The numeral is the lexical and grammatical category of adjectives. Grammatical categories, grammatical meanings and grammatical forms

Numeral- this is a part of speech denoting quantity and expressing this meaning in the morphological categories of case (consistently) and gender (inconsistently). Numerals are divided into two lexical and grammatical categories: quantitative(two, five, twenty, fifty, two hundred, three hundred and fifty one) and collective(both, two, five). The composition of cardinal numbers includes definite-quantitative and indefinitely-quantitative numerals. The former denote a certain number of units (two, four, fifteen, one hundred and fifty, two hundred), the latter denote an indefinite number of units; these include the words little, a lot, a lot, a little, as well as pronominal numerals a few, how much, how much, how much, how much, so much.

Number a grammatical category expressing the quantitative characteristic of an object. The division into singular and plural is perhaps a relic of that distant era when counting was rarely used in practice, and grammatically expressed forms meaning "one" and "many" were sufficient in most practical cases.

Compound number is a combination of two or more numbers. Therefore, in order to form desired shape such a numeral, it is necessary to remember all types of declension. However, the features of the change in compound numbers are determined not only by this, but also depend on the rank by value. First of all, it must be remembered that only ordinal and two groups of cardinal numbers can be both simple and compound: integer and fractional, and collective, indefinitely quantitative and two fractional ones - one and a half and one and a half hundred - can only be simple and never enter into composite.

When declining composite ordinal numbers only the last word is changed, which is a simple ordinal number, and the rest of the words, which are simple cardinal numbers, remain unchanged and always stand in the form im. n. True, the latter does not always extend to the words thousand, million, billion, etc., denoting round quantities greater than a thousand. These words as part of ordinal numbers are used in them. n. only if they are not preceded by another numeral (thousand fifty-ninth; one million eight hundred and forty-third, etc.) or the numeral one precedes (one thousand three hundred and twenty-eighth; one million six hundred first, etc.). In the same case, when before the words under consideration there is any other numeral (except for one), they are always used in the form of gender. n. In this case, after the numerals two, three and four, the words in question are used in the form genus. p. units hours (two thousand seven hundred and nine; three million four hundred and eight, etc.).

When declining compound cardinal numbers, each word changes. In other words, in order to correctly form the case forms of such a numeral, it is necessary to decline all the words included in it separately, as shown above. At the same time, the words thousand, million, billion, etc., as part of the numerals under consideration, can be used both in units and in plural. h. In the form of units. h. these numerals are used if 1) they occupy starting position(one thousand forty-seven, one million two hundred and ten, etc.); 2) they are preceded by the numeral one (one thousand seventeen, one million three hundred families, etc.); 3) they are preceded by the number two, triil and four, and the entire compound number is used in the form im. or wine. etc. (three thousand, two billion, etc.). In the form of many h. these words are used when they are preceded by some other numeral (five, six ..., fourteen ..., three hundred), as well as the numeral two, three or four in any case except them. and wine. etc. (three hundred million, seventeen thousand, etc.; three thousand, four million, etc.).

The numeral is an independent significant part speech that combines words that denote numbers, the number of objects or the order of objects when counting and answer the question how much? or what?.

The numeral is a part of speech in which words are combined based on the commonality of their meaning - relation to number. The grammatical signs of numerals are heterogeneous and depend on which category the numeral belongs to in terms of meaning.

By value and grammatical features numerals are divided into categories:
CARDINAL NUMBERS

ordinal names

Ordinal numerals indicate the order of objects when counting: seventh day, second breakfast, twenty-fourth page, the second world war. Ordinal numbers are formed from the bases of the corresponding cardinal numbers by adding the endings of full adjectives: nine - ninth, two hundred - two hundredth, two hundred seventy-eight - two hundred seventy-eighth. Numerals first second in relation to numbers one two are suppletive in nature, that is, they are formed from a different base. In numerals fortieth, thousandth adjective suffixes -ov-, -n- are distinguished. numeral second in the text can be replaced by a pronoun another: first, second, third... Ordinal numbers agree with nouns in gender, number and case and have case endings qualitative and relative adjectives: sixth - sixth - sixth - sixth - sixth - sixth - sixth - sixth.

In relation to the category of case (declension), all numerals are divided into declinable and indeclinable. Words that are indeclinable are few and quite a few, to declined - all other numerals. The case category of numerals is inflectional morphological category, represented by six rows of case forms, coinciding in inflections with the case forms of nouns or adjectives.

case is not an independent category, numerals reflect case forms from nouns

Numerals other than words two, both and one and a half, do not have a morphological genus category. Numerals two, both and one and a half the gender category is an inflectional morphological category represented by two series of forms: a series of forms muzh. and avg. R. - two, both, one and a half and a number of forms of wives. R. - two, both, one and a half. Male forms. and avg. R. denote that numerals define objects called nouns husband. or avg. R.; female forms. R. indicate that the numerals determine the objects called the nouns of women. R.: two tables, both students, one and a half pieces; two books, both students, one and a half rolls. At the words two and one and a half morphological significance gender is expressed only in the form im. and wine. n. (in the event that vin. n. is equal to their case): two tables – two books, but two tables – two books; one and a half pieces – one and a half rolls, but one and a half pieces – one and a half rolls; at the word both the meaning of gender is expressed in all case forms: both students, both students; both students, both students.

Numerals do not have a morphological category of number. However, they are selective about the number forms of those nouns with which they are combined.

According to the features of word formation and structure, numerals are divided into:

composite.

Simple numbers are called numbers, consisting of one word, in which one root: two, three, five, ten.
Numerals from eleven to twenty and thirty in modern Russian are simple, morphemes - eleven and -twenty- suffixes: fourteen - fourteen - and, three twenty - thirty - and.

Complex numbers are called numbers, consisting of one word, in which there are two or more roots: sixty, eighty, three hundred, four hundred, sixty thousandth.

Compound numbers are called numbers, consisting of several words: twenty-five, sixty-seventh, one-fifth, seven point nine-tenths.

Quantitative and collective numerals and their lexical and grammatical originality.

Quantitative numbers denote the number of homogeneous objects in whole units (ten, twenty, forty, one hundred). By structure, quantitative numbers are divided into simple (one, two), complex (five hundred, eighty) and compound (twenty-one, twenty-three).

Morphological features: 1) do not have the grammatical meaning of gender and number (the exception is one (-a, -o, -i), two (two), a thousand (thousands), a million (millions), a billion (billions).

2) are consistently contrasted only by the grammatical meanings of the case.

There is no uniformity in the declension of cardinal numbers. There are 9 declension patterns (see declension tables):

1) declension of the numeral one, which changes according to the patterns of adjectives different types: one (mother's), one (mother's), one (extreme);

2) the declension of the numerals two, three, four, which coincides with the declension of adjectives in the plural: four (red), four (red);

3) declension of numerals from 5 to 20 and 30, which coincides with the 3rd type of nominal declension of nouns;

4) declension of numerals forty, ninety, one hundred, having two forms: I.-V.p - forty, ninety, one hundred and in other cases - forty, ninety, one hundred;

5) the declension of the numeral thousand, which changes like a noun, 2 declensions (according to school grammar - 1 declension);

6) declension of numerals million, billion, changing as nouns 1 cl. (according to school grammar - 2 cl.). Wed with inflected words lemon and leopard;

7) declension of complex numbers from 50 to 80, in which both parts change according to the pattern 3 cl. nouns;

8) declension of complex numbers from 200 to 400, which take the form plural and change in both parts;

9) declension of numerals from 500 to 900, the first part of which is declined as a noun in 3 declensions, and the second is distinguished by peculiar endings.

When declining compound cardinal numbers, each component changes.

Syntactic features: changing in cases, different cardinal numbers are combined with nouns according to their own rules.

The numeral one, as well as compound numbers ending in one, agree with nouns in gender. number, case (one day, one task, one solution, one day, one window, etc.). The remaining cardinal numbers in all cases I. and V.p. agree with nouns (five books), and in I.-V.p. govern nouns: numerals two, three, four - form R.p. singular(two students), numerals, starting with five, - form R.p. plural (five students.

Collective numerals denote a certain number of items as a set: two children, three friends, five kittens. Collective numerals are a closed and non-replenishable group of words: both, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. They are formed from cardinal numbers with the help of suffixes o (e) or -er (o): two, five.

Morphological features: like cardinal numbers, collective numbers do not have categories of gender and number. When declining, they form I.-V.p and other cases. The system of case endings in the forms of indirect cases of collective numerals is similar to the system of endings in plural forms of adjectives.

Syntactic features: collective numerals: two, three, four ... in I.-V.p govern R.p of plural nouns (four boys), and in other cases they agree with nouns in the case (three children - three children).

Collective numerals are of little use with nouns in indirect cases and, as a rule, are replaced by oblique cases of the corresponding cardinal numbers (four disciples and four disciples, but more often to four disciples, and not to four martyrs).

Collective numbers are combined with a limited range of nouns:

1) with nouns masculine and generic, substantiated adjectives and participles in the form male, serving as designations for living beings, as well as with pronouns we you they (two schoolchildren, two orphans, seven brave ones, two lagging behind, five of them);

2) with nouns children, people, face(meaning "person"): three children, people, strangers, as well as with nouns denoting baby animals: two ducklings, three kittens, seven kids;

3) with nouns pluralia tantum: two gates, three days.

Collective numbers do not combine with others inanimate nouns, as well as with nouns denoting females and animals.

Fractional numbers And their vocabulary. originality.

Fractional numbers. The category of fractional numbers is not recognized by all linguists.

Fractional numbers are numbers that represent fractional quantities, i.e. the number of certain parts of the unit (two thirds, one seventh).

Some linguists classify numerals one and a half and one and a half hundred as fractional. However, there is an opinion that it is more correct to consider them quantitatively fractional: semantics brings them closer to fractional ones, structural and grammatical features to quantitative ones, however, unlike them, they are not included in the natural series of numbers.

By structure, fractional numbers are composite: their numerator is a cardinal number in the form of I.p., the denominator is an ordinal number in the form of R.p. (see table).

Morphological features: 1) fractional numerals do not have a category of gender (excl. one and a half / one and a half);

2) declension is expressed in a change in all components of fractional numerals: the numerator declines according to the pattern of quantitative numbers, the denominator - following the pattern of adjectives in the plural (five tenths) or in the singular, if the numerator contains the word one (see the paradigm of declination of fractional numbers) .

The numerals one and a half and one and a half hundred have two forms: I.-V.p (one and a half, one and a half hundred) and other cases (one and a half, one and a half hundred).

Syntactic features: fractional numerals are combined with nouns according to the method of control, and the noun is used in R.p of the singular or plural (two-thirds of flour, cream).

Fractional numbers are combined with forms not only concrete, but also real, collective nouns(one fifth of sugar, two thirds of youth).

Ordinal numbers and their lexical and grammatical originality.

Ordinals. The question of including words like first, second, third, etc. in the category of numerals is debatable. There is no such category of numerals in the "Russian Grammar" (1980), and V.V. Vinogradov does not single it out either.

The assignment of these words to numerals is traditional and relies on a number of features:

1) the semantics of the words under consideration (ordinal numbers denote the order of objects in the count, i.e. the value exact number);

2) word-formation and semantic connection with quantitative numbers (five - fifth; Compare: apartment fifty-ninth and apartment fifty-nine);

3) the structure of compound ordinal numbers, representing several grammatically unrelated names (two thousand one hundred and fifty-sixth), which does not find a correspondence in the formation of adjectives and is specific to ordinal numbers.

Ordinal numbers are words that indicate the order of homogeneous objects when counting.

Morphological features. This category, like adjectives, has categories of gender, number and case, depending on the noun, which agrees with the numeral first course, first teacher, first event.

Ordinal numbers are declined like adjectives with a solid stem (second, second, second ...), except for the numeral third, which is declined in a soft way, like the adjective of foxes (third, third, third ...).

When declining compound ordinal numbers, all components of numbers that have the form of quantitative ones remain unchanged, only the last one that has the form of ordinal changes: in the year nineteen eighty-five ...

Syntactic features: perform the same functions as adjectives, being primarily a definition.

In Russian, there is a group of words that express the meaning of an indefinite amount: many books, little time, a lot of things to do, several people, etc. These words are sometimes included in numerals as a category of indefinitely cardinal numbers or as a subclass of cardinal numbers.

Such words, denoting quantity, at the same time differ from the numeral by a number of features. They are deprived of the main meaning of numerals - the meaning of a certain amount. Their grammatical features are also excellent. So, the words mass, lot and the like have the categories of gender, number and case, like nouns, they can be determined by adjectives, pronouns (unprecedented mass, such a lot). By these indications said words can be classified as nouns.

Words like few, many, and the like can be attributed to adverbs, since they do not change, they can determine the verb (thought a lot), form the form comparative degree(more time), able to combine with adverbs of degree (read a lot). In a sentence, they are adverbial words.

Words as much as, somewhat, are related to pronouns, as they have a generalized demonstrative meaning, they can be combined with abstract nouns.

26. Pronoun. Features of the meaning of pronominal words. Semantic-grammatical categories of pronouns. History of personal 3rd person pronouns.

The pronoun is independent part speech. The pronoun is not significant part speech.
Pronouns are a class of words that is heterogeneous in meaning and grammatical features.
For a pronoun, it is important which words it can replace: nouns, adjectives or numerals. Morphological features and syntactic role pronouns that indicate objects, attributes or quantity are similar to nouns, adjectives and numerals. Therefore, they are sometimes called “noun pronouns”, “adjective pronouns” and “numeral pronouns”.

1. The grammatical meaning is “indication”.

Pronouns are words that respond to different questions. The fact is that a pronoun can replace any name: a noun, an adjective, and a numeral. Pronouns do not themselves express the meaning of different names, but only point to them.

2. Morphological features:

constants - rank by value, other signs are different, they depend on which part of speech the pronoun corresponds to: with a noun, adjective or numeral,

inflected - case (for most pronouns), then differently for pronouns correlated with nouns, adjectives and numerals.

In accordance with the formal classification according to morphological features and correlation with nominal parts speech pronouns are divided into 4 groups:

1)noun pronouns, or pronominal nouns(who, what, me, you, he, yourself, someone, something, nobody, someone etc.), having a common correlation with the subject, semantically significant category cases and the same syntactic functions as nouns. Pronouns-nouns replace nouns in the text and are associated with other words as nouns;

2) pronouns-adjectives, or pronominal adjectives(such as, any, mine, ours, yours, that, this, yours, ours, such, whose, which etc.), having a common correlation with the attribute, semantically insignificant forms of gender, number and case, agreement in gender, number and case with nouns and performing syntactic function definitions. Pronouns-adjectives agree with nouns like adjectives;

3) pronouns-numerals, or pronominal numerals(how many, which, so many, several, not at all etc.), having a general correlation with quantity and similar to numerals in the nature of changes and connections with other words;

4) pronouns-adverbs, or pronominal adverbs(how, when, where, where, from where, so, here, there, then, there, from there, always, somehow, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, never, nowhere, nowhere, never etc.) having a common correlation with the sign of the sign, indication of time, space, etc. and characterized by immutability. AT school practice pronouns-adverbs are considered among adverbs, not as part of pronouns.

Ranks of pronouns by meaning.

personal pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they. Personal pronouns indicate the participants in a dialogue or conversation, as well as objects.

possessive pronouns: mine, yours, ours, theirs, his, hers. Possessive pronouns indicates that something belongs to someone or something: my house, your bed.

demonstrative pronouns: that, this, such, such, so many, and obsolete this and this. As you might guess from the name, these pronouns indicate the quantity or attribute of an object: this closet, so many hands.

reflexive pronoun: myself. This pronoun means that the person or thing that acts as the subject is identical to another person or thing (which is called the pronoun itself): He loves himself very much.

interrogative pronouns: what, who, which, what, whose, how much. These pronouns serve to form questions and indicate objects, persons, signs or quantities: Who's come? What kind of students? How many?

relative pronouns- the same interrogative ones, but they do not serve to form questions, but to connect in complex sentences, acting as allied words: I realized who was my secret admirer. It was a guy who studied with me at the same faculty.

definitive pronouns: most, himself, everyone, all, each, other, any, obsolete - everyone and all kinds. Definitive pronouns indicate the attribute of an object: the best husband, every rogue, every Tuesday.

negative pronouns: nothing, no one, no one, no one, nothing, no one, none. These pronouns do not indicate, but, on the contrary, deny the presence of an object or feature: I didn't take offense at all. No one was to blame for my distraction.

indefinite pronouns: something, someone, some, some, several. The remaining indefinite pronouns are formed using suffixes - something, something, something and basics interrogative pronoun: some sweets, someone knocked, give me at least something.

27. Verb as a part of speech in modern Russian. Conjugated and non-conjugated forms of the verb. The composition of the grammatical categories of the verb.

A verb is a significant part of speech with the meaning of an action or state, expressing these meanings using the categories of aspect, voice, tense, person, mood, and performing in the sentence mainly the function of a predicate.

To non-conjugated forms i.e. forms that do not change according to persons, tenses, moods include the infinitive, participle, participle: read, reading, reading. All other forms are conjugated.

Infinitive - initial form with which the rest of the form system is connected. Names a process not assigned to any person. It is characterized by special suf. - t, -ti, -sti, -st, -ch. Any member may participate in the proposal. Smoking - prohibited - subject.

The verb has two formative stems - the stem of the present tense and the stem of the infinitive.

The stem of the present tense is distinguished by cutting off the ending of the 3rd person plural of the present or future simple tense. (write-ut). The stem of the infinitive is distinguished by cutting off the suf. -th. (write)

From the basis of the present tense are formed:

Present tenses

Forms imperative mood

Present participles

Imperfect participles

From the stem of the infinitive are formed

Past forms of the indicative mood

Forms subjunctive mood

Past participles

Perfect participles

Verb classes are word-building groups that combine verbs with the same ratio of the stem of the infinitive and the stem of the present-future tense. Allocate productive and unproductive classes.

Verbs that have such a ratio of the stems of the infinitive and the present-future tense, which is also characteristic of newly formed verbs, belong to productive classes. There are 5 productive verbal classes.

Class Infinitive Stem Present Tense Stem Example

1 ay read-b - read-ut

2 her white-be - white-she-ut

3 ova (eva) uy dictate-t - dictate-ut

4 well n bend-be - gn-ut

5 and loses and build-be - build-at

Non-productive classes include verbs, the ratio of the stems of which is not typical for newly formed words. Write-write, beat-beat. Grade 1-4 - conjugation 1, grade 5 - conjugation 2.

Verb types

View expresses differences in the course of action. Perfect and imperfect. Perfective verbs denote action as integral, limited. I wrote a letter. Imperfective verbs do not contain an indication of reaching the limit. He is writing a letter. Some verbs do not have an aspect pair and are called single aspect - regret, sing ... If both aspect values are expressed in the same form - two aspect - marry, examine.

Transitivity

Transitional and intransitive. If the verb agrees with the noun in ch. without a preposition, it is transitive. May also agree with a noun in R.p. if a part of the object is indicated - drink tea, and if there is a denial - he will not buy milk. Intransitive verbs denote an action incapable of transferring to a direct object, they do not combine with a noun in ch. without a suggestion. An indicator of intransitiveness is the affix -sya (sya), but verbs without sya can also be intransitive.

Voices of the verb

The verb can be active or passive syntactic constructions. In the active - the subject calls actor, predicate-action, and direct object in the accusative case without a preposition - an object. The workers are building a house. basis active structure constitutes the subject and the predicate. SUBJECT - PREDIC - OBJECT A passive construction contains a subject that names an object, a predicate that names an action, and indirect addition in the instrumental case, naming the actor. The house is being built by workers. SUBJECT - SKAZUNMY - APPENDIX. Verbs speaking in passive design are called verbs passive voice. The verb has active voice, if the subject with it names the actor.

Mood

Expresses the relation of action to reality.

An action that really exists is expressed by verbs of the indicative mood. An action that does not really exist, but is desirable or possible, is expressed by subjunctive and imperative verbs. The subjunctive mood is formed analytically: the form of the past tense + the particle by. Forms of the imperative mood are usually formed from the basis of the present or future simple tense in two ways: 1) suf. –and (write), 2) non-suffixed (think, eat).

verb tense

Present tense verbs indicate that the action coincides with the moment of speech.

They have meanings:

Action at the moment of speaking (I'm driving to work)

The action is constant timeless (several seas wash the shores of our country)

Action expressing the property of an object (he writes nicely)

Past tense verbs indicate that the action took place before the moment of speech.

They have meanings:

Perfect view

The action took place in the past, but the result persists to the present

An action that happened before another

Imperfect species

Action in its course in the past

Action repeated over and over again in the past

Future tense verbs denote an action that takes place after the moment of speaking. It is simple and complex. From imperfective verbs - complex, used auxiliary be. You will read, we will read. From the perfect look - simple. Will read.

Via personal forms the speaker indicates who is doing the action. The verb has three persons that differ in the plural. If the producer of the action coincides with the speaker, then the verb is used in the 1st person singular. If the action is performed by a group that includes the speaker, then the 1st person plural form is used. If the action is performed by the interlocutor, then the verb appears in the form of the 2nd person singular. If there are several interlocutors, then the 2nd person plural form is used. An action performed by a non-participant in the act of speech is expressed in the form of the 3rd person singular. If there is more than one producer of the action, then the 3rd person plural form is used. These face shape values are primary.

Verbs in the forms of the present and future tense, indicative mood are characterized by the face. It is worth noting that not all verbs have all forms of the person. The verbs of the passive voice have an incomplete paradigm of the person: they are used only in the form of the 3rd person singular and plural (“to study” - “is being studied”, “to gather” - “is going to”). Some verbs are deprived of the form of the 1st person, for example, "persuade", "puff" and others. Another group of verbs is devoid of forms of the 1st and 2nd person: "blacken", "close" and so on. Reasons for these changes include the following:

These verbs denote actions that cannot be carried out by a person: "to turn green";

Such actions cannot be single: “run away”;

Potentially, face shapes are possible, but they can lead to homonymy of forms: “buzz”;

Orthoepic inconvenience of potential forms: "to win".

Imperative verbs only have the 2nd person singular or plural form. Verbs in the form of the subjunctive mood, verbs in the form of the past tense, as well as impersonal verbs, do not have face forms, since the action of the latter is not associated with a direct subject: “it is dawning”, “evening”.

The aspect category of a verb is a system of two series of verb forms opposed to each other: a series of verb forms denoting a holistic action limited by a limit (verbs of a perfect form), and a number of forms of verbs that do not have a sign bounded by the limit holistic action (verbs of an imperfect form).

View is the main classifying category; it is inherent in all verb forms without exception.

semantic feature aspect is the general grammatical meaning of the relation of the action indicated by the verb to its internal limit.

non-syntagmatically identifiable.

Exist special science engaged in the study verb form- Aspectology.

Aspective pairs of verbs

Perfective and imperfective verbs often form species pairs. Species pairs are verbs different types, which have the same lexical meaning. For example: cross out (perfect view) - cross out (imperfect view); reach (perfect view) - reach (imperfect view); double (perfect view) - double (imperfect view).

Most verbs that form pairs have same root. Exceptions are such species pairs as: take (perfect view) - take (imperfect view); find (perfect view) - look for (imperfect view); catch (perfect view) - catch (imperfect view).

Two aspect verbs

Verbs that combine the features of both the perfect and the imperfect form are called two-spectrum verbs. The form of such verbs can be determined using semantic analysis suggestions.

Type and time:

Perfective verbs have two tense forms (there is no present tense form), the future tense form is simple. Imperfect verbs have 3 tense forms (there is a present tense form), the future tense form is complex.

Ways verb action

The lexico-grammatical category of the verb interacts with the grammatical category of aspect, expressing the ways of verbal action, i.e. those meanings that are associated with the process of action (any moment of its implementation, intensity of manifestation, internal dissection, etc.). The main meanings associated with the expression of the method of verbal action: the meaning of initiation in perfective verbs formed with the help of prefixes voz-, vz-, za-, po-, for example: flare up, flare up, wave, scream, walk, thunder, run, blow; the meaning of limiting the action in time, in the fullness of manifestation in perfective verbs formed with a prefix by or several prefixes, for example: lie down, dream, sit, hold, think; the meaning of effectiveness (the completion of the action, the completion of the process) for perfective verbs formed with prefixes pro-, from-, y-, from-, for example: oversleep, lie down (hand), ship, get tired, get wet, write; distributive (distributive) meaning for perfective verbs with prefixes re-, over- and several prefixes, for example: wash, wash, bite, cover; the value of the intensity of the onset of action in perfective verbs formed with the suffix -nu-, for example: to burst, to burst; the value of the discontinuity of the action of imperfective verbs with a prefix in - and a suffix -iv (a) -, for example: to ache, cough, tap; the accompanying meaning of imperfective verbs formed with the help of prefixes with-, sub- and suffixes -iv(a)-, -yv(a)-, for example: to say, to trample, to wink, to jump.

The category of person indicates the subject of the action expressed by the verb: the speaker (first person), the speaker's interlocutor (second person), a person or object not participating in speech (third person). The 1st and 2nd person forms differ from the 3rd person form in that they indicate a specific person (subject) (to the speaker or his interlocutor), while the 3rd person form does not indicate a specific person (or object), and the subject can be expressed by any noun.
Personal forms of the verb, except primary values, characteristic of them in dialogical speech, can have a number of other values.
The generalized personal meaning is usually expressed in the 2nd person singular form, denoting the action or state of any person and usually used without the pronoun you: How you sleep is how you sleep(last). Such forms can denote actions and the speaker himself (1st person): Get up, used to be early, grab your fishing rods and run to the river.
The indefinite personal meaning is associated with the 3rd person plural of the present and with the plural of the past tense. This form expresses an action without specifying actors: The noise multiplied. They beat the alarm(P.). AT colloquial speech the form of the 3rd person with an indefinitely personal meaning can denote an action performed by the speaker himself: Who are they talking to! Whom do they ask!
Impersonal verbs

Impersonal verbs are those that express actions and states that occur on their own, without their producer (subject). With such verbs, the use of the subject is impossible: it is getting dark, it is dawning. Impersonal verbs in their own way lexical meaning can express:

natural phenomena: freezing, evening;

physical and mental state person: feverish, do not want;

modal meaning responsibilities: should, should, befitting and etc.,

action of an unknown force: drives, wears, carries etc.;

the action of elemental force (in combination with instrumental case): The paths were clogged, tightly covered with snow(Furm.).

By education, impersonal verbs can be irrevocable and return form: dawn, dusk.

Irrevocable form without personal verbs has varieties:

proper impersonal verbs: And dawn for a long time(Barat.);

personal verbs in impersonal usage; compare: There is a Russian spirit, there smells of Russia(P.); How strongly the wormwood smells on the borders!(T.).

The reflexive form of impersonal verbs in most cases is formed from personal verbs (often intransitive) through the affix -sya; not sleeping - not sleeping. There are such varieties of the reflexive form of impersonal verbs:

verbs with an impersonal meaning that do not have matches in the group of personal verbs: To tell the truth, it lay perfectly on this sofa(T.);

impersonal verbs, coinciding in form with personal: One came true(cf. prediction came true), another dreamed(cf. happiness dreamed) (pom.).

Compared to personal, impersonal verbs do not change in person and number, as well as in gender. They are only used in the 3rd person singular. hours of present and future tense and in the form of units. h. past tense of the neuter gender.
These forms of impersonal verbs, unlike the corresponding personal forms, are not determined by agreement with the subject, as they are used in impersonal sentences. Impersonal verbs have the form of the subjunctive mood of the neuter gender singular. hours and indefinite form; they have no imperative form.

30. Mood categories as inflectional morphological category, content and expression. Forms of inclinations and their meaning. Surreal inclinations. Portable use inclination forms. Practical part.

The mood category is a grammatical category in the verb system that determines the modality of the action, i.e., denoting the relation of the action to reality. There are three moods in Russian: indicative, subjunctive and imperative.

Verb moods

Indicative expresses an action conceived by the speaker as quite real, actually taking place in time (present, past and future): Ural good

According to semantics and grammatical properties, it is customary to distinguish the following categories of numerals:

1) quantitative ( four, nine, fifteen, thirty, forty, seventy, two hundred, five hundred, one thousand, eighty-two, eight hundred twenty-one);

2) ordinal ( first, sixteenth, seventieth, hundredth, ninety-ninth, four hundred and seventy-eighth);

3) fractional ( one second, seven tenths);

4) collective ( two, three, ten);

5) indefinitely quantitative ( many, many, many, several).

Cardinal numbers denote the number of integer units or a certain number of items, calculated in integer units. According to their structure, quantitative numbers are divided into:

1) simple, or non-derivatives (names of units of the first ten, as well as forty, one hundred, one thousand);

2) complex or derivatives, historically consisting of two bases with an element - on the- or without it: twelve, thirty, fifty, three hundred, seven hundred;

3) composite, which are combinations of two or more numerals ( twenty-five, four hundred and eighty-seven, fifty-two thousand, seven hundred and forty-eight).

numeral one (one, one) preserves generic differences in modern Russian (one table, one girl, one window) and its old declension along the lines of pronouns and full adjectives ( one, one etc.) Word one may have other meanings: There is safety in numbers(used in the meaning of a noun); They served in the same regiment(i.e. in the same one); The action takes place in one Volga city(i.e., in some) - acts as various pronouns; One I knew about it(only, only) - plays the role of a restrictive part.

The form alone has a formal plural indicator (endings -and), but, of course, does not express the meaning of plurality, as this contradicts the very meaning of the word one. The form alone It has numerical value only when combined: a) with nouns that do not have units. numbers: one glasses, one pitchfork; b) with nouns denoting paired objects: one shoes(one pair). In all other cases, the form alone used in the meaning of other parts of speech. For example: in the group were alone girls(excretory particle); told about it alone our good friends(indefinite pronoun), etc.

numeral two three four had in the history of the Russian language common destiny and now they have the same declension: I. two (two), three, four, R. two, three, four; D. two, three, four; AT. two (two), (two), three, four (three, four); T. two, three, four; P. two, three, four. At the same time, the word two retained generic differences two boys, two villages, two girls), numerals three four they have been lost.

AT Old Russian word two had dual number forms ( dva, dvh; two; dvhma). Later (apparently, under the influence of the nominal declension) in the genitive and local cases, the form began to be used two and then two(under the influence of impersonal pronouns and words three four). These three forms we find in modern complex: adjectives cousin(as well as second cousin), bilateral, two-lived, double-breasted, two-story, two-month etc.)

After numerals two three four in the nominative (as well as in the accusative) case, nouns were in the form genitive singular, which is counterintuitive. The source of this form is –– -them. – vin. pad. dual number of masculine nouns type table, fruit (two tables, two fruits), which, after the loss of the category of the dual number, began to be perceived precisely as the genitive case of the singular. In the future, the forms of the genus. pad. began to be used with other names ( two villages) and after numerals three, four (three tables, four tables), replacing here the regular plural forms ( three tables, four tables etc.).

In indirect cases, numerals two three four agree with nouns ( two, three, four tables, two, three, four tables etc.)

Numerals five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, having lost their gender, the category of number and the ability to be determined by adjectives, they retained their declension according to the type of nouns. They change according to III declension like the names bone, night, area.

Numerals from 11 to 19 were formed from a combination of the names of the numbers of the first ten + preposition on the+ local case of the word ten: one-by-ten (one over ten), five-by-ten etc., and each part of the declension had an independent stress. However, these combinations began to be perceived as a whole, as one word with an emphasis on the first part, as a result of which the second component underwent a strong reduction with the loss of vowels and assimilation. This is how the element came into existence. twenty, writing a letter d in which we recall the word that was once here ten.

Similar changes have taken place in the history of numerals. twenty thirty, which were originally word additions two and three with corresponding forms nominative case(dual or plural), words ten. In the same way, the name of the number 40 was formed in ancient times.

Numerals fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty go back to combinations of the corresponding names of numbers five six etc. with the genitive plural form former noun ten. In the same way, the word denoting nine tens was formed in the Old Russian language ( nine ten).

In the history of the Russian language, the old names for the numbers 40 and 90 were replaced by other words: noun fourty, which originally denoted a bag in which four dozen skins were placed and the word ninety(probably, nine to one hundred). The words forty, ninety, as well as hundred declined as nouns forty, ninety, one hundred; forty, ninety, hundred etc.), however, most of the forms of these numerals were lost, and in modern Russian only two forms are opposed: forty, ninety, one hundred - forty, ninety, one hundred(common for all indirect cases).

In the works of the Russian literature XIX in. often there are archaic forms of indirect cases of these numerals: They go to them a hundred times a day(I. A. Krylov); In the village of Mostakh (one hundred and forty versts from Samara) there was a fire near the hut where Pugachev spent the night(A. S. Pushkin); The colonel killed all his horses, making forty miles every day from Stepanchikovo to the city(F. M. Dostoevsky).

The names of hundreds are formed similarly to the numerals denoting tens. They arose from combinations of words from one before nine with different forms former noun sto: 200 - nominative dual number ( dvh sith; two hundred), 300, 400 - with nominative plural ( three hundred, four hundred > three hundred, four hundred), from 500 to 900 - with the genitive plural ( five, six etc.; > five hundred, six hundred¼ nine hundred).

Numerals from eleven before nineteen, as well as twenty thirty decline as one word third type of declension of nouns. By the same type, but with a change in both parts, the words are inclined fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty. When declining, the name of hundreds also changes both components: in oblique cases, the first part receives the endings characteristic of the corresponding names of numbers from one before ten, the second part is the word hundred, similar to the plural forms of neuter nouns like village: two hundred, three hundred, two hundred, three hundred, two hundred, four hundred, three hundred, four hundred, five hundred, seven hundred, five hundred, nine hundred, six hundred, eight hundred, seven hundred, nine hundred. This fact once again reminds of the former belonging of the word hundred to the category of nouns.

Cardinal numbers in indirect cases agree with nouns ( five boys, ten students, about seventeen books, two hundred rubles etc.). But the word one thousand, preserving the features of a noun and declining according to the type of names into - a (earth, candle), can be combined with nouns in indirect cases and in the way of control ( to a thousand students and to a thousand students). The words million, billion, trillion, used in modern Russian as numerals, govern the noun in all case forms: a million rubles, a million rubles, a million rubles, a million rubles and about a million rubles).

Compound numerals are formed by sequentially adding smaller numbers to larger ones, while each word that is part of them is declined: two hundred thirty four, two hundred thirty four etc.

Ordinals mean the order of items when counting ( fourth hour, seventh year, three hundred twenty-first page etc.). They are formed from the corresponding cardinal numbers ( five - fifth, hundred - hundredth, thousand - thousandth), and in the formation of words first second a different basis is used.

Such words are included in the category of numerals conditionally, in accordance with the traditions of school teaching of the Russian language. In their grammatical properties, they are no different from adjectives: they change in gender, number and case, agreeing with the noun ( second table, second week, second window, second numbers), are declined like adjectives ( first, first, first, third, third, third, third, third), in the sentence acts as an agreed definition. Therefore, ordinal numbers are usually considered as one of the varieties of relative adjectives.

Fractional numbers denote fractional values, i.e. the number equal parts units. They are combinations, the first part of which is a quantitative numeral, and the second is an ordinal, taking the form or nominative singular female, or genitive plural: one eighth, two thirds, four tenths etc.

In the Old Russian language there was original way designations for numbers like 1.5; 3.5; 45; 550, etc., representing the number of units of a certain category and half of the unit of the same category. For the same purpose, the combination of the noun half (half) with the genitive case of the singular of a short ordinal number, formed from a word denoting the number of whole units, but one unit more: half a fifth (4,5), half a hundred(550), etc. From this old system of designation of similar quantities in Russian, only the words one and a half, one and a half(from half - second) and half a hundred (half - second - sita), which, after the loss of reduced vowels, underwent a simplification of the consonant group l to t. Currently numeral one and a half (one and a half) preserves generic differences: a piece and a half, a log and a half, a week and a half.

Collective numberstwo, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten in modern Russian it forms a small group that does not go beyond the first ten. But even in the 17th century, their circle was practically unlimited: in the monuments there are writings plow osmnatzators, twenty two sledges, sorokor sandals and under.

Collective numbers are formed from quantitative ones with the help of suffixes - j(e): two, three or –er(o): four, five etc. They are inflected as non-personal pronouns or full adjectives(the words two, three- on the soft, the rest on the hard version).

In the nominative-accusative cases, they govern nouns that are in the genitive plural form, in other cases they agree with them: four students - four students. However, the forms of indirect cases are of little use and are usually replaced by forms of cardinal numbers: four students.

The stylistic validity of collective numerals is their predominant use in colloquial speech.

Numeral- part of speech expressing the grammatical meaning of quantity: one, one hundred, forty. The numeral answers the question HOW MUCH?

Grammatical signs of numerals:

1 - change by cases,

2 - do not change in numbers (exception - one - in gram. St. you is close to adj.),

3 - no gender category (exception - one and a half, two, both- have the form of f.r. - common gender (m.r. and cf.r.) - one and a half, two, both) The word Odin has 3 generic forms: one, /in/o.

4 - there is no category of animate / inanimate (only numerals - one, two, both, three, four agree on odush/neodush. With nouns. m.r.: I see three tables, but three elephants).

5 - combined with nouns, numerals (except for one, as well as fractional numbers) in the form of I.p. and V.p. manage entities, requiring the form R.p. units or plural; in the forms of the main indirect cases agree with nouns in the form of the case: two tables, two tables. The combination of a numeral with a noun is an indivisible member of the sentence.

By COMPOSITION, numerals are:

1 - simple (non-derivative): two, ten.

2 - complex (derivatives): fifteen, six hundred.

Grammatical digits of numerals (according to school):

1 - Quantitative - indicate quantities and answer the question HOW MUCH? Five thirty.

2 - Ordinal - indicate the order in which items are listed and answer the question WHICH? Fifth, thirtieth.

Academic grammar considers it necessary to distinguish between words like hundred and hundredth.

Grammar differences of these words: 1 - different categorical value (hundred - denotes quantity, hundredth - a sign of the subject); 2 - words like hundredth, like adj., change by gender, number and case, for words like hundred har-on only the category of case. 3 - case endings of words like hundredth same as in app. fifth-crumpled 1 declension, for words like hundred special declination systems. 4 - in compound ordinal numbers of the type one hundred thirty fifth only the last component is declined, in numerals like one hundred thirty five all components decline: one hundred thirty five. 5 - the combination of the ordinal number with the noun is not a single member of the sentence.

Numerals can represent integers and fractional numbers, number of items as a holistic, collective set. In this regard, it is customary to distinguish between 3 grammatical categories of numerals:

1 - quantitative: three, twenty. Quantitative are simple and compound: two, five, twelve.

2 - fractional: two-thirds. - This special group compound numerals denoting fractional quantities. By grammatical features fractional numerals differ from actual quantitative ones:

Proper cardinal numbers cannot be combined with real and collective names nouns, and fractional ones are combined: two thirds of milk.

A fractional number always ends with a noun or substantivized adjective, therefore, fractional numbers are combined with entities according to the model of nouns: they always control the form of R.p. and never agree with nouns.

3 - collective: three, five. All of them are derived from quantitative nouns: two-two. Collective numerals are used in combinations: 1 - with nouns denoting persons husband. gender: five soldiers. 2 - with noun. people, children, guys : five children. 3 - with nouns denoting baby animals: five kittens, seven kids. 4 - with objective entities pluralia tantum type sleigh, scissors: two sledges, three scissors.

Adjoining numerals are indefinitely quantitative the words: a lot, a little, a little, a lot, a few, a lot.

Not refer to nouns the words: hundred, dozen, ten, mass, darkness, etc.. (n.)

DECLECTION OF NUMBER NAMES:

Cardinal number one inflected according to the patterns of adjectives of different types: one, one, one, one.

Numerals both, two, three, four special case endings:

I.p. both both two two three four

R.p. both both two three four

D.p. both both two three four

V.p. I.p. or R.p.

etc. both both two three four

P.p. (v) both both two three four

Numerals from five to twenty and thirty declines in 3rd declension (as night.) Numerals forty, ninety, one hundred forms V.p. and I.p. coincide, and in all other cases the ending is a: forty, ninety, one hundred.

Numerals from fifty before eighty and from two hundred before nine hundred bow to the ode of the part:

I.p. fifty two hundred three hundred five hundred

R.p. fifty two hundred three hundred five hundred

D.p. fifty two hundred three hundred five hundred

etc. fifty two hundred three hundred five hundred

P.p. (o) fifty two hundred three hundred five hundred

At composite quantitative and fractional numerals decline all components: fifty two, with fifty two. Exceptions - fractional numbers of the type two and a quarter, eight and a half, whose last component does not change: about eight and a half.

declination collective x numerals resembles the declension of different types of adj-x names: I.p. two, five, in the forms of other cases, plural endings are used. adj: two, five.

1) quantitative;

2) ordinal;

- ".....
Official terminology
- 1...
A guide to spelling and style
- 1. Available variant forms instrumental simple and complex numerals and combinations with them: a) eight - eight; also: eighty - eighty, eighty - eight hundred ...
A guide to spelling and style
A guide to spelling and style
- 1. Collective numerals two, three, four are combined: 1) with masculine and general nouns that name persons: two friends, three orphans ...
A guide to spelling and style
- see the numeral ...
Vocabulary linguistic terms
- Categories arising from the contact of grammatical categories and lexical groupings of words: categories of abstractness, materiality, animation of nouns, the mode of action of verbs, ...
- 1) specific nouns; 2) real nouns; 3) abstract nouns; 4) collective nouns...
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
- 1) quality; 2) relative adjectives; 3) possessive adjectives...
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
simple, complex, compound...
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
- 1) personal; 2) return; 3) possessive; 4) interrogative; 5) relative; 6) exclamatory; 7) negative; 8) indefinite; 9) defining; 10) index...
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
- In modern Russian, the following subtypes of declensions are distinguished: 1) one, one, one in them. and win.p. have short endings, in indirect cases - full ...
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
- Means of anaphora, references to the components of the previous text: 1) personal demonstrative pronouns; 2) demonstrative pronouns; 3) possessive pronouns...
Syntax: Dictionary
- In modern Russian, they have the category of gender and change by gender: 1) several simple basic numerals: one, one, one; two, two; 2) compound numbers ending with the words one, two ...
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

"basic lexical and grammatical categories of numerals" in books

Chapter VIII. SPELLING, GRAMMAR, LEXICO-SEMANTIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE OF THE SOVIET PERIOD

From the book Russian language under the Soviets the author Fesenko Andrey

"STABILITY" OF NUMBER NAMES

From the book How to Speak Correctly: Notes on the Culture of Russian Speech author Golovin Boris Nikolaevich

"Stubbornness" of Numerals According to school textbooks of the Russian language, we are well aware that numerals (both simple, and complex, and compound) are supposed to decline, that is, change in cases. But the textbooks don't warn us that these names are starting to get 'stubborn'.

X. Spelling of nouns

author Rosenthal Ditmar Elyashevich

X. Spelling of numerals § 45. Quantitative, ordinal, fractional numerals 1. Complex (consisting of two bases) quantitative numerals are written together, for example: eighteen, eighty, eight hundred.2. Compounds (consisting of several words)

XXXVIII. Forms of nouns

From the book Spelling and Style Guide author Rosenthal Ditmar Elyashevich

XXXVIII. Forms of numerals § 164. Combinations of numerals with nouns 1. There are variant forms of the instrumental case of simple and complex numerals and combinations with them: a) eight - eight (the second form has a book character and a shade of obsolescence); also:

§ 164. Combinations of numerals with nouns

From the book Spelling and Style Guide author Rosenthal Ditmar Elyashevich

§ 164. Combinations of numerals with nouns 1. There are variant forms of the instrumental case of simple and complex numerals and combinations with them: a) eight - eight (the second form has a book character and a shade of obsolescence); See also: eighty - eighty,

X. SPELLING OF NUMBER NAMES

author Rosenthal Ditmar Elyashevich

X. SPELLING OF NUMBERAL NAMES § 44. Quantitative, ordinal, fractional numerals 1. Complex (consisting of two bases) quantitative numerals are written together, for example: eighty, eight hundred.2. Compound (consisting of several words) quantitative

XXXVIII. NUMBER FORMS

From the book A Guide to Spelling, Pronunciation, literary editing author Rosenthal Ditmar Elyashevich

XXXVIII. FORMS OF NUMBERAL NAMES § 166. Combinations of numerals with nouns 1. Equal variant forms of the instrumental case of simple and complex numbers and combinations with them: eight - eight, eighty - eighty, eight hundred - eight hundred.

6.1. Grammatical categories and meanings. Grammar classes of words

author Guseva Tamara Ivanovna

6.1. Grammar categories and values. Grammar classes words morphology is integral part grammar. The object of consideration in morphology is the word in all its diversity. When the word is used in specific situation, then it is already customary to call it