Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin
Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin - Russian poet of the Enlightenment, statesman Russian Empire, Senator, Acting Privy Councillor.
According to family tradition, the Derzhavins and Narbekovs descended from one of the Tatar families. A certain Bagrim-Murza left for Moscow from the Great Horde and after baptism entered the service of Grand Duke Vasily Vasilyevich.
Gavriil Romanovich was born into a family of small estate nobles in the Sokura family estate near Kazan on July 14, 1743, where he spent his childhood. Mother - Fyokla Andreevna (nee Kozlova). Father, Second Major Roman Nikolaevich, Gavril Romanovich lost at an early age.
From 1762 he served as an ordinary guardsman in the Preobrazhensky regiment, as part of the regiment he took part in coup d'état June 28, 1762, as a result of which Catherine II came to the throne.
From 1772 he served in the regiment as an officer (with the rank of second lieutenant), in 1773-1775 he participated in the suppression of the uprising of Yemelyan Pugachev. Derzhavin's notes are a valuable primary source of information about the uprising, since at the headquarters of the commander of the troops, General A. I. Bibikov, he was engaged in office work and communications with local nobility, the organization of the noble militia (cavalry corps), led undercover activities (sending scouts and their legends, re-recruiting enemy agents), personally participated in the compilation of the list of names of the rebels, constantly contacted key actors from government forces, interviewed many people from different layers population. On top of that, he knew the theater of war well, since he was born and raised in those places, which distinguishes his memories of geographical accuracy. A. S. Pushkin, working on the "History of the Pugachev rebellion" and " Captain's daughter”, to match the true picture of events, relied heavily on Derzhavin’s materials. During the period of the uprising, Derzhavin wrote several thick notebooks, which are now the most valuable source of information: 1) “My black holidays on the Pugachev commission”, 2) “Orders on the commission of the rebel Pugachev”, 3) “Messages and reports on the Pugachev commission”, 4) "Particular letters during the Pugachev rebellion". The work of systematizing Derzhavin's works on the Pugachev campaign was carried out by Academician Ya. K. Grot.
Derzhavin's first poems were published in 1773.
In 1777, upon retirement, began civil service State Councilor G. R. Derzhavin in the Governing Senate.
Wide literary fame came to G. Derzhavin in 1782 after the publication of the ode "Felitsa", which in enthusiastic tones was dedicated by the author to Empress Catherine II.
Since the founding in 1783 of the Imperial Russian Academy Derzhavin was a member of the academy, received direct participation in compiling and publishing the first explanatory dictionary Russian language.
In May 1784 he was appointed ruler of the Olonets vicegerency. Arriving in Petrozavodsk, he organized the formation of provincial administrative, financial and judicial institutions, put into operation the first civil medical institution in the province - city hospital. The result of on-site inspections in the districts of the province was his “A Day Note, made during the review of the province by the ruler of the Olonets viceroy Derzhavin”, in which G. R. Derzhavin showed the interdependence of natural and economic factors, noted the elements of the material and spiritual culture of the region. Later images Karelia entered his work: the poems "Storm", "Swan", "To the second neighbor", "For Happiness", "Waterfall".
In 1786-1788 he served as the ruler of the Tambov viceroy. He showed himself to be an enlightened leader, left significant footprint in the history of the region. Under Derzhavin, several public schools, a theater, a printing house (where the first provincial newspaper Tambovskiye Izvestiya in the Russian Empire was printed in 1788), a plan for Tambov was drawn up, order was put in place in office work, an orphanage, an almshouse and a hospital were founded.
In 1791-1793 he was the cabinet-secretary of Catherine II.
In 1793 he was appointed senator with the production of privy councillors.
From 1795 to 1796 - President of the College of Commerce.
In 1802-1803 he was Minister of Justice of the Russian Empire.
All this time, Derzhavin did not leave the literary field, creating the ode "God" (1784), "The thunder of victory, resound!" (1791, unofficial Russian anthem), "Nobleman" (1794), "Waterfall" (1798) and many others.
Gavriil Romanovich was friends with Prince S. F. Golitsyn and visited the Golitsyn estate in Zubrilovka. AT famous poem"Autumn during the siege of Ochakov" (1788) Derzhavin urged his friend to quickly take the Turkish fortress and return to his family.
October 7, 1803 was dismissed and released from all government posts("dismissed from all cases").
In retirement, he settled in his estate Zvanka in the Novgorod province. AT last years his life was engaged in literary activity.
Derzhavin died in 1816 at his home on the Zvanka estate.
Bibliography:
Baevsky, V.S. Derzhavin // History of Russian poetry: 1730-1980: compendium, tutorial 3rd ed. correct and additional / V.S. Bayevsky. - Moscow: New school, 1996. - P.37-52.
Genika, I. Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin / I. Ganika // Russian writers in Moscow: collection / comp. L.P. Bykovtsev. - 3rd ed., add. and reworked. - Moscow: Moscow worker, 1987. - S. 56-64.
Derzhavin Gavrila Romanovich // Big literary encyclopedia/ V.E. Krasovsky. - Moscow: Philological Society WORD: OLMA-PRESS Education, 2004. - P. 247-248.
Derzhavin Gavrila Romanovich // Big Encyclopedia: in 62 volumes / ed. S.A. Kondratov. - T.15. - Moscow: TERRA, 2006. - S. 60-61.
Krasnikov, G.N. Unstoppable Derzhavin / G.N. Krasnikov // Literature at school. - 2011. - No. 10. - S. 2-7.
Mashevsky, A. Derzhavin / A. Mashevsky // Literature. - 2002. - No. 11. - S. 8-12.
Obernikhin, G.A. Derzhavin Gavriil Romanovich / G.A. Obernikhina // Poetry Lessons: Poetic Masterpieces of Russians poets of the XVIII-XIX centuries: textbook / Obernikhina, G.A. Obernikhin, V.A. - Moscow: INFRA-M, 2013. - 464 p.
Tahoe-Godi, E.A. Derzhavin Gavrila (Gavriil) Romanovich / E.A. Takho-Godi // Great Russian Encyclopedia: in 30 volumes / chairman. Scientific-ed. advice Yu.S. Osipov, answer. Ed. S.L. Kravets. - T. 8. Grigoriev - Dynamics. - Moscow: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2007. - S. 564-565.
Web bibliography:
Derzhavin Gavriil Romanovich: [ Electronic resource] – Electron. Dan. - [B. Moscow], 2018. – Access mode: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8 %D0%BD,_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0 %D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 , free - Zagl. from the screen.
Russian State Library: [Electronic resource] - Electron. Dan. - [B. m.], 1999-2017. – Access mode: https://www.rsl.ru/, free. - Zagl. from the screen.
Russian National Library: [Electronic resource] - Electron. Dan. - [B. m.], 1998-2018. – Access mode: http://www.nlr/en:8101/, free - Zagl. from the screen.
In his text, V. F. Khodasevich, a Russian poet and critic, raises important issue: power.
In a short but capacious text, the author covers the life of the Russian poet and statesman G. R. Derzhavin after his resignation from the service. Moving away from public affairs, Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin was in the village of Zvanka.
He often thought about world history and more and more affirmed in the opinion: “... the world is beautiful, but history is disgusting. Disgusting are the deeds of those in whose hands the fate of mankind was.” The poet was horrified to understand that because of the actions of the “historical giants”, thousands of ordinary people.
The position of the author is clear. V. F. Khodasevich is convinced that G. R. Derzhavin despised the rulers and nobles who controlled human destinies and turned ordinary people into “cannon fodder of history”. Both the author of the text and G. R. Derzhavin hate the idea that because of the decisions of people occupying more high position in society, other, innocent, ordinary, “little” people suffer.
Indeed, throughout the history of the world, thousands of human lives are in the hands of rulers and statesmen. Very often, ordinary people pay with their lives for their wrong decisions and mistakes. At the same time, often the actions of the rulers, aimed at the benefit of the state, infringe on the interests of the people and make their life only worse. I will bring literary arguments confirming my opinion.
First, let's turn to A. S. Pushkin's poem “ Bronze Horseman". At the beginning of the work, it is told how Tsar Peter 1 decides to build a new capital on the banks of the Neva River. A hundred years pass, the city is built, and people live in it. Petty official Eugene, who lives here, dreams of a happy life with his beloved. Unfortunately, the girl dies during the next flood of the river on which the city stands. It destroys Eugene's dreams on happy life drives him crazy and kills him. The work shows how an ordinary person suffers because of the decision of the king to build a city on the banks of the river.
Secondly, consider J. Orwell's dystopian novel "1984". In the work, we see a state where all residents must agree with the policy of the party. There is a “thought police” in the country, the main task of which is to track wrong thinking people. So the state neglects the personal space of people in order to prevent the possibility of overthrowing the government.
The text touched me to the core, made me think about the fact that the lives of many ordinary people depend on the decisions of the rulers. Unfortunately, because of this, the common people often pay for the mistakes of statesmen.
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Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin (1743-1816) - another prominent figure in Russian literature XVIII century. His poetry completes the classicist tradition and at the same time opens up new paths, prepares for the emergence of Pushkin's "poetry of reality." According to Belinsky, Derzhavin's poetry "was the first step in the transition from rhetoric to life."
Fame came to Derzhavin in 1783, when he created the ode "Felitsa" in praise of Catherine II. Although it was written with a solemn ode in mind, the destruction of this genre is already clearly visible here. Subsequently, the author himself will define this genre - "mixed ode". Classicism forbade the combination of high ode and satire, which belonged to low genres, in one work. But in Derzhavin, in an ode praising the empress, a satirical portrait of the vicious “Murza” (nobleman) is created, and the “god-like” Felitsa is shown in an ordinary way (“You often walk on foot ...”), is drawn in simple words, without any pomp. This does not reduce her image, but makes it more real, humane, as if written off from nature.
Derzhavin's poetry is multifaceted. It contains satirical or "angry", as he himself called them, odes, the most famous of which was the poem "To the Rulers and Judges" (an arrangement of 81 psalms of the Psalter). The necessity of subordinating everyone to the single law of the highest truth and justice and the inevitability of punishment for those "evil" rulers who do not obey it - that's the main idea Derzhavin ode. Its accusatory power was such that contemporaries perceived this poem as a revolutionary proclamation.
But in Derzhavin's poetry there are also verses addressed to privacy person. Here with the greatest force another new quality of Derzhavin's creativity is manifested - autobiography, the creation of the image of a poet, concrete, visual, although not yet lyrically deepened, as in Zhukovsky's poetry. This phenomenon, new to Russian poetry, is clearly seen in his Anacreontic odes - small, elegant poems in which, often in a joking manner, the poet talks about himself, his friends and lovers ("The Crown of Immortality", "Russian Girls").
A large place in Derzhavin's poetry is occupied by philosophical odes, among which the ode "God" received the greatest fame, translated into many European and Eastern languages during the life of the poet. Here it is clear main topic Derzhavin's creativity: self-consciousness of the individual in the face of the universe. For him, a person is inherently contradictory: he not only "commands the thunders with his mind", but also "decays in the dust with his body." "I am a king - I am a slave - I am a worm - I am God!" - such is the range of the human personality. If Lomonosov, in his spiritual odes, wants to penetrate beyond the bounds of the unknown, then Derzhavin wants to accept God and Man in their natural reality, “talk about God in heartfelt simplicity.” If in Lomonosov a person is a creator and researcher, a titan-discoverer, then in Derzhavin's ode - a person comprehends the riddle of his nature and in this way discovers for himself the whole external world of God and the Creator himself. This is also connected with a special awareness of one's destiny in Derzhavin's poetry. It was he who for the first time in Russian literature so widely developed the theme of creativity, poetry, its role and meaning in human life. Among the poems on this topic are "Key", "Swan", "Vision of Murza" and the most famous - "Monument" (1795). This poem is a free translation of the ode of the ancient Roman poet Horace "To Melpomene", dedicated to summing up his poetic creativity and its evaluation. It laid down the tradition of understanding the theme of the poet and poetry in Russian literature (“I erected a monument to myself not made by hands ...” by A.S. Pushkin). Based on Lomonosov's translation of The Monument, Derzhavin puts forward his own criteria for evaluating poetic creativity, asserting in his own way the right to immortality. The power of poetry for him turns out to be more powerful than the laws of nature ("metals are harder", not subject to whirlwinds, thunder, time) and above the glory of "earthly gods" - kings. The poet connects his immortality with the "kind of Slavs", emphasizing national character of your creativity:
And my glory will grow without fading,
How long the Slavs
The universe will honor.
Derzhavin sees his merits in the fact that he made the Russian syllable "funny", that is, simple, cheerful, sharp. And the main thing is his poetic sincerity and civic courage, thanks to which he was able to
Talk about God in simplicity of heart
And tell the truth to kings with a smile.
- New!
Unlike his predecessors, Derzhavin is firmly convinced that the author and his personal life can be the subject of poetry, and boldly introduces this theme into his work. In the poem "A Walk in Tsarskoye Selo" the young Derzhavin appears before the reader, ...
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In my imagination, Derzhavin connects the distant 18th century, lost in the fog of "deep antiquity", and the 19th century, very close, familiar by so many names. After all, on the one hand, Derzhavin is a younger contemporary of Lomonosov, and on the other, he ...
Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin is one of major poets 18th century, the last representative of Russian classicism in literature. His work is absolutely contradictory. Revealing the potentials of classicism, Derzhavin, along with this, smashed it, paving the way for a romantic ...
Is it necessary to feel sorry for people who find themselves in a difficult life situation? How can we help them? What is more important: just pitiful reasoning or real deeds? These and other questions arise in my mind after reading VF Khodasevich's text.
The author raises the problem of attitude to ordinary people in your text. It tells the story of the famous Russian poet Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin, who retired against his will. He had nothing to do. He did not know how to conduct economic affairs, and his wife managed the estate. Derzhavin rested, blaming ingratitude " three kings and the Fatherland itself”, and even “rulers and nobles of all times and peoples”.
The more he blamed the mighty of the world of this, the more he loved the weak, considering them "victims of historical giants, cannon fodder in history." He not only loved, but took an active part in their fate, sought to help. He opened a hospital for peasants on the estate, bought cows and horses for poor peasants, gave them bread, and built new huts. And in this he saw the meaning of his life.
I believe that the position of the author is as follows: you need to help those who need it. If you have the opportunity, please help. Helping, Derzhavin stopped feeling sorry for himself, living offended. He got new meaning life: active participation in the fate of ordinary people. Despite the obstacles that his wife made, he managed to help them.
Than just feel sorry for yourself, complaining about life circumstances better get down to business. And what could be better than helping others, those who need it. This is what teaches us fiction. Need help. This is the noblest occupation, which brings benefit to another, and satisfaction to you.
In the story of A.I. Kuprin “ Miraculous doctor» Dr. Pirogov in the park accidentally met a desperate man who at that very moment decided to commit suicide, it seemed so unbearable to him. Despite Mertsalov's harsh tone and unwillingness to talk to a contented stranger, the doctor did not leave. He questioned the man about everything, learning that both he and his family were in a desperate situation and they needed help. The doctor does not postpone until later, does not promise, but on the same evening helps the family in a hopeless situation with deeds. All that was needed was a few banknotes, medicine for a sick child, food and ... good word that everything will be fine. Everything got better, the head of the family found a job, the girl recovered, and prosperity returned to the family. It is hard to imagine what would have happened to them if it were not for a passer-by who not only took pity, but helped.
I also remember "The Tale of Captain Kopeikin" in "Dead Souls" by N.V. Gogol. Captain Kopeikin, participating in the campaign of 1812, lost an arm and a leg. He had nothing to live on, and he went to St. Petersburg to ask for the favor of the sovereign, for benefits. The sovereign was not there, and Kopeikin was forced to wait for him for several days. Such petitioners were like "beans on a plate." The nobleman was at first supportive. But when Kopeikin ran out of money and could no longer wait, which he bluntly informed the nobleman about, he, without showing any compassion for the poor man, ordered him to be taken out of St. high road. Two months later, it became known that robbers appeared in the Ryazan forests, led by a mutilated serviceman. And what did the nobleman need to treat Kopeikin with understanding?
From all of the above, I would like to draw a conclusion: we need to help those who find themselves in a difficult life situation. We must remember that help may be needed for us and our loved ones. Imagine a world where no one helps anyone. And everyone lives only for themselves. A terrible sight. Feel free to do good. This, I am sure, is the meaning of our life.
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Gavriil Derzhavin went down in history not only as a writer, he went from a private guard to the Minister of Justice of the Russian Empire. He was the governor of two regions and personal assistant to Catherine II. He wrote the first unofficial anthem of Russia, participated in one of the first literary circles of the 18th century, and then created his own - "Conversation of lovers of the Russian word."
Gavriil Derzhavin was born in 1743 near Kazan. His father died early, and it was difficult for his mother to give her sons a good education. The family moved frequently. First, Derzhavin studied at the Orenburg school, then at the Kazan gymnasium. Here he got acquainted with the poetry of Mikhail Lomonosov, Alexander Sumarokov, Vasily Trediakovsky and tried to compose poetry himself. Vladislav Khodasevich wrote about his first works: “It came out clumsily and clumsily; neither verse nor syllable was given, but there was no one to show, there was no one to ask for advice and guidance..
Since 1762, Gavriil Derzhavin served as an ordinary guard in the Preobrazhensky Regiment. The poet recalled this time as the most joyless period of his life. He carried out a difficult soldier's service, and in his rare free moments he wrote poetry. In part, Derzhavin became addicted to cards, he wrote in his autobiography: “I learned conspiracies and all sorts of game scams. But, thanks be to God, that the conscience, or, rather, the prayers of the mother, never before allowed him to indulge in impudent theft or insidious betrayal.. Because of his addiction, Derzhavin was once almost demoted to the soldier: he was so carried away by the game that he did not return from his dismissal in time.
Ivan Smirnovsky. Portrait of Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin. 1790
Deciding to end his wild life, Derzhavin moved to St. Petersburg. At that time, a plague was raging in Russia, and at the quarantine outpost - at the entrance to the capital - the poet was forced to burn all his papers: “Everything that in all his youth, after almost 20 years, he smeared, like that: translations from German language and his own writings in prose and verse. Whether they were good or bad, that cannot now be said; but from his close friends who read ... highly praised ". Gavriil Derzhavin later reproduced many of the lost poems from memory.
In the years Peasants' War(1773–1775) Gavriil Derzhavin served on the Volga, worked on the commission to investigate the cases of Emelyan Pugachev's accomplices. He wrote an "exhortation to the Kalmyks", in which he urged them to repent and not support the peasant unrest. Commander-in-Chief Alexander Bibikov sent this message along with a report to Catherine II. Financial situation Derzhavin was difficult, and soon he wrote a letter to the empress listing his merits. The poet was appointed a collegiate adviser and granted him 300 souls. And four years later, a book with odes by Derzhavin was published.
Soon Gavriil Derzhavin married Ekaterina Bastidon, the daughter of a former valet Peter III and nurse of Paul I. Derzhavin called his wife Plenira - from the word "captivate" - and dedicated many poems to her. It was during these years that he found his own literary style. He wrote philosophical lyrics- odes "On the death of Prince Meshchersky" (1799), "God" (1784), the poem "Autumn during the siege of Ochakov" (1788).
"Felitsa" and the first anthem of Russia
Derzhavin published, but he was not very well known in literary circles. Everything changed in 1783, when the poet wrote the ode "Felitsa" with a dedication to Catherine II. The poet took the name from the pedagogical work of the Empress - "Tales of Tsarevich Chlorus." In his poem, the “princess of the Kirghiz-Kaisak horde” turned into the ideal of an enlightened ruler, the mother of the people. For the ode, Derzhavin was awarded a gold snuff-box studded with diamonds, which contained 500 chervonets. And after a loud poetic performance, the poet began to complain high positions. However, his principled nature prevented Derzhavin from getting along with officials, and he was often transferred from place to place.
“As soon as some injustice and oppression rendered to someone or, on the contrary, some kind of feat of philanthropy and a good deed touches his ears, the cap will immediately come to life, his eyes will sparkle, and the poet turns into an orator, a champion of truth.”
Stepan Zhikharev
Salvator Tonchi. Portrait of Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin. 1801
In 1784 he was appointed governor of Olonets in Petrozavodsk, and in 1785 he was transferred to Tambov. This area was then one of the most backward in the country. Derzhavin built a school, a hospital, an orphanage in Tambov, opened a city theater and the city's first printing house.
Six years later, the poet went to the service of the empress personally: he became her office secretary. But since honest Derzhavin reported more “everything unpleasant, that is, petitions for injustice, rewards for merit and favors for poverty”, Catherine II tried to contact her assistant as rarely as possible, and soon he was completely transferred to serve in the Senate.
In 1791, Derzhavin created the first Russian anthem, albeit an unofficial one. There was a war with Turkey, Russian troops led by Alexander Suvorov took the fortress of Izmail. Inspired by this victory, Derzhavin wrote the poem "Thunder of victory, resound!". The poem was set to music by the composer Osip Kozlovsky. Only 15 years later, the “Thunder of Victory” was replaced by the official anthem “God Save the Tsar!”.
After the death of his first wife, the poet married a second time - to Daria Dyakova. Derzhavin had no children in any of his marriages. The couple took care of the children dead friend family - Peter Lazarev. One of his sons, Mikhail Lazarev, became an admiral, discoverer of Antarctica, governor of Sevastopol. Also, the nieces of Daria Dyakova were brought up in the family.
Under Paul I, Derzhavin served in the Supreme Council, was president of the College of Commerce and state treasurer. Under Emperor Alexander I - Minister of Justice of the Russian Empire. All this time the poet continued to write. He created the odes "God", "Nobleman", "Waterfall". In 1803, Gavriil Derzhavin finally left the civil service.
I couldn't pretend
to be like a saint
Inflate with an important dignity,
And take the form of a philosopher ...... I fell, got up in my age.
Come on, sage! on my coffin stone,
If you are not human.Gabriel Derzhavin
"Conversation of lovers of the Russian word"
After his resignation, Gavriil Derzhavin devoted himself entirely to literature. He wrote tragedies, comedies and operas for the theatre, created poetic translations Racine. The poet also composed fables ("Blind Man's Bluff", "Minister's Choice"), worked on the treatise "Discourse on lyric poetry or about clothes. "Notes", as the author called them, contained the theory of versification and examples - poetry different periods starting from ancient Greek. In 1812, the poet wrote the fairy tale "The Tsar Maiden".
Gabriel Derzhavin organized literary circle"Conversation of lovers of the Russian word." It included writers Dmitry Khvostov, Alexander Shishkov, Alexander Shakhovskoy, Ivan Dmitriev.
“His head was a repository of comparisons, similes, maxims and pictures for his future poetry. He spoke abruptly and not redly. But the same man spoke at length, abruptly, and with vehemence, when he recounted some controversy over important business in the Senate or about court intrigues, and sat up until midnight at the paper, when he wrote a voice, conclusion or draft of some state decree.
Ivan Dmitriev
The Besedchiki adhered to conservative views on literary creativity, opposed the reforms of the Russian language - they were defended by supporters of Nikolai Karamzin. The "Karamzinists" were the main opponents of "Conversations", later they formed the "Arzamas" society.
The last work of Gabriel Derzhavin was the unfinished poem "The River of Times in its striving ...". In 1816, the poet died in his Novgorod estate Zvanka.
