Formation process political map associated with the period of public division labor, private property and the stratification of society into classes. The change in social formations determined the time limits of the main stages in the formation of the political map. There are 4 periods in the formation of a political map:
1. ancient stage (before the 5th century AD) is characterized by the formation slave states(China, India, Mesopotamia), flourishing culture in Egypt, Greece and Rome. The main means of territorial change is force and military action.
2. medieval stage(V - XV centuries) is characterized by the formation of feudal states in Europe (Byzantium, the Holy Roman Empire, Kievan Rus) and on the American continent (states of the Incas and Aztecs). An internal market is taking shape, the isolation of farms and regions is being overcome, the desire of feudal states for territorial seizures (Kievan, Moscow Rus, Byzantine Empire, Portugal, Spain, the formation of the economy of England and France begins);
3. New stage(from the 15th century until the end of the First World War) is associated with the era of great geographical discoveries, which led to the colonization of the world. The countries of Africa, Asia and America were involved in the process of the international division of labor. The political map of the world became especially unstable, as the struggle between the developed capitalist countries for the division of the world intensified, the beginning of the European colonial expansion. At the beginning of the period, Spain and Portugal (navy) dominated, an agreement was signed on dividing the world into Spanish and Portuguese (border 150 miles from the Azores). Then England and France dominate (they mastered North America, Africa, Australia). At the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. there is a struggle for the territorial division of the world (England belonged to Africa, Australia, Oceania, South Asia, French Caribbean). By 1914, the largest metropolises were the USA, Japan, Western Europe. The origin, formation and development of capitalism.
4. The newest stage(end of World War I to the present). During this period there were major events, as the appearance on the world map of the RSFSR, and later the USSR, the first and second world wars. As a result, two political camps were formed - capitalist and socialist, many colonies disintegrated. By the end of this period, more than 100 independent states in Africa, Asia and Latin America.
The twentieth century, from the point of view of the formation of a political map, can be divided into three stages:
1. The end of the First World War - the beginning of the Second - Germany's borders changed significantly (Alsace and Lorraine went to France, to Denmark - part of the territory of Schleswig-Holstein, etc.). Germany lost all her few colonies in Africa and Asia. Germany's ally, Austria-Hungary, ceased to exist. Poland was restored after its liquidation as a result of the three partitions of the Commonwealth. Great Britain, France, Belgium, Japan are expanding their colonial possessions. In 1922 the USSR was formed. AT Asian region The Ottoman Empire ceased to exist.
2. After the Second World War until the end of the 80s. - Significantly reduced the territory of Germany, Japan. The collapse of the world colonial system and education a large number independent states in Asia, Africa, Oceania, Latin America: Syria 1943, Indonesia 1945, India 1947, Libya 1951, etc. The state of Israel was formed (1947–1948). The emergence of the social state of Cuba. The peak of decolonization occurred in the 60s, when 43 independent states were formed, 3/4 of which were in Africa (Nigeria, Sudan, Chad, etc.). The formation of military blocs - NATO, CMEA.
3. Late 80s to the present: the destruction of the world socialist system and the collapse of the USSR. The unification of the German territories single state- Germany (1990). As a result of the collapse of the USSR in 1991, 15 sovereign states were formed, 12 of which formed the CIS. The disintegration of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia into seven independent states (into the Czech Republic, Slovakia; Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro), the reunification of Hong Kong with the PRC. Namibia gained independence (1990), Eritrea withdrew from Ethiopia. The emergence of new states on the territory of Oceania (the Republic of Palau, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia). Timor (2002) became the latest sovereign state in the world. Changing the names of states: Kampuchea - a republic, Cambodia - a monarchy, Burma - Myanmar.
As a result of these changes, the world is transforming from bipolar to unipolar. Before the collapse of the USSR, the world was dominated by two states - the USA and the USSR. Currently, four main centers dominate - the USA, Japan, Western Europe and China.
Quantitative changes on the political map of the world:
1. annexation of newly discovered lands;
2. territorial gains or losses due to wars;
3. unification or disintegration of states;
4. voluntary concessions or exchange of land plots;
5. reconquest of land from the sea (Netherlands), land reclamation (Japan).
Qualitative changes on the political map of the world:
1. historical change of socio-economic formations - Mongolia (from feudalism to socialism);
2. acquisition of sovereignty by the country;
3. introduction of new forms of government;
4. formation of interstate political unions and organizations;
5. the appearance on the political map of "hot spots" - centers of interstate conflict situations.
At the initial stages, quantitative changes prevailed, now they are qualitative, since the world has already been divided.
The formation of a modern political map and a modern world economy is a very long historical process, during which humanity has overcome the path from „ primitive communal system” to the era of computers and atomic energy. Accordingly, the following periods are distinguished in the development of the political and economic map of the world.
ancient period(from the era of the emergence of the first forms of the state to the 5th century AD) spans an era slave system. During this period, the development of productive forces takes place: mining expands, construction begins sailing ships, irrigation systems, etc. The world's population is rapidly increasing. Cities arise - first as centers for the concentration of handicraft production, and then for trade, which developed especially rapidly in the Mediterranean, South and South East Asia. The development of the productive forces and commodity economy led to the emergence of a surplus product, private property, the division of society into classes and the formation of states. Together with the first states, there are also two main forms of government: monarchy (Ancient Egypt, Babylon, Assyria, Persia, Roman Empire) and republic (city-states of Phoenicia, Greece, Ancient Rome). Wars were the main method of division of territories during this period.
medieval period(V-XV Art.) This is the era of feudalism. It is characterized by a further gradual development of the productive forces. The internal market of states appears, the remoteness of farms and regions is overcome. The main branch of the economy in all countries is Agriculture gardening, horticulture, viticulture are developing. Made important geographical discoveries. The population during this period, due to significant mortality, increases rather slowly and by 1500 reaches 400-500 million people, of which 60-70% are in Asia. Cities arose in Europe and Asia as centers of crafts, trade, education, political life. Nearly single form government throughout feudal era remains a monarchy, mostly absolute. The era of feudalism is characterized by the disunity of the world space, which has developed from several significant parts that are not connected or little connected with each other.
New period (the end of the 15th century - the end of the First World War)- the era of the birth, growth and establishment of capitalist relations. During this period, technical progress covers all areas of industry, trade and transport received new impetus for development. The process of nation formation is accelerating. The birth of capitalism led to changes in the distribution of the population. The great geographical discoveries significantly influenced the formation of the political map of the world and the entire world economy. The main consequences of these discoveries are the following: the emergence of the first three colonial empires: Spanish (in America), Portuguese and Dutch (in Asia); the emergence of European colonial settlements; the emergence of world trade, which contributes to the formation of a world market. Period industrial revolutions(the middle of the 17th century - the end of the 19th century) was marked bourgeois revolutions, the most prominent of which was the French Revolution. At that time absolute monarchies give way republics (France) or constitutional monarchies (England, Netherlands).
Main feature economic relations in the period of development of capitalism - the internationalization of economic life and the deepening of international geographical division labor. The final stage of the period is different rapid development new industries - electric power, oil production, mechanical engineering, chemical industry. Heavy industry began to prevail over light industry. At the same time, the concentration of production and capital is increasing, which led to the emergence of monopolies primarily in Africa and Oceania. Political stability during this period was short-lived.
Recent period (after the First World War to the present day) is divided into three stages. First stage (1918-1945) began with the formation of the first socialist state - the RSFSR, with time the USSR - and noticeable territorial changes in the political and economic maps. It is characterized by common features the development of productive forces as: the rapid growth of new areas of industry (electric power, oil industry, aluminum smelting, automotive, plastics), as well as transport (automobile, air, pipeline) and communications (radio), intensification of agriculture. Changes are also taking place on the political map of the world. The main events of the 30s were the establishment of a fascist dictatorship in Germany in 1933. There was a further division of spheres of influence in Europe between the USSR and Germany: 1938 - the annexation of Austria and Czechoslovakia, 1939 - the capture of Poland, 1939 - joining the USSR Western Ukraine, 1940 - accession to the USSR of Bukovina and Bessarabia.
The second stage (after the Second World War until the beginning of the 90s) characterized by the rapid development of productive forces, the further development of the world political process. Since the 1950s, the world experienced an unprecedented acceleration of scientific and technical progress, which caused a scientific and technological revolution that led to a qualitative transformation of the productive forces and sharply increased the internationalization of the economy. Important changes in the world population are associated with the accelerated growth of its population, which is called " population explosion”, changes in the structure of employment, development ethnic processes. Changes have also taken place in the political map of the world. The defeat of fascism in 1945 and victory socialist revolutions in many countries have turned socialism into world system: a socialist camp was formed in Europe (Poland, German Democratic Republic(GDR), Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Romania, Albania), in Asia (China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Laos) and in 1959 - in Cuba.
In October 1945, the United Nations (UN) was established in San Francisco by 51 states of the world. In 1949, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) was created, uniting all the then socialist countries. In response, the capitalist states announced the creation of the European Economic Community (EEC) (1957). In September 1949, an agreement was signed on the formation of two countries on the territory of post-war Germany: the GDR (with Berlin as its capital) and the FRG (Bonn).
From the 60s. a national liberation movement begins in many African countries, as a result of which they gained independence. If in 1955 there were only four independent states in Africa: Egypt, Liberia, Ethiopia and the Kingdom of Libya, then in 1960, considered the “year of Africa”, 17 colonies acquired sovereignty and independence, including 14 French ones. In the 60-70s, the process of decolonization affected Latin America (Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Grenada, Dominica, etc. gained independence), Oceania (Western Samoa, Tonga, Papua New Guinea, Fiji, etc.) and Europe (Malta became independent in 1964). As a result, in place former colonies Approximately 100 new states appeared.
The third stage (from the beginning of the 90s to the present) characterized by changes in the political map of the world, which took place on almost all continents and significantly influenced the socio-economic and socio-political life of the world community: March 1990 - the independence of Namibia (the last of the significant colonies in Africa);
May 1990 - the unification of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY) with its capital in Aden and Yemen Arab Republic with its capital at Sana'a to the Yemen Arab Republic (capital Sana'a);
October 1990 - the unification of the FRG and the GDR into a single state - the Federal Republic of Germany (since 1991, Berlin again becomes the capital);
1991 - termination of the Organization Warsaw Pact and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance;
· September 1991 - independence of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, isolation from Yugoslavia of its former union republics: Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia;
· autumn 1991 - acquisition of sovereignty by the Federated States of Micronesia (former Caroline Islands), the Republic of the Marshall Islands, Palau;
December 1991 - the collapse of the USSR and the SFRY;
· beginning of 1992 – formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS);
April 1992 - education Federal Republic Yugoslavia within Serbia and Montenegro;
· January 1, 1993 - the peaceful disintegration of Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic (the capital of Prague) and Slovakia (the capital of Bratislava) under the signed agreement;
· May 24, 1993 - Eritrea, which was a province of Ethiopia on the Red Sea coast and fought for self-determination for almost 30 years, gained independence;
November 1993 - declaration of Palestinian autonomy (370 km 2 of the Gaza Strip, the city of Jericho and West Bank the Jordan River);
· autumn 1993 - the proclamation of the kingdom of Cambodia;
· 1995 - transfer of the capital of Nigeria from Lagos to Abuja;
· 1996 - transfer of the capital of Tanzania from Dar es Salaam to Dodoma;
· January 1997 (officially from 01.01.98) - the transfer of the capital of Kazakhstan from Almaty to Astana;
· 1997 - the renaming of the African state of Zaire into the Democratic Republic of the Congo;
· July 1, 1997 - the transition of Xianggang (Hong Kong) under the sovereignty of China, and December 20, 2000 - Macao (Macao).
As of 2002, there were almost 250 political-territorial entities in the world; 191 sovereign states, of which 190 are members of the UN (on March 3, 2002, the inhabitants of Switzerland with 55% of the votes declared their country's accession to the UN and on September 10, 2002 the country was officially admitted last to this organization, not included in the Vatican) and up to 50 territories With different status(colonies, overseas departments, disputed territories, protectorates, etc.).
So, the political map of the world is especially dynamic. It displays and fixes the main political and geographical processes associated with quantitative and qualitative changes. To quantitative changes relate:
annexation of newly discovered lands. Now this is practically impossible due to their absence (there are no “white spots” left on the globe), but in the past, especially during the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries, these phenomena were quite common;
territorial gains or losses due to wars. Often such territories are the subject of disputes between countries that took part in military conflicts. For example, the territories of the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine during the XIX-XX centuries. changed hands several times during military conflicts between France and Germany;
unification or disintegration of states. Only XX century. was marked by the collapse of significant states such as: Austria-Hungary, the Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, over time - Soviet Union, Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia and other countries. During this period, such significant events took place as the unification of the Northern and South Vietnam in 1976, the FRG and the GDR in 1990, the Yemeni People's Democratic Republic and the Yemeni Arab Republic in 1993 and many other events;
voluntary concessions or exchanges between dry land site countries- so called cesia (transfer, concession) - the transfer of all sovereign rights to a certain territory by one state to another by agreement. For example, according to the "Agreement between the Republic of Poland and the USSR on the exchange of plots state territories” dated February 15, 1951, the lands located in the triangle between the Western Bug and its left tributary instead of the territory in the southwestern part of the Lviv region went to Ukraine;
accretions(growth, growth, increase) - expansion of the territory. For example, the reconquest of dry land from the sea by washing the territory and creating the so-called "garbage islands" from recycled industrial and domestic waste (Japan). Such areas of dry land are used for industrial and civil construction, the creation of recreation areas. The Netherlands through the construction of the system hydraulic structures and dykes separated from the sea almost 40% of its modern area. Dried lands - polders - (fertile low-lying areas) - saturated sea influxes and containing many valuable nutrients. After reclamation, they are actively used in agriculture.
To qualitative changes relate: historical change socio-economic formation. The most common example is the establishment of capitalist relations on the territory of some colonies of Great Britain as a result of the resettlement of emigrants from Europe there and the artificial transfer of socio-economic relations inherent in the metropolis. Thanks to this, certain territories immediately moved from primitive society to capitalism;
countries gaining political sovereignty. Most often it was the acquisition of sovereignty without changing borders. This happened to dozens of former colonial countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America;
introduction of new forms of government and government. One option for this was the abolition of the monarchical order or its establishment. Thus, Spain during the twentieth century. changed the form of government three times: from a monarchy in 1931 to a republic, from 1939 to 1975. formally it was a monarchy, and since 1975 King Juan Carlos Bourbon officially ascended the throne, and the country became a constitutional monarchy. Experienced changes in the form of government in Belgium, which, being a unitary state, in the early 90s. became federal;
formation and disintegration of interstate political unions and organizations. For example, the creation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance in 1949 and its collapse in 1991 due to the transformation of political, socio-economic systems in the former socialist countries;
the appearance and disappearance of "hot spots" on the planet - hotbeds of interstate and intrastate conflicts. Only in the early 90s. XX Art. there were dozens of them in the world. Especially in the territories of the multinational countries of the former socialist camp, where their collapse or transition to new socio-economic forms of existence was accompanied by the emergence of numerous zones of tension due to religious, national-ethnic or territorial factors;
changing capitals. These are fairly common phenomena with a variety of economic, political background. For example, during the twentieth century the capitals of many countries were moved: Russia - from St. Petersburg to Moscow; Turkey - from Istanbul to Ankara; Brazil - from Rio de Janeiro to Brasilia; Pakistan - from Karachi to Islamabad; Nigeria - from Lagos to Abuja; Tanzania - from Dar es Salaam to Dodomi; Kazakhstan - from Almaty to Astana; Germany - from Bonn to Berlin, etc. Argentina, Peru, Sri Lanka, Thailand are planning to move their capitals.
Main reasons relocation of capitals for the most part are: overcrowding in capital cities and related environmental and transport problems; features of employment of the population; rise in price of land for buildings, etc.; the government's efforts to balance the development of inland, often socially and economically backward areas, for which the emergence capital city will be a kind of impetus for further development;
changing the names of states, capitals and settlements. Often this is a consequence of other qualitative changes on the political map. For example, the governments of countries - former colonies, after gaining independence, often try to "erase from memory" the names of cities or provinces that were given to them by the colonial governments of the mother countries and have nothing to do with history, traditions and culture. local population. A wave of renaming swept the countries of the former socialist camp in the early 90s. XX century, when many settlements, capitals and administrative-territorial units were returned primary historical names. Examples of renaming states are: Burma ® Myanmar, Ivory Coast ® Côte d "Ivoire, Cape Verde Islands ® Cape Verde, Kampuchea ® Cambodia, Zaire ® Democratic Republic of the Congo, etc. At the end of XX - at the beginning of XXI century quantitative changes less and less is happening on the political map of the world, and the quality ones are greater value primarily related to the strengthening of integration processes.
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The process of formation of the political map is associated with the period of the emergence of the social division of labor, private property and the stratification of society into classes. The change in social formations determined the time limits of the main stages in the formation of the political map. There are 4 periods in the formation of a political map:
1. ancient stage(until the 5th century AD) is characterized by the formation of slave states (China, India, Mesopotamia), the flourishing of culture in Egypt, Greece and Rome. The main means of territorial change is force and military action.
2. medieval stage(V - XV centuries) is characterized by the formation of feudal states in Europe (Byzantium, the Holy Roman Empire, Kievan Rus) and on the American continent (the states of the Incas and Aztecs). An internal market is being formed, the isolation of farms and regions is being overcome, the desire of feudal states for territorial seizures (Kyiv, Moscow Russia, the Byzantine Empire, Portugal, Spain, the formation of the economy of England and France begins);
3. New stage(from the 15th century until the end of the First World War) is associated with the era of great geographical discoveries, which led to the colonization of the world. The countries of Africa, Asia and America were involved in the process of the international division of labor. The political map of the world became especially unstable, as the struggle between the developed capitalist countries for the division of the world intensified, and the beginning of European colonial expansion was laid. At the beginning of the period, Spain and Portugal (navy) dominated, an agreement was signed on dividing the world into Spanish and Portuguese (border 150 miles from the Azores). Then England and France dominate (they mastered North America, Africa, Australia). At the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. there is a struggle for the territorial division of the world (England owned Africa, Australia, Oceania, South Asia, the French Caribbean). By 1914, the largest metropolises were the USA, Japan, and Western Europe. The origin, formation and development of capitalism.
4. The newest stage(end of World War I to the present). During this period, such major events took place as the appearance on the world map of the RSFSR, and later the USSR, the first and second world wars. As a result, two political camps were formed - capitalist and socialist, many colonies disintegrated. By the end of this period, more than 100 independent states had emerged in the territories of Africa, Asia and Latin America.
The twentieth century, from the point of view of the formation of a political map, can be divided into three stages:
1. The end of the First World War - the beginning of the Second - Germany's borders changed significantly (Alsace and Lorraine went to France, to Denmark - part of the territory of Schleswig-Holstein, etc.). Germany lost all her few colonies in Africa and Asia. Germany's ally, Austria-Hungary, ceased to exist. Poland was restored after its liquidation as a result of the three partitions of the Commonwealth. Great Britain, France, Belgium, Japan are expanding their colonial possessions. In 1922 the USSR was formed. The Ottoman Empire ceased to exist in the Asian region.
2. After the Second World War until the end of the 80s. - Significantly reduced the territory of Germany, Japan. The collapse of the world colonial system and the formation of a large number of independent states in Asia, Africa, Oceania, Latin America: Syria 1943, Indonesia 1945, India 1947, Libya 1951, etc. The State of Israel was formed (1947–1948). The emergence of the social state of Cuba. The peak of decolonization occurred in the 60s, when 43 independent states were formed, 3/4 of which were in Africa (Nigeria, Sudan, Chad, etc.). The formation of military blocs - NATO, CMEA.
3. Late 80s to the present: the destruction of the world socialist system and the collapse of the USSR. There was a unification of German territories into a single state - the Federal Republic of Germany (1990). As a result of the collapse of the USSR in 1991, 15 sovereign states were formed, 12 of which formed the CIS. The disintegration of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia into seven independent states (into the Czech Republic, Slovakia; Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro), the reunification of Hong Kong with the PRC. Namibia gained independence (1990), Eritrea withdrew from Ethiopia. The emergence of new states on the territory of Oceania (the Republic of Palau, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia). Timor (2002) became the latest sovereign state in the world. Changing the names of states: Kampuchea - a republic, Cambodia - a monarchy, Burma - Myanmar.
As a result of these changes, the world is transforming from bipolar to unipolar. Before the collapse of the USSR, the world was dominated by two states - the USA and the USSR. Currently, four main centers dominate - the USA, Japan, Western Europe and China.
Quantitative changes on the political map of the world:
1. annexation of newly discovered lands;
2. territorial gains or losses due to wars;
3. unification or disintegration of states;
4. voluntary concessions or exchange of land plots;
5. reconquest of land from the sea (Netherlands), land reclamation (Japan).
Qualitative changes on the political map of the world:
1. historical change of socio-economic formations - Mongolia (from feudalism to socialism);
2. acquisition of sovereignty by the country;
3. introduction of new forms of government;
4. formation of interstate political unions and organizations;
5. the appearance on the political map of "hot spots" - centers of interstate conflict situations.
At the initial stages, quantitative changes prevailed, now they are qualitative, since the world has already been divided.
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A new era of creating a political map of the world
The new era (in the middle of the 17th and 20th centuries) in the history of the formation of the political map of the world was very heterogeneous, so it differs in two stages.
The first stage continued from the 1940s.
Seventeenth century. until the 70s. XIX century. At that time the main events: English revolution 1642-1660, "coup in 1688", then began the accelerated development of British capitalism and the formation of the world economy.
England took the lead in the world.
Great French revolution at the end of the 18th century, the formation Napoleonic Empire I and her collapse, which coincided with initial phase the first industrial revolution, had a strong influence on the creation of the political map of Europe and the world.
After complete defeat Napoleonic forces of France Congress of Vienna 1814-1815 there were fundamental changes, which were attended by representatives of all European countries (except Turkey), the leading roles of Russia, Great Britain and Austria.
Profound changes during this period occurred in North and Latin America.
Here, the interests of the leading European powers: Britain, France, Spain and Portugal were put at stake, and the national liberation movement of the peoples living in these regions began.
In 1775 English colonies in North America (13 were at that time - between the St. Lawrence River and Spanish Florida) began the War of Independence (1775-1783), in which an independent state was created on July 4, 1776 - the United States of America.
because of long war England was forced to recognize the independence of the new state.
In the first quarter XIX century. in Latin America, the wave of waves against the Spanish and Portuguese colonial governments increased in the period 1810-1825.
Spain and Portugal lost their American colonies.
Total Spanish America to mid-nineteenth. There were 16 countries: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Dominican Republic.
(since 1889 - federal Republic Brazil).
During the same period (from 1830 to 1870) it was the establishment of the British colonial system. british colonial power was supposed to support India, as well as the most important points on sea routes that lead to the numerous islands of India in Indian Ocean, Aden (in the south Arabian Peninsula), the Suez Canal zone and others.
During the period under review, the countries and borders of Russia changed.
In a difficult confrontation with neighboring countries, in particular the Commonwealth, Sweden and Turkey, on a voluntary basis and in the order of forced submission to the country, LIVONIA (Northern Latvia and South Estonia in the 17th - early 20th centuries) and Estonia began).
In 1724, Persia resigned to Russia Derbent, Baku, the province of Gilan, Mazandaran, Astrabad.
The expansion of the territory of the Russian Empire in the West was made in connection with the events that took place in 1772, 1793 and 1795. Poland, which was attended by Prussia, Austria and Russia.
As a result of these departments, Belarus left Belarus, the right bank of Ukraine, Courland (western Latvia), Lithuania and western part Volyn.
In XIX. it was joined by Russia in Finland (1809), Bessarabia (1812), Northern Azerbaijan, Dagestan and Karabakh (1813), the Kingdom of Poland (1815), Georgia (1864).
In the 1820s. Eastern Armenia became part of Russia.
In 1860, as a result of the adoption of Russian citizenship by the Kazakh higher zhuz (a group of Kazakh tribal associations near Semirechye), most of the Kazakh territories joined Russia.
The far-reaching borders of the Russian Empire were also determined. In 1858 and 1866 the final draft took place. Russian borders with China in the Far East.
By 1875, the territorial separation of Russia from Japan was also implemented.
Second stage (seventy years.
XIX century. - the beginning of the 20th century) is marked primarily by the beginning of the imperialist phase of the development of capitalism, the completion territorial division peace between the leading colonial powers, which is reflected in the political map of the world.
In Europe, the change in the political map of the region was the result of Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878.
The independence of the northern part of Bulgaria was created, and the so-called eastern Rumelia (southern Balkan mountains) received autonomy within the Ottoman Empire, but in 1886 it was united with northern Bulgaria. Liberated Serbia and Romania.
Serious changes have taken place on the African continent, which has become the scene of large-scale colonial expansion. The division of Africa continued with fierce competition between Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Spain and Portugal.
European countries often had to overcome persistent rebellion state structures on the continent.
Britain began to take part in the late 18th century. and captured important positions on the coast of West Africa. Its colonies became Sierra Leone, Gambia and others. Great Britain participates in its area of dominance of Zanzibar (1887-1890), Uganda (1890), Kenya, which was declared in the East African Protectorate of Great Britain and others.
France planned to create a continuous belt from Senegal to Somalia.
He managed to exploit territories in the western and equatorial parts of the continent. In 1896 the French West Africa, in 1910 - French equatorial Africa. France declared a protectorate over the island of Madagascar in 1896.
Germany fought for the colonies later than other countries, when it captured the territories of Togo and Cameroon in 1884. The German east africa and German South West Africa.
Since 1879
Belgium began to seize land in the river basin. Congo, which led to the emergence of the Congolese Congo.
The oldest colonial power in Portugal until the beginning of the 20th century. in Africa there are such large colonies as Angola, Mozambique, Portugal, Guinea, and the islands of Cape Verde.
Spain covered part of Morocco (Spanish Morocco) and West Coast Sahara (Spanish Sahara).
Italy in 1894
He started a war against Ethiopia, but in Ethiopia in 1896 Italian troops were defeated, and in Italy they were forced to abandon attacks on the independence of the state, but also Great Britain and France participated in the work of the Somali Peninsula, capturing its southeastern part.
Finally at the beginning of the 20th century. 90% African continent was in the hands of the colonial forces.
Le Ethiopia and Liberia remain independent states.
Stages of formation of the political map of the world.
1. Ancient period (until the 5th century AD)
e.) . Covers the era of the slave system, characterized by the development and collapse of the first states on Earth: Ancient Egypt, Carthage, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome and others. The main means of territorial change is war, the threat of the use of force.
2. Medieval period (V-VI centuries).
Associated with the era of feudalism.
The political functions of the feudal state turned out to be richer and more complex than the organization political power under the slave system. An internal market is taking shape, and the isolation of farms and regions is being overcome. The desire of feudal states for territorial conquest is clearly manifested. Large land masses were completely divided between different states. Kievan Rus, Byzantium, Muscovy (Russian) state, "Holy Roman Empire", Portugal, England, Spain and others.
3.
The new period in the formation of the political map of the world (from the turn of the 15th-16th centuries until the end of the First World War) corresponds to a whole historical era the birth, rise, and establishment of capitalism. The era of the Great Geographical Discoveries, which lies at the junction of feudal and capitalist socio-economic formations, changed the map.
The impetus for territorial changes was given by "mature" capitalism, when a large-scale factory industry, which was in dire need of raw materials, developed and new means of transport appeared. The political map of the world has become especially unstable in turn of XIX-XX centuries, when the struggle for the territorial division of the world sharply intensified between the leading countries. By the beginning of the 20th century, such a division was completely completed, and from that time only its forcible redistribution became possible.
4.
This period is divided into 3 stages, the boundary between the first two is the end of the Second World War (1945).
a) the first stage was marked not only by socio-economic changes. The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed, the borders of many states changed, independent nation states: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and others.
b) the second stage begins counting from the end of the Second World War. Whole line states in Europe and Asia embarked on the path of socialism. To the number major changes in postwar period also includes the collapse of colonial empires and the emergence in their place of more than 100 independent states in Asia, Africa, Latin America and Oceania.
c) the third stage in the formation of the political map of the world is that, as a result of turning points in the socialist camp of the world, one of the powerful states world and the first socialist state - the USSR (1991), as a result of which many small states were formed.
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Lesson number 1. “Political map of the world. Stages of formation of a modern political map". What will we learn in this lesson. 1. What is the political map of the world. 2. How the modern political map was formed. 3. What changes are currently taking place on the political map of the world. New concepts of the lesson. Political map, country, quantitative and qualitative changes on the political map.
The political map of the world (PKM) is a “non-freezing picture” that changes as a result of development international relations; — geographic map globe, which shows all the countries of the world.
on the world? ? How many countries do you think modern map was during the 20th century total countries in constantly increased. This was caused by the redistribution of the world after World Wars I and II, the collapse of the colonial system (in total, 102 countries achieved political independence from 1945 to 2002), and at the end of the century, the collapse of the socialist system led to the collapse of such federal states like the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia.
1900 - 57 1939 - 71 2000 - 192 * - textbook by V.P. Maksakovsky for grade 10 Which states are called sovereign? - A politically independent state with independence in internal and external affairs.
Stages of formation of the political map Currently, there are 4 periods in the formation of the PCM: I period (until the 5th century) ANCIENT II period (5th - 15th centuries BC)
) Medieval Development and the collapse of the first states on Earth: Ancient Egypt, Carthage, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, etc. The emergence of an internal market, the isolation of farms and regions, the desire of feudal states for territorial seizures.
Large land masses were completely divided between different states. Kievan Rus, Byzantium, Portugal, the Roman Empire, England, Spain, etc. The Age of Discovery, the beginning of the European III period (15-19 centuries BC
) colonial expansion, the spread of international new economic ties, the territorial division of the world. There are 4 more stages in this period (see next page). IV period NEWEST
Stages of PKM formation in the Newest period (20th century) 1. Beginning of the 20th century: the division of the world is completed - the struggle for its redistribution PKM "mirror of the era" 2.
World War I: changes in Eurasia, the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman and Russian empires, the formation of the USSR ( new type state - socialist) 3. World War II war: changing borders in Europe, establishing new regimes in Central and Eastern Europe and Asia, the collapse of the colonial system Number of independent states: 1900 - 57 1956 - 89 1990 - 170 2003 - 193 4. The end of the 20th century: the collapse of the USSR, the SFRY, Czechoslovakia, the unification of Germany Conclusion: PKM is ....
In its formation, there are ……. . .
Changes on PKM wear different character: Changes on the political map of the world QUANTITATIVE - Territorial gains or losses due to wars; — Unification or disintegration of states; - Voluntary concessions or exchange of land areas by countries QUALITATIVE - Introduction of new forms of government; — Formation of interstate political unions and organizations; — Appearance and disappearance of “hot spots” on the planet — centers of interstate conflict situations EXAMPLES: The collapse of the USSR, a voluntary gift of Crimea to Ukraine from Russia, etc.
d.? Give examples? ? Give examples What changes are taking place on the RMB at the present time?
D/z Page 13 - 16 (textbook by V.P. Maksakovsky)
Stages of formation of the political map of the world
The political map of the world has passed a long historical path its development, which covers millennia, starting with the social division of labor, the emergence of private property and the division of society into social classes.
Changing over many centuries, the political map reflected the emergence and collapse of states, changes in their borders, the discovery and colonization of new lands, territorial division and redivision of the world.
Stages of formation of the political map of the world.
1. Ancient period (until the 5th century AD).
It covers the era of the slave system, characterized by the development and collapse of the first states on Earth: Ancient Egypt, Carthage, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome and others.
The main means of territorial change is war, the threat of the use of force.
2. Medieval period (V-VI centuries). Associated with the era of feudalism. The political functions of the feudal state turned out to be richer and more complex than the organization of political power under the slave system. An internal market is taking shape, and the isolation of farms and regions is being overcome. The desire of feudal states for territorial conquest is clearly manifested.
Large land masses were completely divided between different states. Kievan Rus, Byzantium, Muscovy (Russian) state, "Holy Roman Empire", Portugal, England, Spain and others.
3. The new period in the formation of the political map of the world (from the turn of the 15th-16th centuries until the end of the First World War) corresponds to a whole historical era of the birth, rise, and establishment of capitalism.
The era of the Great Geographical Discoveries, which lies at the junction of feudal and capitalist socio-economic formations, changed the map. The impetus for territorial changes was given by "mature" capitalism, when a large-scale factory industry, which was in dire need of raw materials, developed and new means of transport appeared. The political map of the world became especially unstable at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, when the struggle for the territorial division of the world sharply intensified between the leading countries.
By the beginning of the 20th century, such a division was completely completed, and from that time only its forcible redistribution became possible.
4. The newest period in the formation of the political map of the world began after the end of the First World War and the victory of the October Revolution in Russia.
This period is divided into 3 stages, the boundary between the first two is the end of the Second World War (1945).
a) the first stage was marked not only by socio-economic changes. The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed, the borders of many states changed, independent national states were formed: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and others.
The colonial empires of Great Britain, France, Belgium, and Japan expanded.
b) the second stage begins counting from the end of the Second World War. A number of states in Europe and Asia have embarked on the path of socialism. Among the most important changes in the post-war period is also the disintegration of colonial empires and the emergence in their place of more than 100 independent states of Asia, Africa, Latin America and Oceania.
in) The third stage in the formation of the political map of the world is that, as a result of turning points in the socialist camp of the world, one of the most powerful states of the world and the first socialist state - the USSR (1991) collapsed, subsequently many small states were formed from it.
This stage in the formation of new sovereign states on the basis of the former socialist republics, as well as socialist states, was marked by conflict situations, often taking on an armed character, on national, ethnic, economic and political issues.
As a result of the impact of the changes taking place in the world, the number of socialist countries has significantly decreased by today.
Photo: Martin Wehrle
Quantitative ones include: accession of newly discovered lands; territorial gains or losses during wars; unification or disintegration of states; concessions or exchanges between countries of land areas.
Other changes are qualitative. They consist in historical change socio-economic formations; the country's acquisition of political sovereignty; the introduction of new forms of government; the formation of interstate political unions, the appearance and disappearance of "hot spots" on the planet. Quantitative changes are often accompanied by qualitative ones.
Recent events in the world show that quantitative shifts on the political map are increasingly giving way to qualitative ones, and this leads to the understanding that instead of war - the usual means of resolving interstate disputes - the path of dialogues, peaceful settlement of territorial disputes and international conflicts comes to the fore.
The formation of a modern political map is a very long historical process, during which mankind has overcome the path from primitive society to the era of computers and atomic energy. There are four periods in the development of the political map of the world.
Ancient period (from the emergence of the first forms of the state to the 5th century AD).
Covers the era of the slave system. During these times, the extraction of minerals expanded, the construction of sailing ships, irrigation systems, etc. began. The population of the Earth grew rapidly, which at the beginning of our era reached 250-300 million people. Cities arose - first as centers for the concentration of handicraft production, and then for trade.
The first states arose in the most ancient agricultural centers. Many of them were very large. Thus, the population of the Roman Empire was more than 50 million people, in India and China - more than 40-50 million inhabitants. Together with the first states, two main forms arose political system: monarchy (Ancient Egypt, Babylon, Assyria, Persia, Roman Empire) and republic (city-states of Phoenicia, Greece, Ancient Rome). Wars were the main way of dividing territories during this period.
Modern political map of the world
Medieval period (V-XV centuries). Came in the era of feudalism. During this period, the internal market of states was formed, and agriculture remained the main branch of the economy in all countries. The production of cloth, metal products, weapons grew especially rapidly in Europe, and in Asia - cotton and silk fabrics, carpets, paper, and porcelain. Navigation has made significant progress. Important geographical discoveries were made. The political map was characterized by fragmentation and instability (after almost continuous wars). However, due to the strengthening of the domestic market, the strengthening of ethnic consolidation, large centralized states began to form (France, England, Spain, Kievan Rus, India, China, etc.). Monarchy remained the dominant form of government throughout the feudal era, and usually absolute.
New period (the end of the 15th century - the end of the First World War in the 20th century). This is the era of the birth, development and establishment of capitalist relations. Technological progress covered all branches of industry, trade and transport were actively developing, and domestic markets were strengthened. Developed natural Sciences including geography.
The formation of the political map of the world was significantly influenced by the Great geographical discoveries, thanks to which the first three colonial empires arose: Spanish (in America), Portuguese and Dutch (in Asia). Period of industrial revolution mid XVII — late XIX c.) Influenced by bourgeois revolutions. During this period, absolute monarchies began to give way to republics (for example, in France) or constitutional monarchies (England, the Netherlands).
It can be considered in two aspects. The first is a simple publication on paper, which reflects how the world works in terms of the alignment of political forces. The second aspect considers this concept from a broader perspective, as about the formation of states, their structure and split, about the reshuffle of forces in political world, about the advantage and influence of large and powerful states on the economy of the world. The past gives us a picture of the future, which is why it is so important to know the stages in the formation of the political map of the world.
general information
Every state has its life cycle. It is a curve that looks like a hump. At the beginning of its journey, the country is being built and developed. Then comes the peak of development, when everyone is happy and everything seems to be fine. But sooner or later, the state loses its strength and power and begins to gradually fall apart. So it has always been, is and will be. That is why over the centuries we have seen the gradual rise and fall of great empires, superpowers and huge colonial monopolies. Consider the main stages in the formation of the political map of the world. The table is shown in the figure:
As you can see, many historians distinguish exactly five stages of modern history. AT various sources you can find only 4 main ones. Such a dilemma arose a long time ago, since it is possible to interpret the stages of the formation of the political map of the world in different ways. The table of main sections proposed by us contains the most reliable information to date.
ancient period
In the ancient world, the first great states enter the arena of major events. You all probably remember them from history. This is the glorious Ancient Egypt, powerful Greece and the invincible Roman Empire. At the same time, there were less significant, but also quite developed states in Central and East Asia. Them historical period ends in the 5th century AD. It is generally accepted that it was at this time that the slave-owning system became a thing of the past.
medieval period
In our minds, during the period from 5 to 15 centuries, there have been a lot of changes that cannot be covered in one sentence. If the historians of that time knew what the political map of the world was, the stages of its formation would have already been divided into separate parts. After all, remember, during this time Christianity was born, Kievan Rus was born and disintegrated, it begins to emerge. In Europe, large feudal states are gaining strength. First of all, these are Spain and Portugal, which vied with one another to make new geographical discoveries.
At the same time, the political map of the world is constantly changing. The stages of formation of that time will change further fate many states. The mighty Ottoman Empire will exist for several more centuries, which will capture the states of Europe, Asia and Africa.
new period
From the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th centuries begins new page in the political arena. It was the time of the beginning of the first capitalist relations. Ages when huge colonial empires that conquered the whole world begin to emerge in the world. The political map of the world is often changed and remade. Stages of formation constantly replace each other.
Gradually Spain and Portugal lose their power. Due to the robbery of other countries, it is no longer possible to survive, because more developed states are switching to completely new level production - manufactory. This gave impetus to the development of such powers as England, France, the Netherlands, Germany. After civil war in America they are joined by a new and very large player - the United States of America.
The political map of the world changed especially often at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The stages of formation in that period depended on the outcome of successful military campaigns. So, if back in 1876 European countries only 10% of the territory of Africa was captured, then in just 30 years they managed to conquer 90% of the entire territory of the hot continent. The whole world entered the new 20th century already practically divided between the superpowers. They controlled the economy and ruled alone. Further redistribution was inevitable without a war. Thus ends a new period and begins the latest stage in the formation of the political map of the world.
The newest stage
The redistribution of the world after the First World War made huge adjustments to First of all, four mighty empires. This is Great Britain, the Ottoman Empire, Russian empire and Germany. In their place, many new states were formed.
At the same time, a new trend appeared - socialism. And a huge state appears on the world map - the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. At the same time, such powers as France, Great Britain, Belgium and Japan are becoming stronger. Some of the lands of the former colonies were transferred to them. But such a redistribution does not suit many, and the world is again on the verge of war.
At this stage, some historians continue to write about the newest period, but it is now generally accepted that with the end of World War II, modern stage formation of the political map of the world.
Modern stage
The Second World War outlined for us those borders, most of which we see today. First of all, this concerns the states of Europe. Most great result the war brought the fact that they completely disintegrated and disappeared. New independent states arose in South America, Oceania, Africa, and Asia.
But the most big country in the world - the USSR. With its collapse in 1991, another milestone. Many historians distinguish it as a subsection modern period. Indeed, in Eurasia after 1991, 17 new independent states were formed. Many of them decided to continue their existence within the borders Russian Federation. For example, Chechnya defended its interests for a long time, until the power of a powerful country won as a result of hostilities.
At the same time, changes continue in the Middle East. There is a union of some Arab States. In Europe, a united Germany is emerging and the Union of the FRY is disintegrating, resulting in the emergence of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro.
Continuation of a story
We have presented only the main stages in the formation of the political map of the world. But the story doesn't end there. As events show recent years, you will soon have to allocate a new period or redraw the cards. After all, judge for yourself: two years ago, Crimea belonged to the territory of Ukraine, and now you need to completely redo all the atlases in order to change its citizenship. And also problematic Israel, drowning in battles, Egypt on the verge of war and the redistribution of power, incessant Syria, which mighty superpowers can wipe out from the face of the Earth. All this is our modern history.
