In Russian everything six independent cases, and decline (change in cases) nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns. But schoolchildren often have difficulties in determining the case. Students are not always able to correctly put the question to the word, and this leads to errors. Particular difficulties arise when the word in different cases has the same form.

There are several tricks that will help you accurately determine the case of a word.

1. Statement of the question.

Let us note that the question should be case, not semantic. For questions where? where? when? why? it is not possible to determine the fall.

Both applicants(who? – R. p.).

What happened in 1812?(in what? – P. p.).

After the concert five(I. p.) spectators(whom? – R. p.) stayed in the hall(in what? – P. p.).

In ten minutes(through what? – V. p.) he (I. p.) returned.

She is happy with the new car(how? – T. p.).

2. Exist auxiliary words, which can help in determining the case:

case	Auxiliary word	case question
Nominative
Genitive		whom? what?
Dative		to whom? what?
Accusative		whom? what?
Instrumental
Prepositional	talk	about whom? about what?

To distinguish between homonymous case forms use the following methods.

3. Replacing the singular with the plural.

To go on the road(ending -e both in D. p., and in P. p.).

Walk the roads(why? – D. p., in P. p. – about roads).

4. Replacement male to female.

met a friend(ending -a both in R. p., and in V. p.).

Met a girlfriend(whom? – V. p., in R. p. – girlfriends).

5. Magic word mother.

Particular difficulties arise when distinguishing between the forms of accusative and genitive, accusative and nominative cases. Help, as always, will come "mother". It is this word that can be substituted in a sentence. Framed, look at the end: mom BUT – nominative, mom S – Genitive; mom At – accusative.

Die yourself, and comrade(ending -a both in R. p., and in V. p.) help out.

Die yourself, but mom(V. p.) help out.

6. Knowing the characteristic prepositions also helps to determine the case.

case	Prepositions
Nominative
Genitive	without, at, from, to, with, from, near
Dative
Accusative	on, for, under, through, in, about,
Instrumental	over, behind, under, with, in front of, between
Prepositional	in, oh, about, on, at

As you can see, there are prepositions that are characteristic of only one case: without– for the genitive (no hitch); by, to – for dative case (through the forest, towards the house), oh, oh, at – for prepositional case (about three heads, with you).

Recall that the case of an adjective is determined by the case of the word being defined. In order to determine the case of an adjective, it is necessary to find in the sentence the noun to which it refers, because the adjective is always in the same case as the word being defined.

I'm happy with my new coat. Adjective new refers to a noun coat in T. p., therefore, new – T. p.

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Instruction

In order to determine case names, it is necessary, first of all, to raise a question to . Nominative words case y, to the questions WHO? WHAT? If you asked WHO? or WHAT ?, then before you is a noun used in the form of an accusative case a.

Determine what the noun is. If the word is the subject, i.e. the main member of the sentence, then it is used in the form of a nominative case a. Accusative case om denotes the word that is in the sentence minor member, direct complement. For example, invite the guys to determine case in this proposal.
The girl writes. Ask them to put questions, determine which member of the sentence they are. They should come up with the following result. The word "girl" answers the question WHO ?, is the subject, which means it is used in the nominative case e. And the word "letter" is a minor member of the sentence, a direct object. It answers the question WHAT? and hence is used in the accusative case e.

Draw the attention of schoolchildren to the circumstance whether a noun is used with or without it. Words in the nominative case are used without prepositions. In the accusative - they have the prepositions ON, FOR, THROUGH, IN, etc.

It is also worth while defining case and compare endings in . So, in the names of nouns of the first declension there will be endings A, Z, if they are in the nominative form case a. Accordingly, in the accusative case e - U, Yu. For example, in the noun of the first declension "wall" the ending is A. It is used in the nominative case e. The word "wall" U. So he has an accusative case.

The case indicates the role of the word in the sentence. You can use the helper phrase WHO DOES WHAT to distinguish between nominative and accusative case her.

“Ivan gave birth to a girl and ordered to drag a diaper” - the first letters of this literary absurdity orderly announce the list of cases. There are six types of cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. Each of them speaks of the temporary state of a particular noun, which can change in case form. It is not difficult to determine the type of case of a noun, you just need to figure out which question each of the cases answers.

Instruction

case nominative- the initial, real sound of the word. Answers the questions "who?" or "what?". If it is inanimate, for example: a window, a house, a book, a bus, then it answers the question “what?”, And if it is animate, for example, a girl, an elephant, mom, Rita, then, accordingly, it answers the question “who?”. This distribution according to the liveliness of the subject will concern everyone, which is why each case has two questions. Example 1. Man (who?) - animated noun case, machine (what?) - inanimate noun in the nominative case.

Genitive case, from the word "give birth to whom?" or "what?". As funny as it may sound, this is how the question should be asked. A number of questions coincide, therefore, some words will sound the same, the main thing is to put them correctly case question. Example 2. A person (whom?) Is an animate noun in the genitive case, a car (what?) Is an inanimate noun in the genitive case.

Accusative case, answers the question: “blame whom?” or "what?". In this example, an inanimate noun matches, so the case is determined logically, by meaning. Example 4. A person (whom?) Is an animate noun in the accusative case, a car (what?) Is an inanimate noun in the accusative case. But if, according to the meaning: I bought a car (genitive case), and crashed the car (accusative case).

The instrumental case sounds like: “to create by whom?” or "what?". Example 5. By a person (by whom?) - an animated noun in instrumental, machine (what?) - an inanimate noun in the instrumental case.

Prepositional case - posing a question that is not consonant with its name: “talk about whom?” or "about what?". It is easy to define a word in this case, since a noun in this case always has . Example 6. About a person (about whom?) - an animated noun in prepositional, about the car (about what?) - an inanimate noun in the prepositional case.

Related videos

Useful advice

Even if a case question does not match the meaning of a given sentence, it should still be asked to determine the case of a noun.

Related article

Sources:

• School experience
• cases example words

Tip 3: How to distinguish the genitive case of a noun from an accusative

Cases Russian language is a category of a word that shows it syntactic role in a sentence. Schoolchildren memorize the names of cases and their signs, that is, questions, but sometimes difficulties arise. For example, when you need to distinguish the genitive from the accusative.

You will need

• Knowledge of the Russian language school curriculum, nouns in accusative and genitive cases,

Instruction

Six are distinguished: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. Auxiliary words and questions are used to determine the case. The spelling of the end of the word depends on this. Very often they confuse genitive (no: whom? what?) and accusative (blame: whom? what?), since questions to animated objects are set the same: "whom?".

Ask a question. When in doubt, ask a qualifying question to the noun: "no what?" (for the genitive) and "see what?" (for accusative). If the word takes the form of the nominative case, then in this case it's accusative. For example: a small fish (accusative: I see what? a fish, you can’t say: there’s nothing? a fish).

If you need to determine the case in order to arrange endings, substitute the word "cat" or any other word for the noun, but be sure to use the first one. Determine the case depending on the ending. For example: pride in a teacher is an accusative case, because, substituting the word "cat" for a noun, we get: pride in a cat. The ending "y" indicates the accusative case. The ending "and" is genitive.

Analyze the relationship of words in . Genitive, as a rule, the ratio of part and whole (a glass of milk), belonging to something (sister's jacket), it is used in comparison (more beautiful than the queen). The accusative is used to convey spatio-temporal relations (work a week), the transition from action to an object (drive a car).

note

The accusative case denotes the complete coverage of the object by the action, a certain amount (drink milk), and the genitive case denotes the extension of the action to a part of the object (drink milk).

Useful advice

An inanimate noun in the accusative case does not change, unlike the same noun in the genitive case: I saw a house (accusative), there were no houses in the area (genitive)

Sources:

• Page dedicated to grammatical characteristics noun

Unlike the Finnish and Hungarian languages, in which there are one and a half to two dozen cases, in Russian grammar there are only six of them. The endings of words in different cases can be the same, therefore, to determine the case, it is necessary to set to the word being checked right question.

Instruction

To determine the case of a noun, carefully read the phrase in which it is included. Find the word to which the noun you are checking belongs - it is from this the words you will ask a question. For example, you are given the phrase "I love dogs", and you need to determine the case of the noun "dogs". The word "dogs" in this sentence is subordinate to the word "love". Therefore, you will ask a case question as follows: “I love whom?”

Each of the six cases has its own special question. So, in the nominative case, they answer the question "who?" or "what?". The auxiliary word "is" can be substituted for this case. For example, there is (who?) . The question of the genitive case is “whom?” or "what?". The auxiliary word "no" can be substituted for the noun in this case. Dative to the question "to whom? / what?" and is combined with the auxiliary word "give". Question accusative- "whom?" or “what?”, and its auxiliary word is “blame”. Nouns in the instrumental case answer the question "by whom?" and are combined with the words "created" and "satisfied." Finally, following questions: “about whom? / about what?”, “in whom? / in what?”. One of auxiliary words of this case is the word "think".

To determine the case, first you need to find the noun or pronoun to which it refers. Having determined the case of this main word, you will also recognize the case of the adjective, since they always agree in gender, number and case with those nouns () on which they depend. For example, “Kolya ate a big pear” The noun “pear” is used in the accusative case, so the case of the adjective “big” related to it is also accusative.

A noun is a part of speech that refers to a person or thing and answers the questions “who?” and what?". Nouns change according to cases, of which there are six in Russian. To prevent cases from being confused with each other, there is a strict system of rules and differences between them. In order to be able to correctly and quickly determine the accusative case, you need to know its questions, and what it is used for.

Instruction

In order to never make a mistake with the case of a noun, remember that each of them has unique questions defined for it, asking which you will get the corresponding one. Questions of the accusative case are the question “I see whom?” for the animate and “I see what?” for inanimate nouns.

In addition, learn the definitions of the accusative case of the Russian language, or rather, the cases when it is used. So, the accusative case denotes the transfer of temporal and spatial relationships (a week, a kilometer walk); the transition of the action completely to the subject (driving a car, leafing through a book). Very rarely accusative as a dependence on (offensive for a friend).

However, even by rules or endings, it is sometimes very difficult to determine the case, so always use special questions. In terms of questions, the accusative case partially coincides with the genitive and nominative. In order not to confuse them, do the following: if in front of you, and it answers the question “who?”, Which matches with, substitute it for it and ask a question to it. If the word answers the question “I see what?”, Then you have an accusative case.

How to distinguish the accusative from the genitive.

Genitive.

According to the definitions, the genitive case means:

Belonging to someone or something, for example, "a fox skin", "teacher's journal";

If there is a relationship between the whole and its part, for example, “magazine page (R.p.)”;

Displaying an attribute of an object in relation to another object, for example, “survey results (R.p.)”;

The object of influence in the presence of a verb with negative particle“not”, for example, “does not eat meat (R.p.)”;

The object of influence in the presence of a verb denoting desire, intention or removal, for example,

“to wish happiness (R.p.)”, “to avoid responsibility (R.p.)”;

If there is a comparison of objects, for example, “stronger than oak (R.p.)”;

If the noun is the object of measurement, counting, or genitive date, such as "spoon

sour cream" or "Day of the Paris Commune".

Accusative.

The accusative case means:

Transition of the action to the subject in full, for example, “flip through a magazine”, “drive a car”;

Transfer of spatial and temporal relations "walk a mile", "rest a month";

AT rare cases is formed as a dependence on the adverb, for example, "it's a shame for a friend."

In order to never confuse the cases of a noun, it is important to remember that each case in Russian

corresponds to a universal question, asking which to this noun, as a result we get

corresponding case.

The genitive case corresponds to the question “no one?” for the animate and “there is nothing?” for

inanimate

nouns.

The accusative case corresponds to the question “I see whom?” for the animate and “I see what?” for

inanimate nouns.

It is extremely difficult to determine the cases of nouns by their definitions or endings.

Let's say

remembering all the definitions of the genitive and accusative cases is quite difficult. And the endings

nouns quite often coincide.

Let's give an example using an animate noun in plural:

Nearby I noticed people. (I see who? - V.p.)

There were no people around. (there was no one? - R.p.)

As you can see, in both cases the word declines the same way.

But, in order to finally make sure that the definition of the case is correct, substitute mentally

instead of an animate noun, an inanimate one.

For example:

Nearby I noticed a pole. (I see who? - V.p.)

There were no poles around. (there was no one? - R.p.)

The example shows that an inanimate noun in the accusative case does not change, unlike

the same noun that has the genitive case.

From this we can draw the following conclusions:

1. To distinguish the genitive from the accusative, ask the noun a qualifying question.

2. If it is difficult for you to determine the case of an animate noun, because the question "who?" refers to

both cases, then substitute an inanimate noun for this noun and ask it

defining question. For the genitive, it will be “there is nothing?”, And for the accusative, “I see what?”. If a

the word will look like in the nominative case, then the case of your noun is accusative.

Useful advice.

In Russian, there are indeclinable nouns, for example, “coat”, “coffee”, when in any

case the word looks the same. In this case, the case can only be determined by the key question.

The genitive case can also be determined using test word"cat". Substituting in place

any noun specified word pay attention to the ending. Example: instead of a word

"teacher" in the phrase "pride for the teacher" substituting the test word, we get

the phrase "pride for the cat." The ending "and" indicates the genitive case, the ending "y" indicates

accusative.

Remember that the genitive case always indicates the ratio of the whole and the part (a glass of water),

comparison with something or someone (more beautiful than Vasilisa) and belonging (brother's motorcycle).

The accusative describes and denotes a temporal-spatial relationship (wait a minute), and

also indicates a transition from an action to an object (petting a cat).

Source

E. I. Litnevskaya. Russian language: short theoretical course for schoolchildren.

Interesting article!!!

13 cases of the Russian language.

Changing the endings of parts of speech that have a case category makes it possible to use the necessary forms of words for communication in a sentence. From the ability to use words correctly in the right case depends on the accuracy and literacy of speech. Distinguishing the genitive from the accusative is easy if you know what each of them serves for.

Genitive:

• indicates that the subject of speech belongs to someone or something (oriole's nest; friend's advice; city streets);
• reflects the ratio of the part and the whole (a cup of tea; a loaf of bread; a lock of hair);
• used if there is a comparison without indicating the object of comparison (harder than steel, softer than silk, colder than ice);
• indicates a connection with a verb that is used with a particle not (not to be afraid of the dark; not to see the horizon, not to love a neighbor);
• indicates a connection with a verb denoting desire or intention (to wish good; wish good luck, avoid responsibility).

In each of these cases, the nouns used in the genitive case are dependent words. From the main ones, one can pose questions to them: there is no one? or not what?

Accusative stands for:

• an action aimed at the subject of speech (read a book, stroke a dog, eat a sandwich);
• spatial and temporal relationships (overcome an obstacle; take a barrier; work a week).

From the main word to the noun in the accusative case, one can pose questions: I see whom? or see what?

Findings site

1. Inanimate nouns have different endings and answer the question (no) what? in the genitive case, (see) what? in the accusative.
   For example:
   I can do without (what?) an umbrella. (R. p.)
   I will plant (what?) a tree. (V. p.)
2. The endings of animate nouns in the genitive and accusative cases may coincide. In this case, cases should be distinguished according to the meaning of the sentence.
   For example:
   I can't do without my father's help. (whom? sub-question: no one? - R.P.)
   We remember my father as young and energetic. (who? secondary question see who? - V.P.)
3. case immutable nouns also defined by context.
   For example:
   I want to buy a new coat. (whom? what? - V.P.)
   The cage was without a kangaroo. (whom? what? - R.P.)

The accusative case answers the questions "whom? what?" and is used in sentences and phrases only with verbs and its forms (participle and participle). The most common function of this case in Russian is the expression direct object actions: read a book, draw a picture and so on. What else can the accusative case mean, and how to distinguish it from the genitive? Read the article below!

What does fall mean?

The case, which will be discussed in the article, can have completely different meanings.

For example:

• Accusative time will mark the time already committed action- Meet every Tuesday.
• The accusative quantity should be used to indicate the cost, when there is a reference to the quantitative side of the verbal action - "to cost a hundred rubles."
• A noun in the accusative case of measures will indicate a measure of time or space - "run three kilometers."
• The accusative object will call the object to which the action is directed - "throw the ball."
• The accusative of the result will designate an object that will be the result of some action - “sew a T-shirt”.

In order to determine the case in front of you without error, you need to know the questions of the accusative case (whom? what?). Substitute the word “blame” or “see”, and you will immediately understand everything. For example, I blame (who?) my grandmother, I see (what?) a cutlet.

Case meanings

This form of the word has two main meanings: objective and subjective.

1. The object value may appear next to transitive verb (buy a cat), next to the predicate ( sorry, apparently, it is necessary, it hurts, sorry for the dog) and in one-part sentences expressing the required object ( reward for the brave).
2. Subjective meaning can be expressed only in a sentence (not in a phrase). Such a meaning can have an accusative case, located at the beginning of a sentence that tells us about the state of the person ( the guys were inspired by the award). The subjective meaning expresses the case in sentences like "The child is chilly." This meaning is also expressed by sentences that do not have a clear subject of action ( killed a man).

Case endings

Questions of the accusative case determine its endings.

So, what should be the endings of these forms of words?

• Nouns in singular: horse, land, mother, pig, field, mouse, path, banner.
• Accusative plural (the number plays big role in the formulation of the correct ending) numbers: horses, edge, mothers, pigs, fields, mice, paths, banners.
• Adjectives and participles in the singular have the following endings: oval and oval, oval, oval; soft and soft, soft, soft; hare and hare, hare, hare.

Accusative prepositions

This case can be combined with large quantity prepositions, both simple and derivative. If the word is combined with simple prepositions (in, for, under, on, with), then it has a definitive meaning. Moreover, this definition can be different - in place, time, property, reason, purpose, and so on. Paired with mere pretext the word in the case we are considering can also have an objective meaning ( vote for a deputy, go for mushrooms). The word can also fulfill the function of replenishment necessary information (passed for a talker).

In the whole sentence, the form of the word in the accusative case, paired with a simple preposition, performs other functions. For example, a case can indicate a predicative feature ( bravery medal). The accusative can even extend the sentence ( a kilometer from the village - a lake; in New Year miracles happen). Paired with the prepositions "for" and "under" the word can express the meaning of approximation ( he is in his forties, she is in her fifties).

Also, words in the form of the accusative case can also be combined with derivative prepositions ( in spite of, in spite of, after a day).

How to distinguish accusative from genitive: method one

In order not to confuse the cases of the Russian language, you need to remember that each of them has its own question, depending on the meaning of the case. By asking a universal question and finding a match for it, you can easily understand the word in which case is in front of your eyes. The genitive case more often denotes belonging, the "whole-part" relationship, a sign of an object in relation to some other object, an object of influence, and so on.

For this form of the word, the questions “there is no one?”, “there is nothing?” Are fixed. The accusative case will answer the questions “I see whom?”, “I see what?”. It is very difficult to determine the form of a word only by its meaning or ending. It is too difficult to remember all the meanings of the genitive and accusative case, they have many nuances. And the endings of nouns in these forms can even coincide!

Difficulties can especially often arise in determining the case of an animate noun. If the question is "who?" does not help you cope with the task, then imagine in place of an animate noun an inanimate one. Ask a question for the genitive "no what?" and for the accusative "see what?". If the word being defined has the same form as in the nominative case, then it is in the accusative.

How to distinguish the accusative case from the genitive: the second way

• If the noun in front of you is inanimate, just ask right question (I buy (what?) flower pots; I don’t see (what?) planters). In the second case, the word is in the genitive case.
• If you see an animate noun of the 2nd declension masculine, put any word of the 1st declension in its place and watch the ending ( I see a boar - I see a fox: ending y - genitive); ( no boar - no fox: ending ы - accusative).
• If you see an animate noun in the plural, then simply replace it with an inanimate noun ( love people - love (what) letters- accusative; I love the kindness of people - I love the kindness of letters- parental).

Remember that in Russian there are many indeclinable nouns (coffee, pot and so on) that look the same in any case. In this case, all the above tips may not work. Always check the correctness of determining the case with a key question, and there will be no errors.