Even if you are not particularly interested in the topic of space, the chances are that you have seen it in films, read about it in books, or played games where space theme would take important place, are very high. At the same time, in most of the works there is one moment, which, as a rule, is taken for granted - gravity on spaceship. But is it as simple and obvious as it seems at first glance?
To start, a little materiel. If you do not delve into physics further school course(and it will be quite enough for us today), then gravity is fundamental interaction bodies, thanks to which they all attract each other. More massive attract more strongly, less massive - weaker.
materiel
In our case, the following is important. The earth is a massive object, so people, animals, buildings, trees, blades of grass, the computer you're reading this from, are all attracted to the earth. We are used to it and actually never think about such seemingly trifles. The main consequence of the Earth's gravity for us is acceleration free fall , also known as g, and equal to 9.8 m/s². Those. any body in the absence of support will equally accelerate towards the center of the Earth, gaining 9.8 m / s of speed every second.
It is thanks to this effect that we can stand evenly on our feet, have the concepts of “up” and “down”, drop things on the floor, etc. In fact, many human activities would be greatly modified if the gravity of the Earth were taken away.
Astronauts who spend a significant part of their lives on the ISS know this best. They have to re-learn how to do a lot of things, from how they drink to hiking for various physiological needs. Here are some examples.
At the same time, in many films, TV shows, games and other works of Sci-Fi art, gravity on spaceships “just exists”. It is taken for granted and often not even bothered to explain. And if they do, it's somehow unconvincing. Something like “gravity generators”, the principle of operation of which is a little more than completely mystical, so that in fact this approach differs little from “gravity on a ship just eat". It seems to me that there is no way to explain it more honestly.
Theoretical models of artificial gravity
But all this does not mean at all that no one is trying to explain artificial gravity at all. If you think about it, it can be achieved in several ways.
Lots of mass
The first and most "correct" option is to make the ship very massive. This method can be considered “correct” because it is the gravitational interaction that will provide the necessary effect.
While the unreality this method I think is obvious. For such a ship, a lot of matter will be needed. Yes, with distribution gravitational field(and we need it uniform) it will be necessary to decide something.
Constant acceleration
Since we need to reach constant acceleration free fall of 9.8 m / s², then why not make the spacecraft in the form of a platform that will accelerate perpendicular to its plane with this very g? Thus, the desired effect will undoubtedly be achieved.
But there are several obvious problems. First, you need to take fuel from somewhere to ensure constant acceleration. And even if someone suddenly comes up with an engine that does not require the ejection of matter, no one has repealed the law of conservation of energy.
The second problem lies in the very nature of constant acceleration. First, according to our current understanding of physical laws You can't speed up forever. The theory of relativity is strongly opposed. Secondly, even if the ship changes direction periodically, it will constantly need to fly somewhere to provide artificial gravity. Those. there can be no talk of any hovering near planets. The ship will be forced to behave like a shrew, which if it stops, it will die. So this is not an option for us.
carousel carousel
And here the most interesting begins. I am sure that each of the readers imagines how the carousel works and what effects a person in it can experience. Everything that is on it tends to jump out in proportion to the speed of rotation. From the point of view of the carousel, it turns out that everything is affected by a force directed along the radius. Pretty much gravity.
Thus we need a barrel-shaped ship that will rotate around a longitudinal axis. Such options are quite common in science fiction, so the world of Sci-Fi is not so hopeless in terms of explaining artificial gravity.
So, some more physics. When rotating around an axis, a centrifugal force is generated, directed along the radius. As a result of simple calculations (by dividing the force by the mass), we obtain the desired acceleration. The whole thing is considered according to a simple formula:
a=ω²R,
where a- acceleration, R is the radius of rotation, a, ω is the angular velocity, measured in radians per second. A radian is approximately 57.3 degrees.
What do we need to get normal life on our imaginary space cruiser? We need such a combination of the radius of the ship and the angular velocity that their product gives a total of 9.8 m / s².
We could see something similar in many works: "2001: A Space Odyssey" Stanley Kubrick, series "Babylon 5", Nolanovsky « » , novel "World-Ring" Larry Nivena, Universe other. In all of them, the free fall acceleration is approximately equal to g, so everything turns out to be quite logical. However, there are problems with these models as well.
Problems in the carousel
The most obvious problem is perhaps easiest to explain in "Space Odyssey". The radius of the ship is approximately 8 meters. By simple calculations, we find that to achieve an acceleration equal to g, an angular velocity of about 1.1 rad / s is required, which is equal to about 10.5 revolutions per minute.
With these parameters, it turns out that Coriolis effect. If you do not go into technical details, then the problem is that at different “heights” from the floor, moving bodies will be affected by different strength. And it depends on the angular velocity. So in our virtual design, we cannot afford to rotate the ship too fast, as this is fraught with problems, ranging from sudden unintuitive falls, ending with problems with vestibular apparatus. And given the aforementioned acceleration formula, we cannot afford to small radius ship. Therefore, the model of a space odyssey is no longer valid. Approximately the same problem with ships from "Interstellar", although everything is not so obvious with the numbers.
The second problem is, so to speak, on the other side of the spectrum. In the novel Larry Nivena "World-Ring" the ship is giant ring with a radius of about equal to the radius Earth's orbit (1 AU ≈ 149 million km). Thus, it turns out that it rotates at a quite satisfactory speed so that the Coriolis effect is invisible to humans. Everything seems to converge, but there is one thing but. To create such a structure, you will need an incredibly strong material that will have to withstand huge loads, because one revolution should take about 9 days. How to ensure sufficient strength of such a structure is unknown to mankind. Not to mention the fact that somewhere you need to take so much matter and build this whole thing.
World-Ring In case of Halo or "Babylon 5" all previous problems seem to be absent. And the rotation speed is sufficient so that the Coriolis effect does not have negative impact, and building such a ship is, in principle, realistic (at least theoretically). But these worlds also have their drawbacks. Its name is momentum.
Station from Babylon 5 Spinning the ship around its axis, we turn it into a giant gyroscope. And, as you know, it is quite difficult to deflect a gyroscope from its axis. Everything is precisely because of the angular momentum, the amount of which must be stored in the system. And this means that it will be difficult to fly somewhere in a certain direction. But this problem is also solvable.
It should be
This solution is called "O'Neill's Cylinder". Its design is quite simple. We take two identical cylinder ships connected along an axis, each of which rotates in its own direction. As a result, we have a zero total angular momentum, and, therefore, problems with the direction of the ship in the right direction should not be. With a ship radius of about 500m (as in Babylon 5) or more, everything should work as it should.
Total
So, what conclusions can we draw about how artificial gravity should be implemented in spacecraft? Of all the implementations that are proposed in various kinds of works, it is the rotating structure that looks the most realistic, in which the force directed "down" is provided centripetal acceleration. To create artificial gravity on a ship with flat parallel structures like decks (as is often drawn in various Sci-Fi), given our modern understandings laws of physics, it is not possible
The radius of the spinning ship must be large enough that the Coriolis effect is small enough not to affect a person. good examples of invented worlds, the already mentioned Halo and Babylon 5.
To control such ships, you need to build an O'Neill cylinder - two "barrels" rotating in different direction to provide zero total angular momentum for the system. This will allow for adequate control of the ship.
In total, we have a very real recipe for providing astronauts with comfortable gravitational conditions. And until we can actually build something like this, I would like the creators of games, films, books and other works about space to pay more attention physical realism.
We live in Yandex.Zene, try. There is a channel in Telegram. Subscribe, we will be pleased, and it will be convenient for you 👍 Meow!For objects in space, rotation is a common thing. When two masses move relative to each other, but not towards or away from each other, their gravitational force. As a result, in solar system all planets revolve around the sun.
But this is something that man did not influence. Why do spacecraft rotate? To stabilize the position, constantly direct the instruments in the right direction and in the future - to create artificial gravity. Let's look at these questions in more detail.
Rotation stabilization
When we look at a car, we know which way it is going. It is managed through interaction with external environment- grip of the wheels with the road. Where the wheels turn - there and the whole car. But if we deprive him of this grip, if we send the car on bald tires to skate on ice, then it will spin in a waltz, which will be extremely dangerous for the driver. This type of movement is rare on Earth, but in space it is the norm.B. V. Raushenbakh, academician and laureate Lenin Prize, wrote in “Spacecraft Motion Control” about three main types of motion control tasks spacecraft:
- Obtaining the desired trajectory (controlling the movement of the center of mass),
- Attitude control, that is, obtaining the desired position of the spacecraft body relative to external landmarks (control rotational movement around the center of mass)
- The case when these two types of control are implemented simultaneously (for example, when spacecraft approach each other).
Adapted to life in conditions gravity the body manages to survive without it. And not only to survive, but also to work actively. But this little miracle is not without consequences. The experience accumulated over decades of human spaceflight has shown that a person experiences many loads in space, which also affect the psyche.
On Earth, our body struggles with gravity, which pulls the blood down. In space, this struggle continues, but the force of gravity is absent. Therefore, the astronauts are puffy. Intracranial pressure increases, pressure on the eyes increases. This deforms the optic nerve and affects the shape of the eyeballs. The content of plasma in the blood decreases, and due to the decrease in the amount of blood to be pumped, the muscles of the heart atrophy. The bone mass defect is significant, the bones become brittle.
To overcome these effects, people in orbit are forced to exercise daily. Therefore, the creation of artificial gravity is considered desirable for long-term space travel. Such technology should create physiologically natural conditions for people to live on board the vehicle. Even Konstantin Tsiolkovsky believed that artificial gravity would help solve many medical problems of human flight into space.
The idea itself is based on the principle of equivalence between the force of gravity and the force of inertia, which states: “The forces gravitational interaction are proportional to the gravitational mass of the body, while the forces of inertia are proportional to the inertial mass of the body. If the inertial and gravitational masses are equal, then it is impossible to distinguish what force acts on a given sufficiently small body - gravitational or inertial force.
This technology has disadvantages. In the case of a device with a small radius, different forces will act on the legs and on the head - the farther from the center of rotation, the stronger the artificial gravity. The second problem is the Coriolis force, due to the impact of which a person will be rocked when moving relative to the direction of rotation. To avoid this, the apparatus must be huge. And third important question associated with the complexity of designing and assembling such a device. When creating such a mechanism, it is important to think about how to make it possible for the crew to constantly access artificial gravity compartments and how to make this torus move smoothly.
AT real life such technology for the construction of spacecraft has not yet been used. For the ISS, an inflatable artificial gravity module was proposed to demonstrate the Nautilus-X prototype spacecraft. But the module is expensive and would create significant vibrations. Making the entire ISS in artificial gravity with current rockets is difficult to do - you would have to assemble everything in orbit in parts, which would greatly complicate the scope of operations. And yet this artificial gravity would cross out the very essence of the ISS as a flying microgravity laboratory.
The concept of an inflatable microgravity module for the ISS.
But artificial gravity lives in the imagination of science fiction writers. The ship "Hermes" from the movie "The Martian" has a rotating torus in the center, which creates artificial gravity to improve the condition of the crew and reduce the impact of weightlessness on the body.
The US National Aerospace Agency has developed a nine-level TRL technology readiness scale: from one to six - development within the framework of research and development, from seven and above - development work and demonstration of technology performance. The technology from the movie "The Martian" corresponds so far only to the third or fourth level.
There are many uses for this idea in science fiction literature and films. Arthur C. Clarke's A Space Odyssey series of novels described "Discovery One" in the form of a dumbbell, the meaning of which is to separate nuclear reactor with engine from residential area. The equator of the sphere contains a "carousel" with a diameter of 11 meters, rotating at a speed of about five revolutions per minute. This centrifuge creates a level of gravity equal to the moon, which should prevent physical atrophy in microgravity.
"Discovery One" from "Space Odyssey"
In the anime series Planetes, the ISPV-7 space station has huge rooms with familiar Earth gravity. The living area and the area for crop production are located in two tori, rotating in different directions.
Even hard science fiction ignores the enormous cost of such a solution. Enthusiasts took the Elysium ship from the movie of the same name as an example. The wheel diameter is 16 kilometers. Weight - about a million tons. Sending cargo into orbit costs $2,700 per kilogram, and the SpaceX Falcon will bring that figure down to $1,650 per kilogram. But it would take 18,382 launches to deliver that amount of materials. This is 1 trillion 650 billion US dollars - almost a hundred annual NASA budgets.
There is still a long way to go before real settlements in space, where people can enjoy the familiar 9.8 m / s² acceleration of free fall. Perhaps the reuse of rocket parts and space elevators will bring such an era closer.
Long space flights, the exploration of other planets, what science fiction writers Isaac Asimov, Stanislav Lem, Alexander Belyaev and others previously wrote about, will become a very possible reality thanks to knowledge. Since when recreating the earth's level of gravity, we will be able to avoid the negative consequences of microgravity (weightlessness) for humans (muscle atrophy, sensory, motor and vegetative disorders). That is, almost any person who wishes will be able to visit space, regardless of physical features body. At the same time, staying on board the spacecraft will become more comfortable. People will be able to use already existing, familiar devices, facilities (for example, a shower, a toilet).
On Earth, the level of gravity is determined by the acceleration of gravity on average equals 9.81 m / s 2 (“overload” 1 g), while in space, under conditions of weightlessness, approximately 10 -6 g. K.E. Tsiolkovsky cited analogies between the sensation of body weight when immersed in water or lying in bed with a state of weightlessness in space.
"The earth is the cradle of the mind, but one cannot live forever in the cradle."
"The world should be even simpler."
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
Interestingly, for gravitational biology, the ability to create different gravitational conditions will be a real breakthrough. It will become possible to study: how the structure changes, functions at the micro-, macro-levels, regularities under gravitational influences different sizes and direction. These discoveries, in turn, will help develop a fairly new direction now - gravitational therapy. The possibility and effectiveness of the application for the treatment of changes in gravity (increased compared to the Earth's) is considered. We feel the increase in gravity, as if the body is slightly heavier. Today, studies are underway on the use of gravitational therapy for hypertension, as well as for the restoration of bone tissue in fractures.
(artificial gravity) in most cases are based on the principle of equivalence of the forces of inertia and gravity. The principle of equivalence says that we feel approximately the same acceleration of movement without distinguishing the cause that caused it: gravity or the forces of inertia. In the first variant, acceleration occurs due to the influence of the gravitational field, in the second, due to the acceleration of the movement of a non-inertial frame of reference (a frame that moves with acceleration) in which a person is located. For example, a person in an elevator (non-inertial frame of reference) experiences a similar effect of inertial forces during a sharp rise up (with acceleration, it feels like the body is getting heavier for a few seconds) or braking (feeling that the floor is moving out from under the feet). From the point of view of physics: when the elevator rises, the acceleration of the car movement is added to the acceleration of free fall in a non-inertial frame. When is it recovering uniform motion- “gain” in weight disappears, that is, the usual sensation of body weight returns.
Today, as almost 50 years ago, centrifuges are used to create artificial gravity (used centrifugal acceleration during rotation space systems). In other words, during rotation space station centrifugal acceleration will occur around its axis, which will “push” the person away from the center of rotation, and as a result, the astronaut or other objects will be able to be on the “floor”. For a better understanding of this process and what difficulties scientists face, let's look at the formula by which the centrifugal force is determined when the centrifuge rotates:
F=m*v 2 *r, where m is mass, v is line speed, r is the distance from the center of rotation.
The linear speed is equal to: v=2π*rT, where T is the number of revolutions per second, π ≈3.14…
That is, the faster the spacecraft rotates, and the farther from the center the astronaut is, the stronger the created artificial gravity will be.
Having carefully looked at the figure, we can notice that with a small radius, the gravity force for the head and for the legs of a person will be significantly different, which in turn will make it difficult to move.
When the astronaut moves in the direction of rotation, the Coriolis force arises. At the same time, there is a high probability that a person will be constantly rocked. It is possible to get around this at a ship speed of 2 revolutions per minute, while an artificial gravity force of 1g is formed (as on Earth). But in this case, the radius will be 224 meters (approximately ¼ kilometer, this distance is similar to the height of a 95-story building or as long as two large sequoias). That is, it is theoretically possible to build an orbital station or a spacecraft of this size. But in practice, this requires a significant expenditure of resources, effort and time, which, under the conditions of the approaching global cataclysms(see report
) more humanely direct to real help needy.
Due to the inability to recreate required value gravity level for a person on orbital station or a spaceship, scientists decided to explore the possibility of "lowering the bar", that is, creating a gravity less than Earth's. Which suggests that for half a century of research it was not possible to obtain satisfactory results. This is not surprising, since in experiments they seek to create conditions under which the force of inertia or others would have an effect similar to the effect of gravity on Earth. That is, it turns out that artificial gravity, in fact, is not gravity.
Today in science there are only theories about what gravity is, most of which are based on the theory of relativity. At the same time, not one of them is complete (does not explain the flow, the results of any experiments in any conditions, and, on top of that, sometimes it does not agree with others physical theories confirmed experimentally). There is no clear knowledge and understanding: what is gravity, how gravity is related to space and time, what particles it consists of and what are their properties. Answers to these and many other questions can be found by comparing the information presented in the book "Ezoosmos" by A. Novykh and the report PRIMORDIAL ALLATRA PHYSICS. offers absolutely new approach, which is based on basic knowledge primary foundations of physics fundamental particles , patterns of their interaction. That is, based on a deep understanding of the essence of the gravitation process and, as a result, the possibility of an accurate calculation to recreate any values of gravitational conditions both in space and on Earth (gravitational therapy), predicting the results of conceivable and unimaginable experiments set by both man and nature.
PRIMORDIAL ALLATRA PHYSICS is much more than just physics. She opens possible solutions tasks of any complexity. But the main thing is due to the knowledge of the processes occurring at the level of particles and real action each person can realize the meaning of his life, figure out how the system works and get practical experience contact with the spiritual world. To realize the globality and primacy of the Spiritual, to get out of the framework/template limitations of consciousness, beyond the limits of the system, to gain True Freedom.
“As they say, when you have universal keys in your hands (knowledge about the basics of elementary particles), you can open any door (of the micro- and macroworld).”
“Under such conditions, it is possible to qualitatively new transition civilization on track spiritual self-development, scale scientific knowledge the world and yourself."
“Everything that oppresses a person in this world, starting from intrusive thoughts, aggressive emotions and ending with the stereotyped desires of an egoist-consumer ‒ this is the result of a person's choice in favor of the septon field‒ material intelligent system, which stereotyped exploits humanity. But if a person follows the choice of his spirituality then he becomes immortal. And there is no religion in this, but there is knowledge of physics, its primordial foundations.
Elena Fedorova
I don't know where I came from, where I'm going, or even who I am.
E. Schrödinger
In a number of works, an interesting effect was noted, which consisted in a change in the weight of objects in the presence of rotating masses. The change in weight occurred along the axis of rotation of the mass. In the works of N. Kozyrev, a change in the weight of a rotating gyroscope was observed. Moreover, depending on the direction of rotation of the gyroscope rotor, either a decrease or an increase in the weight of the gyroscope itself occurred. In the work of E. Podkletnov, a decrease in the weight of an object located above a superconducting rotating disk, which was in a magnetic field, was observed. In the work of V. Roshchin and S. Godin, the weight of a massive rotating disk made of magnetic material, which was itself the source magnetic field.
In these experiments, one common factor- the presence of a rotating mass.
Rotation is inherent in all objects of our Universe, from the microcosm to the macrocosm. Elementary particles have their own mechanical moment - spin, all planets, stars, galaxies also rotate around their axis. In other words, the rotation of any material object around its axis is its inherent property. A natural question arises: what is the reason for such a rotation?
If the hypothesis about the chronofield and its impact on space is correct, then we can assume that the expansion of space occurs due to its rotation under the influence of the chronofield. That is, the chronofield in our three-dimensional world expands space, from the area of subspace to the area of superspace, spinning it according to a strictly defined dependence.
As already noted, in the presence of a gravitational mass, the energy of the chronofield decreases, space expands more slowly, which leads to the appearance of gravity. As you move away from the gravitational mass, the energy of the chronofield increases, the rate of expansion of space increases, and the gravitational effect decreases. If in any area near the gravitational mass in any way to increase or decrease the rate of expansion of space, then this will lead to a change in the weight of objects located in this area.
It is likely that experiments with rotating masses have caused such a change in the rate of expansion of space. Space somehow interacts with the rotating mass. With a sufficiently high speed of rotation of a massive object, it is possible to increase or decrease the speed of expansion of space and, accordingly, change the weight of objects located along the axis of rotation.
The author made an attempt to test the experimentally stated assumption. An aircraft gyroscope was taken as a rotating mass. The scheme of the experiment corresponded to the experiment of E. Podkletnov. Loads of materials different density were balanced on an analytical balance with a measurement accuracy of up to 0.05 mg. The weight of the cargo was 10 gr. A gyroscope was placed under the scales with a load, which rotated with enough high speed. The frequency of the gyroscope power supply was 400 Hz. Gyroscopes of different masses with different moments of inertia were used. The maximum weight of the gyroscope rotor reached 1200 g. The gyroscopes were rotated both clockwise and counterclockwise.
Long-term experiments from the second half of March to August 2002 did not give positive results. Minor deviations of the weight within one division were sometimes observed. They could be attributed to errors arising due to vibrations or other, any external influences. However, the nature of these deviations was unambiguous. When rotating the gyroscope counterclockwise, a decrease in weight was observed, and clockwise - an increase.
During the experiment, the position of the gyroscope, the direction of its axis, changed at different angles to the horizon. But this did not give any results either.
In his work, N. Kozyrev noted that a change in the weight of a gyroscope could be detected late autumn and in winter, and even in this case, the readings changed during the day. Obviously, this is due to the position of the Earth relative to the Sun. N. Kozyrev conducted his experiments in Pulkovo observatory, which is located about 60° northern latitude. AT winter time year, the position of the Earth relative to the Sun is such that the direction of gravity at this latitude is almost perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic (7 °) at daytime. Those. the axis of rotation of the gyroscope was practically parallel to the axis of the ecliptic plane. AT summer time, to obtain a result, the experiment had to be tried at night. Perhaps the same reason did not allow to repeat the experiment of E. Podkletnov in other laboratories.
At the latitude of the city of Zhitomir (about 50°N), where the experiments were carried out by the author, the angle between the direction of gravity and the perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic is almost 63° in summer. Perhaps for this reason, only minor deviations were observed. But it is also possible that the effect was also on balancing weights. In this case, the difference in weight manifested itself due to the different distance from the weighed and balancing weights to the gyroscope.
One can imagine the following mechanism of weight change. Rotation gravitational masses and other objects and systems in the Universe occurs under the influence of the chronofield. But the rotation occurs around a single axis, the position of which in space depends on some factors that are still unknown to us. Accordingly, in the presence of such rotating objects, the expansion of space under the influence of the chronofield acquires a directed character. That is, in the direction of the axis of rotation of the system, the expansion of space will occur faster than in any other direction.
The space can be represented as quantum gas that fills everything even inside atomic nucleus. There is an interaction between space and the material objects within which it is located, which can be enhanced under the influence of external factors, for example, in the presence of a magnetic field. If the rotating mass is located in the plane of rotation of the gravitational system and rotates in the same direction at a sufficiently high speed, then along the axis of rotation the space will expand faster due to the interaction of space and the rotating mass. When the direction of gravity and the expansion of space coincide, then the weight of objects will decrease. With the opposite rotation, the expansion of space will slow down, which will lead to an increase in weight.
In those cases where the directions of action of the force of gravity and the expansion of space do not coincide, the resulting force changes insignificantly and is difficult to register.
The rotating mass will change the strength of the gravitational field in specific location. In the formula for the strength of the gravitational field g = (G· M) / R 2 gravitational constant G and the mass of the earth M cannot change. Therefore, the value changes R is the distance from the center of the earth to the object being weighed. Due to the additional expansion of space, this value increases by Δ R. That is, the load, as it were, rises above the surface of the Earth by this amount, which leads to a change in the intensity of the gravitational field g" = (G· M) / (R + Δ R) 2 .
In the case of slowing down the expansion of space, the value of Δ R will be deducted from R which will lead to weight gain.
Experiments with weight changes in the presence of a rotating mass do not allow high measurement accuracy to be achieved. Perhaps the speed of rotation of the gyroscope is not enough to noticeably change the weight, since the additional expansion of space is not very significant. If such experiments are carried out with quantum clock, you can achieve a higher measurement accuracy by comparing the readings of two clocks. In an area where space expands faster, the chronofield strength increases, and the clock will run faster and vice versa.
Information sources:
- Kozyrev N.A. On the possibility of experimental investigation of the properties of time. // Time in Science and Philosophy. Praga, 1971. P. 111...132.
- Roshchin V.V., Godin S.M. Experimental study of nonlinear effects in a dynamic magnetic system. , 2001.
- Yumashev V.E.
