concept of part of the world. The division into continents is made on the basis of separation body of water, and parts of the world - the concept is rather historical and cultural. Thus, the continent of Eurasia consists of two parts of the world - Europe and Asia. And part of the world America is located on two continents - South America and North America. In other cases, parts of the world coincide with the above continents.
The border between Europe and Asia runs along the Ural Mountains, then the Ural River to the Caspian Sea, the Kuma and Manych rivers to the mouth of the Don River and further along the shores of the Black and Mediterranean Seas. The Europe-Asia border described above is not indisputable. This is just one of several options accepted in the world.
In geology, the continent is also often referred to as the underwater margin of the continent, including the islands located on it.
In English and some other languages, the word continent denotes both continents and parts of the world.
Continental models
In the world, different countries estimate the number of continents differently. Number of continents in different traditions
- 4 continents: Afro-Eurasia, America, Antarctica, Australia
- 5 continents: Africa, Eurasia, America, Antarctica, Australia
- 6 continents: Africa, Europe, Asia, America, Antarctica, Australia
- 6 continents: Africa, Eurasia, North America, South America, Antarctica, Australia
- 7 continents: Africa, Europe, Asia, North America, South America, Antarctica, Australia
The seven continents model is popular in China, India, partly in Western Europe and in English-speaking countries.
The model of six continents with a united America (we usually call it "Parts of the World") is popular in Spanish-speaking countries and parts of of Eastern Europe including Greece with its five-continent model (five inhabited continents).
Comparison of area and population
|
Continent |
Length (km from east to west, and from south to north, along the periphery) |
Share of sushi |
Population |
Share of population |
|
Afro-Eurasia |
||||
| Oceania |
- the largest and only continent on Earth, washed by four oceans: in the south - the Indian, in the north - the Arctic, in the west - the Atlantic, in the east - the Pacific. The continent is located in the Northern Hemisphere between approximately 9° W. and 169° W. while some of the Eurasian islands are located in the Southern Hemisphere. Most of continental Eurasia lies in the Eastern Hemisphere, although the extreme western and eastern ends of the mainland are in the Western Hemisphere. Eurasia stretches from west to east for 10.5 thousand km, from north to south - for 5.3 thousand km, with an area of 53.6 million km2. This is more than a third of the total land area of the planet. The area of the Eurasian islands is approaching 2.75 million km2.
Contains two parts of the world: Europe and Asia. The border line between Europe and Asia is most often drawn along eastern slopes Ural mountains, the Ural River, the Emba River, the northwestern coast of the Caspian Sea, the Kuma River, the Kumo-Manych depression, the Manych River, the eastern coast of the Black Sea, south coast the Black Sea, the Bosphorus Strait, the Sea of Marmara, the Dardanelles, the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas, the Strait of Gibraltar. This division has developed historically. Naturally, there is no sharp boundary between Europe and Asia. The continent is united by the continuity of the land, which has developed on this moment tectonic consolidation and unity of numerous climatic processes.
(English North America, French Amérique du Nord, Spanish América del Norte, Norteamérica, Ast. Ixachitlān Mictlāmpa) is one of the continents of the planet Earth, located in the north Western hemisphere Earth. North America is washed from the west by the Pacific Ocean with the Bering Sea, the Gulfs of Alaska and California, from the east by the Atlantic Ocean with the Labrador, Caribbean, Gulf of St. Lawrence and Mexico seas, from the north by the North Arctic Ocean with the Beaufort, Baffin, Greenland and Hudson Bay seas. From the west, the continent is separated from Eurasia by the Bering Strait. In the south, the border between North and South America runs through the Isthmus of Panama.
North America also includes numerous islands: Greenland, the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, the Aleutian Islands, Vancouver Island, the Alexander Archipelago and others. The area of North America, together with the islands, is 24.25 million km2, without the islands, 20.36 million km2.
(Spanish América del Sur, Sudamérica, Suramérica, Port América do Sul, English South America, Dutch Zuid-Amerika, French Amérique du Sud, Guar Ñembyamérika, Quechua Urin Awya Yala, Urin Amerika) - southern continent in America, located mainly in the Western and Southern hemispheres of planet Earth, however, the continent is partially located in the Northern Hemisphere. It is washed in the west by the Pacific Ocean, in the east by the Atlantic, from the north it is limited by North America, the border between the Americas runs along the Isthmus of Panama and the Caribbean Sea.
South America also includes various islands, most of which belong to the countries of the continent. Caribbean territories belong to North America. The South American countries that border the Caribbean - including Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana - are known as Caribbean South America.
The most important river systems in South America are the Amazon, Orinoco and Parana, whose total basin is 7,000,000 km2 (the area of South America is 17,800,000 km2). Most of the lakes in South America are located in the Andes, the largest of which and the world's highest navigable lake is Titicaca, on the border of Bolivia and Peru. The largest in area is Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela, it is also one of the oldest on the planet.
Angel Falls, the highest waterfall in the world, is located in South America. On the mainland, there is also the most powerful waterfall - Iguazu.
- the second largest continent on our planet Earth after Eurasia, washed by mediterranean sea from the north, red - from the northeast, Atlantic Ocean from the west and the Indian Ocean from the east and south.
Africa is also called the part of the world, consisting of the mainland Africa and the islands adjacent to it, the largest of which is the island of Madagascar.
The African continent crosses the equator and several climatic zones; its feature is that it is the only continent stretching from the northern subtropical climate zone to the southern subtropical.
Due to the lack of constant rainfall and irrigation on a daily continent - as well as glaciers or an aquifer mountain systems- natural climate regulation is practically not observed anywhere, except for the coasts.
(from Latin australis - "southern") - a continent located in the Eastern and Southern hemispheres of our planet Earth.
The entire territory of the mainland is the main part of the state Australian Union. The mainland is part of the world Australia and Oceania.
North and east coast Australia is washed by the seas of the Pacific Ocean: the Arafura, Coral, Tasman, Timor Seas; western and southern - the Indian Ocean.
Close to Australia are major islands New Guinea and Tasmania.
Along the northeast coast of Australia, the world's largest coral reef, the Great Barrier Reef, stretches for more than 2,000 km.
(Greek ἀνταρκτικός - the opposite of Arctida) - a continent located in the very south of the Earth, the center of Antarctica approximately coincides with the southern geographic pole. Antarctica is washed by the waters of the Southern Ocean. Antarctica is also called the part of the world, consisting of the mainland of Antarctica and adjacent islands.
Antarctica is the most high mainland, his average height- 2040 meters. About 85% of the planet's glaciers are also located on the mainland. There is no permanent population on Antarctica, but there are more than forty scientific stations belonging to different states and intended for research and detailed study characteristics of the continent.
Antarctica is almost completely covered by an ice sheet, the average thickness of which exceeds 2500 meters. There is also a large number of subglacial lakes (more than 140), the largest of which is Lake Vostok discovered by Russian scientists in the 1990s.
Hypothetical continents
Kenorland
Kenorland is a hypothetical supercontinent that, according to geophysicists, existed in the Neoarchean (about 2.75 billion years ago). The name comes from the Kenoran phase of folding. Paleomagnetic studies indicate that Kenorland was at low latitudes.
Nuna
Nuna (Columbia, Hudsonland) is a hypothetical supercontinent that existed in the period from 1.8 to 1.5 billion years ago (maximum assembly ~ 1.8 billion years ago). The assumption of its existence was put forward by J. Rogers and M. Santosh in 2002. Nuna's existence dates back to the Paleoproterozoic era, making it supposedly the oldest supercontinent. It consisted of plateau precursors of ancient platforms that were part of the earlier continents of Laurentia, Fennosarmatia, the Ukrainian Shield, Amazonia, Australia, and possibly Siberia, the Sino-Korean platform and the Kalahari platform. The existence of the Columbia continent is based on geological and paleomagnetic data.
Rodinia
Rodinia (from Rus. Rodina or from Rus. give birth) is a hypothetical supercontinent that presumably existed in the Proterozoic - the Precambrian eon. It originated about 1.1 billion years ago and broke up about 750 million years ago. At that time, the Earth consisted of one giant piece of land and one giant ocean, which received the name Mirovia, also taken from the Russian language. Rodinia is often considered the oldest known supercontinent, but its position and shape is still a matter of controversy. After the collapse of Rodinia, the continents managed to once again unite into the supercontinent Pangea and disintegrate again.
Lavrussia
Laurussia (Euramerica) is a Paleozoic supercontinent formed as a result of the collision of the North American ( ancient continent Lawrence) and the East European (the ancient continent of Baltica) platforms during the Caledonian orogeny. Also known are the names Caledonia, Old Red Continent, Old Red Sandstone Continent. In the Permian period, it merged with Pangea and became its integral part. After the collapse of Pangea, it became part of Laurasia. Broken up in the Paleogene.
gondwana
Gondwana in paleogeography is an ancient supercontinent that arose approximately 750-530 million years ago, long time localized around South Pole, which included almost all the land, which in our time is located in the southern hemisphere (Africa, South America, Antarctica, Australia), as well as the tectonic blocks of Hindustan and Arabia, which have now moved to the northern hemisphere and become part of the Eurasian continent. In the early Paleozoic, Gondwana gradually shifted northward and in the Carboniferous (360 million years ago) joined with the North American-Scandinavian continent to form the giant protocontinent Pangea. Then, during the Jurassic period (about 180 million years ago), Pangea split again into Gondwana and northern continent Laurasia, which was divided by the Tethys Ocean. 30 million years later, in the same jurassic, Gondwana gradually began to break up into new (current) continents. Finally, all modern continents: Africa, South America, Australia, Antarctica and the Hindustan Peninsula stood out from Gondwana only at the end of the Cretaceous period, that is, 70-80 million years ago.
Pangea
Pangea (ancient Greek Πανγαῖα - “all-earth”) is the name given by Alfred Wegener to the protocontinent that arose in the Paleozoic era. The giant ocean, which washed Pangea from the Silurian period of the Paleozoic to the early Mesozoic inclusive, received the name Panthalassa (from other Greek παν- “all-” and θάλασσα “sea”). Pangea was formed in the Permian period, and split at the end of the Triassic (about 200 - 210 million years ago) into two continents: the northern continent - Laurasia and the southern continent - Gondwana. In the process of the formation of Pangea from more ancient continents, mountain systems arose at the places of their collision, some of them have existed to this day, for example, the Urals or the Appalachians. These early mountains are much older than the younger mountain systems (the Alps in Europe, the Cordillera in North America, the Andes in South America or the Himalayas in Asia). Due to the erosion that lasts for many millions of years, the Urals and the Appalachians are run-in low mountains.
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstania - the Middle Paleozoic continent, which was located between Laurussia and Siberian platform. It stretches from the Turgai trough and the Turan lowland to the Gobi and Takla-Makan deserts.
Laurasia
Laurasia is a supercontinent that existed as the northern part of the fault of the Pangea protocontinent (southern - Gondwana) in the late Mesozoic era. united most those territories that make up today existing continents northern hemisphere- Eurasia and North America, which in turn broke away from each other from 135 to 200 million years ago.
Pangea Ultima
It is assumed that in the future the continents will once again gather into a supercontinent called Pangea Ultima.
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A continent is a huge piece of land where most of it is land. In addition to land, it includes its outskirts, the shelf and the islands located there. Concepts Continents and Continents in Russian are synonyms.
A continent is a single, undivided piece of land. The largest continent is Eurasia, which has two parts of the world: Asia and Europe. Next in size are North America, then South America, after Africa, Australia and Antarctica.
Continents on Earth - 6
In some countries, a different number of continents are distinguished:
- In China, they are sure that there are seven of them, since Asia and Europe are separated into separate parts there.
- In Portugal and Greece, six continents are also distinguished, but instead of uniting Europe and Asia, they unite North and South America.
- The Olympic Committee understands only the inhabited part of the Earth as continents, excluding Antarctica from this list. Therefore, there are five continents and the same number of Olympic rings.
If we combine not only Europe and Asia, but also North and South America, we get four continents. Therefore, the dispute over the number of continents has not been resolved so far, scientists from different countries put forward their theory and stubbornly prove it. But while the majority for six continents on planet Earth.
History of the continents
However, such a number of continents on Earth was not always. Scientists identify several hypothetical continents that existed on Earth in different time periods.
- Kenorland- a supercontinent that existed during the Neoarchean period (2.75 billion years ago).
- Nuna- a supercontinent, the existence of which is considered to be the Paleoproterozoic era (1.8-1.5 billion years ago).
- Rodinia- the supercontinent of the Proterozoic-Precambrian era. The mainland appeared 1.1 billion years ago, and broke up 750 million years ago.
- Pangea- a supercontinent that arose in the Paleozoic (Permian period) and disappeared in the Triassic era (200-210 million years ago).
- Euramerica (or Laurussia)- the supercontinent of the Paleozoic era. The mainland broke up in the Paleogene era.
- gondwana- a supercontinent that appeared 750-530 million years ago, and broke up 70-80 million years ago.
This is not the whole list of predecessors of modern continents. Furthermore, some scientists argue that in the future, earthlings expect the formation of another supercontinent. Presumably, future events will develop as follows:
- First, Africa will merge with Eurasia.
- In about 60 million years, Australia will join East Asia, resulting in the appearance of the continent Australia-Afro-Eurasia.
- In 130 million years, Antarctica will adjoin southern Australia or Asia, and the mainland Australia-Antarctica-Afro-Eurasia will appear.
- In 250-400 million years, the inhabitants of the planet expect the appearance of the supercontinents Pangea Ultima (200-300 million years, all the current continents will merge), Amasia (50-200 million years, the center of the mainland will be at the North Pole), New Pangea (the reappearance of the supercontinent past - Pangea).
The information presented is only part of scientists' assumptions about the future of the Earth. And today, erudite and educated people answer the question “How many continents are there on Earth?” confidently answer - exactly 6.
