Oceanological conditions over large areas Atlantic Ocean favorable for the development of life, therefore, of all the oceans, it is the most productive (260 kg / km 2). Until 1958, he was a leader in the production of fish and non-fish products. However, many years of intensive fishing had a negative impact on the resource base, which led to a slowdown in the growth of catches. At the same time, a sharp increase in the catch of the Peruvian anchovy began, and the Atlantic Ocean gave way to the Pacific in catches. In 2004, the Atlantic Ocean provided 43% of the world's catch. The volume of production of fish and non-fish objects fluctuates both over the years and over the areas of production.

Mining and fishing

Most of the catch comes from the Northeast Atlantic. This district is followed by the Northwestern, Central Eastern and Southeastern regions; North Atlantic was and continues to be the main fishing area, although in last years the role of its central and southern zones. In the ocean as a whole, catches in 2006 exceeded the annual average for 2001–2005. In 2009, production was lower than in 2006 by 1,985 thousand tons. Against the background of this general decrease in catches in two areas of the Atlantic, in the North-West and North-East, production decreased by 2198 thousand tons. Consequently, the main catch losses occurred in the North Atlantic.

An analysis of fisheries (including non-fish species) in the Atlantic Ocean in recent years has revealed the main causes of changes in catches in different fishing areas.

AT Northwestern region ocean production has declined due to the strict regulation of fishing in the 200-mile zones of the United States and Canada. At the same time, these states began to pursue a discriminatory policy against the socialist countries, sharply limiting their catch quotas, although they themselves do not use raw material base region to the fullest.

Increasing catches in South Western Atlantic associated with increased catches of countries South America.

In the South-East Atlantic, the total catch of African countries has decreased, but at the same time, compared with 2006, the catches of almost all states conducting expeditionary fishing here, and transnational corporations, whose nationality is difficult to determine by FAO, have increased.

In the Antarctic part of the Atlantic Ocean in 2009, the total production volume reached 452 thousand tons, of which 106.8 thousand tons were accounted for by crustaceans.

The data presented indicate that in modern conditions booty biological resources in the Atlantic Ocean has largely become determined by legal and political factors.

Coastal marine placers rich in ilmenite, rutile, zircon, and monocyte are represented by large deposits on the coasts of Brazil and the Florida peninsula (USA). On a smaller scale, minerals of this type are concentrated off the coast of Argentina, Uruguay, Denmark, Spain, and Portugal. Tin and ferruginous sands are found on the Atlantic coast North America and Europe, and coastal-sea placers of diamonds, gold, platinum - off the coast South West Africa(Angola, Namibia, South Africa). On the shelf Atlantic coast North and South America and Africa (Blake Plateau, near Morocco, Liberia, etc.) discovered phosphorite formations and phosphate sands (the extraction of which is still unprofitable due to more Low quality compared to land phosphorites). Extensive fields of ferromanganese nodules are located in the northwestern part of the ocean, in the North American Basin and on the Blake Plateau. The total reserves of ferromanganese nodules in the Atlantic Ocean are estimated at 45 billion tons. The level of concentration of non-ferrous metals in them (with a low content of manganese) is close to that of ore-bearing land rocks. In the Atlantic Ocean and its seas openly a large number of offshore oil and gas fields that are being intensively developed. The richest offshore oil and gas regions in the world include the Gulf of Mexico, the Maracaibo lagoon, the North Sea, the Gulf of Guinea, which are being intensively developed. Three large oil and gas provinces have been identified in the Western Atlantic: 1) from the Davis Strait to the latitude of New York ( industrial reserves near Labrador and south of Newfoundland); 2) offshore Brazil from Cape Kalkanyar to Rio de Janeiro (more than 25 fields have been discovered); 3) in the coastal waters of Argentina from the Gulf of San Jorge to the Strait of Magellan. According to estimates, promising oil and gas bearing areas make up about 1/4 of the ocean, and the total potential recoverable oil and gas resources are estimated at more than 80 billion tons. Some areas of the Atlantic shelf are rich coal(Great Britain, Canada), iron ore (Canada, Finland).

24. Transport system and ports of the Atlantic Ocean.

Leading place among others sea ​​basins peace. The world's largest cargo flow of oil from the Persian Gulf countries on its way to the Atlantic is divided into two branches: one goes around Africa from the south and goes to Western Europe, North and South America, and the other - through the Suez. Oil from countries North Africa to Europe and partly to North America, from the countries of the Gulf of Guinea to the USA and Brazil. From Mexico and Venezuela to the USA via the Caribbean, and from Alaska via the Panama Canal to ports on the Atlantic coast. Liquefied gas from North Africa (Algeria, Libya) to Western Europe and the USA. In transportation of dry bulk - iron ore(from Brazilian and Venezuelan ports to Europe), grain (from USA, Canada, Argentina to European ports), phosphorites (from USA (Florida), Morocco - Western Europe), bauxite and alumina (from Jamaica, Suriname and Guyana to USA ), manganese (from Brazil, Western and South Africa), chromium ore (from South Africa and the Mediterranean), zinc and nickel ores (from Canada), timber (from Canada, Scandinavian countries and northern ports of Russia to Western Europe). General cargo, 2/3 of which is carried by liner ships. Universal ports with high level mechanization. Western Europe-1/2 cargo turnover. English Channel to the Kiel Canal, East Coast Great Britain, Mediterranean port complexes along the coast of the Gulf of Lion and the Ligurian Sea. United States from the Gulf of Maine to the Chesapeake Bay: New York - New Jersey, Ameriport and Hampton Rhodes. Gulf of Mexico, where there are three main port-industrial complexes ( New Orleans and Baton Rouge; Galveston Bay and Houston Channel; ports of Beaumont, Port Arthur, Orange connected with the Gulf of Mexico by channels through Lake Sabine). oil (Amuay, Cartagena, Tobruk) and chemical (Arzev, Alexandria, Abidjan) plants, al (Belen, San Luis, Puerto Madryn), metallurgy (Tubaran, Maracaibo, Varrij), cement (Freeport) industries. southeast coast of Brazil (Santos, Rio de Janeiro, Victoria) and in La Plata Bay (Buenos Aires, Rosario, Santa Fe). (Port Harcourt, Lagos, Niger Delta). North African ports are wide open to the sea, and their universal character requires significant costs for the modernization of port facilities (Algiers, Tripoli, Casablanca, Alexandria and Tunisia). On a number of islands in the Caribbean (Bahamas, Caymans, Virgin Islands) the deepest transshipment terminals in this part of the ocean for large tankers (400-600 thousand deadweight tons) have been built.

South Atlantic Ocean. This includes areas adjacent to the eastern coast of South America and the southwestern coast of Africa, as well as the Antarctic regions, has a total area

more than 40 million km 2 , of which only about 3 million km 2 (7.5%)

occupied by depths of less than 1000 m, with the largest shallow water plateau (about 1.4 million km 2) called the Patagonian-Falkland shelf adjacent to the Atlantic coast of Uruguay and Argentina. A large latitudinal extent, which includes both warm subtropical and cold Antarctic zones, leaves its mark on the commercial fauna, represented here as warm water (tuna, marlin, swordfish, sciene, sardines, etc.) and cold water (blue whiting, merluea, notothenia, silverfish, toothfish, etc.) by the inhabitants. The intensity of fishing here is quite high only off the southwestern and southern coasts of Africa, where in individual years(1968-1970) sardine (up to 1.7 million tons), anchovy (0.4-0.6 million tons) and hake (0.5-0.7 million tons) were caught in large quantities, while on the Patagonian shelf, whose raw material resources make it possible to extract at least 5-6 million tons of fish, fishing is extremely poorly developed (only about 1.0 million tons are caught). The total catch within the South Atlantic only in recent years has reached 4 million tons, while the possible one exceeds 10 million tons.

The Antarctic regions are of significant importance for fishing, where whales, seals, some fish, squids live in commercial quantities, and the resource of mass planktonic crustacean - Arctic krill - is of especially great potential commercial importance.

Summarizing the current assessment of the biological resources used in the Atlantic Ocean and possible prospects for the further development of fisheries, it should be considered that in this basin the catch of traditional fishery objects by all countries can be increased from 23 - 25 to 35 million tons

The Soviet Union produced 3.5 million tons in the Atlantic Ocean basin, i.e. a significant part (39%) of their catch marine fish, and in recent years Russia has been considering this vast region

as the most important for the implementation of marine and oceanic fisheries,

Lecture No. 9 Topic: "Raw resources of the Pacific Ocean".

Pacific Ocean. Swimming pool Pacific Ocean is half

(176.7 million km 2 - 49.8%) of the entire water area of ​​the World Ocean. The predominant part of its surface (80.8%) is located above the depths from

3000 to 6000 m and only 8.7% (15.5 million km 2) is occupied by relatively shallow depths (less than 1000 m) and in this respect it is significantly inferior to the Atlantic, where about 15% is in shallow water areas.

The biggest cut coastline and the largest sections of the shelf are characteristic of the northern and western parts of the ocean (4.5 million km 2), where the Bering, Okhotsk, Japanese, Yellow, East and South China Seas and others are located, as well as areas adjacent to the Indonesian archipelago. In addition, the shelf zones of Australia, New Zealand and Tasmania are quite extensive (more than 2 million km 2). Along the North Pacific coast and is special. but the South American shelf is poorly developed. On the oceanological regime of the Pacific Ocean significant influence is provided by a system of currents that create several large-scale frontal zones and gyres in the northern and southern parts of the ocean.

Unlike the Atlantic, the northern part of the Pacific is connected to the basin of the Arctic Ocean by the narrow and shallow Bering Strait, and the Pacific waters cannot warm the seas of the corresponding sector of the Arctic (East Siberian, Chukchi, etc.), which are characterized as low-productive. Here, only polar cod (polar cod) can be considered as relatively numerous commercial fish.

The Pacific Ocean basin provides more than 53 million tons (6%) of the world's production of marine water bodies. However, the relatively weak development of shallow waters leads to the fact that the catches here are sharply dominated by pelagic (89^) rather than bottom objects, while in the Atlantic Ocean the proportion of the latter is much higher. Its modern fish productivity (300 kg/km) exceeded that of the Atlantic Ocean (250 kg/km) and many times

higher than the Indian one (60 kg/km), and there are still opportunities for further development of the fishery of traditional objects within it.

The Atlantic Ocean provides 2/5 of the world catch and its share decreases over the years. In subantarctic and antarctic waters, notothenia, blue whiting and others are of commercial importance, in the tropical zone - mackerel, tuna, sardine, in areas of cold currents - anchovies, in temperate latitudes northern hemisphere- herring, cod, haddock, halibut, sea bass. In the 1970s, due to overfishing of some fish species, the volume of fishing fell sharply, but after the introduction of strict limits, fish stocks are gradually recovering. Several international fisheries conventions operate in the Atlantic Ocean basin, aiming at efficient and rational use biological resources, based on the application of scientifically based measures to regulate the fishery. The shelves of the Atlantic Ocean are rich in deposits of oil and other minerals. Thousands of wells drilled offshore Gulf of Mexico and in the North Sea. Phosphorite deposits have been discovered in the area of ​​deep water rise off the coast of North Africa in tropical latitudes. Placer deposits of tin off the coast of Great Britain and Florida, as well as diamond deposits off the coast of South-West Africa, have been found on the shelf in the sediments of ancient and modern rivers. Ferromanganese nodules have been found in bottom basins off the coasts of Florida and Newfoundland.
In connection with the growth of cities, the development of shipping in many seas and in the ocean itself in recent times there is deterioration natural conditions. Water and air are polluted, conditions for recreation on the shores of the ocean and its seas have worsened. For example, the North Sea is covered with many kilometers of oil slicks. Off the coast of North America, the oil film is hundreds of kilometers wide. The Mediterranean Sea is one of the most polluted on Earth. The Atlantic is no longer able to clean up waste on its own.

124.Physical-geographical zoning of the Atlantic Ocean. At the level of physical and geographical zones, the following divisions are distinguished: 1. Northern subpolar belt (north-western part of the ocean adjacent to Labrador and Greenland). In spite of low temperatures water and air, these areas are distinguished by high productivity, have always been of great commercial importance.2. Northern temperate belt (spreads far beyond the Arctic Circle into the waters of the Arctic Ocean). The coastal regions of this belt have a particularly rich organic world and have long been famous for the productivity of the fishing regions.3. Northern sub tropical belt(narrow). It stands out primarily for its high salinity and high temperature water. Life here is much poorer than in more high latitudes. Commercial value is small, except for the Mediterranean (the pearl of the entire belt =)4. Northern tropical zone. Characterized by rich organic world within the nerite zone caribbean and very sparse within the open water area.5. equatorial belt. It is distinguished by the constancy of temperature conditions, an abundance of precipitation and common wealth organic world.6. Southern tropical, subtropical and temperate belt, generally similar to those of the same name in the northern hemisphere, only the boundaries of the southern tropical and southern subtropical pass in the western part of approx. to the south (influence of the Brazilian current), and in the east - to the north (influence of the cold Benguela current) .7. Southern subpolar - important commercial value.8. South polar! (it is absent in the north), they are distinguished by the greatest severity of natural conditions, ice cover and much less populated.

125. Geographical position, size, boundaries, configuration of the Pacific Ocean. Pacific Ocean - greatest ocean of the earth. It accounts for about half (49%) of the area and more than half (53%) of the volume of the waters of the World Ocean, and the surface area is equal to almost a third of the entire surface of the Earth as a whole. By number (about 10 thousand) and total area(more than 3.5 million km 2) of islands, it ranks first among the rest of the oceans of the Earth. Pacific Ocean to the northwest and west limited coasts of Eurasia and Australia, in the northeast and east - the coasts of North and South America. Border with the North Arctic Ocean is carried through the Bering Strait along the Northern polar circle. southern border the Pacific Ocean (as well as the Atlantic and Indian) is considered north coast Antarctica. When identifying the Southern (Antarctic) Ocean, its northern border carried out on the waters of the World Ocean, depending on the regime change surface water from temperate latitudes to Antarctic. Square The Pacific Ocean from the Bering Strait to the coast of Antarctica is 178 million km 2, the volume of water is 710 million km 3. Borders with other oceans south of Australia and South America are also held on probation water surface: with the Indian Ocean - from Cape South East Point approximately along 147 ° E, with the Atlantic Ocean - from Cape Horn to the Antarctic Peninsula. In addition to a wide connection with other oceans in the south, there is a connection between the Pacific and the northern part indian ocean through the interisland seas and straits of the Sunda archipelago. Northern and western (Eurasian) coasts of the Pacific Ocean dismembered seas (there are more than 20 of them), bays and straits, separating large peninsulas, islands and entire archipelagos of continental and volcanic origin. The coasts of Eastern Australia, the southern part of North America and especially South America are usually straight and difficult to access from the ocean. With a huge surface area and linear dimensions (more than 19 thousand km from west to east and about 16 thousand km from north to south), the Pacific Ocean is characterized by underdevelopment the margins of the continents (only 10% of the bottom area) and a relatively small number of shelf seas. Within the intertropical space, the Pacific Ocean is characterized by accumulations of volcanic and coral islands.

To the question Resources of the ATLANTIC OCEAN? given by the author Nasopharynx the best answer is Mineral Resources. Among the mineral resources of the Atlantic Ocean essential have oil and gas (map to the station. World Ocean). North America has oil and gas shelves of the Labrador Sea, bays: St. Lawrence, Nova Scotia, Georges Bank. Oil reserves on the eastern shelf of Canada are estimated at 2.5 billion tons, gas 3.3 trillion. m3, on the eastern shelf and continental slope of the United States - up to 0.54 billion tons of oil and 0.39 trillion. m3 of gas. More than 280 fields have been discovered on the southern shelf of the United States, and more than 20 fields have been discovered off the coast of Mexico (see Gulf of Mexico oil and gas basin). More than 60% of Venezuela's oil is produced in the Maracaibo lagoon (see Maracaiba oil and gas basin). The deposits of the Gulf of Paria (Trinidad Island) are actively exploited. General stocks Caribbean shelves account for up to 13 billion tons of oil and 8.5 trillion. m3 of gas. Oil and gas bearing areas have been identified on the shelves of Brazil (Toduz-yc-Santos Bay) and Argentina (San Xopxe Bay). Oil fields have been discovered in the North (114 fields) and the Irish Seas, the Gulf of Guinea (50 offshore Nigeria, 37 off Gabon, 3 off the Congo, etc.).

Answer from Yörgey Savenets[newbie]
riba

Answer from Neurologist[newbie]


Everything is very short!

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Answer from Maxim Surmin[newbie]
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Answer from Danil fomenko[newbie]
Mineral resources. Among the mineral resources of the Atlantic Ocean, oil and gas are of the greatest importance (map to World Ocean station). In North America, the shelves of the Labrador Sea, bays of St. Lawrence, Nova Scotia, Georges Bank are oil and gas bearing. Oil reserves on the eastern shelf of Canada are estimated at 2.5 billion tons, gas 3.3 trillion. m3, on the eastern shelf and continental slope of the United States - up to 0.54 billion tons of oil and 0.39 trillion. m3 of gas. More than 280 fields have been discovered on the southern shelf of the United States, and more than 20 fields have been discovered off the coast of Mexico (see Gulf of Mexico oil and gas basin). More than 60% of Venezuela's oil is produced in the Maracaibo lagoon (see Maracaiba oil and gas basin). The deposits of the Gulf of Paria (Trinidad Island) are actively exploited. The total reserves of the Caribbean Sea shelves are up to 13 billion tons of oil and 8.5 trillion. m3 of gas. Oil and gas bearing areas have been identified on the shelves of Brazil (Toduz-yc-Santos Bay) and Argentina (San Xopxe Bay). Oil fields have been discovered in the North (114 fields) and the Irish Seas, the Gulf of Guinea (50 offshore Nigeria, 37 off Gabon, 3 off the Congo, etc.).
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Valentin Bibik Pupil (193) 1 year ago
Natural resources: oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (pinnipeds and whales), sand and gravel mixtures, alluvial deposits, ferromanganese nodules, precious stones
Definition: This indicator contains information on natural resources, mineral resources, energy, fisheries and forestry resources.
Everything is very short!
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Andrey Zelenin Pupil (140) 1 month ago
fish, oil, oyster mining.
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Maxim Surmin Pupil (197) 3 weeks ago
lol
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