In a compound nominal predicate, as well as in a compound verb, two constructive components are always distinguished: 1) bundle, the main purpose of which is to express purely grammatical, predicative categories of modality and time; 2) nominal (binding) part, which contains the material content of the predicate. For example: These plants were faithful friends kids(K. Paustovsky); Dawn was blue, cold ... (B. Pilnyak); Shura Schlesinger was tall thin woman with correct traits a little masculine faces (B. Pasternak). It is important to understand that the auxiliary component of the compound nominal predicate may not have at all verbal expression, i.e. the connective is represented by the zero form, but the predicate always remains two-component, i.e. composite: I - disobedient and free (A. Blok).
In the function of the link, the word is primarily used to be. Abstract (or ideal) bundle to be not only expresses the grammatical meaning of modality and tense, but also connects the predicate with the subject.
Abstract connections also include to represent, to be, to appear, to appear, to be considered, to remain, to look like, to appear, to become, to return, to become and etc.
Sometimes they are included in the group of improper links1. They are characterized by a weakened and modified lexical meaning and introduce different semantic shades into the real meaning of the predicate. Wed: He was kind; He became kind; He seemed kind; He returned kind.
If the abstract link to be is purely official word, then sheaves of the second type are divided into semi-significant and significant.
Semi-significant ligaments are included in the composite nominal predicate row eigenvalues: 1) the appearance of a sign: make– become, become, become;2) preservation of the feature: stay - stay;
3) external feature detection: turn out– get out, get out - get out, to appear - to appear; 4) attribution of a sign to its carrier from the outside, naming: to be known - to be known, to seem, to be considered, to be called, to be named, to be called;5) assessment of the sign as a supposed, apparent, imaginary: to appear - to appear, to appear, to appear: For example: The peasant suddenly turned purple, and through the tan his face became brick
(A. Serafimovich); spectacle was getting scary
(A. Kuprin); Blacksmith reputed to be a man very prudent
(N.Leskov); Measurement of ravines turned out to be difficult
(K. Paustovsky).
Significant connectives are verbs with a specific lexical meaning (usually movements and stay in some state of activity). They enter into syntactic link either with an adjective in the nominative or instrumental form, or with a noun in the instrumental form. These are the words go, return, sit, be born, live, work, work, work hard etc.2 He walked happy (K. Fedin); Sadykov came overcast, business,tired and effective ... (B. Pilnyak); Spring turned out to be different for ordinary Russian winters(K. Paustovsky); Levka sat down first on the only stool at the wooden table(A. Tolstoy); What, Akulina, you live like a beggar ? (M. Gorky); People in Yeni-Kale lived mean and poor ... (K. Paustovsky). The instrumental predicative in an amplifying sense can be combined with the nominative case of the same name: ... Houses you live like a pig you don't accept anyone... (A. Pushkin). The same way of expressing the real part of a compound nominal predicate is also possible with an abstract connective: And she cloud cloud (N.Leskov); She is in front of you freak freak (A. Pushkin).
Particles: it, here, such as, exactly, as if, sort of, like, akin to etc. do not replace the verb copula to be, but only combined with it in various forms, including at zero, only emphasizing the functions of the bundle to be. For example: You - exactly Sentence to exile On malnutrition, lack of sleep, lack of food, On malnutrition and pain in the back of the head(B.Pasternak); Punctuation marks - this is like notes(K. Paustovsky); Chinar - this is wood weaver weaving himself(N. Zabolotsky).
The linking part of the compound nominal predicate denotes the passive predicative feature of the subject. Most often, the role of the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate is played by the so-called typical for this function predicative forms of nominal parts of speech. These include:
1. Indeclinable short adjectives and passive participles. In a sentence, they function exclusively as nominal parts of the compound predicate. For example: You deaf ! – growled Levi... (M. Bulgakov); granny face solemnly and wearily (V. Astafiev); The guard was furious (K. Paustovsky); Eucalyptus leaves always turned ribs to the sun...(K. Paustovsky). Their use in another function is stylistically determined by: The mermaid floated on the blue river, Illuminated by the full moon(M. Lermontov).
2. Inflected nouns, full adjectives and participles, numerals, pronouns in nominative or instrumental forms. Both of these case forms have same value, can replace each other due to functional equivalence: The person in other people is soul human(B.Pasternak); Lara was the cleanest creature in the world(B.Pasternak); A minute later she returned outwardly calm (B.Pasternak); The field seemed to run endless (B. Pasternak); This house is my (M. Gorky).
In the role of the nominal part with the corresponding abstract connective, a noun in the form of the accusative case without a preposition can act: Soon the house represented sleepy kingdom (B.Pasternak); The voice is fight verbs with non-advance tense(I. Brodsky). In the position of the nominal part, it is possible accusative animate nouns with a preposition per: For the elder there will be Ivanova; For the commander remains a junior sergeant.
Nominal part a compound nominal predicate can be represented by a phrase in the form of a nominative or instrumental case. For example: Which crazy thing waltz! (B.Pasternak); But the old carpet has become favorite thing boy(A. Kuprin).
Conditionally non-predicative (not typical) for this function are all other forms indirect cases noun and other substantiated parts of speech, including the instrumental case of comparison: Cupid's bow, ringlet mustache etc.: I have lips bow; At that time, you can imagine, I was in a difficult state (K. Paustovsky); Shooting was on an invisible target (A. Tvardovsky); Now Tatyana Petrovna looked least of all for an adult (K. Paustovsky); All six letters were from Dasha (A. Tolstoy); The whole city was on foot (K. Paustovsky); I am today with money (K. Paustovsky); Briefcase - leather; Textile - in the box; She is - because of the Dnieper etc.
The real value as part of a nominal predicate can be transmitted by parts of speech that do not have forms of inflection. Because of this, it is, of course, not actually nominal. It would be more correct to call it non-verbal. In the composite verbal predicate adverbs, a relatively small group of them, are primarily adverbs. These are the words tipsy, hastily, at the ready, wide open, by the way, on the alert, on the alert, bulging etc. For example: Since then, when I met Fedya, I was alert (K. Paustovsky); The windows stood wide open (K. Paustovsky). The same function uses immutable form comparative degree quality adjectives (comparative): And my future still appears to me more hopeless (L. Tolstoy); Strawberries are here larger (A.Griboyedov); And laughter forest (A. Griboedov).
Type gerunds swollen, swollen, drunk, wet, chilled and others are used mainly in common parlance: My Vasyatka always has an ear swollen from this yat(A. Chekhov); The watchman came drunk.
The infinitive as a linking part of a compound nominal predicate is used only with connectives to be means to signify. At the same time, it is often parallel to the subject infinitive. For example: Smoking is health harm. In this case, the position of the subject is occupied, as a rule, by nouns in the nominative case with abstract semantics duty, business, work, task, idea, duty, substantiated adjectives and combinations most important, most important etc. The infinitive can have any lexical meaning. For example: A task - collect harvest; Our goal - spend experiment; The most important - be treated .
In the position of the nominal part, there can be whole phrases if the noun in their composition does not have sufficient semantic completeness: The church was new construction (B. Pasternak); The ebony wardrobe was huge size (B. Pasternak).
As part of the nominal predicate, its special variety is singled out - the so-called double predicate. It consists of two meaningful words, verbs in them have the meaning of predominantly moving in space, activity or state and, as a rule, adjectives and participles used in interchangeable forms Im.p. and TV. cases. For example: We returned from fishing satisfied (satisfied ). The subject and predicate are connected by gravity, which is the reason for the possibility of literary use of the nominal part of the predicate in two forms - instrumental and nominative case.
A compound nominal (non-verbal) predicate, like a compound verb, can have complicated forms. The complication occurs due to that part of the compound predicate that does not express its real meaning. It can be modified by one or even two phase verbs characteristic of the compound verbal predicate: at the end of the dream to reach the front line start seem impossible to them(K.Simonov); little by little conversation began to become almost serious(F. Dostoevsky). Modal verbs can complicate: Life and must be a delight(I. Bunin); After that, everyone can hope be my son-in-law(L. Tolstoy).
4. The question of a complex (mixed) predicate
According to N.S. Valgina, a verbal predicate, consisting of three or more components according to quantitative attribute is difficult. By qualitative composition it can be mixed those. combine the signs of a compound verb and a compound nominal predicate. AT mixed polynomials predicates combine components of both: wanted to be a diplomat...1. Here, from the verbal predicate, the modal verb wanted from nominal - semi-significant copula and nominal part become a diplomat. As I.P. Raspopov writes, this qualification of this type of predicate “seems to be the most accurate, since in these cases there is a kind of contamination of the forms of the compound verbal and the compound nominal predicate”2. For example: This night couldn't sleep (B. Pilnyak); Nobody can not so constantly want to be loved ... (M. Lermontov); …I ready to be the subject from past(I. Brodsky).
However, according to P.A. Lekant, the form of a polynomial predicate, the real meaning of which is expressed by an infinitive or a name, is - complicated the form of a compound verbal or nominal predicate, regardless of the quantity and quality of the components in the auxiliary part3. Only the auxiliary part can be polynomial and mixed, and the predicate always remains two-component. Wed: He continued/work. - He wanted to continue/work; He was ready to continue /work; He expressed a desire to continue /work. She is was kind. She is remained / kind. - She is wanted to stay/ kind. - She is was ready to stay/ kind. - She is expressed her desire to stay/ kind.
Thus, a mixed polynomial predicate is complicated compound verbal or compound nominal predicate: Observing subordination, Boris should have/reported for Colonel...(Yu. Bondarev); His steps already ceased to be/heard (L. Tolstoy).
It consists of a nominal part and a linking verb. The linking verb may not be materially expressed. It may be zero. Summer is rainy.
There are 3 types of verb connectives
1) the verb-bundle "to be", standing in any tense and mood. This link in pure form deprived of its lexical meaning. It can only indicate the grammatical meaning of mood, tense, person, gender, or pure.
I was here = was. The summer was rainy.
2) semi-significant verbal connectives, their lexical meaning is weakened by verbs with a phase meaning, with a modal meaning, as well as a semi-significant meaning: to be considered, to appear, to be called, to seem, etc.. The child appears to be sick.
3) fully significant verbs. Usually verbs of motion or state. Katya returned from a joyful walk.
Linking verb function in SIS:
1) express modality and syntactic tense
2) Connect the predicate with the subject
3) Semi-significant and full-significant connectives are involved in the formation of the lexical meaning of the predicate.
1) adjective in full or short form in positive, comparative or superlative degree.
He was sick.(s.p.) He seems sick. (Semi-significant copula + instrumental)
2) a noun, most often in the nominative case, but can be in instrumental and other case forms. My brother is a teacher. Brother is a teacher.
3) the nominal part of speech can be expressed by the participle. Most often, passive past participles are used in the marginal form. The picture is written.
4) the nominal part can be expressed as a numeral. Two times two is four.
5) can be expressed as an indivisible phrase. The boy was ten years old.
6) pronouns of various categories. What is the date today? Petrov is the one who came yesterday.
7) an adverb with the meaning of a qualitative characteristic of an object. The windows were wide open.
Compound Predicate
It consists of three or more components, they are built according to certain schemes.
Two-part sentences have
1) short adjective+ (connective verb) + infinitive. He was supposed to arrive yesterday.
2) short adjective + (linking verb) + verb "to be" + name/participle.
The answer had to be correct.
3) verb + "to be" + noun/adjective.
He dreamed of being a pilot.
4) verb + infinitive (with modal/phase semantics) + infinitive.
He wanted to keep learning.
Types compound predicates in a single sentence.
1) KS + (verb-link) + infinitive. It was good to have a rest in the summer.
2) KS + (linking verb) + be + adjective. For this you need to be very careful.
Secondary members of the sentence do not express predicative relations.
Definition. Communication type - agreement. Definitions are divided into agreed and inconsistent. Agreed definitions are associated with the main word by the connection of agreement and are expressed in Russian by adjectives, participles, pronouns-adjectives and ordinal numbers. Inconsistent definitions are associated with the main word by means of control or adjunction. The method of control links definitions that are expressed by prepositional cases or case forms nouns.
Father's house. Inconsistent definition, as Expressed noun in the genus. case.
Polka-dot dress. Inconsistent definition, expressed by him. noun in v.p.
There are also definitions expressed by the infinitive, adverb and comparative.
House opposite. Definition, adverbial, adjoining, inconsistent adverb.
Inconsistent definitions, as a rule, are syncretic and are in the zone of transition.
House by the road. Circumstance and addendum.
An atypical definition in Russian is an application.
Application- structural-semantic version of the definition.
Application features:
1) expressed by a noun.
2) defines the subject, i.e. gives it a different name.
Sister Valeria. Valeria is the main word, sister is the application.
3) can stand before and after the word being defined.
4) associated with a noun special kind connections - parallelism of forms.
Since the connection between the noun being defined and the application is not formally expressed, the problem of distinguishing arises - where is the main word, and where is the application.
Great importance the semantics of words play in the distinction.
1) if there is a generic and specific concept, then the application will be the word that names the specific concept.
Cranberry.
2) if one of the words is literary, and the other is dialectal or slang, then the application is a word with a narrower scope of use.
Sheep snipe. Snipe-literary-main.
3) if one of the words specifies, clarifies or narrows another concept, then it will be an application.
Road engineer. Road builder is narrower in semantics, therefore it is an application.
4) if one of the words has a qualitative-evaluative value, then it will be an application.
Handsome deer. Handsome app.
5) if one of the words is animated proper noun, and the other is a common noun, then the common noun will be an application.
Artist Kramskoy. Kramskoy - the main thing.
6) if a proper name is inanimate and next to it is a common noun, then the application will already be a proper name.
Moscow city. The city is the main thing.
7) the application is a word indicating a profession, nationality, kinship, age, etc.
Old surgeon.
8) isolated member offers will always be an application.
The surviving brother, Ivan, was making something.
Addition - a grammatically dependent minor member of a sentence that denotes a grammatically dependent subject and, as a rule, is expressed by a noun or a noun pronoun.
The addition is associated with the main word by the type of connection control, usually comes after the word being defined and denotes the object on which the action is directed.
Additions are divided into direct and indirect. direct and indirect addition differs in the same way as direct and indirect object values.
Object value can be combined with
Book reading. R.p. indirect addition.
The smell of dried grass rose from the ground. Walked from the ground. From what? Addition is indirect. Where? From the earth. Circumstance value.
In fact, the object can be expressed by any part of speech, including the infinitive. If the addition is expressed by the infinitive, then this is an adjunction.
Forests teach to understand nature. What do they teach? Understand.
Circumstance- grammatically dependent minor member of the sentence, which means various signs action or degree of manifestation of a trait. It is expressed, as a rule, by an adverb or a proposed case form of a noun.
According to the method of communication, this is adjoining or weak control. More often it is in postposition in relation to the word on which it depends, but it can also be in preposition. Most often it depends on the verb, less often - on a qualitative adjective, adverb or category of state.
Types of circumstances:
1) mode of action. Denote a characteristic or way of performing an action. Answer the questions: how? how? how? The drums thumped hurriedly. Depends on the verb.
2) measures and degrees. designate quantitative characteristic action or feature. Answer the questions: To what extent? in what degree? How many? The room is very quiet. Quiet to what extent?
3) places. Indicates the place of action, direction or path of movement. Answers the questions: where? where? where? We lived in the forest. Running in the forest is good for health.
4) time . Indicates the duration of the action and its duration. Answers the questions: when? how long? since when? How long? I leave tomorrow.
5) the reasons. Identifies the reason for the action. Answer the questions: why? for what reason? Because of the rain, everyone stayed at home. Prepositional case form of a noun, control. Syncretic.
6) goals. Describe the purpose of the action. They answer the question: why? for what purpose? Went to fish.
7) Terms. Denote the conditions under which an action or state is possible. Answers the question: under what conditions? If desired, this is easy to do. Often combined with a circumstance of time or with an objective meaning. I will go there only with you.
8) Concessions. Indicates a condition against which an action or state is possible. Answers the questions: no matter what? contrary to what? Despite the rain, the competition took place. Derivative suggestion.
One-part sentences
Only one main member sentences and it expresses the GP of the sentence (modality, syntactic tense, predicativity). One-part sentences are structural complete sentences,
Classification of one-part sentences.
According to the morphological expression of the main member, all one-part sentences are divided into verbal and nominal. Among the verbs, there are: 1) definitely personal 2) indefinitely personal 3) generalized personal 4) impersonal 5) infinitive
Among nominal sentences stand out: 1) nominative 2) genetive 3) vocative
verb sentences.
Personal one-part sentences. In them, the main member indicates the active producer of the action. At the same time, the producer of the action is not named in order to focus attention on the action itself.
I love the storm in early May.
The main member of the sentence performs three functions:
1) points to the subject.
2) expresses the modal-temporal plan.
3) expresses lexical meaning.
Depending on the nature of the subject personal offers are divided into definitely personal, indefinitely personal and generalized. The definite subject is expressed in the first or second person form of the verb. The indefinite subject is expressed in the form of the 3rd person plural.
There is a knock on the door.
Definite subject - 1st and 2nd person
Indefinite subject - 3 person plural, just plural
AT vaguely personal sentences, the subject can be thought of as definite if the subject of the action is not known, or it can be thought of as indefinite even if the subject is known.
AT generalized personal sentences, the subject can
generalized personal sentences are distinguished on the basis of the semantics of the subject, and in form they coincide with definitely or indefinitely personal sentences.
Tears of sorrow will not help. They don't wave their fists after a fight.
non-personal one-part sentences: impersonal and infinitive.
Impersonal offer - a one-part sentence, the main member of which expresses an action or state that exists independently of the activity and will of the subject. The subject can be named, but cannot be in the nominative form. I'm cold. It's getting light.
Impersonal offers.
impersonal proposals is the most common type one-part sentences. These proposals differ greatest variety both in structure and semantics. Main member impersonal offer may have different expression:
1) verbal form coinciding with the 3rd person singular or cf.
Howls in the pipe.
3)brief passive participle neuter. The room is smoky.
4) the word "no" in combination with the genitive case of a noun can act as a predicate. I have no time.
5) modal or phase verb in without personal form+ dependent infinitive. I wanted to sleep. It began to get dark.
Infinitive sentences- this is a special structural-semantic type of one-part sentences in which the main member of the sentence is expressed by an independent infinitive. Do not overtake you crazy three. Modality in such sentences is expressed by the very form of the infinitive and intonation and is differentiated with the help of particles. They express the meanings of obligation, necessity, impossibility, inevitability. Be rain. Infinitive meanings with a particle would have the meaning of desirability and caution. Wouldn't be late! Swim would!
Similar information.
In this chapter:
§one. The main members of the sentence are subject and predicate
Subject
The subject is the main member of the sentence, independent of the other members of the sentence. The subject answers the questions I.p.: who? what?
In a sentence, the subject is expressed in different ways.
How is the subject expressed?
The subject can be a word or phrase.
Most often the subject is expressed:
1) noun: mother, laughter, love;
2) words that have the function of a noun: nouns derived from adjectives or participles: sick, manager, meeting, ice cream, canteen;
3) pronouns: we, nobody, anything;
4) numerals: three, five;
5) indefinite form of the verb: Smoking is harmful to health;
6) a phrase, if it has a meaning:
a) compatibility: husband and wife, duck with ducklings, me and my girlfriend;
b) uncertainty or generality: Something unfamiliar seemed in the distance. One of the guests covered the window;
c) quantities: 2 million people live in the city;
d) selectivity: Any of them could become the first. Most of the students coped with the control;
e) phraseological unit: The white nights have come.
Predicate
Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, denoting what is being said about the subject that is the subject. The predicate depends on the subject and agrees with it. It answers to different questions: what does the subject do? what happens to him? what is he? who is he? what it is? what is the subject? All these questions are varieties of the question: what is being said about the subject? The choice of a specific question depends on the structure of the sentence.
The predicate contains the most important grammatical characteristic of the sentence: its grammatical meaning.
grammatical meaning- this is generic value a sentence that characterizes its content in terms of two parameters:
- reality-irreality,
- time.
reality-irriality expressed by the mood of the verb.
- Verbs in indicative mood characteristic of statements reflecting real situation: It's raining., It's dawning.
- Verbs in imperative and in conditional mood are characteristic of proposals that reflect not a real, but a desirable situation. Don't forget your umbrella! If only it didn't rain today!
Time- an indicator of the correlation of the situation with the moment of speech. Time is expressed verb forms present, past and future tenses.
Simple and compound predicate
The predicate in two-part sentences can be simple and compound. Compounds are divided into compound verbal and compound nominal.
Simple predicate- this is a type of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word. A simple predicate is always a verb. It is expressed by the verb in the form of one of the moods. In the indicative mood, verbs can stand in one of three tenses: present - past - future.
He knows the verses by heart.
indicative mood, present. time
He knew the verses by heart.
indicative mood, past time
He will learn the verses by heart.
indicative mood, bud. time
You will memorize these verses.
imperative mood
In a circle, you would learn poems by heart.
conditional mood
Compound predicate- this is a type of predicate, in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed different words.
If in a simple verbal predicate the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word, then in a compound one they are expressed in different words. For example:
Suddenly, the baby stopped singing and started laughing.
Stopped singing, started laughing - compound predicates. The words sing, laugh are called action, while expressing the lexical meaning. The grammatical meaning is expressed by the words: stopped, started
Compound predicates are verbal and nominal.
Compound verb predicate
A compound verbal predicate is a predicate consisting of an auxiliary word and an indefinite form of the verb. Examples:
He finished working.
I want to help you.
Auxiliary words are divided into two groups:
1) verbs with the meaning of the beginning-continuation-end of the action, for example: start, finish, continue, stop, stop;
2) verbs and short adjectives with the meaning of possibility, desirability, necessity: to be able, to be able, to want, to want, to desire, to strive, to try; glad, ready, must, obligated, intends.
In a compound verb predicate, auxiliary words express grammatical meaning, and indefinite form verb - the lexical meaning of the predicate.
In the event that a short adjective serves as an auxiliary word, then it is used with a bunch. The link is the verb to be. Here are the relevant past tense examples:
I was so glad to meet you!
In the present tense, the word is is not used, it is omitted: the link is zero, for example:
I'm so glad to meet you!
In the future tense, the link to be is put in the future tense. Example:
I will be glad to meet you.
Compound nominal predicate
A compound nominal is a predicate consisting of a linking verb and a nominal part. Linking verbs express the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and the nominal part expresses its lexical meaning.
1. The linking verb to be expresses only grammatical meaning. She was beautiful yesterday. In the present tense, the link is zero: She is beautiful.
2. Linking verbs to become, to become, to become, to be, to be considered, to seem, to be called, to appear: The house from afar seemed like a point.
3. Linking verbs with the meaning of movement or location in space: come, arrive, sit, lie down, stand: Mother returned tired from work., Mother sat thoughtful, sad.
In all these cases, linking verbs can be replaced by the verb to be. The sentences will be synonymous, for example:
Mother sat pensive, sad. Synonymous: Mother was thoughtful, sad.
He was considered the most talented of us. Synonymous: He was the most talented of us.
With such a replacement, of course, all the nuances of the meaning are not transmitted. Therefore, the language offers various linking verbs that emphasize different shades of meaning.
Combinations of a linking verb with auxiliary words are possible: She dreamed of becoming an actress.
The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate
The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate is expressed in Russian in different ways, and, paradoxically, not only by names. Although the most common and characteristic is the use of names as a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: nouns, adjectives, numerals. Naturally, names can be replaced by pronouns. And since the role of adjectives and participles is similar, participles can also act along with adjectives. Adverbs and adverbial combinations are also possible in the nominal part. Examples:
1) noun: Mother is a doctor., Anastasia will be an actress.,
2) adjective: He grew up strong and handsome.,
3) numeral: Twice two four.,
4) pronoun: You will be mine., Who was nobody, he will become everything ("International"),
5) communion: The composition turned out to be lost., The daughter was finally cured.,
6) adverb and adverbial combination: The shoes were just right., The trousers turned out to be just right.
The nominal part can contain not only individual words, but also syntactically indivisible phrases. Examples:
She ran into the room with a cheerful face.
She sat with thoughtful eyes.
You can’t say: She ran in with a face., She sat with her eyes., Because phrases with a cheerful face and thoughtful eyes are syntactically indivisible - this is the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate.
test of strength
Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.
Final test
What members of the proposal are considered the main ones?
- subject and object
- definition, circumstance and addition
- subject and predicate
Can the subject be expressed by words derived from adjectives or participles: head, sick, in love?
Can the subject be expressed in phrases, for example: we are with friends?
What is the subject of the sentence: Any of you can prepare for the exam and successfully pass it.?
- any
- any of you
What characteristics are included in the grammatical meaning of the sentence?
- reality - unreality and time
- type and time
Is it true that a simple verbal predicate is a predicate whose lexical and grammatical meaning is expressed by one verb?
Is it true that a compound predicate is a special type of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words?
I can't help you.?
- simple verb
- compound verb
- compound nominal
What is the predicate in the sentence: He was always taken seriously.?
- simple verb
- compound verb
- compound nominal
What is the predicate in the sentence: Two by two is four.?
- simple verb
- compound verb
- compound nominal
Compound Verbal Predicate (CGS) consists of two parts:
a) auxiliary part
b) main part(indefinite form of the verb - infinitive) expresses lexical meaning. To composite
verbal predicates include predicates expressed by the personal form of the verb and the infinitive adjacent to it. The real meaning and the grammatical are presented in such a predicate dissected. The infinitive, which contains a real meaning, can be combined with verbs denoting the beginning, continuation or end of an action, as well as modal verbs denoting intention, will, ability, predisposition, desire, etc. The first group includes such verbs as start, start, become, be accepted (in the meaning of "begin"), continue, finish, stop, quit ("in the meaning of" finish "); to the second group - verbs want, wish, be able, be able, intend, manage, unlearn, be able, prepare, dream, hope, be afraid, etc. Examples: 1) Oganesyan began to call out the prisoners one by one (Cossack.); He rushed to disarm (Shol.); Parabukin did not eat (Fed.); 2) Wanted to go around the whole world (Gr.); Sometimes the head refused to think for two (Gonch.).
Compound verbs can also include predicates with a phraseologized combination in place modal verb; in the second part of such a predicate, the infinitive is used. For example: burn with a desire to see, have the intention to relax, agree to come, etc.
Instead of a modal verb in a compound verbal predicate, a predicative adjective can also be used, to which the infinitive adjoins. These are adjectives like: glad, much, intends, must, ready, able, free. For example: He is ready to wait; The student is able to learn everything.
A compound verb predicate can be complicated by a third component. Such predicates are not fundamentally separated from compound verbs and differ only in a certain increase in meaning. Most often, these are such predicates in which a verb in a personal form and two dependent infinitives are combined. Verbs in personal form (the same as in compound predicates) denote the beginning, continuation or end of an action, or have modal values. A predicative adjective can also be a component of such a predicate.
As a rule, in a three-term verbal predicate, a modal verb and a verb indicating the beginning, continuation or end of an action (one of them in the form of an infinitive) are combined, for example: I wanted (I want) to start studying; decided to start treatment, hoped to quit smoking; could (can) start singing; I wanted to run away, but I couldn't. In place of the verb in the personal form, there can be a predicative adjective: ready to start studying; happy to quit smoking, but can't; agree to stay and work. Attribution to compound predicate associations of verbs of the type decided to start learning, promised to stop looking for some linguists questioned, it is proposed to divide such a combination into two predicates: the main and secondary infinitive type. However, such tripartite verb combinations must be approached differentially, i.e., the degree of lexical significance of the verbs in these combinations must be taken into account. If the main meaning of the predicate is conveyed only by the last infinitive, and the first two verbs denote only the beginning, end, continuation of the action in combination with the meanings of will, possibility, impossibility of action, desirability or inclination, then such predicates should not be divided, since in the end they denote one action or state: I want to start studying, I could not rush to run; if both infinitive verbs in a tripartite combination denote independent ones, separately existing activities, then the first two verbs should be considered the predicate, and the third - minor member sentences (by circumstance or addition).
a) ancillary part - bundle(verb in conjugated form) expresses grammatical meaning (time and mood);
b) the main part - nominal part(name, adverb) expresses lexical meaning.
Nominal the predicate consists of a verb copula in the personal form and a nominal part. The link can be of three types: 1) abstract - this is a verb to be in various forms of tense and mood; the bundle is called abstract because it has a purely grammatical meaning and is devoid of material content, for example: The voice of a stranger was heard less and less (Paust.) 2) semi-abstract , or semi-significant, is a verb with a weakened lexical meaning; such a verb conveys grammatical meanings(time, inclination), linking the predicate with the subject, in addition, this verb introduces part of the lexical meaning into the predicate - naming, transition from one state to another, etc., for example: I have now become the most humble person (T.) ;; 3) significant , or real, is a verb that fully retains its lexical meaning, denoting a state, movement, etc., for example: No one is born a hero, soldiers mature in battle.
Such full-valued verbs are included in the predicate together with nominal forms and only for this reason are conventionally considered ligaments. In essence, these verbs, while fully preserving the lexical meaning, are not grammaticalized and express an independent feature of the subject. No wonder A. A. Shakhmatov considered predicates with such verbs to be double.
Linking verbs of the third group can be freely used as independent predicates: return, come, return, be born, leave, live, stand, lie, sit, die, work, stay.
As a result of the presence of a linking verb and a nominal part, the predicates are called constituent : the grammatical meanings of such a predicate are enclosed in a bundle (to be; to be called, to become, to become; to begin, to end, to seem, to come; to come, to return, to stand, to live), and the real ones are in the nominal part.
If the predicate has the meaning of the present tense, there may be no abstract link, the predicate in this case is called either a simple nominal or a compound one with a zero link, for example: The driver is a small daring. The role of the predicative link can be played by pointer particles this, this means, this means. The predicate can be attached to the subject and with the help comparative words as, as if, as if, exactly, as if.
A compound nominal predicate can be complicated by a third component - in this case it consists of a predicative adjective, a link and a nominal part: You it should be our first playwright(Fed.)
All nominal parts of speech (noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral) can act as a nominal part of the predicate.
1. Noun in the role of a nominal part, it is usually used in the forms of the nominative or instrumental case: Daughter Marina was high darkie ( Kozhevn.). The instrumental predicative is a developing, active form. This form is gradually replacing the nominative predicative. Both forms currently differ semantically and stylistically. The nominative denotes a constant, stable sign, it is usually used in a predicate without a link, conceivable in the present tense: Brother is a teacher, I am an engineer. When referred to the plan of the past, such a nominative is perceived as archaic: Of course, we were buddies(L.). A temporary, non-permanent sign is transmitted more often with the help of the instrumental form: ... Already in the Grove Ogonyok becomes fire(Cr.). The nominal part can be expressed by a noun in the form of the genitive case, for example: Philosopher Khoma Brut had a cheerful disposition(G.). The peculiarity of such a predicate is that the range of words that can act in this function in the form of the genitive case is limited and the predicate itself always has the meaning of either a qualitative characteristic or internal state, and with a parent name, an adjective is necessarily used, which contains an indication of quality attribute: Arms were plump, small, but immaculate form(Cossack.). The genitive case of a name can have the meaning of relationship or belonging (in this case, the adjective is optional with it): Whose stroller? my lord(L.). In the role of the nominal part of the predicate, it can also be used Genitive name with a preposition, for example: And they say - lilies without smell(Fed.).
2. The adjective in the role of the nominal part of the predicate is used in full and short forms, in the forms different degrees. For adjectives full form both nominative and instrumental cases are characteristic. For example: Mysterious and that's why beautiful dark thickets of forests (Paust.) \
3. Nominal part can be expressed communion : short and full, passive and real. For example: Brow her were shifted (T.); Tea was untouched(Dost.). Full Communion can also be in the instrumental form: Glasses of tea stand intact ( S. - Shch.).
4. In the role of the nominal part of the predicate, various pronouns : personal, possessive, interrogative-relative, demonstrative, attributive, negative and indefinite. Both nominative and instrumental. For example: Are you you is it Rudin? (T.); - She is my! he said sternly. Like nouns, pronouns can act as predicates in the forms different cases with prepositions, representing free nominal combinations or combinations of a phraseologized type, for example: You can stay with me while the house Behind me(Fed.).
5. Nominal part can be expressed numeral or quantitative-nominal combination . For example: It [building] it was two floors(G.), Twice two - four.
