For acquaintance I offer documentary material in the memoirs of the last head of the Petrograd Security Department of the Police Department of the Russian Empire, Major General Globachev K. I. "The Truth about the Russian Revolution: Memoirs of the Former Head of the Petrograd Security Department":

Petrograd security department.

Short description: His organization, undercover part, investigative part, searches, office. Outdoor surveillance, Security team, Central spy detachment, Registration department, Head of the Department, Tasks of the Security department, Revolutionary and labor movement, Public sentiments.

I was appointed head of the Petrograd security department in January 1915. Its official name was: "Department for the protection of the general neck security and order in Petrograd", It was the largest of the local political search bodies in RUSSIA. It consisted of up to 600 employees and was divided into the following departments:

1) actually security department.
2) Security team.
3) Central detachment.
4) Registration department.

Actually, the Security Department had the following organization: an intelligence unit, an investigative unit, surveillance, an office and an archive.
The undercover unit was the base of the entire political search, since all materials received directly from undercover sources were concentrated here. The work was distributed among experienced gendarmerie officers and officials, who were in charge of each part of the intelligence coverage assigned to him. Thus, several officers were in charge of covering the activities of the Social Democrat Bolshevik Party, several of the Social Democrats of the Mensheviks, several of the Socialist Revolutionaries and People's Socialists, a few of the social movement, several anarchist groups and a special officer of the labor movement in general.

The building of the St. Petersburg City Administration. Gorokhovaya street, 2.

Each of these officers had his own secret collaborators who served as sources of information; he had personal meetings with them in safe houses and led these employees in such a way as to, on the one hand, protect them from the possibility of failure, and on the other hand, he monitored the correctness of the information given and the prevention of provocation. The information received, for each organization, was specially checked by external observation and personal agents, and then developed in detail, that is, clarifications and installations of persons and addresses were made, connections and relations were determined, etc. Agent information, after verification and development was completed, was acquired in such a way way the nature of complete certainty and reliability. When this organization was sufficiently examined, it was liquidated and all the material seized during the searches was delivered to the Security Department, namely, to its undercover department, where it was put in order, that is, everything criminal, having the nature of physical evidence, was selected for further consequences. Systematized material, lists of searched and arrested persons, as well as an undercover note on this case were transferred to the investigative unit.

In the investigative unit, the detainees and witnesses were interrogated, material evidence was presented, examined, additional clarifications were made, and if necessary, searches and arrests, and then the entire case was transferred to the judicial investigator, to the provincial gendarmerie department or to the military authority, depending on which the direction accepted the case: that is, whether an investigation was initiated, or an inquiry in the order of 1035 Art. of the Charter of criminal proceedings, or in an administrative order. All investigations were carried out in statutory terms, and those arrested along with the transfer of the case were listed further content in custody for the persons subject.

House of the St. Petersburg Mayor, Gorokhovaya 2.

The very conduct of the searches was entrusted to the police, sometimes with the participation of officials of the Security Department (in more serious cases) and always with the participation of attesting witnesses; all selected material was named in the protocols, sealed, and in this form was delivered from the local police station to the Security Department.

In order to quickly identify persons and set addresses, each police station in the capital had its own special police supervisor who carried out this work and who, in addition, was charged with the duty of twice a day by telephone to report to the Security Department about the slightest incidents in the area of ​​​​the station, and in emergency and serious cases, he made a report immediately. All current correspondence, telegraph communications, monetary reporting, treasury, business management, etc. were concentrated in the office, which was in charge of the clerk of the Department.

The office had an archive and a card alphabet, which constituted a very significant part of the office, since all the persons who had ever been on the affairs of the Department were entered into the alphabet, with references to case and page numbers. For several years, the alphabet represented a very solid registration of persons who had passed on cases and, thus, if it was necessary to make an inquiry about any person, it would take no more than five minutes. the most detailed information. Information about persons who did not go through the cases of the Petrograd Security Department was obtained just as easily with the help of their police guards or by telegraph inquiries to local search authorities throughout Russian Empire.

The external observation department consisted of 100 full-time observers, or filers, two heads of groups of officials, two of their assistants, and a small office (installations, reports, etc.). The fillers accepted people who had passed military service, mainly from non-commissioned officers, literate, developed and good moral qualities. For ease of management and work, the fillers were divided into two groups, each of which was subordinate to its head of external surveillance. Each group was given observation tasks, according to which the number of observation posts was determined. Some of the lieutenants conducted observation on cabbies, for which the Security Department kept several cabby horses with teams. The significance of the spy detachment was very important, since it was a verification apparatus for intelligence information and the development of such, and, moreover, auxiliary for examining the activities and relations of a given organization. All these observations were recorded in diaries and reported daily by the group leaders to the head of the Department.

The internal order of the Department, office work and supervision were the responsibility of the assistant head of the Department. Throughout the day and night, the Department was on duty: one officer, two police guards, an official on duty in the office, and attendants and filers on duty.

The security team consisted of 300 security officers and two officers and was subordinate to the second assistant to the head of the department. She occupied a special room at Morskaya Street, No. 26, where there were special classes for instructing the ranks of the team in their duties. The purpose of the security team was: the protection of His Majesty along the paths of His following in the capital, the protection imperial theaters, the protection of the highest persons and the protection of some dignitaries as needed. Selected persons of the best reputation were accepted into the security team, from those who had passed the ranks of the army in the positions of non-commissioned officers, well literate and developed.

The central spy detachment consisted of 75 spotter observers under the command of a special officer subordinate to the head of the department. The detachment was made up of specially selected and experienced fillers and was intended to examine serious organizations not only in the capital, but also outside it. Parts of it were sometimes sent to the provinces at the disposal of local search authorities for the more careful and successful development of any case. In addition, the ranks of the detachment carried out especially secret tasks of observation and protection. At the highest passages, they were entrusted with the task of monitoring the line of travel. The central detachment possessed all the means to successfully carry out the tasks assigned to it, such as: makeup, costumes and accessories of small street vendors, newspapermen, etc. There were people with higher education, there were both ordinary women and ladies.

Office of the head of the St. Petersburg security department.

The registration department consisted of 30 (the number fluctuated) police officers and an officer - the head of the department, subordinate to the head of the Security Department. The purpose of the department was to observe and register an unreliable element coming to the capital and living in hotels, furnished houses, rooms, etc. To do this, the whole city was divided into districts, which included several police stations and which were under the jurisdiction of a special police supervisor . The latter, in all the premises entrusted to his supervision, had his own agents of hotel servants, managers, porters, janitors, etc. In this way, it was possible not only to collect information about the identity of the suspected person, but also to carry out the most thorough inspection of all his property, without inciting there is no suspicion on his part. In addition, the registration department checked in detail and by telegraph inquiries at the places of registration the authenticity and legality of the personal documents of suspected persons. This work was very productive and gave the Security Department very valuable information about the people arriving in the capital. The ranks of the registration department, and often the head of it, during the highest trips for temporary residence in the provinces, were sent there in advance to register the local population and to help the local search agency.

Office of the head of the St. Petersburg security department.

All departments of the Security Department were personally led by the head of the Security Department, and he also established the order of work. Heads of departments, officers in charge of agents, and officials in charge of external surveillance made daily reports in person or by telephone to the head of the Security Department, receiving all tasks and instructions from him. Not a single little thing Everyday life the capital should not have eluded him.

The opinion was rooted in society that the power of the head of the Security Department, especially in Petrograd, was unlimited. This opinion is completely wrong. All the rights and duties of the head of the Security Department were strictly regulated, and in the field of preventing and suppressing state crimes, his power was extremely limited; firstly, by law, and secondly, by the power of various influences of persons who are in an official position above him. This second circumstance positively tied the hands of the head of the Security Department when he applied completely legal measures in the fight against the revolutionary movement. The initiative to liquidate criminal organizations and individuals, of course, was in his hands, but the execution of the liquidation itself required the sanction of at least a Deputy Minister of the Interior or even the Minister himself, and such a sanction was easily given when it came to the underground, workers' circles or nothing. not significant persons, but it was a completely different matter if among the persons scheduled for arrest there was at least one who occupied any official or social status; then all sorts of frictions, delays began, irrefutable evidence of guilt was required in advance, ties, immunity by the rank of a member of the State Duma, and so on, were taken into account. and so on. The case, despite the interests of state security, was postponed, or a categorical "veto" was imposed. If the head of the Security Department, due to exceptional urgency, carried out the liquidation without a preliminary report, then, firstly, it was put on his mind, and secondly, if among the arrested persons there were persons of the above-mentioned category, then they were released in the shortest possible time by order top management. Naturally, in this order of things, in the process in which the revolutionary and rebellious mood grew, it was mainly the workers' circles and the periphery that were responsible, while the leading intelligentsia slipped away and continued to do their criminal work.

Officers and lower ranks of the St. Petersburg police.

On the exact basis law and the highest approved Regulations on protection and on areas declared under martial law, each detainee was charged within the first day and the arrested person was held in custody for no more than two weeks - under a state of protection and no more than one month - under martial law, for what terms he was either released due to the lack of sufficient evidence revealing his guilt, or transferred on the basis of the Charter of Criminal Procedure to the person who carried out further investigation and referred the case to the appropriate court, that is, to the judicial investigator or the head of the provincial gendarme department. Those arrested in exceptional cases were kept for a day or two at the Security Department, but in conditions far better than in common places conclusions, and then transferred to city prisons or arrest houses. Thus, the head of the Security Department did not play the role of a prosecutor or a judge and could not keep anyone indefinitely in custody, as was commonly thought, but arrested only active revolutionaries, and even then with big deal and held them accountable.

The security department with all departments was officially subordinate to the Petrograd mayor, but the latter did not enter into the essence and technique of work. The head of the Security Department was the Police Department and mainly the Deputy Minister of the Interior, the head of the political department, sometimes the Minister himself. The tasks of the Security Department were very broad: active struggle against the revolutionary movement, information about the moods of different sections of the population, monitoring the labor movement, statistics of daily incidents, registration of the population, protection of the highest persons and dignitaries. In addition, the Security Department was assigned special secret tasks that did not have direct relationship to the listed duties, depending on the requirement of the Police Department, the Minister of the Interior, the person imperial family and sometimes military authorities. Based on all the information material received by the Security Department, reports were compiled and presented to: the Police Department, Deputy Minister of the Interior, Minister, Mayor, Commander-in-Chief of the Petrograd Military District and the Palace Commandant. Thus, all these persons were aware of the political situation and moods of the current moment. The nature of these reports can be partly familiarized with the passages quoted in Blok's article published in Volume IV of the Archive of the Russian Revolution. From these excerpts it can be judged that there was almost no issue that was not covered by the Security Department as it was in reality, and that the inevitability of the imminent catastrophe was clear.

In addition to written reports, daily oral reports were also made by the head of the Security Department:

Director of the Police Department, Mayor and Deputy Minister of the Interior. In urgent cases, the Minister and the Commander-in-Chief.

Office of the 2nd police station of the Spassky part of St. Petersburg. Photo by K. Bulla. Around 1913.

The security department, like all other bodies of political investigation in the empire, was a technically well-organized apparatus for actively fighting the revolutionary movement, but it was completely powerless to fight the ever-growing public revolutionary mood of the awakening intelligentsia, for which other measures of a nationwide nature were needed. , independent of the Security Department. In this area, the Security Department gave only exhaustive information, advice and wishes, which stubbornly kept silent.
As for the fight against the underground revolutionary movement, this was carried out by the Security Department very productively and successfully, and it can definitely be said that the work of secret communities and organizations in Russia has never been so weak and paralyzed as at the time of the coup.

In Petrograd, in the last two years before the revolution, the following revolutionary organizations were active: the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, the Russian Social-Democratic Party of Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, and various anarchist groups. The first eked out a miserable existence until 1916, from which time as an active organization it completely ceases to exist. Social-Democratic Party Bolsheviks, the most vital, a number of successive liquidations led to complete inactivity, but still had an impact on the working environment and fought for its existence. Social-Democratic Party The Mensheviks mainly used legal opportunities, such as: trade unions, cultural and educational societies, the Central Military Industrial Committee, etc. With the entry of the Mensheviks into the latter, their influence on the working circles of Petrograd increased significantly. Anarchist groups arose from time to time, and their number increased as the moment of revolution approached. These groups were positively completely liquidated, and at the time of the upheaval almost all of their members were kept in prisons awaiting trial. The revolution automatically freed all anarchists and the criminal element related to them from custody, which explains the growth of the anarchist movement under the Provisional Government; suffice it to recall black cars, the Durnovo dacha, the Moscow outpost, etc.

When, already after the revolution, members of the former imperial government and I were detained in the Ministerial Pavilion of the State Duma, those who had been arrested for belonging to various political organizations and released from places of detention in a revolutionary manner visited us and expressed surprise why the coup had taken place so successfully. that this is a real surprise for them and that they cannot take it personally. And really, what kind of forces did they possess at the time of the coup? Everything that was talented and most energetic among them was in exile, in exile, or was placed in prisons. It was only after the coup that all this rushed to the capital, fearing to be late, so to speak, to the division of the public pie or the hat analysis. Of the more prominent Bolshevik figures, for example, who later occupied official posts under the government of Lenin, there were in Russia: Podvoisky, who served in the city government, but was arrested in 1916, and Alexander Shlyapnikov, who arrived shortly before the coup from abroad, an illegal immigrant who lived in Petrograd on someone else's passport, but he was scheduled for detention in the shortest possible time.

The work of all underground organizations was based on the working masses of Petrograd. The number of workers in the capital during the war, and especially by 1917, increased significantly in comparison with the pre-war period due to the fact that almost everyone large enterprises and small, significantly expanded, worked for defense. Total number workers in Petrograd reached the figure of 300,000 people. The mood of the working masses changed in accordance with our successes or defeats in the theater of war, and it was as sensitive as the mood of all other sections of the population to external successes. Already from the beginning of 1915, a very favorable ground for revolutionary propaganda was being created, but since underground organizations were not strong enough to completely lead the working class, then the agitation was conducted mainly for the improvement of the material situation with a gradual transition to purely political demands.

The economic situation of the country, which is in crisis due to a war unprecedented in its size, fully contributed to this agitation. 1915 and 1916 marked by a progressive struggle between workers and employers through economic strikes. But factories and factories went on strike separately: some ended the strike, others started; sometimes whole groups of enterprises went on strike; the number of strikers sometimes reached 200,000, but the strike never turned into a general strike. Strikes almost always ended in the satisfaction of the demands of the workers, that is, wages increased. There were also political one-day strikes, but they were not particularly successful and did not capture the entire working mass. These strikes were usually timed to coincide with the anniversaries of various political events, for example, January 9 - the memory of the revolution of 1905, April 4 - the memory of the Lena events, etc.
After the Zimmerwald and Kienthal socialist conferences of 1915, new defeatist slogans adopted at these conferences penetrated into the working masses of Petrograd under the influence of agitation. All the Bolshevik Social Democrats and a part of the Socialist Revolutionaries headed by Kerensky joined the defeatist movement. All the working groups that joined the defeatist movement under the slogan "war against war" nevertheless did not abandon work for the defense and did not even sabotage them. In general, stubbornness in strikes was unprofitable, since otherwise than those liable for military service had to go to the front.

But in general, the mood of the working masses could not be called hostile to the existing order, and if there were defeatists among them, the majority still sincerely believed in victory, and not out of fear of being sent to the front, but out of a consciousness of duty to the Motherland and brothers. Financial situation Petrograd workers were very satisfied, because, despite the ever-increasing cost of living, wages progressed and did not lag behind its requirements. It can be said that, in material terms, the Petrograd workers were in a much better position. best conditions than the rest of the population of the capital. For example, a contingent of employees public service was much less wealthy than the workers.
With the progressive high cost, petty officials literally starved, and if their salaries were sometimes raised, then the increases always almost lag behind the needs of life. This was partly the reason for the creation of a whole class of embittered bureaucratic proletariat.

The population of Petrograd, which before the war numbered barely one million people, increased by the end of 1916 to three million (including the surrounding area), which, of course, created, along with the progressive high cost, very difficult and other living conditions (housing problem, food, fuel, transport and etc.). All the spiritual interests of this three million population naturally focused on the course of hostilities and on the internal economic and political situation of the country. The population reacted sensitively to any changes at the front, to everything that was said among the people, in the markets, in the State Duma, the State Council, in the press, what was done at the Court and in the government. Each new news and rumor varied and was discussed by each according to his own speculation and desire. Society for the most part fed on all sorts of absurd and false rumors, where the truth was deliberately distorted.

Any failures, both external and internal, were almost always due to treason or betrayal, and all misfortunes were attributed to the Sovereign, his Court and his ministers. The State Duma set the tone for everything and used hard times public life for the revolution of the people. It was not a business representative body, obliged to raise patriotic feelings in such difficult moments and unite everyone on the desire to help the Sovereign and his government, but on the contrary, it was that opposition center that used the moment of exceptional tension in the country to revolutionary excite all classes of the population against the existing order. When a "progressive bloc" was formed from members of the State Duma and the State Council, it became clear that the Russian government and the throne were declared brutal war from within. Not only Petrograd, but the whole of Russia, listened to the opinion of these people's representatives, believing that at the same time a war was being waged against an external and internal enemy in the person of the monarch and his government. In a word, one could safely say that by the end of 1916 such a mood had arisen that there was almost no one in the government camp, and that in the event of a decisive attack on it, no one would defend it.

The press, intended to reflect the sentiments of society, actually created these sentiments in a decidedly oppositional and revolutionary direction. Even such semi-officials as Novoye Vremya took the side of the notorious public and took the path of fighting the government; what can we say about other newspapers that were in the right hands of the people of the left camp. Military censorship, which seized part of the printed material after it was typed, forced newspapers to come out with a large number a pass (white seats), which made them even more popular as bodies allegedly fighting for right and truth.
This is the situation in which the work of the Security Department in Petrograd proceeded. When not only the public, but even government bodies, the ministers themselves, military power, representative bodies and even persons surrounding the Sovereign, not only did not sympathize with the struggle against the ever-growing revolutionary movement, but on the contrary, some consciously, while others unconsciously pushed Russia into the abyss.

February coup 1917.

Subsequently, in the first days after the coup, Kerensky and his closest associates tried to explain the shooting from machine guns by saying that the machine guns had allegedly been placed in advance on the orders of Khabalov, Protopopov, Balk and mine, and that the police allegedly fired from the machine guns, but such an accusation did not withstand any criticism. and he had to give up this stupidity,
since he did not collect any evidence, but, it seems, on the contrary, all the data were collected that at first the workers fired from machine guns.

Kerensky needed to launch such an accusation in order to stir up hatred as much as possible. dark masses against the old order in general and against the police in particular.

Those atrocities that were committed by the rebellious mob during the February days in relation to the ranks of the police, the corps of gendarmes and even combat officers, defy description. They are in no way inferior to what the Bolsheviks subsequently did with their victims in their Chekas.

I speak only of Petrograd, without even mentioning what, as everyone now knows, went on in Kronstadt. The policemen, hiding in basements and attics, were literally torn to pieces, some were crucified at the walls, some were torn into two parts, tied by the legs to two cars, some were chopped up with bumps. There were cases when the arrested officers of the police and some of the officers of the police did not have time to change into civilian clothes and hide, they were so mercilessly killed. For example, one bailiff was tied with ropes to a couch and burned alive with her. The bailiff of the Novoderevensky district, who had just undergone a severe operation to remove appendicitis, was dragged out of bed and thrown out of the mud into the street, where he immediately died. The crowd that broke into the provincial gendarmerie department severely beat the head of the department, Lieutenant General Volkov, broke his leg, and then dragged him to Kerensky in the State Duma. Seeing the wounded and disfigured Volkov, Kerensky assured him that he would be in complete safety, but he did not leave him in the Duma and sent him to the hospital, which he could do, but ordered him to be taken to one of the temporary places of detention, where on the same night the drunken chief of the guard shot him. Combat officers, especially in senior ranks, were arrested on the streets and beaten. I personally saw Adjutant General Baranov, who was severely beaten on the street during his arrest and brought to the State Duma with a bandaged head.

These days, unknown groups of persons wandered around the city, carrying out almost general searches, accompanied by violence, robbery and murder, under the guise of allegedly searching for counter-revolutionaries. Some apartments were looted clean, and the stolen property, including furniture, was frankly loaded onto carts and taken away in front of everyone. Not only government institutions were completely destroyed, but very often private houses and apartments, for example, own house Count Fredericks was plundered and completely burned.
Any number of such examples could be cited. Kerensky called all this at that time "the wrath of the people."

Konstantin Ivanovich Globachev (April 24 (May 6), 1870 - December 1, 1941, New York, USA) - Russian police administrator, head of the Petrograd security department, major general. Brother of Colonel V. I. Globachev and Major General N. I. Globachev.

graduated cadet corps and the 1st Pavlovsk Military School, two classes of the Nikolaev Academy General Staff. In OKZH from 1903 - adjutant of the Petrokovsky GZhU, in reserve at the Baku and Grodno GZhU (1904), head of the ZhU in Lodz and Lassky counties (since 1905), head of the Warsaw security department (since 1909), head of the Nizhny Novgorod GZhU (since 1912) , head of the Sevastopol ZhU (since 1914), head of the Petrograd security department (since 1915), in 1915 - major general.

Reference materials:

1) Globachev K. I. The truth about the Russian revolution: Memoirs of the former head of the Petrograd security department. - M.: Russian political encyclopedia(ROSSPEN), 2009.
2) Newspaper illustrations "Petrogradskaya Gazeta" from the Presidential Library.
3) Some of the photographs were borrowed from the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for St. Petersburg and Leningrad region, and state museum political history Russia.

UDC 341.741

N. I. Svechnikov, A. S. Kadomtseva

SOME FEATURES OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE SECURITY DEPARTMENTS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE

Annotation. The article presents the results of research on the activities of security departments in Russia at the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century. Introduced brief analysis the reasons that caused the need for bodies of political investigation, and legal acts regulating their organization and functioning. An assessment of the validity and correctness of the abolition of security departments is given.

Keywords: law and order, security department, political investigation, gendarmerie corps, police department, search department, filer, agent, informer, overseer, revolutionary community, covert surveillance.

Maintaining law and order and security in the country is one of the essential functions states. Problem legal regulation activities law enforcement, especially the bodies called upon to carry out operational-search activities, has always been relevant. Knowledge historical roots and traditions of legal regulation of the activities of the system of political investigation of the Russian Empire can be used in the formation of a modern system of law enforcement and will avoid mistakes made in the past. To this end, it is necessary to analyze the ways in which the Russian state sought to legitimize the activities of security departments; to study not only the essence of normative acts, but also the effectiveness of their application. In order for the activities of law enforcement agencies in general and internal affairs agencies in particular to be of high quality and effective, it is necessary, based on historical experience to identify what activities might be helpful.

In the 19th century the revolutionary movement in Russia intensified, in connection with this there was a need to create a special body that would be engaged in the timely detection of "harmful" persons, collecting information about them and sending them to the gendarmerie corps. The existing gendarmerie departments were not sufficiently adapted to conducting political investigations among the revolutionary-minded intelligentsia. This was the reason for the establishment by order of the Minister of Internal Affairs of the first in Russia St. Petersburg (under the mayor) "Department for the preservation of order and tranquility in the capital" in 1867. Its staff consisted of only 21 employees - the head, 4 officials for assignments, 12 police officers, the clerk, his assistants and the secretary. In December 1883, the Regulations “On the organization of the secret police in the Empire” were adopted, which determined the status and tasks of the “special investigation departments” - secret police bodies in charge of “guarding public order and tranquility." The security department was directly subordinate to the Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and was guided by the Instruction of May 23, 1887 “To the department for security under the control of the St. Petersburg mayor public safety and order in the capital. Later, search departments appeared in Moscow and Warsaw, but the sphere of activity of revolutionary organizations had already gone beyond the boundaries of these cities.

The Moscow security department was created in 1880. At first, it was small, its staff, for example, in 1889 consisted of only six people. But the creature

Economics, sociology, law

shaft and another unofficial staff, consisting of "protective outdoor service", i.e. spyers and agents-informers "working" in the ranks of revolutionary groups (internal agents). According to the estimate of the Moscow Security Department of 50 thousand rubles. 60% were the costs of surveillance, searches and the maintenance of agents. In 1897, “to monitor persons placed under police supervision for political unreliability ...” the position of a police supervisor was established at the Department for the Protection of Public Security and Order in Moscow and an Instruction was developed for police guards at the Department for the Protection of Public Security and Order in Moscow.

In the structure of security departments, in addition to the office, as a rule, secret office work, there were two departments: external surveillance and undercover (department internal surveillance). The intelligence departments developed data obtained from informants and by perusal of letters in the so-called "black cabinets" at the post offices. Analysis of the information received was the essence of the work of each security department. All other units were auxiliary. All the efforts of the head of the department and his employees - gendarmerie officers were directed to the correct organization and functioning of the agents. Secret agents were the subject of constant concern and care of the entire Police Department. Agents were mentioned in the Department's circulars addressed to the heads of security departments and provincial gendarme departments.

In August 1902, the Regulations “On the Heads of Investigation Departments” were adopted for some areas of the empire: “...where there is a particularly enhanced development revolutionary movement, search departments are established, the heads of which are entrusted with the management of political search, i.e. surveillance and secret agents, in a well-known certain area.

In October 1902, for the detectives of the detective and security departments, an Instruction was issued to the detectives of the Flying Detachment and the detectives of the search and security departments with clear instructions for their actions. For example, paragraph 21 recommends: “When carrying out observation, you must always act in such a way as not to draw attention to yourself, not to walk noticeably quietly and not to remain in one place for a long time” .

The purpose of creating security departments is clearly defined in normative documents that govern their activities. An important guarantee of efficiency in the activities of security departments and other detective agencies was the possibility of their direct interaction. The norms of the Regulations on security departments indicated that “14. Heads of departments with the Police Department, heads of district security departments, gendarme departments and their assistants, as well as provincial and county institutions and among themselves - are demolished directly. If the gendarmerie departments established the need for investigative actions in cases of a political nature, it was required to obtain the consent of the head of the security department. This consent has been fixed since the establishment of security departments. So, in § 19 of the Provisional Regulations on Security Departments of June 27, 1904, it was stated that “no searches and arrests can be carried out by the ranks of the gendarme corps in the area of ​​​​his observation without prior notice to the head of the security department.” Thus, it is clear that the security departments are gradually beginning to perform some of the functions that were characteristic of the gendarme departments, which could not but cause certain contradictions in the work of these bodies in charge of political investigation.

Throughout the entire period of existence of security departments, their structure has been reformed. To unite and direct the activities of local organizations

Ghans in charge of political search in the Empire, district security departments were established. On December 14, 1906, the Regulations on regional security departments were approved. They were created in such large cities as St. Petersburg, Moscow, Samara, Kharkov, Kyiv, Odessa, Vilna, Riga. Eight security districts were formed to bring management closer to the lower bodies. The security district included district security departments of several provinces. The regulation stated that "§ 7. One of the main tasks of the heads of the district security departments is the establishment of a central internal agent capable of covering the activities of the revolutionary communities entrusted to his supervision of the region ...".

The regulation on the security departments of February 9, 1907 clarified the activities of the security departments, for example, in § 24: “In the activities of the security departments, the following should be distinguished: a) investigations in the form of preventing and detecting state criminal acts. and b) studies of the political reliability of individuals. ”, and the ways of its implementation were specified, in § 25:“ ... the collection of information about a planned or committed crime of a political nature is carried out in the ways indicated in 251 Art. Set Injection. Judgment, that is, through searches (secret agents), verbal interrogations and covert surveillance (through secret agents and fillers) ".

The main purpose and essence of the activities carried out by employees of the security departments were presented in the Instruction to the heads of the security departments on organizing outdoor observations in 1907. Thus, in Art. 2 it was explained that "... the greatest benefit from external surveillance can be obtained only if it is strictly conformed to the instructions of internal agents on the significance of the observed persons and the events outlined by the filers." In addition, Art. 10 defined one of the functions of the chiefs: “By the 5th day of each month, the heads of the security departments submit to the District security departments and the Police Department lists of persons who have been under observation, for each organization separately, with a full identification of acquaintances, last name, first name, patronymic, rank, occupation, nickname for observation and organization, and a brief indication of the reasons for observation.

An analysis of the materials of the conducted studies allows us to conclude that the security departments most actively interacted with the gendarme departments. This circumstance was due to the similarity of the functions assigned to them, since the gendarmerie departments also carried out arrests, inquests and investigated cases of state crimes. Thus, the security departments and gendarmerie departments carried out a political search, collected the necessary information.

The main goal of the political search was “... the identification and clarification of both individuals and entire organizations seeking to change the existing political system and stop their activities. The entire political investigation in Russia, as the researchers note, was based on the "three pillars": on internal agents, external surveillance and perusal of correspondence.

As already noted, the security department was headed by a chief reporting to the Police Department or the head of the district security department. The Regulations on the security departments of February 9, 1907 stated: “§ 5 Intervention of other institutions and persons, except for the Police Department and the heads of the district security departments, in the activities of local security departments cannot take place.”

Initially, security departments were created as bodies whose main function was to monitor and prevent crimes based on the information received. The main role in the political search (directly conducting the investigation, including the implementation of investigative actions) was assigned to the gendarme departments. The right to independently conduct a search or arrest by the security departments of the first

Economics, sociology, law

Initially, it was granted only in an exceptional situation, when it was impossible to obtain the consent of the head of the gendarme department and ensure the participation of his ranks. By general rule When the time and the situation made it possible to more thoroughly understand and report on the proposed measures to the head of the provincial gendarme department, the independence of the security departments was limited by his consent. Moreover, after the announcement of the planned investigative actions, they were carried out by the gendarme department. Gradually (in particular, since 1907 in connection with the adoption of the Regulations on the security departments), the powers of the security departments are expanding. Now, without interaction with the security departments, not a single investigative action is carried out by the provincial gendarmerie departments on cases of a politically significant nature. With the adoption of the Regulations on security departments of February 9, 1907, the consent of the head of the provincial gendarme department was not required. The head of the security department had to take all measures to concentrate the entire search case in his hands. The ranks of the corps of gendarmes and the general police, receiving from an unspoken source of information related to the political search, were obliged to report them to the head of the security department. Evaluating the information received on cases of political investigation, he made a decision on the production of searches, seizures and arrests.

In addition, there was a rule that information on political affairs should be concentrated in security departments. The ranks of the corps of gendarmes and the general police were supposed to transmit all the information received on such cases to the security departments. To this end, the heads of the security departments were to take all possible measures to establish "correct" relations with the heads of the gendarme departments, officers of the gendarme corps, as well as with prosecutorial supervision and judicial investigators. It should be especially noted that if information of significance beyond the limits of the entrusted area was recorded in the security departments, then it was subject to reporting directly to the Police Department, as well as to the district security department.

Security departments interacted with local provincial authorities and provincial gendarmerie departments when providing information for issuing certificates of political loyalty of persons. These certificates were requested from the local provincial authorities by various government and public institutions regarding the political reliability of persons applying for admission to the state or public service.

Thus, in the system of authorities of the early twentieth century. security departments occupied special place. The authorities sought to completely hide them true purpose, which was due to the secret nature of their activities and the importance of the tasks performed. Security departments were an important link in the system of state security agencies Russian state. A wide list of powers granted to the security departments, due to the need and importance of political investigation, the possibility of interaction on this basis with almost any authority or official, the duplication of some functions of other state bodies (gendarme departments) characterize the security departments as state security bodies that had a special legal status.

Another interesting fact is that among the employees of the security departments there were unspoken rule in the liquidation of identified revolutionary organizations, always leave at large a few Narodnaya Volya: “If there are no revolutionaries in the country, then gendarmes will not be needed, that is, we are with you, Mr. Rachkovsky, for there is no one

1 Petr Ivanovich Rachkovsky (1851-1910) - Russian police administrator. Active state councilor, head of the foreign agents of the Police Department in Paris, vice-director of the Police Department in 1905-1906.

Bulletin of Penza state university № 2 (10), 2015

will hunt down, imprison, execute ... We must organize the work of the security departments in such a way as to create the impression in the sovereign emperor that the danger from terrorists is exceptionally great for him and only our selfless work saves him and his loved ones from death. And, believe me, we will be showered with all sorts of favors.

On April 25, 1913, V. F. Dzhunkovsky1 assumed the post of Deputy Minister of the Interior and began work to eliminate the security departments and to combat the growing network of secret agents, which, in his opinion, no longer fit within the framework of expediency and legality. So, two months after his appointment, V. F. Dzhunkovsky ordered the abolition of all security departments, with the exception of the main ones (they were preserved in St. Petersburg, Moscow and Warsaw, and in some remote provinces their status was downgraded to search departments). The decision was motivated by the fact that the district security departments moved away from work “on the live leadership of the search in the field and, having delved mainly into clerical work, only slow down the flow of information about the revolutionary movement. lowering awareness. about the situation at every next moment of the search case. In addition, by 1913-1914. the system of gendarmerie departments was strengthened and their methods of work were sufficiently debugged. According to some researchers, security departments were abolished "as unnecessary intermediate in the cumbersome apparatus of political investigation in Russia.

Analyzing the reasons for the liquidation of security departments, we can conclude that the emergence of new institutions of political investigation was justified solely by the growth of political activity of the population dissatisfied with the autocracy. The effective opposition of the security departments of the political opposition (revolutionary forces) led to a decrease in revolutionary tension, as a result, to the functional lack of demand and the economic inexpediency of their maintenance. One of the reasons for the abolition of security departments is the specific leadership of the Police Department, which had a negative attitude towards “upstarts from the Okhrana”, to the situation in which the provincial gendarme departments faded into the background.

The abolition of security departments at a time when they were one of the key law enforcement agencies on guard of the state raises many questions that require further study.

Bibliography

1. Police of Russia: Documents and materials. 1718-1917 / compiled by: A. Ya. Malygin, R. S. Mulukaev, B. V. Chernyshev, A. V. Lobanov. - Saratov: SUI of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2002. - 400 p.

2. Zavarzin, P. P. Gendarmes and revolutionaries / P. P. Zavarzin. - Paris: Ed. author, 1930. -256 p.

3. Koshel, P. A. History of detective work in Russia / P. A. Koshel. - URL: http://www.Gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/History/koshel/15.php

4. Kalinin, N. V. Activities of security departments (late XIX - early XX century) / N. V. Kalinin // Izvestiya vuzov. Jurisprudence. - 2008. - No. 2. - S. 203-210.

5. Instructions to the officers of the Flying Squad and officers of the search and security departments, 10/31/1902. - URL: http://www.regiment.ru/Doc/B/I/3.htm

6. Regulations on security departments of February 9, 1907 - URL: www.hrono.ru/dokum/190_dok/19070209polic.html

1 Vladimir Fedorovich Dzhunkovsky (1865-1938) - Russian political, statesman and military leader, deputy minister of internal affairs and commander of the Separate Gendarme Corps (1913-1915).

Economics, sociology, law

http://www.regiment.ru/Doc/C/I/4.htm

http://www.regiment.ru/Doc/B/I/7.htm

9. Instructions to the heads of security departments on the organization of surveillance, 1907 - URL: http://www.regiment.rU/Doc/B/I/15.htm

10. Kolpakidi, A. Special services of the Russian Empire / A. Kolpakidi, A. Sever. - M. : Eksmo, 2010. - 768 p.

11. Zhukhrai, V. Secrets of the tsarist secret police: adventurers and provocateurs / V. Zhukhrai. - M.: Politizdat, 1991. - 337 p.

12. Reent, Yu. A. The general and political police of Russia (1900-1917): monograph. / Yu. A. Reent. - Ryazan: Pattern, 2001.

13. Zernov, I. V. The fight against terrorism in the Russian Empire in the late XX - early XX century: Historical and legal aspects of domestic policy / I. V. Zernov, V. Yu. Karnishin // Bulletin of PSU. - 2014. - No. 4. - S. 2-7.

14. Kolemasov, V. N. Activities of the bodies of the united state political management of the Middle Volga Territory in the fight against crime in the first half of the 1930s. / V. N. Kolemasov // Proceedings of higher educational institutions. Volga region. Social Sciences. - 2012. - No. 4. - S. 34-40.

Svechnikov Nikolay Ivanovich

candidate of technical sciences, candidate legal sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Law Enforcement Department,

Penza State University E-mail: [email protected]

Kadomtseva Alina Sergeevna

student,

Penza State University E-mail: [email protected]

UDC 341.741 Svechnikov, N. I.

Some features of the activities of the security departments of the Russian Empire / N. I. Svechnikov, A. S. Kadomtseva // Bulletin of the Penza State University. - 2015. - No. 2 (10). - C. 64-69.

Svechnikov Nikolay Ivanovich

candidate of technical sciences, candidate of juridical sciences, associate professor, head of sub-department of law enforcement, Penza State University

Kadomtseva Alina Sergeevna

The topic is of course well-known, but suddenly someone will be surprised by the scale of all this, as well as the actual efficiency and result.

It is possible that one of the reasons for the Stalinist repressions of the 1930s was the search for a part of the “enemies of the people” from among the provocateurs of the tsarist secret police. By 1917, the Okhrana had only full-time agents of about 10 thousand people among the revolutionary parties. Taking into account temporary, freelance agents ("tricksters") - more than 50 thousand. For example, among the Bolsheviks, including the top of the party, there were more than 2 thousand of them. Okhrana agents permeated all opposition movements tsarist Russia.

Under the Soviet regime in the 1920s, some of them were tried, and then the scale of infiltration by agents of the Okhrana opposition was revealed.

Between 1880 and 1917, there were about 10,000 secret agents in the archives of the Police Department. And this is not a complete list. Several times even before the Revolution, when the leadership of the department changed, part of the files on agents were destroyed. A significant part of the documents on them was destroyed in February-March 1917 during the pogrom of police archives. The total number of agents introduced into the environment of the opposition parties could reach 20 thousand people. Those. those who received money for their activities. And this is not counting the so-called. "stuffers" - secret employees of the gendarmerie departments, who supplied information sporadically, or broke with the secret police after completing a small number of cases. Together with them, the number of Okhrana agents in the revolutionary parties could reach 50 thousand people.

This fact must be taken into account when we talk about the causes of repressions in the 1920s and 30s (and even in the 1940s and 50s). It was only after October 1917 that the scale of the infiltration of agents into the environment of the opposition, including the Bolsheviks, was revealed. Paranoia overtook the top of the Bolsheviks, especially considering the fact that, as mentioned above, some of the cases against provocateurs were destroyed. Everyone could suspect the other that he was a secret agent of the Okhrana, especially by that time - by the mid-1920s - it was already known about the case of the provocateur Malinovsky, who headed the Bolshevik faction in the State Duma, Lenin's favorite, as well as about the cases of dozens more provocateurs. Part of the Bolsheviks even suspected Stalin that he was a secret agent of the gendarmerie, and what can we say about the less significant figures of the Bolshevik Party.

Moreover, many of the provocateurs were double agents - both Russian secret police and foreign intelligence services. This is also in the future, in the 1920s and 30s, it gave the OGPU / NKVD a reason to look for "spies under the beds."

The book by Vladimir Ignatov "Scammers in the history of Russia and the USSR" (published by "Veche", 2014) tells about the setting up of a system of secret agents in the Russian Empire and the USSR. One of the chapters of the book tells how this system functioned in later tsarist time. We present a small excerpt from this chapter.

***
Contrary to popular belief, only a small part of them (secret agents) managed to be uncovered before the overthrow of the autocracy.
The Social Democrats have faced police provocations before. What was new and unexpected for many of them was the involvement in provocative activities of the leading workers who had come to the fore during the period of the first revolution. Just as once the participants in the "going to the people" idealized the peasantry, the Marxist intellectuals did not escape the idealization of the workers. In 1909, Inessa Armand stated with bitterness and bewilderment: provocateurism is becoming massive, it is spreading "among intelligent workers, who, in fact, as opposed to personal interests, undoubtedly, have a conscious class instinct." “Some of the comrades here,” she wrote, referring to Moscow, “even claimed that it was precisely among the intelligent workers that this phenomenon was now most widespread.”

(The destruction of the police archive in Petrograd (Ekaterininsky Canal, 103) in the days February Revolution)

In Moscow, the Okhrana recruited such well-known party workers in the revolutionary environment as A.A. Polyakov, A.S. Romanov, A.K. Marakushev. There were workers provocateurs in St. Petersburg, for example, V.M. Abrosimov, I.P. Sesitsky, V.E. Shurkanov, who actively worked in the union of metalworkers. The informers were registered with the Police Department, and a file was filed against each of them, containing information about his personality, profession, membership in revolutionary organizations, party nicknames, etc. A file with information about secret employees was kept in the Special Section of the Police Department.

He did not spare money for "information". For example, the provocateur R.V. Malinovsky, a member of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party, had a salary of 700 rubles. per month (the governor's salary was 500 rubles). The writer M.A. Osorgin, who went through the archives of the Okhrana after February, reports on funny case: two underground Bolsheviks who belonged to different trends in the party met by chance and argued. Both wrote a report to the secret police about the conversation and about the interlocutor - both were provocateurs. And in the party there were only 10 thousand people for the whole of Russia! (Of these, as mentioned above, only 2070 Okhrana agents were documented).

The activities of Anna Yegorovna Serebryakova, a secret agent, are known, the experience of cooperation with the Moscow Security Department totaled 24 years. Serebryakova (born in 1857) graduated from the Moscow Higher Women's Courses of Professor V.I. Guerrier, led the political department for foreign literature in the newspaper "Russian Courier". Participated in the work of the Red Cross Society for political prisoners. She supplied the visitors of her club-salon with Marxist literature, provided an apartment for meetings. The Bolsheviks A.V. Lunacharsky, N.E. Bauman, A.I. Elizarova (the elder sister of V.I. Lenin), V.A. Obukh, V.P. Nogin, legal Marxist P.B. Struve and many others. The Moscow Committee of the RSDLP met in her house in 1898. From 1885 to 1908 she was a secret employee of the Moscow Security Department. Undercover aliases "Mamasha", "Ace", "Subbotina" and others. After the arrest of her husband, the head of the Moscow security department, G.P. Sudeikin, under the threat of arrest, forced her to agree to work as an agent for the Police Department.

She handed over to the Okhrana several revolutionary groups, the Social Democratic organization Workers' Union, the governing bodies of the Bund, the Social Democratic organization Southern Workers, and the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP. In her "asset" is the liquidation of the illegal printing house "People's Law" in Smolensk and many other "merits", including the arrest in 1905 of the leaders of the committee for the preparation of the uprising in Moscow. Throughout her career as an agent, Serebryakova received monthly large sums of maintenance from the funds of the Police Department.

The leaders of the Moscow Security Department, the Police Department and the Minister of Internal Affairs P. Stolypin highly appreciated the activities of Serebryakova as an agent in the fight against the revolutionary underground. On their initiative, she was paid lump-sum allowances. For example, in 1908, 5000 rubles. In February 1911, at the request of the Minister of the Interior, Emperor Nicholas II approved the appointment of Serebryakova for a lifetime pension of 100 rubles a month.

After the October Revolution, when new government launched a search and prosecution former agents Police Department, Serebryakova was exposed. Court hearings in her case were held in the building of the Moscow District Court from April 16 to April 27, 1926. Given her advanced age and disability, the court sentenced Serebriakova to 7 years in prison, including the time served in the pre-trial detention center (1 year 7 months). "Mamasha" died in prison.

(Anna Serebryakova during litigation in 1926)

***
After the revolution, one of the Bolshevik scammers wrote a letter of repentance to Gorky. There were such lines: "After all, there are many of us - all the best party workers." Lenin's inner circle was literally stuffed with police agents. The director of the police department, already in exile, said that every step, every word of Lenin was known to him to the smallest detail. In 1912, in Prague, in an atmosphere of the greatest secrecy, Lenin held a party congress. Among the selected, "faithful" and verified 13 participants, four were police agents (Malinovsky, Romanov, Brandinsky and Shurkanov), three of whom submitted detailed reports to the police about the congress.

***
A Bolshevik recruited by Harting, a member of the Foreign Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, Yakov Abramovich Zhitomirsky (Party pseudonym Fathers), before starting to work for Russian police, worked for the Germans. He was recruited by the German police in the early 1900s while studying for medical faculty Berlin University where he organized a social-democratic circle. In 1902, Zhitomirsky occupied a prominent place in the Berlin Iskra group. In the same year, he was recruited by Harting and became an agent for the Police Department's overseas agents. He informed the police about the activities of the Berlin group of the Iskra newspaper and at the same time carried out the instructions of the editorial office of the newspaper and the Central Committee of the party, making trips to Russia on her instructions. Living in Paris from the end of 1908 to 1912, he was in Lenin's inner circle. Informed the Police Department about the activities of the Social Democrats, Socialist Revolutionaries and representatives of other leftist parties in exile. On the basis of information sent to the Police Department by Zhitomirsky, the well-known Bolshevik S. Kamo, agents of the RSDLP, who were trying to sell banknotes expropriated from one of the Russian banks, were arrested.

Zhitomirsky took part in the work of the 5th Congress of the RSDLP (1907), in the plenary meetings of the Central Committee of the RSDLP in Geneva (August 1908) and in the work of the 5th All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP in Paris (December 1908). At the conference, he was elected to the Foreign Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, and later became a member of the foreign agents of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. During the First World War, Zhitomirsky remained in France, where he served as a doctor in the Russian expeditionary force. After the February Revolution, when the documents of the Parisian agents of the Police Department fell into the hands of the revolutionaries, he was exposed as a provocateur and fled from the inter-party court in one of the countries of South America.

***
Some revolutionaries were recruited by the police literally in exchange for life. So, shortly before the execution, Ivan Fedorovich Okladsky (1859-1925), a worker, a Russian revolutionary, a member of the party, agreed to cooperate with the police. People's Will". In the summer of 1880, Okladsky participated in an assassination attempt on Emperor Alexander II under stone bridge in St. Petersburg. He was arrested on July 4, 1880 and sentenced to death at the trial of 16. He behaved with dignity at the trial, however, being on death row, he agreed to cooperate with the Police Department. In June 1881, Okladsky's indefinite hard labor was replaced by a reference to a settlement in Eastern Siberia, and on October 15, 1882 - a reference to the Caucasus. Upon arrival in the Caucasus, he was enrolled as a secret agent in the Tiflis gendarme department.

(Ivan Okladsky during a trial in 1925)

In January 1889, Okladsky was sent to St. Petersburg and became an unofficial employee of the police department with a salary of 150 rubles. Having established ties with the leaders of the St. Petersburg underground, he betrayed the circle of Istomina, Feit and Rumyantsev, for which on September 11, 1891, according to the report of the Minister of Internal Affairs, he received a full pardon, with the renaming of Ivan Aleksandrovich Petrovsky and transfer to the estate of hereditary honorary citizens. Okladsky served in the Police Department until the February Revolution. His betrayal was revealed in 1918.

In 1924, Okladsky was arrested and on January 14, 1925, the Supreme Court of the RSFSR was sentenced to death, which was commuted to ten years in prison due to his advanced age. He died in prison in 1925.

***
Judging by the number of provocateurs infiltrated into the revolutionary parties, the Bolsheviks were not leaders in terms of radicalism, which aroused the main interest of the Okhrana. Of the 10,000 uncovered agents, about 5,000 were part of the Socialist-Revolutionaries. Approximately the same as the Bolsheviks had the number of agents in the Jewish (Bund and Paole Zion) and Polish left parties (2-2.2 thousand).

sources
http://ttolk.ru/articles/sistema_iz_10_tyisyach_provokatorov_tsarskoy_ohranki_i_paranoyya_stalinskih_repressiy

Okhrana is a local police department in Russia. It was in charge of political surveillance and investigation, had agents for surveillance - filers and secret agents sent to political parties and organizations. First appeared in St. Petersburg in 1866, Moscow and Warsaw in 1880. Abolished after the February Revolution of 1917.

Great Definition

Incomplete definition ↓

SECURITY DEPARTMENT

The Okhrana is a local political body. investigation of tsarist Russia. For the first time O. o. created in St. Petersburg in 1866, in Moscow and Warsaw in 1880. Existed until Feb. 1917. Original name. - "department for the protection of public safety and order", since 1903 - O. o. In 1914, there were 26 o. Formally, they were part of the office of police chiefs and mayors, retaining all the rights of independence. institutions, bodies of the Police Department. Main O.'s task about. was a politician. detective revolutionary. org-tion and otd. revolutionaries. The arrest and investigation on the basis of materials collected by O. o. was carried out by the lips. gendarmerie administration. Operated with the help of extensive special. agents of both "surveillance" - snitches, and secret agents "in the environment being examined" (passive informers and active participants in the activities of revolutionary orgs - provocateurs). Main a part of each O. about. was the general office, subdivided into several. tables according to the functions of O. o. Peculiar branches of 7 large O. o. (Petersburg, Moscow, Warsaw, Kyiv, Odessa, Kharkov, Tiflis) were from con. 19th century "departments of secret censorship" or "black cabinets" at post offices, carried out on the instructions of O. o. perusal of correspondence. Moscow O. o. tried to claim the role of political organizer. investigation throughout Russia and its "methodological" center (see Zubatovshchina). O. o. capitals had special "detachments of fillers" ("flying" in Moscow since 1897 and "central" in St. Petersburg since 1906), which actually carried out their activities on the territory. throughout Russia, as well as special "registration bureaus" to check the security of all persons arriving in the capital. In addition to O. o., activities to-rykh extended to the territory. lips. or oblast; in 1906–14 there were 10 district oblasts; each of them united O.'s activity about. and lips. gendarme departments in the "district" of several. provinces, from 3 (Odessa) to 12 (Moscow), which gave them a certain independence and greater efficiency in the fight against revolution. movement. O. o. by 1914: Petersburg, Moscow, Baku, Belostok, Warsaw, Vilna, Vladivostok, Don, Yekaterinoslav, Irkutsk, Kiev, Lodz, Nizhny Novgorod, Nikolaev, Odessa, Perm, Riga, Samara, Saratov, Sevastopol, Tashkent, Tiflis, Tomsk, Kharkov , Chita, Yaroslavl. District districts: Petersburg, Moscow, Warsaw, Vilna, Kiev, Odessa, Riga, Samara, Tashkent, Kharkov. Lit .: The fall of the tsarist regime. Stenographic reports of interrogations and testimony given in 1917 in the emergency consequences. commissions of the Provisional Prospect, vol. 1-7, L., 1924-27; Kozmin B. P., S. V. Zubatov and his correspondents, M.-L., 1928; Spiridovich A. I., Pri tsarist regime. Notes of the head of the security department, M., 1926; Volkov A., Petrogr. security department, P., 1917; Chlenov S. B., Moscow. Okhrana and its secret collaborators, M., 1919; Zhilinsky V., Organization and life of the security department during the time of tsarist power, "GM", 1917, No 9-10; Eroshkin N.P., Essays on the history of the state. pre-revolutionary institutions. Russia, Moscow, 1960. L. P. Eroshkin. Moscow.

The first security department, which was engaged in the protection of order and tranquility in the city on the Neva, was opened in 1866 in connection with the increasing attempts on the life of Tsar Alexander II. This institution did not yet have independence, since the St. Petersburg mayor was involved in its creation, and it was opened under his office. The second security department was not needed so soon, it appeared in Moscow in 1880 under the auspices of the Moscow police chief. But this idea belonged to the Minister of Internal Affairs M.T. Loris-Melikov. The third security department was opened in Warsaw in 1900 (at that time Poland was part of the Russian Empire).

Activity

A revolutionary movement was growing in Russia, therefore the field of activity was wide, and the work of the very first security departments was more than successful. Terrorism was gaining momentum, assassination attempts on prominent figures in the country became more frequent, and from time to time they were also successful. In the provinces, the gendarmerie departments worked poorly, and the authorities were increasingly thinking about how to improve the political investigation, make it flexible and organized. Unwanted protests by young students and workers were constantly taking place in all large cities, and peasant riots also occurred quite often.

Therefore, the number of so-called search points increased, in each big city opened its own security department. The Russian Empire needed a lot of them. Already in 1902, detective agencies began to work in Yekaterinoslav, Vilna, Kyiv, Kazan, Saratov, Odessa, Kharkov, Tiflis, Nizhny Novgorod. It was they who carried out political investigation, conducted surveillance, led secret agents and recruited new agents. The Minister of Internal Affairs V.K. Plehve created the Regulations on the heads of such departments, where the above-described duties were specifically spelled out.

"Set of rules"

In the same 1902, a special "manual" - the "Code of Rules" was also sent out in a circular, from which the heads of departments obtained information about the main tasks that each security department of the Russian Empire should perform, and brought this information to each subordinate. Networks of secret agents involved in political affairs were built at a fast pace, spy surveillance was also established, and internal agents were recruited. The security department selected employees according to many criteria.

Were not easy. They were obliged to perfectly know everything about the history of the revolutionary movement, to memorize the names of the leaders of each opposition party to the government, to follow the illegal literature that the revolutionaries established, no matter what. The head of the security department was responsible for all of the above. And the gendarmes were charged with educating their agents in this regard, so that all secret employees would develop a conscious attitude to the matter. The chiefs reported directly to the Police Department, where they received everything general directions activity, and even the personnel of the security department of the gendarmes were in charge of the department.

Organization of agent network

The network of new branches was opened on the initiative of a great enthusiast of his work, the head of the Moscow Security Department since 1896, S. V. Zubatov. However, he retired in 1903, and his plans were not fully realized. The careerism that dominated this structure intensified the rivalry among the provincial gendarmerie managers.

Despite the fact that the department constantly called on the security departments to exchange information and mutual assistance, the matter hardly moved. Each chief in his city was "king and god." That is why conflict situations arose that did not go in the future for the common cause. And yet, far from one security department was opened every year, the creation of gendarmerie bodies was expanding, and by the end of 1907 there were already twenty-seven of them in the country.

New rules

In the same 1907, Stolypin significantly supplemented and approved the current Regulations regarding the tsarist security department. The document includes new items relating to the relationship and exchange of information within the structure.

Political and gendarmerie bodies, upon receiving information that relate to the scope of activities of the security departments, had to transfer them for the development of cases, arrests, searches, seizures and other things that could not be done without the head of the security department.

Security points

But even from the Okhrana, information had to be sent to the gendarme department, so that they could compare the circumstances obtained in the process of interrogations. However, twenty-seven departments were clearly not enough to control the literally seething public, and therefore, already in 1907, small security posts began to open everywhere.

They were created not in the centers, but in those areas where militant moods grew among the population. In almost all cities over the next two years, such points were established. They were the first to open in Penza, Khabarovsk, Vladikavkaz, Gomel, Zhitomir, Yekaterinodar, Poltava, Kostroma, Kursk, and then in dozens of other cities.

Tasks

The district security departments faced numerous and sometimes difficult tasks. In addition to the organization of internal agents, which was supposed to "develop" local party organizations, in addition to the search, countless officer meetings were held on the territory of the district, which distracted people from the main business - the search and surveillance itself. The number of papers they wrote was enormous, as the information was sent everywhere.

AT higher institutions The search was periodically thoroughly reported on every movement of local revolutionaries, and it was also supposed (now according to official circulars) to help the same institutions in neighboring regions in every possible way. The advantage was that there were many times more undercover materials, and this helped the conduct of the investigation, since each investigator could use them. When necessary, even secret agents became more famous. a wide range of people.

Successes and difficulties

Initially, with the opening of security posts, things went better: one after another, party organizations, committees were dispersed or were defeated, arrests also followed one after another. Communists, socialists and liberals stretched beyond the borders of the country, from where they continued to lead the movement, being already out of reach. Such successes in search work raised the prestige of the gendarmerie highly, and therefore the illusion of the complete defeat of all revolutionary organizations was created.

District security departments constantly and increasingly intervened in the actions of the police authorities, that is, political investigation spoiled relations with employees of the gendarme departments. The Department sent out its Joint Effort Circulars periodically, but it didn't help. Gradually, the stream of mutual information dried up. Moreover, the district security posts did not favor their higher-ranking provincial colleagues.

liquidation

After 1909, work in the district offices weakened. Perhaps this happened also because there was some lull in the activities of illegal organizations. Deputy Minister VF Dzhunkovsky, who was in charge of the police, decided that the existence of security departments had ceased to be appropriate. Some of them were merged with provincial administrations, some were simply abolished. The justification for this was the state benefit.

In 1913, a top secret and urgent circular was issued, according to which the Baku, Yekaterinoslav, Kiev, Nizhny Novgorod, Petrokov, Tiflis, Kherson, Yaroslavl, Don, Sevastopol security departments were liquidated. Thus, all but the three metropolitan ones, which opened the very first, were closed. Until 1917, the East Siberian and Turkestan branches acted as an exception. But in the absence of a connecting network of the same structural links, they were of little use.

Petersburg security department

Touching upon the work of the St. Petersburg Okhrana, it is impossible not to touch on the biography of the main character of this institution (pictured). The correspondence of the Police Department has been preserved, and already in the records of 1902 one can find lines where the zeal and diligence of captain A. V. Gerasimov is extremely highly appreciated. By that time, he had already served in the gendarme department for three years, and was also checking the work of other departments, where he also helped his colleagues in every way with both advice and deed.

At first, Gerasimov was encouraged by his appointment to the Kharkov security department in 1902. He led so well that, without any rules, already in 1903 he was promoted to lieutenant colonel, and in 1905 he took the post of head of the St. Petersburg security department. As always, he took up the matter actively, first of all putting things in order in his own institution. Troublemakers in St. Petersburg greatly diminished when Gerasimov personally found underground workshops where explosive shells were made.

Way forward

The revolutionaries also appreciated the new "dzhimorda" at its true worth - several assassination attempts were being prepared on him. But Gerasimov was experienced and smart - it did not work out. In 1905, he again "out of all rules" received the rank of colonel, in 1906 - the Order of St. Vladimir, and in 1907 he became a major general. A year later, the sovereign personally thanks him, in 1909 Gerasimov receives another order. The career did not go, but flew up the stairs, skipping steps by dozens.

During this time, Gerasimov made the security department the largest and most productive in the country. He had no ambition. Before his arrival, the head of the security department had never reported to the minister on his own. The first (and last) was Gerasimov. In four years, the institution under his leadership has changed radically and only in better side. Therefore, in 1909, Gerasimov was transferred with an increase - to the Ministry of the Interior. General for special assignments- so it began to sound new position. He finished his service in 1914 with the rank of lieutenant general.

Petrograd security department

When the war with Germany began, everything German ceased to sound beautiful to a Russian person. That's why the city was renamed - there was Petersburg, there was Petrograd. In 1915, Major General K. I. Globachev was appointed head of the security department in the capital, who later wrote the most interesting memoirs.

The largest body of political investigation in the country at that time consisted of more than six hundred employees. The structure included registration and central departments, a security team and the department itself. The latter was organized as follows: undercover and investigative units, surveillance, archive and office. Through the efforts of Gerasimov, extraordinary order still reigned here.

Responsibilities

In the intelligence unit, which was the base of the entire institution, all materials from intelligence sources were concentrated. Experienced gendarmerie officers and officials worked here, and each had his own part of undercover coverage entrusted only to him. For example, several people were engaged in the activities of the Bolsheviks, a few more - the Mensheviks, others - the Socialist-Revolutionaries and People's Socialists, someone - social movements, someone - anarchists.

There was a special officer who observed the general labor movement. And each of them had their own secret collaborators and their own sources of information. Only he could see the agents in the safe houses, and only he kept them from failing. The information received was always carefully checked by cross agents and external surveillance, and then developed: faces, addresses, appearances, communications, and the like were found out. As soon as the organization was examined enough, it was liquidated. Then the material of the searches was delivered to the undercover department of the security department, sorted out and handed over to the investigators.