How difficult it is for schoolchildren studying the course of Russian morphology. Our language is so diverse and sometimes complex that not everyone can master it.

For example, adverb perfect look often confused with participle. How to remember once and for all their features and differences, we will consider further.

Definition of gerund

In order to correctly determine which part of speech is in front of us, it is necessary to know the most basic information about each. First you need to find out what questions they answer. Participles, for example, on the one hand are very similar to verbs (they are formed from them), and therefore they have questions similar to them: “what by doing”, “what by doing”. On the other hand, they are often confused with adverbs. Like them, gerunds can answer the question "how".

For example: The athlete ran without looking back. Two questions can be asked to this word at the same time: running “how” and “what doing”. This is explained by the origin of gerunds: they simultaneously took signs from the adverb and the verb.

If speak about grammatical meaning, then everything is easy here. Being similar to verbs, they also denote the action of an object, but not the main one, but an additional one.

For example: Mom watered the flowers, singing a song.

The main thing that my mother did was watering the flowers. But she also sang. However, this is not the main thing, but a secondary action that she did.

Kinds

All participles are in many ways similar to their fellow participles. Both of them are similar to the verb. The first ones are usually divided into Recall that the aspect is also a verb feature.

The perfect view answers questions starting with the letter "C": what to do? "go away" (verb) What Did You Do? “arrived” (participle), what did you do? "having eaten" (germ).

All of them have the meaning of an already completed action.

Has an imperfect look opposite meaning- the action is still ongoing, the procedurality is reflected. Do verbs - what does it do? "walking", what did he do? “painted”, in participles - what is he doing? "decisive", gerund - what are you doing? "playing".

As you can see, all these three parts of speech have very similar questions.

The types of adverbs differ in meaning. But they are easy to remember, it is enough to ask a question and determine the presence of initial letter"WITH". If we have a perfect participle in front of us, you can easily distinguish it.

Suffixes

As you know, each part of speech has its own characteristics in word formation. A gerund, like an adverb, will never change, has no endings, but actively forms new words with the help of suffixes.

They, in turn, will depend on the species.

The perfect participle will be formed from:

• Verbs that are in the past tense. The suffixes "v", "shi", "lice" are added to them. For example: Having gathered in a flock, the birds flew south.After writing the letter, I took it to the post office. Having brought me a stick, the dog waited for the continuation of the game.
  

• Verbs in the future tense. The suffixes "a" or "ya" are attached to such forms. For example: After reading the newspaper, the father left the room.

The imperfect form of participles has a slightly different form:

• Verbs in the present tense plus the suffixes "a", "I". For example: Walking in the park, we admired the beauty of nature. I walked slowly around the city.

It is worth remembering that the perfect participle cannot be formed from such verbs that end in “-ch”: oven, cherish; “-noot”: jump, resort, smell, and also if the stem of the verb ends in hissing: I write, wear, knit.

Parsing the participle

Knowing all the signs of each of the parts of speech, you can begin to analyze them.

Let's break it down in the following sentence: Fulfilling homework, Pay attention.

Fulfilling - adverb.

1. Meaning is an additional action, since it answers the question "what by doing?"

2. Initial form: what to do? Fulfill (the verb that forms it)

3. Permanent signs:

• Immutability (it has no endings)
• View (determined by the verb that formed it) - imperfect

4. syntax function- circumstance. Included in participle turnover.

Using our tips, as well as an example of parsing, you can easily distinguish gerunds from other parts of speech. The main thing is to carefully understand the rules and strictly follow them.

In Russian, there are special parts of speech adjacent to a noun or a verb. Some linguists consider them to be special verb forms and explain this by the presence of similar features.

In contact with

Morphological features

Let's consider in detail what is participle and participle. Even the ancient grammarians noted their duality, so they gave them a name meaning “participation” in a noun or verb.

Participle

It declines, that is, it changes according to gender, numbers, cases, has a short and full form. At the same time, it has the properties of a verb. For example, having a view:

• checking notebooks (imperfect view) - the one who checks (what is he doing?);
• checked (perfect form) - the one who checked (what did he do?).

Besides , has a time value. This is constant feature data in the form of either present time(creating) or past(built). There is also the presence return form(recognized sya).

It is characterized by the presence of two pledges - passive and real. Passive participles designate a sign of an object that experiences an action on itself (received package - received the package). The real ones reflect the sign of an object that independently produces an action (a running person is the one who runs himself).

From the foregoing, the conclusion follows: this part of speech denotes a sign of an object by action, manifested in time.

gerund

The term originated in the 18th century, meaning " relation to action”, which is indicated by the first part of the word “dee-” (doer, deed). AT modern grammar this name has a part of speech denoting additional action in relation to the main, expressed by the verb. Therefore, this form has verb features:

• view perfect(opening), imperfect (closing);
• recurrence(pretending camping).

Perhaps this is the limit of the similarity of the parts of speech under consideration, but there are numerous differences.

What is the difference

First of all, it should be noted that it does not change, that is, it does not decline and does not conjugate. Therefore, in his morphemic composition no flexion. On the contrary, participle endings are their hallmark.

To distinguish between these verb forms will help the questions they answer:

1. Full Communion(which (th; -th, -th)?); short (what (-a; -o, -s)?).
2. gerund(doing what? doing what? how? how?).

Another difference is the different syntactic role. The participle performs the function of circumstance (Bending, winding, a river into the distance.). Brief Communion is only a predicate (The doors to the world of beautiful dreams are open.). Complete can be:

• definition (Foaming waves crashed against high, impregnable rocks.);
• part of a composite nominal predicate(The bread was moldy).

Suffixes

The formation of participles and gerunds occurs in a suffixal way.

Participles are formed from verbs of the corresponding form. Table 1.

View	Suffixes	Examples
Perfect	-in, -lice, -shi	Throwing, bending over, saving
Imperfect	-and I); -learn (obsolete forms)	Counting, sneak

It is the suffixes of participles and gerunds that indicate the belonging of words to one or another part of speech.

Important! When forming perfective forms, suffixes -а, -я are not used: misuse: looking, correct: looking.

Participles are not formed from the following imperfective verbs:

• ending in -ch (to save, burn the stove and others);
• having a suffix -nu- (pull, go out, shout and others);
• run, prick, climb, plow, want, beat, twist, drink, eat, pour, anger, sew, tear, wait, bend, sleep, lie.

Condition right choice vowel in present participle suffixes - knowledge of verb conjugation. Table 2.

note! Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. There are no present tense forms of the verbs: save, shave, wake up, call, write, drink.

Table 3

Table 4

The choice of a vowel before -н (н) is determined by the infinitive suffix:

Spelling with NOT

Both parts of speech are written with NOT together, if not used without it, for example: disliked, hating.

In other cases, the gerund with is not always written separately, except for words with the prefix under-, which means “less than expected”, “poor quality”, for example, overlooking the child. Compare: not having finished watching the movie, that is, not finishing watching the movie.

Particle "not" should be written separately with a short form of participles (not embroidered), as well as with a complete one in the presence of explanatory words (a novel not published on time), negation (far, at all, never, not at all, not at all and others) or opposition (not started, but finished) .

The use of one and two letters "n"

Double letter -nn- in suffixes full participles written if available:

• prefix: beveled, welded (but: uninvited guest);
• dependent words: steamed in the oven;
• suffixes -ova-, -eva-, -irova-: canned, overjoyed;
• the word is formed from a perfective verb without a prefix (exception: wounded): deprived.

At the end short forms one -n- is always written: founded, unpacked.

Separation of syntactically constructions

Often there is such punctuation error - incorrectly placed punctuation marks in sentences containing adverbial and participial phrases. The reason lies in the inability to distinguish them from each other, to determine the boundaries of these structures, to find the word to which they refer.

Let us find out under what conditions participle and participial . Let us give the rules existing in the language with examples.

Participial

Explains a noun or pronoun, is a definition, stands apart if:

• refers to the personal : Lulled by the tender words of his mother, he slept soundly. I, who know every path in the surrounding area, was appointed head of the reconnaissance group.
• stands after a defined noun: A soldier, stunned by a projectile, fell on the battlefield.
• has circumstantial significance of reason or concession: Tired after long road, the tourists continued on their way. The tourists continued on their way (despite what?), although they were tired after a long journey. Left to their own devices, the children found themselves in a difficult position.

The children found themselves in a difficult position (why?), because they were left to their own devices.

Participial turnover

Denotes an additional action of the verb-predicate, is a circumstance, always stands apart: Raising the waves, the sea raged. The old man walked with a limp on one leg.

Important! The exception is revolutions that have passed into the category set expressions, somehow: with bated breath, headlong, sticking out his tongue, through his sleeves.

Compare two sentences:

1. Sticking out his tongue, the dog was breathing heavily (Dog stuck out his tongue).
2. The boy ran with his tongue out (running fast).

In the first case, there is an adverbial turnover in the sentence. In the second, the expression "sticking out the tongue" has figurative meaning. It is easily replaced by one word, the adverb "quickly", therefore, is one that does not stand apart.

Common grammar mistakes

Most common mistake- incorrect agreement of the participle with the explained word, caused by the inability to correctly define it. This can be seen in the following example:

Tikhon was a weak-willed man who completely obeyed his mother, Kabanikhe.

The writer asked a question from the word Tikhon, although the participle "obeyed" explains another word - "man." Correct option sounds like this:

Tikhon was a weak-willed person (what?), Completely obeying his mother - Kabanikhe.

Often confused with passive and real participles:

Among lottery tickets was won.

From the written it turns out: the ticket was won, although the thought is different: the ticket was won, therefore, we use the word winner.

When using a gerund, it is important to consider that both actions, main and additional, must refer to one person. If this is not done, we will get similar phrases: Comprehension of the depth of spiritual values, the hero's worldview changed.

additional action, expressed by gerund, refers not to the hero who performs the action, but to the word "alignment".

Correct option: Comprehending the depth of the spiritual values ​​of the people, the hero changed his worldview.

For the same reason, you can't use this part speeches in impersonal sentences, conveying a state, not an action: Having deceived the mother, the children became ill.

Communion and participle: what's the difference? Participle and participle turnover - a simple explanation

Participial

Conclusion

Speech educated person impossible to imagine without verb forms. The first ones help in a detailed, comprehensive characterization of the subject. The latter make it possible to simplify speech, replace the series homogeneous predicates denoting not the main action, but a secondary, additional one. If you learn to understand the participles, you can make your speech beautiful, bright, understandable, which is important for success in life.

The participle is an invariable verb form denoting an additional action and combining the features of a verb and an adverb.

Adverbial properties of adverbs include:

1) immutability and

2) the syntactic function of the circumstance of the mode of action, time, reason, purpose, condition or concession.

Adjacent to the verb, which in the sentence expresses the main action, the gerund expresses a secondary, accompanying action, therefore it is often called a secondary predicate.

As a rule, gerunds adjoin the personal forms of the verb, but they can also accompany the infinitive and participle:

He went, staggering and supporting his head with the palm of his left hand ... (M. G.).

It is inexplicably good to sail along the Volga, sitting at the helm at the stern (M. G.).

To his left sat a slender, ruddy Georgian princess, smiling all the time (L.T.).

The participles have the following verb features:

1) are formed only from verbs;

2) retain the LZ of the generating verb;

3) retain such grammatical categories of the verb as aspect, transitivity, voice.

However, it should be noted that gerunds of the passive voice are not formed in Russian, since the gerund participle denotes a procedural sign of the subject, and verbs passive voice- attribute of the object:

to please (DZ) - to please (DZ)

to wash (VZ) - washing (VZ)

sit (non-collateral) - sitting (non-collateral).

4) like verbs, gerunds are combined with adverbs and adverbial combinations, and also govern nouns in oblique cases ( read quickly - read quickly, get up at dawn - getting up at dawn).

2. Formation of gerunds

Like verbs, gerunds can be perfective and imperfective.

Participles imperfect form formed from the base present tense verb with a suffix -and I):blinking - blinking, grumbling - grumbling.

The following groups of verbs do not form imperfect participles:

1) verbs with a monosyllabic stem ending in -a in the infinitive ( call, tear, wait, neigh). exception: rush - rush, rush - rush;

2) verbs with a monosyllabic stem ending in –i ( beat, pour, sew);

3) non-productive verbs with duration suffix –nu- ( wither, wither, wither);

4) verbs in -ch in an indefinite form, with the basis of the present tense in -g, k, x ( oven, shear, guard);

5) verbs with the stem of the present tense ending in sibilant ( knit, cut, write, wave);

6) verbs, the basis of the present tense of which consists only of consonants ( reap, mush);

7) verbs crave, climb, ride, sing, rot, chill;

8) impersonal verbs like shines, drizzles.

if the verb has the suffix -va-, then the imperfect participle is formed from the stem of the infinitive, and not the present tense ( create - create - creating).

Verb be forms a gerund with the suffix -uchi ( being). Forms of other participles with the suffix -uchi are characterized by folk-poetic coloring:

Effortlessly on boarded roofs,

Gray clouds are dispersing,

The scarlet dawn rises (L.).

Participles perfect look formed from the stem of the infinitive with the help of suffixes -in, -lice(after a vowel) -shi(after consonant): jump in - dropping in, disappear - having disappeared, grow up - grown up.

The suffix -lice is of little use; it is obligatory only for gerunds with the postfix -sya ( returning, laughing, looking).

Unproductive verbs with the suffix -nu- and verbs in -er(t) form parallel forms of gerunds from the stems of the infinitive and the past tense ( dry - dry, dry, dry - dry).

There is a group of verbs (with a stem in a consonant, except for -g, k, x; verbs in -it), from which the perfective participles are formed using the suffix -а (-я), which is attached to the stem of the simple future tense ( read - having read (having read), forgive - saying goodbye (having said goodbye)).

Two-spectrum verbs have two gerunds: with the suffix -а (-я) to express the meaning of the imperfect aspect and the suffix -в to express the meaning of the perfect aspect ( to attack - attacking, attacking; to investigate – to investigate, to investigate).

Communion and participle are nothing but special forms verb. This article details grammar and syntactic signs, ways of education, characteristics participles and participles. For better assimilation of the material, examples and important points are given.

Communion and gerund in Russian- these are two special forms of the verb that differ in meaning, grammatical and syntactic features. Participles denote a sign by action and answer questions Which? Which? Doing what? What did you do? What has done? Participles indicate an additional action and answer questions What do you do? Having done what?

The rules regarding the use and spelling of participles and gerunds with examples are given in the table.

	gerund				Participle
	rules			Examples	rules		Examples
Grammar signs	Invariable part of speech grammatical features adverbs and verbs				Variable part of speech, has signs of an adjective and a verb
	adverb feature: immutability	verb features: · transitivity; recurrence	daring to a meeting playing with kids, reading book, noticing announcement		adjective features: the presence of a full and short form;	verb features: · transitivity; recurrence	determined to a meeting; playing with children, advise readable book, announcement seen passers-by
How is formed	-and I(NSV); -v/-lice/-shi ( SW)		drawing, mining, lying down,doing, answering, breaking		From verbs with suffixes: -usch-/-yushch-/-asch-/-yashch-(real participles HB); -vsh-/-sh-(real participles PV); -em-/-om-/-im- (passive participles HB); -nn-/-enn-/-t-(passive participles PV).		drawing, mined, lying, made, answered, broken
Syntactic signs	Refers to a verb in a sentence. The syntactic role is a circumstance.		Answering he returned to his seat. The girl was walking down the street smiling.		In a sentence, it refers to a noun or personal pronoun and agrees with them in gender, number, and case. The syntactic role is a definition or part of a compound nominal predicate.		Arrived birds greedily pecked grains(definition). The bread was baked just yesterday(part of SIS).

Note! Participles in Russian vary by gender, number and case. The participles do not change and have no endings.

Features of participial and participle turnovers

Involved and participle turnovers - This syntactic constructions, which differ general meaning and the function in the sentence:

• Participial turnover is a gerund with dependent words. In the sentence, as well as a single gerund, they perform syntactic role isolated circumstance(highlighted on both sides by commas) and denote an additional action.

  Examples: The man was very happy meeting an old friend. Jumping over the barrier, the puppy ran to the owner.

• Participial- participle with dependent words. In a sentence, as a rule, it is a non-isolated (usually if it comes before the word being defined) or a separate (if it comes after the word being defined) definition.

  Examples: Visiting A friend brought delicious cakes. Vita had to go out to the street, crossing the central square.