Telenget Khanate. In ancient Chinese sources, in particular in the Sui dynastic chronicle, it is said “The ancestors of the body were descendants of the Xiongnu”. In another Chinese source in the Wei chronicle, which tells about the origin of the ancestors of the Gaogui people from the Huns, it is stated that

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"Kazan Khanate"

Introduction

The history of the Kazan Khanate is filled with defense from its neighbor, which was accompanied by complex processes within the state: economic relations drew a watershed line in the state organism and divided it into two different slopes. One trend tried to adapt to pressure from external enemies and develop forms of joint symbiosis, first in the form of an alliance, then in the form of a personal union of two states. Another current tried to decisively dissociate itself from external enemies and fought for its complete independence, on the basis of mutual balance between the two powers. Such a struggle between the two currents was accompanied by the evolution of political thought and the growth of state consciousness; she was rich in bright moments, put forward many talented figures and deserves great attention.

The purpose of this essay is to reveal as fully as possible the course of Kazan history of that period, to show relations with the Russian state. Russian historians were interested in the history of the Kazan Khanate only as material for studying the advance of the Russian tribe to the east. At the same time, it should be noted that they mainly paid attention to the last moment of the struggle - the conquest of the region, in particular - the victorious siege of Kazan, but ignored those gradual stages that the process of absorption of one state by another went through. The main task of this work is precisely the disclosure of all stages of the existence of the Kazan Khanate. When writing the abstract, the works of Kazan authors were used as sources of literature.

1 . Formation of the Kazan Khanate

The last Golden Horde Khan Ulu-Muhammed with his family and the remaining army in 1438 came to Belev, a small Russian city of Kuna Oke - these lands were part of the Golden Horde. Here he thought to spend the winter, but the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily II wanted to get the khan out of there and sent a large army against him, which, however, was defeated by the Tatars. A year later, Ulu-Mohammed appeared under the walls of Moscow and, after standing there for 10 days, retreated. In the winter of 1445, he went to Murom, but could not take it and left. In the spring of the same year, the khan sent his army against the Grand Duke under the leadership of two sons - Makhmutek and Yakub. Vasily II went to meet them again with a large army, but was captured in the battle near Suzdal, and the princes took him to his father in Nizhny.

At the end of August 1445, Ulu-Muhammed and his sons moved from Nizhny Novgorod to Kurmysh, a small town in modern western Chuvashia. There, Vasily II received freedom from the khan and his eldest son Mahmutek. The name of Ulu-Muhammed is no longer mentioned in the sources after October of the same year. His sudden disappearance is to some extent reflected in the Kazan History report that Makhmutek killed his father and younger brother Yakub (or rather, Yusuf). Whether the khan was killed or he died a natural death remains a mystery, because there are no reports of this in other sources. But one thing is clear, that he left the historical arena, giving way to his eldest son.

The first khan, the initial ruler of the Kazan Khanate was Makhmutek, and no one else. Undoubtedly, Kazan had its own ruler before him, but he was not a khan, but only a prince, that is, the head of the Kazan principality, with the center first in Old Kazan, and later in New Kazan.

After the seizure of power by Mahmutek, i.e. Jochid, practically the new Khan of the Horde, the status of the Kazan Principality also changed. It ceased to be only a principality with local government, but became a separate state headed by a khan. It was during this period, i.e. in the 30-40s of the XV century, other Tatar khanates arose, formed after the final collapse of the Golden Horde. However, it is, of course, impossible to cross out the name of Ulu-Mohammed from the history of the Kazan Khanate: it is precisely with his arrival in the Middle Volga region that those historical events which predetermined the formation of a new Tatar state - the Kazan Khanate. In addition, he is the ancestor of the dynasty of Kazan khans, which turned out to be the most stable, and it was she who ruled the state during the period of his power. Finally, in connection with the events described above, it is necessary to draw the attention of students to one significant and fundamental issue.

In the same "Kazan History" it is reported that 3,000 soldiers then came with Ulu-Muhammed. This is clearly an underestimated number. The army of the Golden Horde Khan, even during the period of the collapse of the state, when many military leaders and part of the army left him, could not have been such a meager number. And the events that took place then, known to us, indicate that Ulu-Mohammed still had considerable forces at his disposal. His army defeated the 40,000th army of Vasily II, and with a detachment of 3,000 soldiers, it was simply impossible to do this; it was also impossible to besiege Moscow with this army for 10 days just a year later, and in 1445 to defeat the Moscow army again and capture the Grand Duke himself. Considering all this, there is reason to say that the army of Ulu-Muhammed consisted of an incomparably larger number of soldiers than indicated in the Kazan History. Consequently, a substantial number of Tatar population, who played big role in the final formation of the Kazan Tatars.

2 .Territory and population. The first period of the existence of the Khanate

The Kazan Khanate occupied a fairly large territory of the northern zone of the former Golden Horde. In the east, its limits reached the Ural Mountains and bordered on the Siberian Khanate. In the southeast and south, vast steppes occupied by the Nogai Horde stretched. There were no definite boundaries here, for the steppe was occupied from time to time by one side or another, or even completely empty. But some conditional line could be drawn in the area of ​​the Samara River. The southernmost limits of the Khanate along the vast banks of the Volga stretched down the river almost to the limits of Sary-Tau (Saratov). The most clear was the western border - this is the Sura River, beyond which there were already lands that were subordinate to the Russian state. In the north, the possessions of the Kazan Khanate extended at the level of the middle reaches of the Vyatka and Kama and almost bordered on the taiga zone.

The territory of the Kazan Khanate briefly described above was its common territory, the territory of the state, occupied, except for the Tatars, and other peoples who were subordinate to Kazan. The entry into the Kazan Khanate of a number of Turkic-speaking and Finno-Ugric peoples is reported in the sources. So, for example, in the Russian chronicles, when describing the campaign of the Moscow army against Kazan in 1469, the following episode is given: a prisoner who had escaped from Kazan came to the camp of the Russian army stationed on the Volga and reported that “the tsar of Kazan Obreim (Ibrahim) with all his land, with Kama and Syplinsky and Kostyattska and Belovologskaya and Votyatskaya and Bakshyrskaya. Kama and Belovologskaya are lands higher along the Kama and along the Belaya (Agidel); Researchers identify the Syplinsky land with the current Tsipyinsky land in the north of Tatarstan in the Shoshma river basin; by Kostyattska one must mean the lands in the northeast, occupied by the Ishtyaks - Turkified Ugrians; Votyaks used to be called Udmurts, therefore, the Votyak land is Udmurt. The chronicler called the Bashkir land somewhat distortedly "Bakshyr". But Andrei Kurbsky, a participant in the capture of Kazan in 1552, one of the governors in the army of Grozny, defined the ethnic composition of the Kazan Khanate more clearly and specifically, completely understandable to the modern reader without any special comments: “besides Tatar language, in that kingdom 5 various languages: Mordovian, Chuvash, Cheremis, Voitetsky, Abo Arsky (Udmurt), fifth Bashkir". It is not difficult to understand that the peoples who spoke these languages ​​are named here.

The peoples listed above, thus, were part of the Kazan Khanate. All of them, living in this state, paid tribute to him. However, such an obligation also fell on the main, indigenous population of the khanate - the Kazan Tatars (we will talk about tribute and other forms of taxes separately).

The Tatars occupied the main, central lands of the khanate - this is mainly the Order, that is, a rather vast area north of the Kama between the Volga and Vyatka. A significant part of the Tatar population also lived on the Mountain side - on the right bank of the Volga and in the Sviyaga basin, in its middle and lower reaches. Less populated were then the lands east of Vyatka on the Yelabuga side and, of course, the steppe Zakamye - there the Tatar settlements were located in stripes only along the banks of the Kama, Cheremshan and some small rivers of the northwestern part of the Zakama lowland.

The land of the Kazan Khanate, occupying an extremely convenient and advantageous place at the junction of the two largest rivers of Eastern Europe, the Volga and Kama, was distinguished by exceptional natural wealth and amazing beauty. The forest-steppe Middle Volga plain alternating with plateaus, and in some places even high-mountain plateaus, high-yielding fields and forests rich in game, villages immersed in greenery in river valleys - all this was very attractive, and it was not in vain that foreigners who visited this land admired its beauty and wealth.

Undoubtedly Volga Bulgars left a big mark in the ethno-cultural formation of the Kazan Tatars, although this word was already used at that time purely traditionally. In Russian chronicles, even by the end of the 14th century, the former Bulgar lands were already called Tatar.

Representatives of some other peoples also lived in the Kazan Khanate, mainly in its capital Kazan, for example, Armenians and other Caucasians in the so-called Armenian Sloboda, in the area of ​​​​the famous Cloth Sloboda. There were especially many Russians: merchants, various employees at the courts of Moscow ambassadors and governors, armed detachments to protect them. There were more of them during the Russian protectorate in various years of the first half of the XVI centuries.

Thus, despite the fact that the Kazan Khanate was a multinational state, its main population was the Tatars.

3 .Economic life. economy, craft andtrade

The main territory of the Khanate was inhabited by a settled population, who inherited the traditions of agriculture from the time of the existence of the Volga Bulgaria. Steam farming became widespread in the khanate. Plowmen on the farm used a wooden plow with a metal plowshare. The inhabitants of the Khanate grew rye, spelt, barley and oats. Agriculture was the main occupation not only of the Bulgarian population, but also of the Chuvash and Finnish peoples (Cheremis, Votyaks, Mordvins). Agriculture was extensive. Agricultural land tenure was based on hereditary property. In the forest zone, in addition to other crafts, hunting and beekeeping have become widespread. The inhabitants of the forest zone lived in a few fortified settlements. The power of the khan there was limited only by the collection of yasak, carried out by the local authorities. The estates of the khan and the nobility were located in agricultural regions. In addition to the Tatars and Chuvashs, Russian prisoners also worked in the khan's household. As for the trade economy, its main branches were hunting and fishing. The forests provided favorable conditions for the development of beekeeping. Leatherworking played an important role among the branches of handicraft production.

Another important occupation of the inhabitants of the khanate was trade, which was in no way facilitated by the favorable geographical position of the khanate. The Volga region has been one of the centers of trade exchange since ancient times. The Volga cities acted as intermediaries in international trade. Foreign trade in the Khanate prevailed over domestic. Center foreign trade was the capital of the Khanate - Kazan. The state had close and strong trade ties with Russia, Persia and Turkestan. The urban population was engaged in the creation of clay products, handicrafts from wood and metal, leather, armor, plows and jewelry; there was active trafficking in people from Central Asia, the Caucasus and Russia. Slave trade occupied a special place in the Khanate. The object of this trade was mainly prisoners captured during the raids, in particular, women who were sold to the harems of the countries of the East. The main markets were Tashayak Bazaar in Kazan and a fair on a large island on the Volga opposite the Kazan Kremlin, later called Marquis (at present, due to the creation of a reservoir, it is flooded). A number of crafts in the Kazan Khanate also depended heavily on the presence of a large number of slaves (mostly Christians). The foreign population of the outskirts was not involved in the exchange of goods, since this environment was dominated exclusively by subsistence farming. The inhabitants of the outskirts did not trade, but gave away in the form of tribute the products produced or mined by them. The Tatar agricultural population, unlike the population of the outskirts, was involved in the exchange of goods.

4 .State governmentandsocial order

The Kazan Khanate was a medieval feudal state oriental type. At the head of the state was a khan from the former Jochi dynasty. As in the old Golden Horde times, not a single person, not being a Jochid, had the right to the throne both in Kazan and in any other Tatar khanate. It is known that khans, like emperors, kings, kings, shahs, received the throne by inheritance. Undoubtedly, there were cases of appointment, even election of the monarch, when the dynasty ceased to exist due to the absence of an heir in all branches of this dynasty, or when the sovereign died without declaring his successor. Often there were cases when a king, king, khan was deposed or even killed as a result of coup d'état, palace intrigues, the struggle of various parties for power, etc.

In Kazan society, the most privileged estates were the nobility and the clergy. The most important persons who were part of the Divan (“karachi”) and emirs (ruling princes) had the greatest wealth and influence. In the works of the Crimean historian Seyid-Muhammed Riza, these two terms (karachis and emirs) are identified. Representatives of the Muslim clergy also occupied a privileged position. The emirs, being descendants of the noblest families of the feudal aristocracy, were extremely few in number. Among the Kazan aristocrats, the title of father was passed only to the eldest son. The remaining groups of the Kazan nobility were beks, murzas and foreign princes. The beks stood one step below the emirs in social structure Kazan society. younger sons the beks were murzas (contraction from the Arab-Persian "emirr-zadem", lit. - "prince's son"). Among the foreign princes, the most powerful positions were occupied by the so-called "princes of Arsk." There were many Chuvash, Votsky and Cheremis princes in the Khanate.

A privileged group of people who owned land and were exempt from taxes and duties were called tarkhans. Oglans and Cossacks belonged to the representatives of the military class. The oglans were commanders of cavalry units and had the right to participate in kurultai. The Cossacks were simple warriors. Sometimes there is a division of them into "court" (served in the capital) and "backyard" (served in the provinces). Numerous and well-organized officials had a special privileged status.

5 . Culture KAzan xancestry

In the Kazan Khanate, primarily in its capital Kazan, construction and architecture, including monumental, were widely developed. This is confirmed by eyewitness reports, data from scribe books mid-sixteenth century, some prominent architectural monuments preserved on the territory of the Kazan Kremlin, as well as the foundations of the then buildings and some architectural details discovered there during archaeological research. The scribe books of 1563 - 1568 recorded several mosques on the territory of the Kremlin that survived from the destruction during the conquest of Kazan, among them the Muraleeva named above and the mosque near the Khan's palace. The existence of monumental mosques not only in the Kremlin, but also in the city itself, in its suburbs, settlements, for example, in the settlement of Kuraishevo, even in rural Zakazanie, is evidenced by some data from scribe books and individual drawings of such structures a little later. In addition to the Khan's palace and mosques, there were, especially on the territory of the Kazan Kremlin, other structures of brick and stone masonry. Various “chambers”, i.e. palaces, are often mentioned in the sources, among them is the same Nurali Shirin (“Muraleeva Chamber”).

An outstanding monument of religious architecture of the Kazan Khanate, preserved on the territory of the Kremlin of the city of Kazan, is the famous Syuyumbike Tower.

These are the Cathedral of the Annunciation, the Spasskaya Tower and some other objects of the Kremlin (the second half of the 16th century), the Dryablovsky House (the 17th century), Peter and Paul Cathedral(XVIII century). If the Syuyumbike tower had been built in one of these periods, then it would have become known in the same way as the monuments just named. On the territory of the Kazan Kremlin, another monument of the religious architecture of the Tatars has been preserved - this is the building of the former Nurali Mosque, which has already been mentioned more than once (currently it is used as a dining room). For many years after the fall of Kazan, this old mosque served as an artillery depot, then it was turned into the Church of the Introduction, and in 1854 it was restored under the Palace Church, then it was significantly changed in its upper half. However, such bright elements testify to the past Tatar times national architecture the facade of the second floor, as a system and forms of colonnades between windows with bevels in the upper part. Archaeological data show that the architecture of Kazan was enriched with carved ornamentation, wall cladding with mosaic and majolica slabs, as well as patterned bricks and facing slabs with elegant ornaments. Mass view crafts, brought to the level of art, was stone carving. Jewelry art has reached the highest level of development, making various ornaments from noble metals in combination with gems, i.e. precious stones.

In the Kazan Khanate, writing based on the Arabic script was quite widespread, which appeared in the region in the early period of the Volga Bulgaria and was the basis of the charter in the Golden Horde. Official documents of a foreign policy nature were written in the Arabic script, business papers, labels, as well as epitaphs, letters, poems.

In addition to written literature, oral folk art also developed further. Legends and traditions about the emergence of Old and New Kazan are undoubtedly connected with this period by their origin. Literary critics attribute to the same time such works epic character, as "Alpamysh", "Chura-batyr", "Jik-Mergen", "Khaneke-Soltan byty", etc. In the Kazan period, the heroic epic "Idegey" became widespread.

6. The conquest of the Kazan Khanate

By the end of the 15th century, the Kazan Khanate pursued an aggressive policy towards Russia; it closed the Volga region for Russian merchants. trade route, made constant raids, devastating settlements and taking Russians prisoner. By the middle of the 16th century, military operations against the Tatars and the struggle for the annexation of the Kazan Khanate to Russia intensified significantly. But two campaigns in the 1550s were unsuccessful.

The government of Ivan IV the Terrible launched serious preparations for a new campaign - a number of reforms were carried out that strengthened the army, the Russian fortress Sviyazhsk was built not far from the khanate. A large and well-armed army was assembled for the campaign. For Ivan the Terrible and his entourage, the Kazan campaign had not only political significance, but also religious - it was a campaign of the Orthodox people against the infidels.

In the summer of 1552, the Russian army, led by Ivan the Terrible, set out from Moscow and moved to Kazan. It was a strong fortress of that time, enclosed by high wooden walls with fortifications. On both sides, the city was protected by hard-to-reach rivers, with another deep moat.

In August, the siege of Kazan began, which turned out to be long and difficult. Despite the active resistance of the Tatars, the Russian troops outnumbered and outnumbered the artillery. They used battle towers, siege weapons, mine digs. And as a result of the explosion, the key from which Kazan took water was destroyed. And soon an epidemic began in the city. The Tatars made sorties and tried to attack the Russian troops, but to no avail.

First, Tsar Ivan the Terrible tried to hold peace negotiations: he suggested that the citizens of Kazan rely on the will of the sovereign, then he would forgive them. But they refused. This was the beginning of vigorous preparations for the assault - the defenses of the fortress were blown up, walls, bridges and gates were set on fire, cannons were fired incessantly.

On October 2, 1552, the troops of Tsar Ivan the Terrible launched an assault on the city. As a result of fierce street fighting, the capital of the Kazan Khanate fell. Not a single one of its defenders remained alive in the city, because the king ordered that all armed men be killed, and only women and children be taken prisoner. The fate of Kazan was decided.

On October 11, the Russian army marched back to Moscow, leaving a garrison in Kazan. As a result of this campaign, the Kazan Khanate was liquidated, and the Middle Volga region joined Russia. Prerequisites arose for moving to the Urals and Siberia and expanding trade relations with the countries of the Caucasus and the East.

Golden Horde khanate rule

Conclusion

After the capture of Kazan and before the territorial-state reform of Peter I in 1713, the conquered Kazan Khanate became the so-called. the formally independent Kazan kingdom with the State of Russia, was headed by the Russian tsar, who received the title of "King of Kazan", and was administratively controlled by the so-called order of the Kazan Palace in Moscow. Also, the Kazan Archdiocese, which was created, was immediately appointed the third most important in the Russian Orthodox Church. In honor of the conquest of the Kazan Khanate in 1551-1556 in Moscow on Red Square, the Church of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos, known as St. Basil's Cathedral, was erected.

The Kazan Khanate was one of the largest states of the Middle Ages, whose possessions were in Europe and Asia. His military power constantly kept all the neighbors in suspense and for a very long time was not disputed by anyone. Monarchs even distant countries sought to establish friendly relations with her and maintain them with all their might. The most enterprising merchants traveled great distances to get to its capital, which was rightfully known as the largest trading base between East and West. Travelers and trade caravans carried true stories and incredible legends all over the world about the peoples who inhabited the Kazan Khanate, their peculiar customs and nomadic life, about the wealth and power of the khans who ruled here, countless herds of cattle and endless steppes, where one could not meet anyone for weeks. one man. True and fictional stories about the vast state of nomads continued to exist after his disappearance.

And today, interest in it has not weakened, and its history has long been studied in many countries. But until now, in the assessment of many political and everyday aspects of the life and history of the Kazan Khanate, there are the most opposite opinions. And besides, it still exists in scientific works and educational literature, and simply in the most common perception of history. whole line misconceptions or established stereotypes associated with the Kazan Khanate. This applies to its territory and borders, the name of the state, the presence of cities, the development of culture, the relationship between the concepts of "Mongols" and "Tatars", some moments of political history, etc. Most of the widespread clichés about the Kazan Khanate originated in the last century, and their existence is connected solely with the neglect of the study of this largely peculiar state.

Withlist of used literature

1.Tatar Encyclopedia: In 6 volumes - Kazan, Institute of the Tatar Encyclopedia of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, 2006. - V.3, P.147;

2. Khuzin F.Sh., Gilyazov I.A., Piskarev V.I. etc. "History of Tatarstan", Kazan, Tarikh, 2001

3. Essays on the history of the Kazan Khanate Khudyakov M.G. 2004

4. Novodvorsky, V.V. Livonian campaign of Ivan the Terrible. 1570-1582 / V.V. Novodvorsky. - M.: Direct-Media, 2014. - 296 p.

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The history of Kazan dates back to the time of the collapse of the Golden Horde and ends with the annexation of the Kazan Khanate to Russia in the 16th century. His fate was closely intertwined with the fate of Russia and had a considerable influence on the development of the whole country.

The split of the Golden Horde

In the middle of the 15th century, a split occurred in the Golden Horde. The prerequisites for it were internal strife. The Horde was divided into western and eastern parts. In the first, one of the Horde commanders, Mamai, came to power as a result of usurpation. Since he was not a descendant of Genghis Khan, he had to assert his power with the help of military victories that continued the work of Genghis Khan and Batu.

Mamai decided to attack the long-suffering Russian lands, but found strong resistance. All the specific princes united around Dmitry Donskoy. A mighty army was put up against the hordes of Mamai. However, his first campaign against Nizhny Novgorod, led by Arab Shah, was successful. The second for Mamai's army turned out to be a failure - Dmitry Donskoy, who personally led the army, defeated the Horde on the Vozha River in 1378.

The united detachments of the western part of the Golden Horde, after a very short period of time, carried out another campaign against Russia. In 1380, the decisive battle took place on the Kulikovo field. The hordes of Mamai were defeated, and the Khan himself fled.

But the forces of the Moscow principality as a result of hostilities were severely undermined. And it was at this time that the khan of the eastern part of the Horde, Tokhtamysh, moved to the Russian lands. A descendant of Genghis Khan attacked unexpectedly, devastated many territories and captured Moscow by deceit. Russia could not resist, and Dmitry Donskoy again agreed to pay tribute to the Horde. The Horde, in turn, recognized the Grand Duke's throne for the Moscow prince with the right to transfer it by inheritance.

Formation of the Kazan Khanate

At the end of the XIV century, the Central Asian Khan Timur captured and subjugated vast territories: Transcaucasia and Asia, India and China, Iran and Khorezm, eastern part Golden Horde, and then the entire Horde. However, in his vast state, conquered peoples rebelled, which caused him severe damage, weakening him from the inside. And after the death of Timur, strife intensified in the Horde. Separate territories began to separate. This was the reason for the formation of the Kazan Khanate, because it was then that it separated from the Golden Horde into an independent state entity. The history of the Kazan Khanate began from that time. The founder of the dynasty of Kazan khans was Ulu Mohammed (1438-1445).

Kazan Khanate: territory and population

The convenient geographical location of the Kazan Khanate made it a rich trading center and the center of the slave trade. Slaves captured during raids into neighboring states, the Kazan Tatars partially kept for themselves, but sold most of them to neighboring khanates.

The composition of the population was multinational: Chuvash, Mari, Tatars, Udmurts, Bashkirs. The main component of the population were Kazan Tatars - Muslims by religion. These were sedentary peoples who were engaged in agriculture, crafts and trade, fur mining.

The river borders of the territory were the Volga, Vyatka, Oka and Kama, the Belaya River. The Khanate was spread along both banks of the Volga. The right one was occupied by meadows, and the left - by mountains.

Muscovite Rus and Kazan Khanate

The khans who separated from the Golden Horde considered themselves the heirs of the Horde rulers. Home military purpose for the Kazan Khan there were Russian lands. Russia suffered a lot and greatly from the raids of the Tatars, especially since the territories of Muscovite Russia and the Kazan Khanate were adjacent in the south and southeast. The Kazan Khanate occupied the lands of the Volga region, which once belonged to the Volga Bulgaria.

In the middle of the 15th century, the Kazan Khanate became attractive to Moscow Russia from a political point of view: the Russian rulers wanted to put on its throne a Tatar prince who had fled to them from the Horde. As a result of the victories of the Russian army, Kazan was captured. Instead of the Kazan Khan, a protege of Moscow was elevated to the throne. The Kazan Khanate became under the control of the Moscow princes, and most importantly, it ceased to threaten the Russian lands.

For about half a century, Russian control over the khanate was stable, although the proteges-rulers on the throne changed. During the coup, the invited Crimean Khan Sahib Giray came to power. He resumed incursions into Russian territories. As a result of heavy battles, Moscow's power over Kazan was restored, though not for long. Sahib-Girey was replaced in power by Safa-Girey, who, having broken the agreement with Russia, continued to raid the border lands. All this became the reasons for the annexation of the Kazan Khanate to Russia, which led to the active hostilities of Russia against the Tatars. At the same time, Moscow restored official border posts with the enemy.

Reforms in the army

Ivan the Terrible continued military campaigns against the Kazan Khanate. The first two were unsuccessful. The conquest of the Kazan Khanate did not happen due to the imperfection of the army. The Moscow Tsar decided to carry out army reforms. As a result, the art of war was raised to a new level. What were the reforms?

• A military headquarters was created, whose duties included the development of strategic and tactical plans for each battle.
• The military leaders did not have the right to engage in battles without strategic and tactical plans prepared in advance by the headquarters.
• Each warrior had to be trained in the construction of fortifications and the technology of undermining enemy fortresses.
• Elite troops were created from provincial nobles, called up for service by privates - the guard.
• The troops were equipped with firearms.
• A type of artillery has been developed for the siege of enemy fortifications.
• The need for a thorough analysis of the military experience of previous times was affirmed.
• A demand was made to start hostilities in the spring and summer.
• The need for active use of waterways was confirmed.
• They were appointed to the main positions in the army not by the nobility of the family, but by military talent.
• Streltsy regiments were created, in which any free person could join.
• The provision of archers in the form of uniforms, equipment and salaries has been determined.
• The Code of Service was approved, which regulated their military duties for landowners.
• Both ordinary landowners and noble landowners equally had to carry out military service.
• The noble militia gathered and its annual reviews were held, and punishments were imposed for evasion.
• The composition of the Russian army was determined: artillery, city guards, Cossacks and auxiliary services.
• A Military Council was created, consisting of representatives of the command and government.

Hike preparation

The preparations for the march to Kazan were carried out very carefully. His main goal was to rescue the Russian people from captivity. Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible himself headed the Russian army, and I. V. Sheremetev was appointed chief of staff. The fighting was carried out according to a pre-prepared and approved plan. commanded elite troops V. I. Vorotynsky, and the main forces - his brother M. I. Vorotynsky.

The first task of the plan was to block the river approaches to Kazan. The second is the construction of fortifications on the Volga. One of them, named Sviyazhsk, was built from wooden log cabins. The speed of construction was very high - just a day.

Taking the city

The task of blocking Kazan was carried out in three directions. The main forces were rafted down the Volga to a new fortress, a detachment of Moscow's henchman Kasim advanced overland and was supposed to take positions near Kazan a little downstream, one Russian detachment - below Kazan, and the other - along the Vyatka River to Kama, to cut off the path to retreat. They captured the right bank.

The uprising of enslaved local residents and Russian settlers played into the hands of the Russian soldiers. As a result, the city was captured without a fight. The Crimean garrison stationed there tried to escape, but was captured and transported to Moscow. All its representatives were overtaken by death. A provisional government was established in Kazan. It sent an embassy to Sviyazhsk, and then to Moscow. After a twenty-day truce, a peace treaty was signed. This is how the first conquest of the Kazan Khanate took place.

The results of the capture of the city

The peace treaty with the Kazan Khanate was signed in August 1551 and pursued the main goal - the release of Russian captives. Besides:

• Shah-Ali was appointed ruler of Kazan;
• the Tatars extradited Khan Utyamysh and his regent to Moscow, as well as the families of the Crimean Tatars;
• the mountainous part of the Kazan lands, according to the decision of the kurultai, was ceded to Russia;
• the Tatars took an oath of allegiance to the Moscow government;
• the Russian army was withdrawn from the Kazan capital and the blockade of the city was ended;
• Moscow rule was established in Sviyazhsk;
• the Russian embassy headed by I. I. Khabarov is located in Kazan.

Liquidation of the Kazan Khanate: the first attempt

A delegation was sent from Kazan to Moscow with a request to return the mountainous part to the Khanate, but this request was not granted. In Kazan, after a short period of time after the signing of the peace treaty, the Tatars organized a conspiracy to overthrow Shah Ali, which was timely uncovered. Instead of Shah Ali, the power of the governor was established. The demands of the Kazan embassy were not satisfied: to withdraw the Russian garrison, to release the embassy detained in Moscow, to preserve the independence of the khanate from dependence on Russia and to return the khan's form of government.

On the contrary, the Kazan Khanate was liquidated by the royal decree. And S. I. Mikulinsky was appointed viceroy. The retention of the Kazan Khanate was under threat, but this time its loss was happily avoided.

The third campaign against Kazan and the final liquidation of the Khanate

On the way to Kazan, three representatives of the Kazan nobility galloped ahead of the detachment and Mikulinsky's retinue to arrange a meeting. Arriving in the city, they organized an armed uprising. Mikulinsky was forced to return to Sviyazhsk, and the Russian garrison in Kazan was massacred. Kazanians invited the Astrakhan prince to power. The combined forces of the Kazan, Astrakhan, Crimean khanates and the Nagai Horde opposed the Russian army.

The most important strategic objects of the Moscow army were Murom and Kolomna, and it was there that the main Russian forces were located. Sviyazhsk became the direction of advance of the Russian troops. According to intelligence, it turned out that the troops of the Crimean Khan moved towards Tula. Ivan the Terrible redirected his forces to Tula. The Crimean army was ahead of the Russian, and Ivan the Terrible was forced to send most of his rati to Kashira. Taking advantage of the fact that the Crimean military leaders did not expect to meet the Russians here, the Moscow troops defeated them, and the detachments left by Grozny near Tula completed the rout of the khan's army.

Then the main Russian forces, according to a pre-approved plan, moved towards Kazan in several directions: to Murom, to Ryazan and Meshchera. Part of the army, responsible for food and weapons, moved along the waterways - the Oka and the Volga. Foot troops walked along the path prepared in advance by construction detachments moving ahead, erecting crossings and bridges. The uniting of parts of the Russian army in Sviyazhsk took place. After three days of rest, the siege of Kazan began. The position of Ivan the Terrible's troops, undermined by the sudden outbreak of the elements, became the reason for the acceleration of hostilities. Russian military leaders took a number of measures to make the assault successful:

• destroyed a detachment of the Astrakhan Khan, who escaped from the Kazan encirclement;
• the soldiers of Prince Humpbacked cleaned up the coast of the Kama and the Volga;
• posted guard posts.

The city was surrounded by trenches and redoubts, and the Command Headquarters and the military camp were located on the Arsk field, protected by circular rows of carts and Gulyai-gorod made of log cabins.

The assault on Kazan was preceded by massive shelling and undermining of the city walls. After gaps were formed in the wall and crossings over the protective ditch of Kazan were built by the construction team, the Kazan garrison was asked to surrender, and after receiving a refusal, an assault was launched. It is 1552 - the historical date of the capture of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible and the capture of the Kazan Khanate.

Particularly noteworthy are the detachments of sappers and warriors under the leadership of Ivan Vyrodkov. They provided the Russian army with protection: they built two lines of siege structures, reinforced with mobile towers.

The results of the accession of the Kazan Khanate to Russia

As a result of the assault on Kazan, all the Tatars who fell into the hands of Russian soldiers were exterminated by decree of the supreme commander. It wasn't a cruel decision. It was explained by the fact that the Tatars understood only the language that they themselves spoke. However, the skirmishes of the Russians with them did not stop, and the final pacification of the khanate took several more years. The most distinguished participants in the annexation of the Kazan Khanate to Russia were awarded royal favors.

The significance of the annexation of the Khanate to Russia was very important for the Russian state and its people:

• annexation of the weakened Astrakhan Khanate;
• establishing control over the Volga trade route;
• the cessation of trade as slaves by Russian people;
• active construction of new settlements in the conquered territories;
• the beginning of the colonization of the Urals and Siberia;
• exemption from paying tribute;
• development of agriculture on the lands of nomads.

Unfortunately, due to the lack a large number synchronous sources and selective study of existing documents by Russian historians, many stages of the annexation of the Kazan Khanate remain inaccurate, incomplete or completely unexplored. There is also no unity regarding the date of foundation of the state of the Kazan Tatars - two possible ones are called: 1438 and 1445. The date of annexation of the Kazan Khanate to Russia is the date of the capture of Kazan in 1552.

In addition, it should be noted that in the annexation of this khanate to Russia important role the wisdom of the Russian tsar also played. After the annexation of the Kazan Khanate to Russia, Ivan the Terrible called on its inhabitants to voluntarily submit to Moscow rule, for which they retained their lands and the Muslim faith, and were also promised protection from external enemies. The Bashkirs and Udmurts came under the hand of the Moscow Tsar.

LESSON #9

Economy and culture of the Kazan Khanate

economic life

Kazanians in their economic life continued the traditions of the Bulgars. Labor on the ground, craft and trade - these were their main occupations.

The inhabitants of the villages grew bread, raised cattle, traded in the prey of animals, birds, and fishing. Fertile soils, pastures with dense and succulent grasses, abundance of forests, full-flowing rivers created good conditions for these activities.

From year to year, Kazanians harvested a lot of wheat, rye, barley and millet. The land was generous for crops of buckwheat, peas and lentils. The inhabitants of the Khanate did not know the lack of vegetables and fruits.

In cities and large villages, artisans made a wide variety of products. The most respected were metallurgists and blacksmiths. They smelted cast iron, smelted iron, while others forged tools and weapons, household items from it.

Craftsmen-gunsmiths were especially valued. They could make steel plates and rings and assemble chain mail or armor from them. Gunsmiths also learned how to make guns and cast-iron cannons. Kazanians had something to defend their fortresses and to go on campaigns with.

Potters were skillful craftsmen. The elegant dishes with beautiful patterns made by them were eagerly bought by both residents and guests of the khanate.

JEWELERY WORKSHOP

Artist Ildus Azimov Artist Nadia Fakhrutdinova

Kazan jewelers were famous as gold and silver craftsmen. Their products were used by rich and not at all rich people. For each new khan, jewelers made expensive outfits, headdresses, vessels and dishes from gold and silver. A real masterpiece of jewelry art of the first half of the 16th century is "Kazan hat" It is stored in the famous Armory Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin - the oldest museum in Russia.

Crown of the Tatar khans - "Kazan hat"

Buyers of Kazan tanners often recalled with a kind word. In many countries they knew their beautiful shoes, wallets, strong horse harness.

Construction crafts also developed in the Kazan Khanate. Masons were able to build beautiful buildings for the khan and his entourage, mosques with high minarets .

Minaret - tower for calling Muslims to prayer.

The Kazan Khanate was also known as a trading country. Trade connected the khanate with Muscovy and many Western countries, the Caucasus and Central Asia, Siberia and Persia (Iran).

ARRIVAL OF MERCHANTS IN KAZAN. XV CENTURY.

Furs and other expensive goods gathered many foreign guests at the famousKazan Fair . This fair was held annually by Kazan citizens on Gostinny Island on the Volga near their capital. On it you could buy leather, wax, fabrics, spices.

Kazan Khanate

Relations between the Kazan Khanate and the Grand Duchy of Moscow (1437-1556)

1. Circumstances leading to the formation of the Kazan Khanate (1406 - 1436)

1. The time of the creation of the khanate:

The Kazan Khanate was formed from part of the Volga lands of the Golden Horde in the second half of the 30s of the 15th century.

2. The size of the khanate, its territory, borders:

The khanate covered the territory of the current Tatar, Mari, Chuvash, Udmurt republics, as well as the areas of Ulyanovsk, Penza, Saratov, Tambov adjacent to the Volga from the west and east, part of the Kirov (Vyatka) and southern part Perm regions.

In the south of the earth The Kazan Khanate reached present-day Volgograd (on the right bank of the Volga).

In the north the border of the khanate was along the river. Pizhma (from its mouth to the mouth of the Voi River), then along the river. Vyatka, including the entire basin of the river. Kelmezi and most of the river basin. Caps, as well as the upper reaches of the river. Kama, not reaching a little to the city of Kaya.

in the east The Kazan Khanate bordered on the Nogai state in such a way that the latter included almost all of Bashkiria, excluding only the Menzelinsky district, which was included in the Kazan Khanate.

extreme western the point of the Kazan Khanate was the city of Vasilsursk, and the border with Russia (i.e., North-Eastern Russia) ran here along the western bank of the river. Sura and Volga.

3. Population:

The population of the Kazan Khanate, therefore, consisted not only of the Tatars, but also of the Finno-Ugric peoples (Mari, Mordovians, Udmurts), as well as the Chuvash and the descendants of the ancient Bulgar population, who from time immemorial occupied the territory between the Volga and Kama rivers even before it was conquered in the 13th century. Tatar-Mongols.

4. Reasons for the creation of the khanate:

The creation of the Kazan Khanate on the territory outlined above was the result of those processes of weakening and decomposition of the Golden Horde that followed at the end of the 14th century. after strong military and foreign policy pressure on the Horde state, first its western neighbor - the Muscovite state (1380 - the Battle of Kulikovo), and then in 1389 - 1395. and eastern - the powers of Tamerlane, who completely defeated the Golden Horde and ruined its capital, Saray-Berke.

The military defeat was aggravated by the development at the turn of the XIV century. and XV century. deep internal contradictions in the Golden Horde, expressed in a fierce struggle for power between Tokhtamysh, on the one hand, and the Khan of the Trans-Volga Horde, Timur-Kutlu, supported by the Siberian Khan Shadibek, on the other.

After the death of Tokhtamysh (1406), the struggle between the heirs of these two dynastic branches sharply escalated.

At first, the sons of Tokhtamysh came to the throne of the Golden Horde, but they all ruled for a very short time. The most notable of them was Dzhelal-eddin, who ruled from 1411, when he made a coup, overthrowing his rival, the son of Khan Timur-Kutlu, with the help of the Lithuanian prince Vitovt.

Dzhelal-eddin managed to restore the dominance of the Tatars over Russia and force Vasily II Dmitrievich from 1412 to pay tribute to the Golden Horde again. The son of Jalal-eddin, Ulu-Mohammed, who ascended the throne in 1428, also supported the sovereignty of the Horde over Russia. So, in 1431, two contenders for the Russian throne in Moscow came to him in Sarai-Berk - Vasily II and his son, the future Vasily III, grandson of Dmitry Donskoy. Khan Ulu-Mohammed approved his grandson as Grand Duke of Moscow.

However, in 1436 Ulu-Muhammed himself lost his throne in Saray, where Giyas-eddin reigned, and then in 1437 Kichi-Muhammed, the grandson of Tokhtamysh's rival, Khan Timur-Kutlu, was elevated to khanate. Thus, the throne of the Golden Horde was since then finally closed to the descendants of Tokhtamysh.

However, Ulu-Mohammed managed to negotiate with the new Khan of the Golden Horde on the allocation of a peripheral western ulus - the Crimean lands, to which he retired, thereby becoming the founder of the new Crimean Khanate.

True, his stay in this new capacity in the Crimea was extremely short-lived, since he immediately did not get along with the local feudal elite - the pro-Turkish Crimean Murzas, and therefore was expelled from Crimea in 1437.

Having left from there, however, not empty-handed, but at the head of a 3,000-strong army, Ulu-Muhammed invaded from the borders of the Russian state, occupying the city of Belev in Zaokskaya Muscovy, trying to settle with his people on the sparsely populated lands between the actual Moscow and Crimean possessions. The army sent by the Grand Duke of Moscow, who was instructed to expel Ulu-Mohammed from the borders of the Moscow state, Khan December 5, 1437 smashed utterly in the so-called. Belevsky battle and thus demonstrated both his military strength and outstanding military leadership.

Moving further east along the outskirts of Moscow lands beyond the Oka, Ulu-Mukhammed, passing the upper reaches of the river. Don, Voronezh, Tsna, Khopra, went to the Sura and then to the Volga in the region south of Kazan, deciding to tear away those possessions of the Golden Horde located along the Middle Volga, in Zasurye, which bordered on the Moscow principality.

5. Capital of the Khanate:

Ulu-Mohammed made the city of Kazan, which arose in the middle of the 13th century, his capital. (c. 1261) and a hundred years later it became a significant trading center of the Volga region, although the city was subjected to frequent devastation during this time, including by Russian troops (1399).

Ulu-Muhammed, however, did not establish his capital in the old place (the so-called Old Kazan, Iski-Kazan), located on the Siberian road, 50 km northeast of the present Kazan, on the meadow side of the Volga, but moved it on the Kazanka River, 5 km from its mouth, which flows into the Volga. Thus, the city was in the corner between the channels of the Volga and Kazanka, protected by them. Fortified with high wooden walls, Kazan began to grow and prosper rapidly, turning into a city in the second half of the 15th century. to the center of intermediary trade between Russia and the East and becoming the venue for the annual famous Volga Fair.

So, in 1437-1438 arose spun off from the Golden Horde new Tatar khanate, named Kazansky. Since then, the Lower Volga part of the former Golden Horde began to be called in fact the Sarai Horde or the Sarai Khanate and increasingly lose its political significance, until it disappeared altogether, dissolving into another new Tatar state - the Astrakhan Khanate (1480), which also arose on the ruins Golden Horde, but south of the current Volgograd, along the Lower Volga and along its delta.

2. Formation of relations between the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Kazan Khanate during the period of strengthening the power of the latter (1438-1487)

Having firmly established himself in Kazan, Ulu-Muhammed decided as his first duty to restore Tatar domination over Russia and force the Grand Dukes of Moscow, as before, to pay tribute, but not to the Golden Horde, but to him, the Khan of Kazan.

To this end, he undertook a military campaign against the Russian state.

THE FIRST CAMPAIGN OF THE KAZAN TATARS TO MOSCOW IN THE 15TH CENTURY

Hiking start date: spring (April) 1439

1. At the beginning April 1439 Ulu-Mohammed's troops approached Nizhny Novgorod and occupied it almost without resistance.

2. During May 1439 Tatars reached Moscow, ruining Russian villages along the way, robbing the population, stealing livestock.

3. The vanguard of the Tatar army entered Moscow in Zamoskvorechye 2 June 1439 and 3 June crossed the Moscow River in the Zaryadye region.

Having surrounded the Kremlin, the Tatars tried to take it by storm for two weeks, looking for different approaches to this. However, this did not give any results.

4. burning settlements, ruining Zaryadye and the priyauz part white city, Tatar army June 13, 1439 left Moscow.

5. None peace agreements this trip is not completed. Just over the next five years, ie. from the summer of 1439 to the autumn of 1444, a virtually peaceful status quo was maintained. Khan saved up strength for a new campaign against Moscow.

THE SECOND CAMPAIGN OF THE KAZAN TATARS TO MOSCOW IN THE 15TH CENTURY

Hiking start date: autumn (September) 1444

The course of hostilities:

1. Starting a hike at the end September 1444, the Kazan army occupied Nizhny Novgorod by mid-October and, having then occupied a vast adjacent area, remained to winter on Russian territory, waiting for the establishment of a solid sleigh route to Moscow.

2. In January 1445 on the winter path vanguard Kazantsev marched on Moscow and first went to Murom, but, having met fierce resistance from the Moscow militia, Khan Ulu-Mukhammed was forced to retreat, and then, due to the intensifying frosts, he also left Nizhny Novgorod, returning with an army that missed home to Kazan.

3. However from the spring of 1445 the trip was resumed. In April, Nizhny Novgorod was again captured, and within May - June the Kazan army under the command of princes Mahmud and Yakub reached Vladimir with battles.

4. At the walls of the Spaso-Efimevsky Monastery near Suzdal on the banks of the Nerl River took place 7 June 1445 general battle of the Kazan army under the leadership of Mahmud, the son of the Khan. The Russian troops were utterly defeated, Grand Duke Vasily III himself and his cousin Prince Mikhail Vereisky were captured. They were both taken to the Headquarters of Ulu-Muhammed in Nizhny Novgorod, where they agreed to all the conditions of peace dictated by the Tatars. The latter were so hard and humiliating that they were not even published, but gave rise to extreme panic in the Muscovite state and various rumors that Vasily III had completely given Moscow to the Tatars.

PEACE AGREEMENT VASILY III - ULU-MUHAMMED

Russian-Kazan peace treaty of 1445

Place of agreement: Nizhny Novgorod, Headquarters of Ulu-Mohammed.

Contracting parties:

From Russia: Vasily III, Grand Duke of the Moscow Principality

From the Kazan Khanate: Khan Ulu-Mohammed.

Terms of agreement:

1. Ransom from captivity of the Grand Duke and his cousin (although the size of the ransom amount was not reported, however, three versions are known):

A. Everything that the Grand Duke can pay (the whole treasury!).

B. “From gold and silver, and from all kinds of spoils, and from horses and armor - from everything, half-30 thousand.”

B. 200,000 silver rubles.

2. Ordinary captives did not return. All of them were sold as slaves into slavery in the Eastern Muslim markets.

3. Kazan officials were appointed to Russian cities to collect taxes and control the receipt of indemnities.

4. As a security and a full guarantee of the payment of indemnities, the Kazan Khanate received income from a number of Russian cities in the form of feeding. The list of cities was subject to clarification.

Note:

Even more disturbing rumors spread among the people: as if Vasily III had given the Tatars in general Muscovy, and left only Tver for himself.

The people refused to recognize such terms of the peace treaty. Vasily III, the boyars were preparing to deprive the throne upon their return from captivity. In this regard, Vasily III, transported to Kurmysh, was kept there until October 1 and was released and sent to Moscow, accompanied by a Tatar military detachment (retinue!) of 500 people. (the number of a modern infantry battalion!) for its protection and control over its actions. Kazan administrators were appointed to all Russian cities.

5. A special condition of the peace treaty was the allocation by the Russian Grand Duke in the Zaoksky Meshchersky land of a special inheritance, which was supposed to serve as a buffer state between the Kazan Khanate and the Moscow Grand Duchy and which was received by the son of Ulu-Muhammed Kasim, who formally became the “Russian specific prince ", the owner of a special inheritance on Russian soil.

Note:

Tribute to the Kasimov princes (khanam) is recorded in the following documents:

B. The agreement between the sons of Ivan III Vasily and Yuri of June 16, 1504 and the will of Ivan III, drawn up in 1594(Sobr. State Diploma and Treaties, part I, doc. 144, p. 389-400, M., 1813).

Moreover, this tribute was preserved even under Ivan IV the Terrible, almost after the conquest of Kazan! (The last mention of it refers to March 12, 1553!)

6. One of the points of the humiliating agreement concluded by Vasily III was the permission for the Tatars to build their mosques in Russian cities. This point, as soon as it began to be put into practice, aroused the fanatical resistance of the Russian population, supported by the clergy.

The reaction of the Russian people to the peace treaty of 1445

The implementation of the treaty of August 25, 1445 caused popular indignation, rebellions in individual cities against the government of Vasily III. As a result, three and a half months after his return to Russia and the introduction of a new regime, Vasily III was deposed and blinded, which was seen as a guarantee that he will never again be able to return to public activity.

However, the Khan sent his army to support Vasily III, led by the princes Kasim and Yakub, who restored the Grand Duke to the throne (from now on he received the nickname Vasily the Dark both because he brought the Tatars to Russian soil and because he became blind) and thus ensured the full implementation of the contract concluded with him.

As a result, the degree of subordination of Moscow to the Kazan Khanate turned out to be much greater than the former subordination of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus to the Golden Horde! (And this is more than half a century after the Battle of Kulikovo!?) These are the zigzags Russian history was capable of!

VASILY III'S CAMPAIGN TO KAZAN IN 1461

In the autumn of 1461, Vasily III undertook a campaign against Kazan, but, before reaching Kazan, immediately after Murom, he stopped it, because. envoys sent to meet the Kazan Khan persuaded Vasily III to end the matter peacefully, without a fight.

RUSSIAN-KAZAN WORLD 1461

The peace treaty of Vasily the Dark with the Kazan Khanate in 1461

Date of signing the contract: autumn 1461

Place of signing the contract - Vladimir.

Agreement conditions: maintaining the status quo, i.e. continued payment of tribute by Moscow to the Kazan Khanate.

Note:

The reign of Vasily the Dark was marked by the most cruel feudal internal strife. It was precisely these questions that Russian historians, who studied the period 1425-1462, dealt with.

O foreign policy Vasily the Dark, very little information has been preserved. None of the historians who studied this period - N.M. Karamzin, S.M. Solovyov, D.I. Yazykov, E.A. Belov and others, do not even mention the approximate time of the year when the Russian-Kazan Peace of 1461 was concluded. Perhaps the agreement was only oral!

Khan of Kazan Ulu-Mukhammed died in 1446. His eldest son, Mahmud, who died in 1463, succeeded him to the throne. He was succeeded by his son Khalil, who died childless in 1467, after which his brother Ibrahim became khan. All this twenty years, during which the Kazan Khanate was ruled by the khans of the Ulu-Mohammed dynasty, peaceful relations were maintained and maintained between Kazan and Russia.

Kazan during this time has become a recognized center of international trade at the junction of Eastern and European (Russian) markets.

Significant changes also took place in Russia: the country recovered from the heavy indemnity and in the 1940s and 1950s even experienced an increase in productive forces as a result of the transition to a three-field crop rotation, which revolutionized the agrarian, i.e. the main sector of the then state economy. At the head of Russia, instead of Vasily III the Dark, who was deprived of any authority, a new grand duke stood up in 1462 - a strong-willed statesman, a brilliant administrator, a talented diplomat Ivan III, in fact the first Russian tsar. Deciding to pursue a purposeful policy of strengthening and expanding Russia, Ivan III entered into close relations with the leading states Western Europe- with the Papal Throne, with the Austrian Empire (Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation), with the Republic of Venice, the Kingdom of England.

Ivan III set the main foreign policy goal of liberating Russia from Tatar dependence and began already in the mid-60s of the XV century. pursue a literally aggressive policy towards the Kazan Khanate. The appearance on the Kazan throne of Khan Ibrahim, who had neither military nor state talents, as his all-powerful father, Khan Mahmud, whose name alone made neighboring peoples tremble, gave Ivan III an excuse to intervene in the internal affairs of the Kazan Khanate and provide support to his own. the army put forward in opposition to Ibrahim by another candidate for the Kazan throne - Tsarevich Kasim, who lived for 20 years as the head of the "Russian" Kasimov Khanate and was considered by Moscow as "his own man", whose stay as Kazan Khan should have eased the bonds of Tatar dependence for Russia.

RUSSIAN-TATAR WAR 1467-1469

Ddate of the beginning of the war: end of August 1467

The course of the war:

1. The war began at the end of August after the harvest and was conducted on the Russian side sluggishly and uncertainly. The Russian army, sent for offensive purposes to the Kazan Khanate for the first time in 20 years, was extremely afraid of a collision with the Tatars. Therefore, at the first meeting with the head Kazan army, the Russians not only did not dare to start a battle, but did not even make an attempt to cross the Volga to the other side, where the Tatar army stood, and therefore simply turned back; so, without even starting, the “campaign” ended in shame and failure.

2. In view of the obvious weakness of the enemy, and also because of the rains that had begun, Khan Ibrahim did not pursue the Russians, did not even go to Nizhny Novgorod and calmly returned to Kazan, but in winter he could not deny himself the pleasure of making a punitive sortie to the nearby from the Kazan borders in the Kostroma land, the Russian city of Galich Mersky and plundered its environs, although he could not take the fortified prison itself.

3. However, this time the Russian government was not afraid. Ivan III ordered strong garrisons to be sent to all border cities: Nizhny, Murom, Kostroma, Galich and to make a retaliatory punitive attack. From the Kostroma limits, the Tatar troops were expelled by the voivode Prince Iv. You. Striga-Obolensky, and the attack on the lands of the Mari - from the north and west was carried out by detachments under the command of Prince Daniil Kholmsky, who even reached Kazan itself. At the same time, Russian raids were deliberately accompanied by extremely brutal cruelties against the civilian population, from whom they burned and destroyed everything that they could not take away and steal as prey. The provocative nature of these attacks was quite obvious: they wanted to provoke the Tatars at all costs to start big war with Russia.

4. Indeed, the actions of the Russians punitive detachments forced the Kazan Khan to send a response army in two directions:

on the northern(Galichsky), where the Tatars reached the river. South and took the Kichmengsky town and occupied two Kostroma volosts, and

on the south- Nizhny Novgorod-Murom, where the Tatars were met by significant Russian forces, which, firstly, did not allow the Kazanians to reach Murom, stopping them, and secondly, they switched from defense to the offensive near Nizhny Novgorod and captured the leader of the Kazan detachment, Murza Khoja -Berdy, breaking his army.

5. Moreover, after a short time, the Russians opened a new front - Khlynovsky.

Here a detachment of rooks, descending along the river. Vyatka on the Kama, in the deep rear of the Kazan Khanate, began to commit daring robberies of merchant ships, to ruin local villages and towns. True, these partisan actions were soon completely stopped by the Tatars: they sent strong detachments to the north, which not only drove out the Ushkuiniki, but also took the capital of the Vyatka Territory, the city of Khlynov, establishing a Tatar administration here for the coming years, and then actually annexing this region to Kazan Khanate.

6. However, temporary setbacks did not stop the aggressive direction of the Moscow government.

7. In the spring of 1469, large-scale and specially designed military operations were undertaken, the purpose of which was to ensure that the war not only did not subside, but would also take on a serious, protracted and irreversible character. A plan was developed for taking Kazan "in pincers" by attacking it with two detachments - from the north and from the south. those. from the rear, and both detachments were supposed to arrive by water- along the Volga. For this purpose, two armies were formed:

1) Nizhny Novgorod, the departure and formation of which was not hidden and which was supposed to go down the Volga to Kazan.

2) Ustyug, which was secretly formed thousands of kilometers from the theater of operations, in Veliky Ustyug, and was supposed to go in a roundabout two thousand-kilometer distance along the rivers Sukhona, Vychegda, Northern and Southern Keltma in the upper reaches of the Kama, and then descend along the Kama to its mouth in the deep behind the Tatars and row up the Volga to Kazan from the south just at the moment when the northern Nizhny Novgorod army should arrive at Kazan from the north.

An attack from two sides, with complete surprise, should, according to the developers of this grandiose plan (and its author was Tsar Ivan III himself), lead to the rapid and inevitable fall of the khan's capital.

However, these plans were clearly ahead of their time. For their implementation, there were still no elementary technical conditions, and above all, the possibility of calculating the time of movement, mutual information, the availability of weather forecasts, without which there could be no question of any coordination of actions. As a result, nothing came of the "genius plan".

7. Russian detachments arrived at Kazan in different time and were easily broken individually.

First, Nizhny Novgorod detachment under the command of I.D. Runa approached Kazan 21 May 1469 Having burned the Kazan settlements and set a big fire around the Kremlin, the Russians immediately retreated to Korovnichiy Island, and from there, under the pressure of the Tatars sent after them in pursuit, they were forced to completely retreat back to Nizhny Novgorod.

Second, Ustyug detachment under the command of two princes of Yaroslavsky, was discovered by the Tatars long before his approach to Kazan, and a “good meeting” was arranged for him: the Tatars did not even let the Ustyugians land on the shore, but defeated them right on the Volga with their fleet, and captured more than half of the attackers, including among their leaders were Prince Daniil Vasilyevich and Mikita Konstantinovich Yaroslavsky and the son of the boyar Timofey Mikhailovich Yurl Pleshcheev. Only a handful of Russian "sailors", led by Prince Vasily Ukhtomsky, escaped death. In the same way, the campaign in the same 1469 of the detachments of Prince Konstantin Bezzubtsev remained unsuccessful.

8. Thus, for all four campaigns, the Russian side, with the exception of the devastation of the enemy’s territory during the raids, did not achieve any real results, and in addition, lost in favor of Kazan the territory of the Vyatka region and its administrative center Khlynov city.

9. However, all this did not discourage Ivan III, who stubbornly decided to fight the Kazan Khanate at all costs. Despite the aggravation of relations with the Novgorod Republic at that time, Ivan III again gathered the remnants of the Nizhny Novgorod and Ustyug detachments, armed, equipped, sparing no expense, his personnel, which, in addition, despite the defeat, was awarded, and then, replenishing it recruits, again ordered a decisive attack on Kazan, making a frontal, demonstrative attack on the city. New authoritative commanders were appointed at the head of the army: Ivan III's brothers Andrei and Yuri.

10. The offensive began, as always, after the harvest, in late August - early September 1469. September 1 the assault on Kazan by the Russian army began. Perplexed by the stubbornness of the Moscow monarch, who stubbornly, despite defeats, again and again made seemingly aimless attacks on the Tatar capital, Khan Ibrahim proposed to start peace negotiations in order to find out what explains the irreconcilable position of the Russian side. Unexpectedly, Ivan III, who at that time was brewing a major conflict with Lithuania and Novgorod the Great, easily agreed with the khan: the war was immediately stopped on conditions that were not recorded in writing.

PEACE AGREEMENT IVAN III - KHAN IBRAHIM

Place of conclusion of the agreement: Kazan

Terms of agreement:

1. Khan returned Russian captives (Polonians captured in Russian-Tatar conflicts and during raids over the past decade).

2. The Russian side, satisfied with this condition, refused raids and other violations of the borders of the Kazan Khanate.

Peaceful relations, stipulated by the agreement of 1469, were maintained for eight next years.

February 1478. Ivan III unilaterally violated the peace agreement with Khan Ibrahim, starting hostilities near the city of Khlynov in order to return the Vyatka region (territory) to Russia.

THE FIRST MILITARY CAMPAIGN OF THE TROOPS OF IVAN III TO KAZAN IN 1478

Reason for war:

1. In the period from 1471-1478. Ivan III won Novgorod Republic and annexed it to the Muscovite state, including all the Novgorod colonies. Since Vyatka was also a Novgorod colony before it was captured by the Tatars, it, as the “old Russian land”, should, according to Ivan III, return to Russia.

2. The "Vyatka question" was, of course, a convenient excuse to start a new war against the Kazan Khanate and feel out what its true strength was.

The strength of Ivan III himself by 1478 had increased significantly. He had a victorious and just mobilized huge 150,000-strong army, which no longer felt any fear of any enemy, repelling and successfully defeating both the Novgorodians and the Lithuanians who tried to help them.

The course of the war:

1. Ivan III, not satisfied with the actions in the Khlynov area, sent a detachment directly to Kazan with the aim of capturing it. However, nothing came of it. For some reason, the detachment quickly returned back under the pretext of bad weather (as if violent storm prevented the capture of Kazan). No reliable facts about the reasons for the defeat or retreat of the Russian troops have been preserved in the sources.

2. In fact, it is known that peace was resumed on the previous terms of the agreement Ivan III - Khan Ibrahim, i.e. restored the status quo.

In 1479 Khan Ibrahim died. In Kazan, the problem of succession to the throne arose again. Ibrahim had sons from two wives - Fatima and Nur-Sultan. One grouping in the Tatar feudal elite, close to the Nogai Horde and gravitating towards trade with Central Asia, nominated Tsarevich Ali, the son of Fatima, to the khan's throne. Another group that occupied pro-Russian positions put forward the candidacy of the son of Nur-Sultan - Tsarevich Mohammed-Emin.

Ali became Khan. Muhammad-Emin, who was 10 years old at that time, was sent by his supporters to emigrate to Russia, and not to the Crimea, where his mother lived in Bakhchisarai, who became the wife of the Crimean Khan Mengli-Giray. Ivan III accepted Mohammed-Emin and gave him the feeding and management of the city of Kashira as a personal inheritance.

Meanwhile main concern Ivan III at that time was not at all supporting “his” pretender to the throne in Kazan, but preparing a war against this khanate for no reason, just to inflict damage on him and weaken him both militarily and politically. Ivan III pursued this policy consistently and almost fanatically, regardless of any facts or circumstances interfering with this.

The tsar planned to start a war in 1482 and for this purpose acquired heavy fortress artillery, hired foreign officers and fortifiers, specialists in engineering (sapper) and explosive devices.

The collection of troops was already scheduled in Vladimir. Ivan III himself decided to act this time as the commander-in-chief of this aggressive army, but ... Khan Ali, having learned through scouts about all these preparations, began to actively oppose the outbreak of war, connecting all his possible allies and opponents of Ivan III to the corresponding diplomatic counteractions: Crimean Khanate, Lithuania, Nogai Horde, etc.

As a result, the war was postponed by Ivan III. The tsar chose a different tactic - bribing the Tatar murzas in court circles, interfering in the internal affairs of the khanate for any reason, and also sent in 1484 as an “argument” in support of his supporters at the court in Kazan a whole Russian army, which silently stood on the banks of the Volga in full view of all residents, while in the palace there were disputes between supporters and opponents of the Moscow orientation.

By such methods, Khan Ali was finally deposed in 1484, and the 16-year-old "Moscow Tatar" Mohammed-Emin ascended the throne.

However, his supporters have not been able to create an authoritative and efficient government, which is why Moscow is already next year, in 1485 decided to return Khan Ali to the throne.

Once again, Russian troops approached Kazan, taking away Mohammed-Emin and restoring ... his recent competitor.

Thus, the Kazan Khanate, in terms of its loss of state authority among its own subjects, is quite ripe in order to yield to an external attack.

THE SECOND MILITARY CAMPAIGN OF THE TROOPS OF IVAN III TO KAZAN IN 1487

The course of the war:

1. Leaving Vladimir in mid-April, the Russian army 18 May 1487 approached Kazan and began the siege of the city. The Tatars tried to resist and lift the siege by frequent attacks from the city and attacks from the rear on the Russian army of the Tatar cavalry under the command of Ali-Gaza. But the Russians managed to destroy the Tatar cavalry and then surround the capital with a continuous ring.

2. The besieged in Kazan were not united. Their will to resist was weakened by the supporters of the Russians, who eventually overthrew Khan Ali, opened July 9, 1487 the gates of Kazan and handed over the khan and his entire family to Russian military leaders. Russian troops entered Kazan and began to plunder it.

War results:

1. Leaders of the Nogai, anti-Russian "party" were executed.

2. Khan Ali and his wives were sent into exile in Vologda. His mother Queen Fatima, sisters and brothers Melik-Tagir and Khuday-Kul were exiled to an even greater wilderness in Belozerye, to a tiny town (actually a village, a settlement, 4 km from Belozersk) by Kargol.

3. Muhammad-Emin, surrounded by Russian advisers, was again elevated to the throne of the Khan of Kazan.

4. Moscow's tributary relations with the Kazan Khanate were terminated from the middle of 1487.

5. The Kazan government officially recognized the equality of the parties: the Muscovite state and the Kazan Khanate. In correspondence, the king and khan began to call themselves and each other brothers.

6. Ivan III took the title of Prince of Bulgar (later in the title of Russian tsars - Sovereign of Bulgaria), referring to that ancient territory of the Volga-Kama Bulgaria, which was later occupied by the Kazan Khanate. This created a legal precedent that substantiated the alleged " ancient law» Moscow to the territory of the Kazan Khanate, which Ivan IV the Terrible later took advantage of, arguing his claims to the Kazan throne.

Reaction to the victory of the Moscow state over Kazan from other Tatar states

The Muslim states - the neighbors of the Kazan Khanate - the Nogai Horde and the Siberian Khanate were shocked by the massacre perpetrated by the Moscow Tsar in the independent Kazan Khanate. They made diplomatic representations to Moscow, demanded the release of Khan Ali and his family and their transfer, at least for a ransom, to Muslim countries.

However, Ivan III rejected such proposals: the khan's family remained forever in Russian captivity and all its members died in prison and exile. Only the youngest prince Khuday-Kul, being a child, was baptized and lived under the name of Peter Ibragimovich from 1505 in Moscow, where he died in 1523.

Fearing a repetition of such actions by Moscow, and most importantly, trying to prevent them from becoming a precedent in Moscow's relations with Muslim states, the Nogai and Siberian governments condemned the actions of Ivan III as a blatant violation of the fundamentals international law and signed treaties, and also added purely economic demands to the Muscovite state to their protests: to grant the right of free passage through Muscovy to Nogai and Siberian merchants, as well as the right to duty-free trade in Russia itself.

3. Russian-Kazan relations during the protectorate of the Moscow state over the Kazan Khanate (1487-1521)

During the period of Russia's de facto protectorate over the Kazan Khanate, the heads of both states regulated their relations with treaties relating to three issues:

1. Foreign policy (obligations of Kazan not to fight against Russia).

2. Internal political (obligations of Kazan not to elect khans without the consent of Russia).

3. The interests of Russian subjects living in the khanate (obligations of the Kazan government to ensure the safety and inviolability of the property of Russian merchants, to ensure the rights of their trade, to compensate them for losses caused by the khan's subjects).

Note:

As you can see, the share of the Kazan Khanate got only duties, and the share of the Muscovite state - only rights in bilateral, formally "equal" relations.

Main foreign policy task Russia during this period:

1. Take over the market of the entire Volga region, consolidate your economic impact in the region, to achieve legally fixed significant economic benefits there.

2. During this period, Moscow did not put forward any political or territorial demands in relation to the Khan's government, did not set it in any form.

The main tactics of Russia to strengthen its position in Kazan:

1. Russian influence in Kazan was carried out through a certain court clique, the so-called. "Russian party", which included influential Tatar murzas and princes, who were the actual conductors of Russian influence, Russian politics.

2. Naturally, the “Russian party” was opposed by another court clique of the Tatar aristocracy, conditionally called "eastern party", which focused on the Tatar states, the neighbors of Kazan, i.e. to the Siberian and Crimean khanates.

The struggle of these two "parties" at the Khan's court created tension, which was stimulated and supported all the time by the Muscovite state, looking for a reason to interfere in the internal affairs of the Kazan Khanate.

RUSSIAN MILITARY EXPEDITION TO KAZAN 1495

Reason and reason for the expedition:

Khan Mohammed-Emin, a protege of Russia, having learned that the "Eastern Party" was preparing to overthrow him and for this purpose called the army of the Siberian prince Mamuka, informed Tsar Ivan III about this.

The tsar ordered the governors of Nizhny Novgorod to move a border detachment to Kazan. The leaders of the "Eastern Party", having found out about this, fled from Kazan and informed Mamuk to stop the movement of his troops to Kazan.

Expedition results:

1. A Russian military detachment, having entered Kazan and found no enemy, returned to Nizhny Novgorod two weeks later.

Then Mamuk's troops approached Kazan and took it without resistance.

Khan Mohammed-Emin managed to escape to Moscow with his family. Khan Mamuk from the Sheibani dynasty, a relative of the Siberian Khan Ibak, was placed on the throne.

1496 However, the head of the "Eastern Party" Prince Kel-Ahmed and the new khan did not agree on the management of the country, and Kel-Ahmed decided to restore the alliance with Russia. He made a counter-coup, expelled Mamuk and turned to Ivan III with an official message expressing regret about the coup of 1495, and his consent to the restoration of the former khan dynasty, but not Mohammed-Emin, but his brother Abdul-Latif, who lived in Russia.

In 1496, Kazan-Russian relations were restored on these terms.

1499 Reflection of the second attempt to establish the Siberian dynasty on the Kazan throne.

The pro-Siberian prince of Kazan Urak tried to make a coup in favor of the Siberian prince Agalak (brother of Khan Mamuk), but the government of Kel-Ahmed, with military support from Russia, repelled the attack of the Siberian Tatars.

Abdul-Latif established himself on the Kazan throne.

1501 Prince Kel-Ahmed, head of the Kazan government, traveled to Moscow to complain about Khan Abdul-Latif's attempts to pursue a policy hostile to Moscow.

1502 A Russian embassy headed by Prince Zvenigorodsky arrived in Kazan, accompanied by a significant military detachment, and deposed Khan Abdul-Latif. He was sent into exile in Russia, in the town of Beloozero.

The coup went smoothly and was formalized legally Kazan-Moscow union treaty, signed:

from Russia- Prince Ivan Ivanovich Zvenigorodsky-Zvenets, boyar and governor, and duma clerk Ivan Teleshov, and

from the Kazan Khanate- Prince Kel-Ahmed.

Mohammed-Emin was elevated to the Kazan throne.

KAZAN-RUSSIAN WAR 1505-1507

War end date: March 1507

Reasons for the war: The 15-year Russian dominance, the displacement of the khans and their sending into exile in Russia greatly infringed on the Tatar national feelings, caused protest both among the Tatar court aristocracy and among the common people, who understood that the Russians, "strangers" and giaours, were simply pushing the Tatar national administration.

Mohammed-Emin, who returned to the throne for the second time after exile in Moscow, decided to put an end to Russian dominance and for three years (1502-1505) secretly prepared for war with Russia. He took into account all the factors facilitating a change in orientation: the old age of Ivan III, the lack of vigilance among the Russians due to their constant success in putting pressure on Kazan, and the weakening of the "pro-Russian party" at court (the elimination of Kel-Ahmed).

Goals of the war:

1. Political: Liberate the Kazan Khanate from the Russian protectorate, break allied (bondage) treaties.

2. Economic: Acquire Russian slaves (prisoners) as a result of the war, the prices of which have risen sharply in the Asian slave markets after almost a 10-year cessation of their supply.

The course of the war:

1. The war began suddenly, on the opening day of the annual Volga fair in Kazan, with a pogrom of Russian merchants. Most of them were killed, and goods (shops, warehouses) were looted. All Russian subjects on the territory of the Kazan Khanate, including the Russian ambassador - M.A. Klyapik-Yeropkina (Yaropkina), were arrested, became “polonyanniks” (several tens of thousands of people).

2. At the same time, a Tatar army of 60 thousand people came out of Kazan. (40 thousand - Kazanians, 20 thousand - Nogais, invited to Kazan in advance, led by the Nogai brother of the khansha), which approached Nizhny Novgorod, surrounded the Kremlin, burned the settlements (in September 1505), but could not take . When the Nogai prince, the leader of the army, was killed by rifle fire from the Kremlin, the Tatars lifted the siege and returned to Kazan. The skillful defense of Nizhny Novgorod was led by the voivode Iv. You. Khabar-Simsky.

3. The Russian government mobilized a 100,000-strong army, sending it to Murom to cross the Kazan-Russian border. But there was a panic in the troops in connection with the spread of rumors about the atrocities and strength of the Tatars during the pogrom of the fair. As a result, the troops refused to cross the Kazan border and stopped in the vicinity of Murom. Therefore, the Tatars calmly plundered the Russian lands along the Oka, not going far into Russian territory and stealing cattle from the border regions and capturing people (civilian population).

The death of Ivan III temporarily interrupted Russian military activity in 1505.

4. In the spring of 1506, the new Grand Duke Vasily IV formed a new Russian army to march on Kazan. Formally, it was headed by the brother of the Grand Duke - Dmitry Ioannovich Zhilka, Prince Uglitsky, but in fact it was led by Princes I.F. Velsky and A.V. Rostov.

5. On May 22, 1506, the Russian infantry landed from the boats near Kazan and, without any reconnaissance, headed from the banks of the Volga to the city. She was subjected to Tatar attack from two sides - from the front and from the rear - and was completely defeated: a significant part of the Russian warriors were drowned during a disorderly retreat across the Volga.

6. Having received news of the defeat, the Russian government ordered the remnants of the defeated army not to resume hostilities, but to wait for reinforcements and began to form new army(2nd), intending to organize an offensive with the forces of two armies.

7. But on June 22, 1506, the Russian cavalry of the 1st Army (which had not yet taken part in the battles) approached Kazan, and the Russian command, not waiting for the approach of the 2nd Army, contrary to the ban from Moscow, decided to launch a new attack on Kazan. However, this offensive also ended in the complete defeat of the Russian troops, as a result of which the 1st Army practically ceased to exist as an independent military force. Out of 100 thousand people. only 7,000 survived.

The Tatar army, which defeated the Russians, numbered 50 thousand people. (30 thousand - infantry, 20 thousand - cavalry).

8. The defeated Russian army fled from the Kazan territory, pursued by the Kazan cavalry. The retreating people were caught up 40 km from the Russian border along the river. Sure, but then the Tatars stopped the pursuit. Not a single Tatar detachment violated the Russian border. The Tatars did not use their military advantage, believing that it was important to simply drive the Russians out of their borders. Meanwhile, Moscow was seriously afraid Tatar invasion because the war was not formally over.

9. In 1507, with the establishment of winter roads, the Tatar troops again began hostilities in the border areas, trying to force the Russians to request and sign peace, but during the spring thaw, hostilities were again suspended.

10. Since no proposals for peace were received from the Russian side, which had suffered a severe defeat, in March 1507, the Kazan ambassador Abdullah was sent to Moscow, offering to restore peaceful relations.

The Russian government seized on this, but demanded, as a precondition for the start of peace negotiations, the release of the ambassador, Mikhail Andreevich Klyapik-Yaropkin. The Tatars promised to release all members of the Russian embassy immediately after the conclusion of peace. Under these conditions, peace negotiations began, which went from March 17, 1507 to mid-December 1507 alternately in Moscow and Kazan.

They were attended by:

From Russia: Alexey Lukin (embassy clerk, messenger), Ivan Grigoryevich Poplevin (okolnichiy, boyar), Yakul (Elizar) Sukov (clerk).

From the Kazan Khanate: Barat-Seit, prince, ambassador, Abdullah - official of the Khan's Council, Buzek - bakshi.

PEACE AGREEMENT OF THE KAZAN KHANATE WITH THE MOSCOW STATE OF 1507

Kazan-Russian peace treaty of 1507

Kazan-Moscow Peace Treaty of 1507

Place of signing: Moscow - Kazan

Composition of the contract: Two articles.

Authorized parties:

From the Grand Duchy of Moscow:

Ambassador Poplevin Ivan Grigorievich, boyar, okolnichiy,

Ambassadorial clerk Alexei Lukin.

From the Kazan Khanate: Ambassador, Prince Barat-Seit.

Agreement conditions:

1. The status quo was established - “peace in antiquity and friendship, as it was with the Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich” (i.e. under Ivan III).

2. Russian prisoners fully returned.

Note:

Military failures of the Russian troops in the war of 1505-1507. were so significant that the government of Vasily IV did not even think about revenge or about continuing the clearly hostile policy towards the Kazan Khanate after the conclusion of peace in 1507.

But defensive measures were carried out.

First measure the strengthening of the Russian-Kazan border was undertaken: a new stone fortress was created in Nizhny Novgorod based on the fortification achievements of the 16th century.

Second measure was the achievement by diplomatic means of the release of part of the Russian prisoners captured by the Tatars in the campaign of 1506 and not yet sold into slavery in the Crimean and Central Asian slave markets. This was achieved by January 1508.

For his part, Mohammed-Emin also returned to pursuing a foreign trade policy friendly to the Moscow state. (To a large extent under the influence of the Crimean Khan Mengli Giray, an ally of Moscow at that time, and Queen (Khansha) Nursultan, who occupied a pro-Moscow position.)

All these realities were legally fixed by the signing of an agreement on “ eternal peace».

RUSSIAN-TATAR AGREEMENT ON "ETERNAL PEACE" 1512

Moscow-Kazan treaty on "eternal peace" and "immovable love" of 1512

Kazan-Moscow treaty on eternal peace in 1512

Date of signing: January-February 1512

Place of signing: Tyurin Alexander

Crimean, Astrakhan and Kazan khanates The Crimean khanate was created by 1430 by Khadzhi Giray, the heir of Tug Timur, Batu's brother. The first coins of this prince date from 1441-1442 and we know that he ruled until 1466. The khanate he created reached in the east

Khanate of Khiva We have seen that the Uzbek conqueror Mohammed Sheibani took possession (in 1505-1506) of Khorezm, or the country of Khiva, as well as Transoxiana. After the death of Muhammad Sheibani on the battlefield near Merv (December 1510), when the Persians won and captured Transoxiana and

The Kokand Khanate of Ferghana, as we have already seen, was part of the Transoxian Khanate in the era of the Sheibanids and during the reign of the first Astrakhanids. However, under the Astrakhanids, this possession was nothing more than nominal, and Fergana for the most part fell under the rule of