For the timely deployment of construction and the creation of the necessary front of work, construction organizations primarily build transport communications and engineering networks.

The choice of road parameters (length, location, coverage) is carried out on the basis of the traffic pattern at the construction site, which provides for the unimpeded passage of all vehicles to the serviced areas.

For the needs of construction, permanent roads are primarily used, and, depending on the specific conditions of construction, temporary roads are laid if necessary. The use of permanent roads for the needs of construction reduces the cost of construction and increases the culture of production.

The sequence of road design includes the following stages - drawing up a traffic pattern, choosing the type of road, determining the characteristics and structures of roads.

The layout of temporary roads should ensure the delivery of materials and structures to the areas of operation of lifting construction machines, therefore, road routes are designed after transverse and longitudinal bindings of the crane assembly paths. Usually, a temporary road is planned closer to the center of the crane coverage area in order to most efficiently unload cargo. Part of the crane operating area, located between the road and the assembly tracks, is allocated to open warehouses for the most heavy materials. Construction roads are arranged as ring roads, and at dead-end entrances, platforms for turning vehicles are provided. As the facilities of the complex are put into operation, the routes of temporary roads may change in order to prevent the movement of vehicles through the operated part of the complex.

The width of the carriageway is taken depending on the traffic pattern and the main characteristics of the roads presented in Appendix B - table. AT 10 O'CLOCK

For one-way traffic, the width of the carriageway is assumed to be 3.5 m, for two-way traffic and in places of widening for sidings - 6 m (Appendix B, Table B.10). When using heavy vehicles with a carrying capacity of more than 25 tons, the width of the carriageway is taken up to 8 m. The turning radii of roads are determined by the turning radii of vehicles, which are 12 ... 18 m. (Appendix B - Figure B.1). With a single-lane road, widenings of up to 5 m are made in the places of its turn.

When determining the layout of the road, allowable distances from the edge of the road to other elements of the construction site are taken into account (Table B.11 of Appendix B).

When arranging engineering communications, it is advisable to first carry out work on the sewerage system used for the organized drainage of water from the construction site.

The laying of the water supply system is carried out from the places of connection to the city network to the water metering units located in the buildings. It is expedient to advance, during the preparatory period of construction, the laying of a network of the projected permanent water supply to the facility under construction. Temporary water supply is laid from the wells of the permanent network to the places of water consumption provided for by the construction plan.

For possible fire extinguishing in water wells (preferably on a permanent looped water supply network that provides the required flow and pressure), fire hydrants are installed - devices for connecting water fire extinguishing equipment.

The number of hydrants and their placement on the construction site or in its immediate vicinity should ensure the possibility of extinguishing a fire in any part of the construction site.

Prior to the installation of the underground part, work must be completed to provide construction with electricity through the laying of cable networks and the installation of power lines, the construction of transformer substations.

In accordance with the capabilities of existing electrical networks and step-down substations in the construction area, two power supply schemes for the construction site are possible:

With a device for a temporary low voltage supply network (0.4 kV), (Figure 4.1a). At the input site to the site of the supply electrical cable, electrical cabinets are installed - an input-distribution device with a meter for consumed electricity, an on-off switch, and fuses. Electric lighting wires with a voltage of 220 V (usually an overhead line) and 380 V power electric cables go from the introductory cabinet through power boxes to consumers - machines and tools with electric motors;

With a device for a temporary high voltage supply network (6 ... 10 kV) (Figure 4.1b). In the absence of reserve capacities at the existing step-down substations, an own step-down device is installed at the construction site - a mobile packaged transformer substation (KTP) of the appropriate capacity. Consumer networks on the site - lighting and power, are powered from this substation.

Figure 4.1. - Temporary power supply of the construction site: a) input of a low-voltage electrical cable (0.4 kV) from the existing transformer substation (TS) with reserve capacities; b) input of a high-voltage electric cable (6 ... 10 kV)

Transport one of the most important industries national economy, because it is he who connects the components of the economy into a single integrated system and ensures its continuous functioning and territorial organization. The transport and communication complex (TKK) is a basic link in the production and social infrastructure, material and non-material sphere. The efficient operation of transport is necessary condition stabilization, structural transformations of the economy, development of foreign economic activity, meeting the needs of the population and social production in transportation, protecting the economic interests of Ukraine. Thanks to transport, the main stages of integration processes are realized: from free trade, due to the movement of goods, services, labor, capital, information - to the full integration of the country into the European and world economic systems. Based on the development of the transport and communication complex, opportunities are being formed for the international (territorial) and domestic division of labor.

All types of transport, communications and communications are combined into a single transport and communication complex which, in turn, implements the processes of transportation, communications, exchange of information flows, communications in accordance with the demands of economic systems and the needs of the population due to close interaction with the environment and with each other within a certain territory (countries, economic region, region, etc.). Separate types of transport, communications and communications do not function in isolation. As a result, a transport and communication system is being formed, which develops in cooperation with all sectors of the national economy. Transport and communication system is a territorial combination of means of communication, communication networks and communications, technical means and services that ensure their functioning, which, by interacting, ensure the successful functioning of the national economic complex generally. The operation of the transport and communication system is ensured by TKK infrastructure, including communication routes (Table 9.27), railway tracks, telephone lines, cable networks, rolling stock, Internet providers, handling facilities (so far, platforms, warehouses, services), controls, communications and communications, various Technical equipment.

Table 9.27

The main elements of the transport infrastructure of Ukraine and the dynamics of their formation

	Communication routes, km
	Operating length of railway tracks common use	including electrified	Operational length of river navigable routes total. use	Length of public roads	including hard coated	Operating length of trolleybus lines total. use	Operating length tram tracks total use	The operational length of the subway tracks total. use

Compiled according to DSS Ukraine: [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: ukrstatgov.ua

The main task of transport is to ensure the production and non-production needs of the economy and the population in all types of transportation. Transport, communications and communications have a significant impact on redistribution raw materials, finished products, goods and services that affect their cost and price, are the basis for the development of international relations.

By purpose, transport is divided into three main groups: public transport (raw materials, products, population are transported) departmental transport (for industrial, corporate, on-farm needs) and personal transport. 6 in general, allocate passenger and freight transport; urban (subway, trolleybus, tram, city bus, taxi, etc.) inter-district, international.

Main types transport are:

- Land or land (rail, road, electric, pack, horse-drawn)

- Water transport (consists of sea and river)

- Air Transport ;

- Pipeline transport (product pipelines, gas pipelines, oil pipelines).

The development of transport is influenced by several factors that are combined into two groups: natural (the size of the territory, relief, climate, etc.) and socio-economic (economic and geographical position, level economic development, the level of scientific and technological development of the state and its regions) . A very significant impact on the development of the transport and communication complex should be the transit of the territory. The economic and geographical position of the state is one of the economic resources, which makes it a link in the transit system of a certain territorial space and determines its transit status in this space. From this point of view, Ukraine is not the "richest" country of the Eurasian continent, since the cross-section of the West-East (Europe-Asia) and North-South (Baltic-Black Sea) axes on its territory provides our country with ample opportunities to obtain both geo-economic, and geopolitical benefits. According to the world's leading experts, Ukraine has the largest transit rate in Europe - 3.75.

The transport and communication complex characterizes such a concept as logistics - integrated management of distribution, placement, transportation flows of inventory items in order to coordinate and rationalize cargo turnover, increase the level of transport services, ensure the safety of goods, timely delivery to places of sale and consumption and income. Logistics provides processes rational organization delivery of goods and services by optimal modes of transport (their combination or interchangeability), planning and achieving logistics, training and movement of human resources, logistics of trade and commercial organizations using transport and communication means. Development has been going on in Ukraine for several years modern system transport and logistics centers such as Kyiv, Odessa, Lvov, Dnepropetrovsk, Chop, Kovel, Kharkov, Donetsk, Ilyichevsk, etc.

The basic characteristics of the work of transport is the turnover of goods and passengers. Cargo turnover - the volume of freight traffic by rail, road, sea, river, air or pipeline transport. It is defined as the product of the weight of goods and the distance they are transported and is denoted t / km (t / miles). Freight volumes will be transported "at individual transport hubs, stations and ports consist of the total weight of sent and arrived cargo. Distinguish between internal freight turnover (railways, transport hubs, stations, ports) and external (export, import, international transit) freight turnover. Leading place in In freight turnover, Ukraine belongs to rail transport (Table 9.28), and the lowest rates of freight turnover are characteristic of air transport, this trend has continued for many years.

Table 9.28

Performance indicators various kinds transport of Ukraine in 2011-2013 (cargo turnover)

transport	transported				Cargo turnover
							million t/km
All modes of transport
including
railway
automotive
pipeline
aviation

Compiled according to DSS Ukraine: [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: ukrsiat.gov.ua

Passenger turnover - an indicator that takes into account the number of passengers transported and the distance of their trip. This is the number of passengers transported by a certain mode of transport per unit of time - an hour, a day, a month, a year over a certain distance, characterizes the intensity of the movement of passengers through a certain point or direction. The passenger turnover of Ukraine in the period 2011-2013 tended to decrease in all modes of transport, from 134,254.0 million passengers. km in 2011, up to 128,508,200,000. pass. km in 2013. The leading place in terms of passenger turnover belongs to road transport, however, in 2013, its performance was almost equal to that of rail transport (Table 9.29).

All types of transport are developed in Ukraine. There are 370 km of railway lines, 75 km of river navigable routes, 2017 km of paved roads per 10 thousand km2 of territory.

Table 9.29

Performance indicators of various types of transport in Ukraine in 2011-2013 (passenger turnover)

types of transport	passengers carried				passenger turnover
					million pass. km		million pass. km
All modes of transport
including
railway
automotive
aviation
tram
trolleybus
subways

For all sectors of the economy, the indicator of transport costs per unit of production is important. It is possible to reduce transportation costs, both by increasing the efficiency of transport, replacing one type with another, and by improving the territorial structure of production, which will reduce transportation costs when transporting raw materials, fuel and energy resources, equipment, finished products.

The main elements of the territorial structure of transport are: railway stations, nodes; bus stations; sea ​​and river ports, piers; airports. Transport node It is formed on the basis of a settlement within which at least three lines of one or more modes of transport intersect and transport is provided for local and transit transportation of passengers and goods. The interaction of different modes of transport is carried out in transport hubs of a mixed type (for example, railway-water-road junctions - Odessa, Dnepropetrovsk, Kyiv). All types of transport have been developed in Ukraine. Prerequisites for the development of transport and communications are quite favorable. As for communications, the density of Internet networks, automatic telephone exchanges, mobile coverage increases in proportion to the size of the settlement and the number of consumers of communication services.

Railway transport in Ukraine it is subordinate to the State Administration of Railway Transport of Ukraine (Ukrzaliznytsia), it also includes railway sidings various forms property that does not belong to the public rail transport. Railway transport plays a leading role in the transport system of Ukraine. In terms of the length of the railway network, Ukraine ranks third in Europe (21,700 kilometers of railways). The share of rail transport in the total freight turnover of all types of transport in 2013 was about 52%, and in passenger traffic - 37%. Ukrzaliznytsia manages public rail transport and reports to the Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine (Fig. 9.25).

Rice. 9.25. railways of Ukraine

The sphere of management of Ukrzaliznytsia includes six railways - Donetsk (length of tracks - 2928 km). Lviv (4521 km). Odessa (about 4000 km), South (about 3000 km), southwestern (4668 km) and Pridneprovskaya (3276 km) (Fig. 9.25), as well as associations, enterprises, institutions and organizations of railway transport, including 14 state-owned enterprises, 13 specialized joint stock plants.

Ukrzaliznytsia, centrally regulates the process of transportation in the domestic and international traffic and manages the production and economic activities of six Ukrainian railways. De facto, it is a state-owned monopoly in the field of railway transportation.

According to the data of Ukrzaliznytsia as of December 31, 2013: the total length of railways is 21.6 thousand km, of which 10,237 km are electrified (48%); gauge - 1520 mm, there are narrow-gauge sections (the vast majority are 750 mm wide) and small border sections of the European standard (1435 mm); the number of railway stations - 1447; railway stations- 125, of which 19 are out-of-class, 12 are first-class, 36 are second-class, 58 are third-class, the fleet of freight cars is 116,063 units; fleet of passenger cars - 7025 units; diesel locomotive fleet - 2447 units; electric locomotive fleet - 1547 units; number of employees - 363 thousand people; passengers transported in 2013 - 483,300,000 people; cargo transported in 2013 - 443,200,000 tons (Table 9.30).

Table 9.30

Types of cargo transported by rail in Ukraine as of 2013

type of cargo	Achieved, million tons	In % to 2012
cargo transported
of which sent
including according to the nomenclature of goods
hard coal
oil and oil products
ores of iron and manganese
ferrous metals
ferrous scrap
timber cargo
chemical and mineral fertilizers
grain and grinding products
building materials
other cargo

Compiled according to the DSS of Ukraine: (Electronic resource] - Access mode: ukiatat.gov.ua

The average density of the railway network is 40 km per 1000 km2 of territory. The densest railway network in the industrial regions of the Dnieper, Donbass and western regions of Ukraine (Fig. 9.26), this was facilitated by historical features, the development of the FOREST INDUSTRY, and the current border position. The Kherson region has the lowest density of railway tracks (16 km per 1,000 km2).

Rice. 9.26. Distribution of regions by the density of railway tracks, km of roads per 1 thousand km2 of area, as of 2013

Source: [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: ukrproject. gov. ua /

In 2011, the transportation of goods by Ukrainian railways increased by 8.2% compared to 2010 - up to 468,100,000. Tons, while freight turnover increased by 5.7% - up to 243,500,000. Tons / km. In 2013, the railways of Ukraine reduced the transportation of goods by 2.5% compared to 2012 - up to 443,200,000 tons. Freight turnover of railway transport in Ukraine in 2013 decreased by 2.8% - up to 223 million tons / km (Table 9.28).

The most important railway lines Ukraine are: Kyiv - Korosten - Novograd-Volynsky - Shepetovka - Zdolbunov - Lviv; Kovel - Sarny - Korosten - Kyiv; Kyiv - Fastov - Kazatin - Zdolbunov - Lviv; Kazatin - Zhmerinka - Odessa; Kyiv - Konotop - Shostka; Kyiv - Poltava - Kharkov - Debaltseve; Fastov - Smela - Dnepropetrovsk; Krivoy Rog - Dnepropetrovsk - Donetsk; Kharkiv - Dnepropetrovsk - Zaporozhye - Simferopol - Sevastopol; Lviv - Mukachevo - Chop, etc.

The largest railway junctions with a developed station infrastructure are Kyiv, Zaporozhye, Kharkov, Dnepropetrovsk, Odessa, Chop, Fastov, Korosten, Kovel, Zhmerinka, Smela, Stry, Lozova, Znamenka, Kazatin, Shepetovka, etc. The main cargoes are mineral fertilizers, building materials , coal and ores, in particular iron. important place also occupy a variety of metals and oil cargoes (Table 9.30). These goods account for about a quarter of all shipments. The most intense cargo traffic lines are Krivoy Rog - Dnepropetrovsk - Debaltsevo, Krivoy Rog - Fastov - Kazatin - Lviv, as well as lines to seaports: Odessa, Berdyansk, Mariupol, etc.

Railways carry out direct and transit communication between Ukraine and Belarus, Russia, the Baltic countries, Moldova, Poland, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Germany, Romania. The most important problem for Ukraine in its integration into the European unified railway system is the narrowing of the Ukrainian railway gauge (1524 mm) to the European standard (1435 mm), as in neighboring Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania. Now on the border with these states there are complex systems transfer of locomotives and rolling stock of trains from track to track, which significantly reduces the efficiency of railway transport, in particular in time.

Prospects for the development of railway transport in Ukraine.

Work continues on the Beskydy railway tunnel, which should provide a stable connection between Ukraine and the countries of Central and Southern Europe, maintenance of transit flows and accession of Ukraine to the trans-European multimodal transport network. After the construction is completed, the capacity of the tunnel will increase from 47 to 100 pairs of trains per day, and the speed of passage will increase from 40 to 60 km/h. The Beskydy tunnel is the second longest (after Lutuginsky) railway tunnel in Ukraine. Located in the Ukrainian Carpathians, on the Beskydy pass. Refers to the 5th Pan-European Transport Corridor (Italy - Slovenia - Hungary - Slovakia - Ukraine - Russia). According to the project, after reconstruction, the new tunnel will be a 2-track tunnel with a length of 1822 meters (without portals 1,764.5 m). The width will be 10.5 meters, the height - 8.5 meters.

The development of a modern system of transport and logistics centers is ensured, for example, on the basis of the Kyiv railway transport hub, the Ukrainian State Center for Transport and Logistics Service "Liski" was established, to which container terminals were transferred at the stations Odessa-Liski, Dnepropetrovsk-Liski, Luhansk-Liski, Donetsk -Liski, Kharkiv-Liski, which now serve the Viking piggyback train. Also, as part of the development of Ukrainian-Hungarian cooperation, negotiations are being held on the joint implementation by Ukraine and Hungary of the project to form the logistics zone Kisvarda - Zakhon - Chop - Uzhgorod on the territory of both countries. The project provides for a combination of 4 types of transport, except for the railway, in particular, it provides for a gradual improvement in navigation conditions on the river. Tisza, the development of river ports, the creation of a modern air transportation center and an international transshipment transport and logistics hub on the basis of the Mukachevo airport.

The Railway Electrification Program for 2011-2016 pp. is being implemented, which will reduce the cost of transportation by 55%. In addition, 1,562 km of the operational length of railways will be electrified, primarily in sections to be transferred to high-speed operation and included in the scope of delimitation of freight and passenger traffic.

Also, electronic document management is being introduced in railway transport. The development of multimodal transportation is being activated. One of the most common types of combined (refers to multimodal) transportation is container and piggyback trains, which are formed on the territory of both Ukraine ("Viking" and "Yaroslav") and other countries. Since 2012, the Viking combined transport train began regular (twice a week) running on the territory of Ukraine (previously, there was no clearly defined train departure frequency, which slowed down the passage of goods through Ukrainian territory).

Automobile transport plays an important role in the overall transport system of our country. Cars are widely used in the national economy. They are used to deliver various raw materials to industrial enterprises and export finished products and various types of structures from enterprises during the construction of buildings and other structures, as well as for mass transportation agricultural products. Big role road transport plays when transporting passengers.

Road transport holds the first place in terms of the volume of transported goods and the third in terms of cargo turnover, it owns 52% of Ukraine's passenger traffic. In 2013 in Ukraine, the length of paved public roads amounted to 166.1 thousand km, which is 70.5 km more than in 2012 (in 2011 their length increased by 181 km). In territorial terms, the length of public roads increased in 12 regions of the country, with a high absolute increase in Zaporozhye (by 18.6 km), Donetsk (by 12.2 km) and Ternopil (by 10.9 km) regions. A reduction in their length was recorded in Cherkasy (by 5.2 km), Kirovograd (by 0.9 km) regions and Autonomous Republic Crimea (at 1.1 km).

Among the regions of Ukraine, the highest density of paved roads per 1000 km2 was recorded in Lviv (376.0 km), Ternopil (361 km), Chernivtsi (355 km), Khmelnytsky (346 km) and Vinnitsa (339 km) regions, and the smallest - in Kherson (174 km), Mykolaiv (195 km), Lugansk (219 km) and Chernihiv (227 km) regions (Fig. 9.27). In total, in 2013 in Ukraine, 97.9% of the total length of public roads have a hard surface. The lowest share of paved roads in their total length was recorded in Volyn (93.1%), Sumy (93.1%) and Chernihiv (93.7%) regions. The best was the situation in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (including Sevastopol), Ivano-Frankivsk and Poltava regions.

The quality of Ukrainian roads according to European standards is low. Imperfect vehicle fleet and lack of necessary service on the roads, high price automotive fuels make motor vehicles one of the most expensive modes of transport. Vehicles are of great importance for the maintenance agro-industrial complex, transportation over short distances and delivery of goods and passengers to hard-to-reach areas. Ukraine has a fairly evenly distributed dense network of roads ( average density- 300 km of roads per 1000 km2 of territory).

Rice. 9.27. Distribution of regions by road density in Ukraine, km of roads per 1 thousand km2 of area, as of 2013

Source: [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: ukrproject.gov.ua/

Road transport is the only mode of transport, which in 2013 achieved an increase in the volume of cargo transportation (by 2.8%), with a volume of transportation of 184 million tons of cargo.

The development of public roads lags behind the pace of motorization in the country. New roads in 2010. 100 km built, in 2011 - 150 km, in 2012 - 50 km, in 2013 - 3 km. Due to the unsatisfactory transport and operational condition, the average speed on the roads of Ukraine is 2-3 times lower than in Western European countries. The state of Ukrainian roads limits the possibilities for the development of road transport, makes it economically unprofitable to operate modern cars with improved technical and environmental characteristics on domestic roads, and narrows the transit possibilities of Ukraine. Roads of the first category make up only 1% of the total length of roads, the second - 8%, the third - 17%, the fourth category - 63%.

The largest nodes are all regional and many regional centers. Important interregional and interstate highways pass through the territory of the country: St. Petersburg - Odessa, Moscow - Kyiv - Lvov; Uzhgorod - countries Central Europe; Moscow - Kharkov - Sevastopol; Kyiv - Dnepropetrovsk - Donetsk, etc. There are intentions to implement the project of combining Ukraine with modern high-speed main roads of the states of Western and Central Europe. For this, first of all, it is necessary to improve transport highways, vehicles, switch to environmentally friendly types of fire (until now, Ukraine's transport is the leading polluter of the atmosphere), create an extensive modern car service network, develop multifunctional transport and logistics centers, and the like.

Pipeline transport , the most economical type of transportation of oil, oil products, chemical products (ammonia, ethylene) and gas from extraction and production sites to areas of their use and processing. Main product pipelines, oil pipelines and gas pipelines transport these products over long distances, short line, with the least loss.

In the structure of cargo turnover, pipeline transport occupies the second place (more than 40%). Now pipelines transport not only liquid and gaseous substances, but also bulk solid materials (in the form of a mixture-pulp, under high pressure). Pipeline transport is environmentally friendly, relatively cheap, efficient and highly profitable. The total length of pipelines in Ukraine is 45,725 km, which is the fifth largest in the world.

Oil pipeline transport 94% of all oil consumed by the Ukrainian economy is supplied. The system of main oil pipelines in Ukraine includes 19 oil pipelines with a diameter of 720 mm (53%) to 1220 mm (7%). The length of oil pipelines along the route is 3,506.6 km, and in one thread - 4,767.1 km. Also, the system of main oil pipelines of Ukraine includes oil pumping stations (51) and sites (28), the Yuzhny offshore oil terminal (Odessa region), tank farms, power supply systems, and infrastructure. System input capacity - 114 million tons / year, output - 56300000. tons / year.

Marine oil terminal "Yuzhny" is intended for receiving, shipping and transporting oil by main oil pipelines of Ukraine. Terminal capacity - 14500000. T / year, with the possibility of expansion up to 45 million. T / year. The deadweight of tankers is up to 150 thousand tons with a maximum draft of 13.8 m. The capacity of the tank farm is 200 thousand m3.

The main oil pipelines on the territory of Ukraine:

- "Druzhba", passing through the territory of Zhytomyr, Volyn, Lviv and Transcarpathian regions;

Odessa - Brody - Gdansk - Plock, passes from the south of Ukraine through the Lviv region, Further to Poland and Europe;

Kachanivka - Akhtyrka (Sumy region)

Gnedintsy - Priluki - Kremenchug - Kherson (Chernihiv, Poltava, Kherson regions)

Kremenchuk - Cherkasy

Samara - Lisichansk - Kremenchug - Kherson, and further through Snigirevka, Summed up to Odessa;

Valley - Drohobych (Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv region)

Bytkiv - Nadvirna (Ivano-Frankivsk region)

Kremenchug - Lubny - Kyiv is an oil product pipeline.

Gas transportation system (GTS) of Ukraine is one of the world's largest gas transmission systems. It performs two main functions: providing domestic consumers with natural gas, as well as transiting natural gas through the territory of Ukraine to the countries of Western and Central Europe. This is a system of gas storage facilities, main gas pipelines, compressor and gas storage stations, and distribution networks. GTS of Ukraine with the second largest in Europe. It is also one of the largest in the world, it consists of main gas pipelines with a total length of 37,600 kilometers. The capacity of the GTS on the border of Russia and Ukraine is 288000000000 m. The capacity of the GTS on the border of Ukraine and Poland, Romania, Belarus and Moldova is 178500000000 m3. Including with the EU countries - 142500000000 m3.

Main gas pipelines: natural gas enters Ukraine through 22 main gas pipelines (Soyuz, Progress, Urengoy - Pomary - Uzhgorod, etc.), and leaves Ukraine - 15 each. The length of gas pipelines is 37, J thousand kilometers , of which 14 thousand km are pipelines of extra-large diameter (1020-1420 mm).

Also, the GTS of Ukraine unites 72 compressor stations (122 compressor shops) and 13 underground storage facilities. All this ensures the availability of the largest active volume of gas in Europe (except Russia) - about 32 billion m3 or 21.3% of the pan-European active volume of gas. The underground gas storage system includes four complexes: West Ukrainian (Precarpathian), Kyiv, Donetsk and South Ukrainian.

The largest gas pipelines:

- "Brotherhood" from metro station Dolina, Ivano-Frankivsk region to Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary;

- "Progress" from Russia through Central Ukraine, in Transcarpathia to Western Europe;

Urengoy - Pomary - Uzhgorod;

Shebelinka - Kharkiv; Shebelinka - Bryansk;

Shebelinka - Dnepropetrovsk - Krivoy Rog - Odessa - Chisinau;

Shebelinka - Dikanka - Western Ukraine;

Torzhok - Valley;

North Caucasus - Stavropol - Donbass - Moscow;

Turkmenistan - Eastern Ukraine.

Product pipelines function in Ukraine. Europe's largest ammonia pipeline "Tolyatti - Gorlovka - Odessa" is designed to transport ammonia. There are several such product pipelines in the world, the fifth of them operates in Ukraine. The length of the ammonia pipeline in Russia is about 1396 kilometers, and on the territory of Ukraine - 1018 kilometers. The ammonia pipeline has high specifications, ecological and production culture of operation. Since the launch of the main ammonia pipeline "Togliatti - Gorlovka - Odessa", 55,000,000 tons of liquid ammonia have been transported to the Odessa Port Plant.

The Kalush-Hungary ethylene pipeline is in operation, which transports raw materials for the production of polyethylene and ethylene from the Hungarian city of Leninvarosh to the Karpatneftekhim enterprise in Kalush (Ivano-Frankivsk region).

Sea transport represented by 18 commercial seaports, which are located on the entire sea coast of Ukraine: the mouth area of ​​the Danube River, in the northwestern part of the Black Sea - in the Dniester, Sukhoi and Grigorievsky estuaries, in the Buzko-Dneprovsky estuary, in the mouths of the Southern Bug and Dnieper rivers, in Karkinitsky Bay and further along the entire sea coast of Crimea, in the south and in the northwestern part of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov.

The ports of the North-Western Black Sea region - Belgorod-Dnestrovsky, Ilyichevsk, Odessa, Yuzhny (the name Yuzhny is also found), Oktyabrsk, Nikolaev, Kherson, Skadovsk provide transportation of foreign trade and transit flows of bulk cargoes of distant directions; serve the cargo flows of the Eurasian transport corridor (including oil cargo). The most significant of these ports is Ilyichevsk, Odessa and Yuzhny. In total, they account for about 60% of the total cargo turnover of Ukrainian seaports. All Black Sea ports do not freeze and a significant part of the country's export-import operations is carried out through them.

Ports of the Crimean coast of the Black Sea (Evpatoria, Yalta, Sevastopol, Feodosia) - transship regional cargo flows of the Black Sea-Azov and Mediterranean basins and partially the cargo flows of the Eurasian oil transport corridor. Unfortunately, their operation in Ukraine has been suspended due to the annexation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea.

Azov ports - Berdyansk, Mariupol provide transport services industrial centers Donbass and Volga region; participation in the transportation of export cargoes to the countries of the Mediterranean and Central Europe. Navigation in the Sea of ​​Azov is complicated by its shallow depth and freezing in winter.

Ukrainian seaports are focused on transshipment of dry cargo (oil, building materials, coal, metal ores, grain, timber, finished metal), the share of capacities for transshipment of liquid cargo is 26%. An extensive network of seaports and terminals, which serve as the starting and ending points for long-distance ocean transportation, connecting the Black Sea region of Ukraine with countries of other continents, in general, provides for the transshipment of 35% of the cargo of the Black Sea region. Most of the ports are universal, and the capacities for transshipment of general and bulk cargoes are interchangeable, which makes it possible to redistribute the loading of free capacities.

In Ukraine there are ferry crossings Ilyichevsk - Varna (Bulgaria), the distance of which is 550 km; Ilyichevsk - Poti (Georgia) Kerch ferry crossing.

The organization of direct international railway-ferry communication between Ukraine and Turkey, Ukraine and Romania continues. Now between Ukraine and Turkey, the railway-ferry crossing Odessa-Istanbul and 5 ferry lines for foreign navigation are successfully operating: Ilyichevsk-Derindzhe, Skadovsk-Zonguldak, Skadovsk-Istanbul, Evpatoria-Istanbul, Odessa-Istanbul, Ilyichevsk-Haydarpasha (all cities are Turkish ports) .

In a complex with 18 seaports in Ukraine, there are 12 river and 4 fishing ports. Cargo traffic is served by about 300 shipping companies.

Thus, the state has a maritime industry that combines sea and river ports. The volume of cargo handling by sea and river ports decreased in 2013 by 13% compared to 2010. This happened, first of all, due to a reduction in the volume of processing of export cargoes as a result of a change in market conditions by certain types products manufactured in Ukraine, and due to a decrease in the volume of transit cargo that was sent to bypass Ukraine. Thus, the volume of transit cargo handling by Ukrainian ports in 2013 decreased by 24.6% compared to 2012 and by 58% compared to 2007. Water transport showed an increase in traffic only in 2013 by 10.6% compared to 2012 due to the active development of cruise shipping in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea.

River transport is one of the cheapest, but has a number of difficulties: seasonality of action, low speed, outdated composition of vessels, and the like. In 2013, 6 million tons of cargo were transported by river transport, which is 25% less than in 2012. The share of traffic by this type of transport in total volume freight traffic is currently less than 1%. At the same time, river transport is promising for the development of mixed multimodal container transportation, and also given its environmental friendliness and economy.

The internal navigable river routes of Ukraine pass mainly through the waters of the Dnieper and Danube, have a length of up to 5000 km. The main waterway of Ukraine is the Dnieper waterway, through which the transportation of goods and passengers is carried out. The shipping routes of the Dnieper intersect with highways and railways and international transport corridors included in the national network.

Public river ports are located on inland navigable river routes and are located in places of significant concentration of the industrial and agricultural potential of Ukraine - Chernihiv, Kyiv, Cherkasy. Kremenchug, Dneprodzerzhinsk, Dnepropetrovsk, Zaporozhye, New Kakhovka, Kherson, Nikolaev. The largest shipping company on the river arteries is Ukrrichflot. It includes Dnepropetrovsk, Zaporizhia, Nikolaev, Kherson and Chernihiv river ports with a total cargo handling capacity of about 24 million tons. River ports are used for transshipment of export-import cargo, such as rolled metal, scrap metal, timber, coal, coke, ferroalloys, sand, bauxite, grain, container and packaged cargo. Kyiv, Dnepropetrovsk, Zaporozhye and Kherson regions have the largest volume of freight traffic.

The main ports on the Danube - Izmail, Kiliya, Reni, Vilkovo are of great importance for trade operations with Europe (up to 10 countries). In small areas there are also navigable Dniester, Southern Bug, Seversky Donets, Desna. However, more than 90% of all river transport in the country is carried along the Dnieper, Pripyat and Desna. The biggest problems of river transport is obsolescence river fleet, low level of development of modern infrastructure, the need for investment.

Prospects for the development of water transport in Ukraine.

Now in Ukraine, the Danube-Black Sea canal is being built in the Ukrainian section of the sea area. AT in full the construction of a 2.73 km long dam for the marine approach channel was completed. The construction of the dam will reduce the volume of dredging and, accordingly, the cost of maintaining the course, and will also stabilize the value of the draft. Even now, the deep-water passage of the Danube-Black Sea accepts ships with a draft of more than 5.5 m.

Today, the entrance to the Ukrainian river ports is simplified for foreign ships, with the owners of which international agreements on navigation on inland waterways have been concluded. Cargo ships of companies with which international agreements on navigation on inland waterways have not been concluded are granted the right to enter river ports on the basis of one-time permits from the State Inspectorate for Safety in Sea and River Transport. This will contribute not only to the revival of transit traffic by river transport, but also to the switching of certain volumes of transit by road to environmentally friendly river transport. It will also contribute to a wider distribution of combined transportation with the participation of shipping companies (river-sea) in the Rhine-Danube river basins of the territory of Germany, Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, Romania, also have a connection with the Dnieper through the sea routes of the Black Sea and which may further develop with the participation of Ukraine.

Leading commercial seaports are developing programs to expand and modernize port infrastructure. Implemented further development infrastructure facilities of the leading commercial seaports, primarily Odessa, Ilyichevsk, Yuzhny, Kherson, Belgorod-Dnestrovsky, Mariupol. A new container terminal is being built in Odessa at the Quarantine Mole, which will be able to receive modern container ships, which now mainly call at Constanta or Novorossiysk.

Air Transport used in Ukraine mainly for passenger traffic. According to the average distance of transportation of one passenger, air transport in Ukraine ranks first and exceeds railway transport by more than 10 times. The advantages of air transport are speed, the ability to deliver goods to hard-to-reach areas. The air fleet is essential for the transportation of passengers, mail, valuable and urgent cargo. Carries out the vast majority of transcontinental passenger transportation and transportation of goods with a short shelf life over long distances. However, air transport is characterized by a high cost and dependence on weather conditions.

The largest cities of Ukraine have two airports, this is Kyiv: "Borispol", this airport can receive all the planes that exist in the world without exception and "Kyiv (Zhulyany)", Odessa - "Central" and "Zastava", among the largest is also airport "Lviv" named after Daniil Galitsky, Dnipropetrovsk, Donetsk, Kharkov, Simferopol, Zaporozhye.

There are long-distance air lines to Frankfurt, Paris, Toronto, New York, London, Beijing, Tel Aviv, Vienna. Relations with the countries of the Middle East, Russia, and China are expanding. The largest number of flights is carried out to Moscow.

Cargo transportation by civil aviation in Ukraine is practically not carried out, in terms of volumes traditionally do not exceed 0.10 million tons per year and account for less than 0.1% of the total volume of cargo transportation. Ukraine managed to avoid a drop in passenger traffic in air transport, despite a 20% decline in traffic volumes in 2013 as a result of the cessation of Aerosvit's activities on the market.

To date, "Boryspil International Airport", in order to increase the volume of transit traffic, is implementing the creation on its basis of a leading hub hub terminal (logistics hub) is a large-scale logistics center that is created to optimize the entire scale of deliveries and transportation, and all enterprises and modes of transport that are united by such a logistics center receive proper and appropriate loading and the most rational routes.

Also, continues preparatory work in order to conclude an agreement between Ukraine and the EU on the Common Aviation Area, which will provide Ukraine with equal conditions with EU countries in the global air transportation market by bringing the state of the domestic transport network in line with EU norms and standards, which will help attract transit flows from European and Asian countries through the territory of Ukraine.

In the cities and towns of Ukraine operates urban passenger transport based on the use of the subway, trams, trolleybuses, municipal buses, fixed-route taxis and the like. Subway lines operate in Kyiv, Dnepropetrovsk, Kharkov, in total there are 1136 subway cars in Ukraine. The tram is used by residents of 24 cities of Ukraine (Kyiv, Dnepropetrovsk, Vinnitsa, Krivoy Rog, Kharkov, etc.). High-speed trams operate in Kyiv and Kharkov. The trolleybus can be used by residents of 46 Ukrainian cities, it operates from 596 trolleybuses. In all major cities, regional and district centers passengers are transported by municipal buses and fixed-route taxis (in Ukraine they are called "minibuses").

A combination of cities and misgechok provide public buses that carry out intra-city transportation. Almost everywhere they provide transport services passenger taxis.

Communications and communications is the most modern, diverse and rapidly growing sector of the national economy. The communications and communications industry is one of the priority components of the Ukrainian economy, which demonstrates stable development (Table 9.31).

So, in 2011, revenues from the sale of postal, communications and communications services amounted to 50200000000 UAH, including the population - 18400000000 UAH. In 2013 they increased by 4.3% and 83.7%. The share of industry income in Ukraine's GDP was about 8%. The population is an active consumer of communication and communication services.

Table 9.31

Income from the provision of communications, postal and communications services in Ukraine in 2011-2013 (million hryvnia)

Communication, communication and postal services	Income from the provision of postal and communication services (total), million UAH.		including the population
Postal, communications and communication services, total
including
postal
telegraphic
telephone landline
telephone rural
telephone intercity (including international)
IP telephony
courier activities
wire broadcast
special and field communications
transmission and reception of television and radio programs, radio communications
cable television
satellite broadcasting
supervision and technical control over the use of radio frequencies
computer
providing access to the Internet
mobile
trunking
satellite
radio communications of distribution systems (broadband access)
digital wireless telephony
Other types of services

Compiled according to DSS Ukraine: [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: ukrstat.gov.ua

In 2013, income from the provision of services for the transmission and reception of television and radio programs, radio communications - by 9.7%, cable television - by 6.4%, computer communications - by 20%; provision of Internet access services - by 15.3%, postal communications - by 9.1%, wire broadcasting - by 18.5%, city telephone communications - by 34.5%, supervision and technical control over the use of radio frequencies - by 18 .3%, rural telephony - by 31%. Revenues from the provision of telegraph services decreased by 26.3%, special and courier communications - 1.5%, IP telephony - 15.5%, courier activities - 7.1%, intercity (including international) telephone communications - 34, 2%. Revenue from the provision of mobile services grew by only 1.2%. The number of mobile subscribers in Ukraine as of 2013 amounted to more than 61,720,000 people (the number of activated SIM cards is taken into account, because there is a tendency for the same user to activate two cards). In recent years, mobile communications have remained the leader in terms of revenue. His specific gravity in the total income of this sector in 2013 amounted to 62%. Along with mobile operators, there are urban and long-distance telephone networks. -Due to the rapid development of Internet communications, the need for the telegraph is gradually decreasing, but the role of modern new postal delivery of goods is increasing. The Post is actively cooperating in Ukraine with Internet sites and delivery services.

Internet is new level communications. Ukraine is also included in global networks. In addition to the population, the Internet in Ukraine is widely used by many companies as a means of communication - both within the company and with other organizations; as a means of communication with support and product support departments, as a media to disseminate information about new developments and products of enterprises and industries, to communicate with customers and to search for new personnel, and many businessmen use the network to make transactions, negotiate, in 2013 49 .8% of the adult population of Ukraine used the Internet. Thus, the growth in the number of users continues even faster than predicted. The growth rate during 2012 was 16%, slightly behind the record jump of 34% during 2011. Compared to developed countries Western Europe and North America Internet penetration in Ukraine is spreading somewhat more slowly. For example, the level of Internet penetration (56%) is comparable to Ukraine in the United States in May 2013, but not among the entire adult population, but in age group 65 years and older. Now the level of penetration of the Internet among the adult population in the United States in 2013 is 85%, in Russia - 7%.

The main axes of disagreement in the spread of the Internet in Ukraine remain unchanged, these are the age and type of settlement. -There is still a linear inverse relationship between age and Internet use. The younger the age. the higher the Internet penetration. Such disagreements significantly affect not only the forms of information consumption, but also its content, and can be a potential threat of deepening misunderstanding between generations.

Over the past few years, disproportions in Internet penetration in settlements of various sizes have noticeably smoothed out. On the this moment far behind in the development of the Internet countryside Ukraine, whose residents often refer to limitations in the technical possibilities of connecting sparsely populated areas.

In our country there is public service special communications and information protection of Ukraine - state body special purpose, which provides information security in the context of the national security of Ukraine. Created on the material and technical base of the Department of Special Telecommunication Systems and Information Protection of the Security Service of Ukraine. The creation of a unified national system of communications and communications is envisaged.

Transport communications is one of the leading factors in the formation and development of industrial complexes.

They not only serve as the basis for uniting individual settlements into a single integral complex interconnected system, but also are one of the main prerequisites for the development of processes of nodal concentration, agglomeration and the growth on this basis of the economic efficiency of industrial production. Now the development of communications is beginning to become even more important, as it stimulates the growth of the level of information security, scientific and innovative orientation, market and commercial activity, international orientation of various types. human activity.

In classical economic geography of the XX century. transport communications were given one of the leading roles in the formation of the settlement system and territorial production complexes. In particular, the density of communication routes and their capacity determined the level of spatial availability of certain production resources (natural, labor, etc.), and their configuration - the features of the formation of the supporting frame of the system of settlements, united on the basis of complex relationships. It is also known that transport (mainly freight) creates a kind of production effect, since the products of other enterprises remote from a certain territory are supplied to intermediate or final consumers in virtually the same way as those manufactured locally (of course, with certain transportation costs). Finally, social effect transport communications in the classical economic and geographical sense is the consolidation of society, leveling the disproportions of socio-economic development, the dissemination of best practices and innovations, the formation of effective methods of regional management.

With the development of a globalizing society and information technology, the importance of transport communications is beginning to be rethought. More and more scientists are coming to the conclusion that

a developed network of transport and communications forms a peculiar property of space - the communicativeness of the environment. It consists in creating specific economically beneficial conditions for the development of various types of human activity, arising from the growth of functional connectivity, contact, consolidation, modularity, emergence, conglomeration, mutual permeability and complementarity. various elements social systems. In highly communicative points of space, complex forms arise and form territorial organization societies - nodes, agglomerations, metropolitan areas, megalopolises, etc.. They are characterized by high level development social environment, deep transformation of the landscape, increased efficiency of various types of human activity and a high degree their innovativeness, pioneering, progressiveness, representativeness, market orientation, international orientation, modularity. All this determines the index of communicativeness of settlements. It also determines the nature of the development of the industrial complex of the territory, its integration, connectivity, openness to external factors, the level of informatization and modularity.

In Ukraine, the level of communicativeness of individual settlements directly depends on the population of the city and increases with the increase in its population (Fig. 3.4). For example, the capital of Ukraine, Kyiv (10.8 points), as well as a number of major cities- agglomeration cores (Odessa - 8.3, Lvov - 6.6, Kharkiv - 6.9, Donetsk - 5, Dnepropetrovsk - 5) and nodes (Zaporozhye - 5.4, Mariupol - 4, Lugansk - 4, Krivoy Rog - 3.3, etc.). The following factors contributed to this:

1) comprehensive development of a network of various types of transport communications;

2) high rates of highway density, traffic intensity and throughput;

3) integration of the above cities into the European and Eurasian transport corridors (EMTC No. C, EMTC No. 5, EMTC No. 9, Gdansk - Odessa, Danube Waterway, TNASESA). Thanks to high communicativeness, the environment of these cities became dynamic social development, market and entrepreneurial forces became more active, social processes were rapidly moving, progressive trends were formed in the industrial complex, representativeness at the international level.

The main factor is a convenient transport and geographical position. A low level of communication is observed in small and medium-sized cities of Ukraine, which do not have a developed network of transport and communications. The environment of such cities, due to remoteness from the flow of information and limited access to the main production resources, is less inclined to activate market functions, entrepreneurial, scientific and innovative activities, and the development of advanced highly profitable industries of industrial production.

However, in Ukraine a certain class of small and medium-sized cities is being formed, which in themselves are characterized by low indicators of the communicativeness index, but due to their favorable geographical position, they have an increased level of economic efficiency of production. Basically, these are cities that are compactly located in the peripheral zone of large nuclei of the settlement system. Due to the development of agglomeration processes, the growth of population overcrowding and the concentration of various types of human activity, on the basis of the intersection and mutual overlap of communication routes, they fall under the total communicative potential of the territory.

In general, the development of communications and communications is closely related to the indicators of economic efficiency of production, especially in the environment of highly developed industrial agglomerations of Ukraine (Kyiv, Kharkiv, Dnepropetrovsk-Dneprodzerzhinsk). A developed network of communication routes significantly contributes to the formation of an additional economic effect of the development of production in these territories, an increase in the intensity of market transformations and the activation of entrepreneurial initiative, and an increase in the advantages of locating highly profitable sectors of the economy.

Transport infrastructure - set of communication routes transport facilities and devices of various modes of transport intended for passenger and freight transportation, repair, maintenance and storage of vehicles (rolling stock) within a certain territory. The transport infrastructure includes: transport systems cities, unified transport systems of city centers and areas gravitating towards them, transport systems individual regions and the country as a whole.

Types of transport communications, structures and devices and their features

The transport infrastructure of cities is formed by lines, structures and devices of urban, suburban, external transport.

Street and road network of cities provides connections between residential, industrial, tourist and recreational town-planning formations with the center of the settlement and among themselves, entrances and approaches to land plots all buildings and structures, as well as transport links of the settlement with adjacent territories and other settlements.

The difference between streets and roads in populated areas is as follows: streets are intended for the passage and parking of vehicles, pedestrian traffic, the entrance and approach to buildings and intra-quarter territories, the placement of stopping points for passenger transport and the laying of engineering communications; roads - plots road network with the predominant movement of transit and freight road transport laid in isolation from residential areas, public centers, recreation areas (along railways, in ravines, along industrial zones).

Main streets and roads are allocated and local importance.

Main streets and roads (continuous movement, citywide and district significance, the main streets of cities) perform connecting and distributing functions. They provide the passage of the main traffic flows, including external communications and connections between the main areas of cities. Public passenger transport routes (tram, trolley bus, bus, etc.) pass through them.

The system of main streets and roads, being the result of previous development, continues to develop and transform in the process of its further growth.

Main city streets perform a representative function. Along them are formed architectural ensembles, city squares with public buildings are located. Theaters and other unique cultural, service and commercial facilities are located on the main streets.

In order to reduce the traffic load on the main streets, they are duplicated by highways.

Automobile streets and roads of continuous movement - main automobile streets and roads that provide high-speed communications in large and largest cities between remote areas, between cities and adjacent territories (to airports, recreation areas, suburban settlements, etc.), transport exits of cities to main car roads common use.

To serve the adjacent buildings, side passages are arranged along them.

Territories along streets and roads with intensive road traffic have unfavorable environmental characteristics of the environment - increased air pollution, soil pollution, noise levels, vibrations, electromagnetic radiation. The greatest negative impact on the urban environment of the automobile freight transport.

To protect the adjacent buildings and street areas from noise, exhaust gases, dust, streets with heavy traffic are deepened and bunded; dense multi-tier plantings of trees and shrubs, noise barriers in combination with vegetation are placed between them and the adjacent buildings; special noise-protective buildings are being designed.

Pedestrian crossings across streets with heavy traffic should be created, as a rule, underground or above ground, which ensures the safety of pedestrians and the continuity of traffic. At the same time, the need to use them by low-mobility groups of the population should be taken into account.

Streets of citywide and district significance perform connecting and distributing functions in cities and ensure the passage of the main traffic flows, including external communications and communications between the main areas of cities.

Local streets(primary and secondary residential, industrial and communal storage areas, village roads, driveways) provide local connections within the building, entrances to buildings and structures.

Railways. In large cities, in addition to external links between cities, city-suburb links, railways can also be used for links between urban areas. To increase the carrying capacity of the railway lines, additional tracks are being built along which the parallel movement of city trains is carried out.

Railways not only connect, but also separate urban areas, being a spatial barrier between them. Railway right of way is often the only reserve for the construction of new highways, the need for which arises in the process of urban development.

Historically, there has been an attitude towards the spaces along the railways, as the "backyards" of the city with warehouse and industrial facilities. This attitude is currently changing. Parallel to the railways, new highways are being laid, the right of way of the railways is being used for the construction of new public and business complexes. With an increase in the number of passengers transported by rail, the architectural and artistic requirements for the development of roadside areas are increasing. Railways are also tourist routes through which tourists enter cities, and their first impression of the city is formed from the views from the train window.

Waterways. Movement of people and goods waterways has a long tradition and has been the most popular for centuries. With the development of rail, road and other types of passenger communications, cheap, but slow-moving water transport has lost its leading position. A serious disadvantage of its use in most of the territory of Russia is the seasonality of work.

Nevertheless, many cities have river and sea ports and piers, and intracity and suburban-city water passenger communications are organized in them. Water transport performs a relatively small volume of passenger traffic, but is very popular as a pleasure and tourist-excursion mode of transport.

Water tourist and excursion routes are organized along rivers, canals, lakes, reservoirs, along sea ​​coast. Along with stationary water stations, floating landing stages are used to moor water vessels. They allow you to arrange pick-up and drop-off points for passengers almost anywhere and are most convenient for organizing tourist and excursion routes.

Transport and communication (transport interchange) nodes- intersections and junctions of communication lines in one or different levels, which serve to distribute traffic flows in directions. They converge (intersect) at least two lines of one or different types transport. Transport and communication hubs have often historically been a determining factor in the emergence and development of cities.

Transport hubs are the "foci" of concentration public functions, public service centers and complexes spatially gravitate to them (Fig. 5.7.1).

Rice. 5.7.1.

On the basis of railway stations and stations, bus stations and bus stations, the end points of suburban bus routes, it is advisable to form transport and public centers, which include shopping malls, household and public services facilities, where passengers making transfers can receive Additional services(Fig. 5.7.2) .

Transport and service enterprises and facilities - buildings, structures or their complexes intended for passenger service,

Rice. 5.7.2. Project proposal for the creation of a multifunctional transport and public center

carrying out operations with cargo and rolling stock, for storage, maintenance and repair of vehicles. Transport and service enterprises and facilities include passenger stations and stations, cargo stations and terminals, airports, ports, marinas, moorings, bases of small boats, depots, parks, garages, parking lots, stopping points(terminal and intermediate) ground and underground route transport, vehicle parking areas, service stations, gas stations.

The most widespread type of transport and service facilities are car parks and other car parking areas. They are distinguished big variety types and spatial solutions. Parking lots can be on the ground, underground, on the roof of a building, adjacent to it, located in multi-storey buildings.

The advantages of ground parking lots are low construction costs, convenience for users. Disadvantages - the need for large areas territory.

Parking lots of open and closed types are being built, with ramps (ramps) and with mechanized methods for moving cars to a storage place.

In modern urban planning practice, due to the increase in the level of motorization, preference is given to the construction of underground and surface multi-level parking lots (Fig. 5.7.3).

Rice. 5.7.3.

Bike lanes and bike paths. Specially allocated bike paths can be included in transport and pedestrian streets, laid along recreational areas common use. Bicycle paths and cycle paths are distinguished with the help of a contrasting coating, special markings, equipped with sound and light signaling systems, are separated from the cycle paths of the opposite direction of traffic and other traffic routes with the help of dividing lanes, enclosing structures, and terrain modeling.