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The meaning of the word maghrib
Maghrib in the crossword dictionary
Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998
maghrib
MAGRIB (Arabic - west) a region in Africa, including Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco (the Maghreb itself), as well as Libya, Mauritania, Zap. Sahara, which together with the Maghreb itself form the Great Maghreb, or the Arab West.
Maghreb
(Arabic ≈ west), a region in Africa consisting of Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco (M. proper), as well as Libya, Mauritania and the territory of Western Sahara (Spanish), which together form Greater M., or the Arab West (in contrast to Arab East≈ Mashriq). In the Middle Ages, the concept of M also included Muslim Spain (Andalusia) and other possessions of the former Arab Caliphate in the western part mediterranean sea(Balearic Islands, Sardinia, Sicily). Along with literary Arabic, Arabic dialects are widespread in the countries of Mauritius, including the Hasaniya dialect (in Mauritania and Western Sahara), Berber dialects, and the so-called Maltese language (written in the Latin alphabet).
After the achievement of independence by Morocco and Tunisia (1956), King Mohammed V of Morocco and Tunisian Prime Minister Habib Bourguiba put forward the idea of creating a regional association "Great Arab Maghreb". The conferences of a number of M. countries in Tangier (1958) and Rabat (1963) were devoted to the problem of unification. In 1964, a Permanent Consultative Committee of the Countries of Morocco was created, which included the ministers of economy of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya. In 1964-68 industry commissions under the committee, a number of agreements were signed on cooperation between the M. countries in various areas of the economy. Mauritania has been a member of the committee since 1970 (as an observer). Libya in 1970 withdrew from all regional organizations M.
Wikipedia
Maghreb (disambiguation)
Maghreb:
- Maghreb region in North Africa.
- Arab Maghreb Union- pan-Arab organization.
- Maghreb- the fourth prayer in Islam.
Maghrib (prayer)
Maghreb- evening prayer in Islam, performed after sunset.
The fourth of the five obligatory daily prayers performed by Muslims. The five daily prayers collectively form the second of the Five Pillars of Islam. It consists of three rak'ahs, in the first two of which surahs from the Koran are pronounced aloud. Also, after the obligatory Maghrib prayer, it is advisable for Muslims to perform a two-rakah sunnat prayer. The Persians call this prayer "shom", some Turks "ahsham". Consists of 3 farza rak'ahs and 2 sunnah rak'ahs.
Time
The period of time for the Maghreb is very short (in low latitudes where the sun sets very quickly), so it is especially not recommended to postpone it. During Ramadan, the call to the Maghreb marks the end of the fast.
The period of time during which the Maghreb prayer must be performed is as follows:
- The time for the beginning of the prayer comes after the end of the evening Asr prayer, that is, when the sun has completely set below the horizon;
- The time for the end of the prayer comes before the beginning of the night prayer Isha, that is, when complete darkness sets in and the redness has disappeared from the sky.
Maghreb
Maghreb- the name given by medieval Arab geographers and historians to the countries located to the west of Egypt.
The countries of the Maghreb - Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia - make up the western part of North Africa; Egypt occupies the eastern part of North Africa. Between them is Libya, which is sometimes also referred to as the countries of the Maghreb. Maghreb is Mountain country, raised high above the desert adjacent to it from the south and sharply delimited from it. From the west of the country, the Maghreb is washed by the Atlantic Ocean, from the north and east by the Mediterranean Sea.
The basis of the relief of these countries - the Atlas Mountains - are divided into several mountain ranges, which have in general direction from southwest to northeast. In Morocco, their northern ridge is called Jebel Reef, to the south lie the Middle Atlas, High Atlas and Anti-Atlas. In Algeria, the northern ridge is called the Tell Atlas, the southern - the Saharan Atlas. All these mountain ranges directly continue the single South European mountain system: in the west - the Sierra Nevada in Spain, in the east - the mountains of the Mediterranean islands of Pantelleria and Sicily and the Apennine mountains in Italy.
The Atlas region, cut in all directions by mountain ranges, valleys, gorges and rivers, is like an island, washed from the north by the sea, and from the south bordering on the sands of the Sahara. The Arabs call North Africa Jezirat al-Maghrib, i.e. "Island of the West", or, if we are talking about Morocco-Maghrib-al-Aksa, i.e. "Far West".
FROM south coast Spain in the foggy distance in the south you can see the rocks of Ceuta - this is part of the Rif mountain range, spurs of the Atlas Mountains. This is where Europe and Africa converge closest. The Strait of Gibraltar, 14 to 21 km wide, has never been a serious barrier between them.
The western part of Morocco is a plain surrounded by mountain ranges and extending from the mouth of the river. Tensift to the mouth of the river. Cebu, from Rkean to the foothills of the Middle Atlas. It adjoins the Hauz Valley, jC one of the main cities of Morocco - Marrakesh.
All three mountain ranges - the Middle Atlas, the High Atlas and the Anti-Atlas, merging in the east, form a hill, the edges of which are elevated from the north and south.
The main ranges of Algeria are the Tell and Sahara Atlas. The Saharan Atlas consists of several rows of mountain ranges running from west to east. They are separated from each other and make it easy to penetrate from the Sahara to the plateau located between the Sahara and
Tell Atlas. The plateaus of southern Algeria are decreasing in their middle part. Here stretches a chain of saline lakes and swamps called shotts. Almost all the mountain ranges of the Saharan Atlas, such as the mountains of Uled Nail, Jebel Amur, Jebel Aures, etc., with north side have sloping slopes, gradually descending to the plateau. Their southern slopes facing the Sahara, breaking off by a sheer wall, sometimes rise above the desert by 1500-1600 m. have long used them, migrating with their herds from the Algerian Sahara to the north.
The entire plateau, and accordingly the entire region of the Schotts, is higher in its western part than in the eastern; the easternmost of the shotts are below sea level. The Tell Atlas, consisting of mountain ranges and hills, as it continues to the east, comes closer to the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, until it finally breaks off at the very northeastern outskirts of Tunisia. North of the Tell Atlas lies a narrow coastal plain. The coasts of Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco, for the most part, drop steeply to the sea. In the eastern part of the Algerian coast there are mountain ranges of Greater and Lesser Kabylia. In many places the mountains come close to the shore; the coast line is almost straight, and the ships find shelter only in a few bays. There are ports here: Oran, Algiers, Tunisia, Bizerte - one of the main harbors of the French navy, and others. The eastern part of Tunisia is low plain gently sloping down to the sea. On the coast there are small ports - Gabes, Sfax, etc.
The climate of the Maghreb countries is determined by their geographical position, surface topography and the influence of baric systems. Northwest moist winds blowing from the ocean bring precipitation in autumn and winter, which falls on the northern and western slopes of the mountains facing the sea. Southern and eastern slopes, facing the Sahara, are open to dry winds, and rains are quite rare here. Most precipitation falls on the eastern part of the coast in Greater and Lesser Kabylia, in Buzhi - 1000 mm per year and in the region of the Khrumir mountains (north-west part of Tunisia) - up to 1800 mm per year; further east, this figure decreases. The western part of the coast receives winds that have passed over southern Spain and the Sierra Nevada mountains and have lost some of their rainfall.
The western coast of Morocco receives a sufficient amount of moisture, decreasing from north to south. About 800 mm of precipitation falls in the Tangier region, 500 mm in Rabat and only 334 mm in Mogador. Effect of cool waters Atlantic Ocean affects the temperature, which is moderate. The average August temperature in Tangier is +24°, in Mogador +20°. In interior areas northern Morocco - Meknes, Fez and Taza - up to 600 mm of precipitation falls, and in the wide coastal belt of the Moroccan lowland, between Casablanca and Agadir, only 250-400 mm.
AT southern regions Algeria's rainfall ranges from 100 to 200 mm. The average August temperature in Algiro is 25.3°, in Lagouate 28°, in Biscre 34°.
In Algeria and Tunisia, the Tell 1 region (comprising the Tell Atlas and the coastal plain) faces north. Climate and vegetation of Tell
are Mediterranean in nature. Between its mountain ranges lie fertile valleys. This is the main agricultural region of Algeria and Tunisia. The abundance of water sources, frequent rains and mild climate favor agriculture and horticulture. Grapes, citrus fruits, figs, almonds, and figs are grown closer to the sea. Somewhat further from the coast, in the fertile and well-irrigated Tell valleys, wheat, barley, corn, oats, sorghum, and legumes are sown. A variety of vegetables are grown in vegetable gardens: potatoes, tomatoes, onions, carrots, etc. Early vegetables are exported.
The northern slopes of the Atlas Mountains are exposed to moist winds and are covered dense forest. On the mountains, above 1200m above sea level. m., Lebanese cedar, juniper grow, below - evergreen oak, cork oak, argan, Aleppo pine. The foothills are covered with bushes and pistachio trees, dwarf palm trees; such is the nature of the rich vegetation on the mountain slopes descending to the plains of the western part of Morocco. Agriculture prevails in the river valleys of the west - these are the main agricultural regions of Morocco. The steppes of the plateau are rich in alpha - grass, which is used to make paper.
Areas south of Tell and all East End Morocco, lying behind the mountain ranges, is almost devoid of precipitation (from 200 to 400 mm per year or less). The climate here is continental; all these areas are open to the sultry, dry winds of the Sahara. In Algiers and Tunisia, south of Tell, in the region of the Schotts, agriculture without artificial irrigation is almost impossible 1 ; this is an area of nomadic pastoralism, also capturing the eastern part of Morocco. The southeastern slopes of the mountains facing the Sahara are also almost devoid of precipitation.
In eastern Morocco, the forests on the mountain slopes turn into low shrubs, further to the south dry steppes begin, which turn into a semi-desert, merging with the rocky deserts of the Sahara.
Tripolitania is dominated by a hot desert climate; only narrow coastal strip receives about 200 mm of precipitation per year; towards the south the climate becomes drier and drier.
The Sahara begins south of the Maghreb. It is often represented as a boundless sea of sand. This is not true. Sandy deserts - ergs - make up about only a seventh of it. The largest sandy desert is the Great Erg in the Libyan Desert, not far from western borders Egypt. Another erg is located in the southern part of Algeria, on the border with Libya. The rest of the surface of the Sahara is occupied by hammada and serir. Hammada is a rocky plateau composed of black sandstone and red clays, with granite and basalt formations on the surface; all central part Sahara-Fezzan, Ahaggar, Tibesti, Air - is a hammadu. Serir is a desert covered with small pebbles and rounded stones.
The boundless expanses of the Sahara are crossed by numerous wadis (oued) - the channels of dried up rivers that irrigated the Sahara several millennia ago. The largest of them flowed into the lake. Chad, which once had a significant big sizes. Now the wadis are filled with water only occasionally, after showers that sometimes fall in the central part of the Sahara.
A huge belt of deserts separates the countries of the Maghreb and the coasts of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica from the fertile steppes of Sudan. In the west, the Sahara goes directly to the coast of the Atlantic Ocean within the colony of the Spanish Sahara (Rio de Oro), and in the north - to the shores of the Gulf of Sirte, dividing Libya into western and eastern parts. The eastern part of the Sahara reaches the Red Sea; only the Nile, with its fertile valley, crosses it. According to geographers, Egypt is in essence only the largest oasis of the Sahara. Not far from it are several oases - Siwa, Kufra and the now abandoned Wenat; further, in Libya - the oases of Gat, In-Ezzan and many others, and, finally, in the southern part of Algeria - a whole chain of oases: Tuat, Laguat, Gardaya, Mzab.
The climate of the Sahara is sharply continental. The central Sahara receives less than 25 mm of annual precipitation. However, the Sahara is inhabited. A sparse population is scattered along the slopes of mountain ranges and in oases; caravan routes run from north to south, connecting the Mediterranean coast with Sudan. The most important of these routes lead from Timbuktu via Tuat, Biskra to Tunisia and from the city of Kuki (Lake Chad) via Murzuk to Tripoli.
6 countries of the Maghreb and their location
Several Arab countries located in North Africa are called the countries of the Maghreb. These include Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia in western North Africa, and Libya, Western Sahara and Mauritania in eastern Egypt.
The western countries of the Maghreb are washed by the Atlantic Ocean, the rest by the Mediterranean Sea. All these countries are located on the Atlas Mountains and are separated by their ranges. The Atlas Mountains are divided into: Tell Atlas (they are also High Atlas), Middle Atlas and Saharan Atlas.
The climate of the Maghreb countries
Depending on the Maghreb country, the climate may differ. So in Morocco, in particular in the cities of Fes, Meknes, Marrakech, the summer is especially hot, as the wind blows from the Sahara. In the mountains themselves, the situation is more favorable, especially at night. However, rainfall in this part of the Maghreb is very rare. In some cities located on the Atlantic coast, for example, in Adagir, there are fogs in the mornings. Tangier, on the other hand, is the hottest point in Morocco. 
Winter in the Atlas Mountains can be frosty, in the north it is cold and humid. Ifrane and Azrou are popular ski resorts in the Atlas Mountains.
In Algeria, the situation is slightly different. Summers are hot, with high humidity. Winters are not at all severe, often rainy. But in the mountains there is almost always snow. There are also ski stations here. In the summer, there is almost nothing to breathe in Algeria due to the sand and dust brought by the winds from the desert.
The climate of Tunisia also depends on its region. In its northern part, the climate is subtropical Mediterranean. In the south and in the central regions - tropical desert. Winters are warm here minimum temperature+10°С in the north, +21°С in the southern part of the country. Summers are quite hot, but there are frosts at night in the desert. The maximum precipitation is rain, which in some regions occurs once every few years. 
Basically, Libya has a tropical desert climate, but in the northern part of the country - subtropical Mediterranean. Winters here are quite warm, the average temperature is +12ºC, in summer - up to +29ºC. In some areas of Libya, summer temperatures reach up to +36ºC. Nights can be very cold, down to 0 ºC and below. It rains very rarely, and the hot dry wind from the desert sometimes just burns.
Western Sahara is famous for its dry tropical climate. Nights are frosty, and daytime temperatures reach +65ºC. It is in this territory of the Maghreb that sandstorms and even tornadoes occur.
In Mauritania, the climate is identical to the climate of Western Sahara - tropical desert. Even in winter period it's hot here, and in summer the degrees rise to +32 - +43 ºC. It is recommended to visit this country only from December to February, when the wind blows from the ocean and brings pleasant freshness.
The population of the Maghreb countries
The total population in this area is about 64 million people. Morocco is the most populous country Maghreb. But Algeria occupies the largest territory.
Every year the population in these countries decreases due to migration, lower birth rates, and also for economic and demographic reasons.
The indigenous inhabitants of the Maghreb countries are Arabs and Berbers. In addition to them, from the 19th-20th centuries, the French, as well as Italians and Spaniards, came here. But all these inhabitants of the Maghreb countries mostly speak Arabic.
Cuisine and old traditions of the Maghreb
Once in the kitchen of a native inhabitant of one of the countries of the Maghreb, initially nothing surprises. Everything is arranged quite simply, although the inhabitants of these Arab countries attach great importance to cooking. Looking closely at the dishes, you can see that they are all made of natural materials: the containers are made of copper or clay. The floor in the kitchen, the inhabitants of the Maghreb often choose stone, laid out of slabs.
Arabs and Berbers are already accustomed to cooking on charcoal. In addition, this is how they heat their homes. It is striking that there are no chairs in the kitchens, the cooks just sit on rugs.
When cooking, many spices are often used, including mint, sandalwood. Cooked in olive oil, add rose water. The most popular dish is couscous. It is eaten without bread, with large wooden spoons, washed down with water or milk.
Other popular chakchuka dishes include meat dishes, mezelmen (cookies).
Where to rest for tourists
Most tourists go to Morocco. Here they like to relax by the sea. Morocco offers many sandy beaches, as well as bays that delight the eyes of vacationers. The resorts of Saidia and Al-Hoseima are popular. But it's hard to call these places crowded. Rather, rest here will take place in calm environment. It will be noisier in Agadir. Europeans love this city! The resort of Essaouira is a little less in demand, it is not so hot here. Travelers often visit cities such as Rabat, Meknes, Fes, Marrakech, and Tangier.
Arabs call this country El-Maghrib or El-Magreb el-Aksa, which means "country of the far West", Europeans - Morocco (after one of its ancient capitals - Marrakech, which means "red" or "beautiful"), historians - A sheriff state, travelers a cold country with a hot sun, poets a land of golden sunset.
The history of the Maghreb (as North Africa was once called) is flowery in an oriental way. In Morocco, at one time they “marked themselves”, leaving behind languages, religions and scraps of architectural styles, Carthaginians, Romans, Berbers, Portuguese and Spaniards.
Morocco is one of the states of the Maghreb, occupying the extreme western part of the Arab world.
How Europeans converted to Christianity in the late 15th century American Indians, so the Muslims several centuries before moved west to reach El Maghreb el Aqsa and convert Europeans to their faith, planting Muslim civilization
Inspired by the teachings of the Koran, one of the first Arab missionaries - Sidi Okba ibn Nafi - in 666, at the head of a cavalry detachment, went west to conquer pagans, Christians and Jews, and after 18 years reached Morocco.
Arab chronicles say that in the valley of Sus, not far from the city of Trudant, Okba defeated a huge army of Berbers, so large that "only Allah could count its warriors." According to legend, having reached the shore of the Atlantic Ocean, Okba sent his horse into the water, shouting: “Allah! If this sea had not stopped me, I could have gone further, to the "sunset lands", converting infidels to Islam for the rest of my life! Since then, Morocco has been the strongest state for many centuries, but by the end of the 19th century it isolated itself and became so poor and weak that by the beginning of the 20th century it allowed European powers to colonize it. Britain, France, Germany and Spain competed for influence in this country. For several decades, the country was torn apart, divided and redrawn, but in 1956 Sultan Mohammed bin Yusuf took the name of King Mohammed V and became the first ruler of independent Morocco.
doing nothing - national trait Moroccans. More than a quarter local population the unemployed, and the rest prefer idleness to action. Men sit for hours on the street doing nothing, and women ... however, we did not manage to see at least one sitting idle!
In the province, Muslim women dress traditionally. In the capital, you can meet a student girl with an open face, in jeans and a tight T-shirt. In the villages, the opposite is true - a black cloth on the face and a shapeless jelaba to the toes.
Non-Muslims are strictly prohibited from entering mosques in Morocco. This rule was once introduced by the resident general of Morocco, Marshal Lyauté. The times of colonization are long gone, and the ban imposed by the French was so liked that it is still being followed.
A European traveling in Morocco soon notices that the Moroccans always need something from him: either one dirham, or a souvenir, or exchange watches
And it's time to write legends about their talent to trade. Selling some thing, the owner raises the price by about 300 times. Just to bargain.
Marrakesh
Marrakesh, located at the foot of the High Atlas mountains, gave its name to the whole country. From 1062 it became the capital of a gigantic empire and remained so for a long time. One of the main attractions of Marrakesh is the Bahia Palace, which means “beauty palace”. It was built for one of his 24 legal wives by Sidi Moussa - Grand Vizier Sultans Moulay Hassan and Moulay Abd al-Aziz. Already after the start of construction, the Vizir constantly acquired more and more new plots in the neighborhood. His palace was constantly growing. As a result, after 7 years of construction, it turned into a real labyrinth. After the death of Grand Vizier Sidi Moussa, the palace was looted.
Marrakesh has traditionally been the center of ancient homeopathy. In the eyes of the people, the Marrakech pharmacist became a magician and last hope sick. They say that local healers still keep the secrets of drugs from the arsenal of the mysterious Maghreb sorcerers, when a love potion was obtained from ambergris, coral was used for heart disease, and rhinoceros horn was used for sexual disorders.
It seems that little has changed in Marrakech pharmacies since ancient times. In any of them you can buy almost everything - from magical spices for meat to medicines for bronchitis, runny nose or asthma.
Essaouira
More recently, Essaouira was known under a different, Portuguese name - Mogador. Mogador founded Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah as a free port for Europeans and Moroccan Jews associated with the trans-Saharan gold trade, ivory and black slaves. The city later became the center bloodthirsty pirates. And to XIX century got so rich that many Moroccan Jews decided to move here permanently.
Jews and European traders in Essaouira quickly found mutual language. The fact is that citizens who were hired by European merchants were exempted from paying taxes to the Sultan. This state of affairs allowed, for example, usurers who officially worked as porters to receive fabulous profits.
By the way, it was in the vicinity of Essaouira that Moroccans mined priceless dark sugar, which they then exchanged for delicious Carrara marble, delivered from Italy by sea. The proportions were simple - a kilogram of sugar per kilogram of marble
The chief architect of Essaouira was the European engineer Theodor Cornu. Even before being captured by the Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah, Cornu became known for the projects of fortresses in the French province of Languedoc-Roussillon. Actually, the very name Essaouira means "fortress". The crossfire of the two round bastions erected by Cornu made the city impregnable from the sea, leaving no chance for the attackers.
Now, only the fortress walls, or rather, the old cannons located on them, speak of the former greatness of Essaouira.
Today, Essaouira is not much different from the usual poor seaside cities of Morocco. Evil tongues claim that her "golden age" ended in 1967, when all Jews were evacuated from here to the east
Casablanca
Casablanca is the symbol of modern Morocco, being more like the cities of southern Europe than any other of the major North African cities ... For long history Casablanca has gone through several ups and downs. In the 7th-8th centuries, a small Berber settlement Anfa existed on this site, once former capital the Berber state of Bergouata. In the Middle Ages, the inhabitants of Anfa traded with Italy, Spain and Portugal. Later, pirates found refuge in the port of Anfa, mercilessly robbing European merchant ships. In the middle of the 15th century, rampant piracy off the coast of Morocco reached such proportions that the Portuguese, who suffered more than others from attacks at sea, decided to put an end to the pirates forever. In 1468 they sent a punitive expedition to Anfu. The city was taken by storm and burned to the ground.
However, the calm in coastal waters did not last long. In 1515, pirate raids resumed and the Portuguese sent a second military expedition that destroyed the city again. In the port area, the Portuguese built a colony and defensive fortifications. They named the fort and the city Casa Branca, that is, " White House”- since in the center of the city there was a snow-white building that served as a guide for travelers.
In 1755, Casa Branco was destroyed by the Lisbon earthquake, which left no stone unturned from the city. Deprived of fortifications, the Portuguese, under pressure from the troops of Sultan Mohammed bin Abdallah, left Casa Branco.
The Arabs translated the name of the city into their own language. It turned out - Dar el-Beida. But Spanish merchants from Cadiz and Madrid, who often visited these places, called the city in their own way - Casablanca, which has survived to this day. Now, many Moroccans affectionately abbreviate their city simply as Casa.
One of the phrases of the Qur'an says: "The throne of Allah is on the water." In Casablanca, one of the largest and most beautiful mosques in the world, the Hassan II Mosque, stands on the ocean. It is the westernmost and second largest mosque in the world after Mecca. Surprisingly, its architect, the Frenchman Michel Pinsot, was not even a Muslim.
The minaret of the mosque is 200 meters high. It is the tallest religious building in the world. The minaret is 30 meters higher than the famous pyramid of Cheops and 40 meters higher than St. Peter's Cathedral.
At the same time, 20,000 believers can pray in the Hassan II mosque and another 80,000 in the square near it. The total cost of this grand structure was about 800 million dollars. And this is the donations of believers. The Hassan II Mosque is one of the few religious buildings in Morocco where non-Muslims are allowed. Inside, the prayer hall is decorated with 78 pink granite columns, the floors are covered with golden marble and green onyx slabs, and the central part of the roof can be moved apart. Having paid 100 dirhams (about 10 US dollars), anyone can get inside and take a picture of all this splendor.
Fes
This amazing and mysterious city was founded almost 1200 years ago by the great Moroccan saint Moulay-Idris I. Since the beginning of the 9th century, Fez has been the capital and spiritual center of Morocco. They say that this city owes its name to an ordinary tool - a hoe. According to legend, Saint Moulay Idris was presented with a hoe made of gold and silver. With it, he outlined the boundaries of the fortress, which was destined to become the capital of the Idrisid dynasty - the first Arab dynasty of Morocco. It is unlikely that Moulay Idris imagined then that Fez would become the capital of an empire that stretched from Spain to Senegal.
“Fes is African Athens, it is the mysterious capital of the Maghreb, where great legends of the past still lurk in hidden corners, narrow streets and ancient Arab palaces,” said foreigners about Fes. The Fezians themselves believe that they have a special character, formed from the nobility of the Arabs, the sophistication of the Spaniards, the cunning of the Jews and the tolerance of the Berbers.
Initially, the main population of the city was 8,000 Arab families expelled by Christians from Andalusia, Cordoba, Seville and Granada. After 100 years, they were joined by another 2,000 families from the town of Karahuin in Tunisia. Thus a large city was formed. In Fez they say: "All roads lead to Karahuin." In 859, in memory of her father, a refugee from Tunisia, Fatima el-Feria, founded the Qaraouine mosque. Once it was the largest in North Africa, and each of the ruling dynasties considered it their duty to complete and embellish it.
AT old times Qaraouin, the westernmost university of Islam, was known throughout the world. Students from all over the Maghreb and from Messira, as Egypt was then called, came here to study theology and wisdom.
It turns out that the origin of the famous expression “caliph for an hour” is connected with Karauin. At the annual festival, students chose their ruler for a week - from Friday to Friday. On the evening of the election day, the student caliph went to visit the real ruler, and for an hour he received him as an equal.
The tomb of the founder of the city - Moulay Idris is considered one of the most sacred places Muslim Morocco. Pilgrims from all over the country seek to get here.
The narrow winding streets of the medina, the noise and bustle of the oriental bazaar are combined in Fes el Bali into an unusual picture for a European. You can get lost here in a few minutes - more than 9.5 thousand streets and lanes have no names.
The oldest medina in Morocco is simply divided into areas - weavers, shoemakers, potters, carpet weavers.
These streets are perhaps the narrowest in the world. Walking along some, touch the walls with both shoulders.
Since the 14th century, leather and wool have been processed and dyed in the dye and tanneries of Shuar. Once upon a time, only natural dyes were used here. Now, chemistry. Times have changed, but the old workshop has remained in its original place.
By the way, the locals are absolutely sure that the headdress, which we used to call the fez, was invented not somewhere in Egypt or Turkey, but in Fez. And it is in honor of them hometown he got his name.
Tangier
According to Greek mythology, this city was founded by the son of Poseidon and Gaia - Antaeus. When Hercules strangled Antaeus, tearing him off the ground, the city was named after his widow - Tingi. Later the name of Tingy was transformed into Tangier.
The port of Tingy was mentioned by Carthaginian travelers in 500 BC. Phoenician sailors have probably been here before. After the fall of Carthage, Tingy became part of the Berber kingdom of Mauritania. Later, during the reign of Emperor Diocletian, Tingi was a colony of the Great Roman Empire, the capital of the Moorish Tingitania and part of the Byzantine Empire.
To XIV century Tangier became one of the main Mediterranean ports, where sailboats from Europe often called, loaded with fabrics and metal, which were exchanged at local bazaars for leather, carpets, sugar and spices.
For almost 300 years, the city, which occupied a unique geographical position at the crossroads of Africa and Europe, passed from the hands of the Spaniards to the hands of the Portuguese and the British. Tangier became a real bone of contention for Europe in late XIX century. France, Spain, Great Britain and Germany fought for it. In 1906, a special conference was convened, at which Morocco was divided into zones of influence: Spanish and French. And Tangier, which they could not divide, was given the status of a special zone under the control of an international commission.
The city was able to become part of the Kingdom of Morocco only after 1956, when the independence of the whole country was declared.
The Tangier Kasbah, or fortress, was built by the Portuguese in 1771. We didn’t have to look far for the material – they were the preserved fragments of buildings from the time of the Roman Empire. So observation deck in the Kasbah, the Strait of Gibraltar and the mountains on its Spanish side are clearly visible.
The famous Caves of Hercules are located 18 kilometers from the city on the seashore. We have not been able to understand whether these caves are related to the hero of Greek mythology. But the elderly minister said that even before independence, wealthy Europeans liked to have picnics in these caves, at which only ice-cold champagne and hashish were served as treats.
Meknes
Meknes was founded in the 10th century by the Zenet Berbers. Coming from the arid lands, they found here an abundance of water, fertile lands and olive groves. The place was named so - Olive Meknes. During the Almoravid era, a fortified city arose here. And in the 17th century, the Great Sultan Moulay Ismail turned Meknes into main city his vast empire.
The city prison in Meknes was built on the personal orders of Moulay Ismail. This 7 by 7 kilometers deep dungeon is now partly destroyed by earthquakes.
Today, the doors of the underground prison are open, but even a few local residents dare to go down into it - there is no longer a person in Meknes who would know all the intricacies of the labyrinths that go underground far into the depths of the city.
Contemporary french king Louis XIV, Moulay Ismail sought to establish trade relations with France. Powerful sovereigns exchanged rich gifts. The Sultan sent ostriches, tigers and lions outlandish for Europe to the French monarch, receiving in return expensive weapons, watches and fabrics. Moulay Ismail even suggested that Louis XIV convert to Islam.
In 1699, the Moroccan embassy had great success with French court.
The ambassadors described to the Sultan the virtues of the Duchess de Conti, daughter of Louis and Mademoiselle de La Vallière, that Moulay Ismail decided to ask for her hand.
At the French court, the proposal caused a panic. But, plucking up courage, the French still decided to refuse. In the chic tomb of Moulay Ismail, where our group managed to get, to this day there is a clock sent to the Sultan by the King of France as compensation for the refusal of the beautiful duchess.
Valley 1,000 kasbah
The once unremarkable town of Erfoud, located near the border with Algeria, served as a well-fortified outpost of the French colonial troops in Morocco. Now there is a closed military base Moroccan army. East of Erfoud lies the Dades Valley with huge 200-meter sandy hills. It's hard to believe, but in these quicksand locals quarry marble. In the 70s, French geologists discovered rare black and brown marble in the northern part of the Sahara. He literally rolled under their feet. Old-timers claim that once upon a time a large marble mountain towered above this sand. But several decades passed, the mountain was sawn up and taken in separate blocks to the factory.
The second name of the valley of the Dades is the valley of 1,000 kasbahs, or fortresses. Each kasbah is a fortified village with 1,000 or more families. As a rule, kasbahs were built around the ksar, which in Arabic means "palace". In these arid places, a kasbah or ksar was laid wherever there was at least some water. And the new building was given the name of its founder. This is how Kasbah Skura or Ksar Akbar was born.
Plastering or, even more so, painting houses in Morocco is customary only in large cities. In the outback, sedentary residents, instead of plaster, cover their houses with a solution of clay and mud, taken literally from under their feet. Most of the houses are simply built from stones found nearby.
The Dades Valley is said to have some of the most delicious dates in the world. Date palms have been growing here for thousands of years. And, probably, the same amount of local residents regale on their fruits. Up to 50 kilograms can be harvested from one tree per year. By the way, a recently issued law in Morocco categorically forbids cutting down these palm trees. Fresh dates are very nutritious, just a few pieces are enough to get enough. They say that even the Prophet Muhammad himself ate only dates and milk for two weeks ...
Rabat
The name of the modern capital of Morocco comes from the word "ribat", that is, "fortified monastery", where the garrison of soldier monks was located.
The city was founded in the 12th century as an Arab military outpost on the Atlantic coast.
Rabat is one of the four "imperial" cities of Morocco, along with Marrakesh, Fez and Meknes. It is built in one of the five valleys of Morocco - "el Erba", which means "west" or "western valley". The city reached its heyday during the holy war» Muslim Morocco with Spain. The Moroccan sultan Abd el-Moumen and his warlike grandson Yaqub el-Mansour turned Rabat into an impregnable fort. The name of the main fortress of the city - Kasbah Udaya - comes from the name of one of the Berber tribes - Udaya, who made up its first garrison.
The central street of the fortress is Dzhemaa. Here stands the oldest mosque in the city, built in 1150. But one of the main attractions of the Oudaya Kasbah is a beautiful garden with flowers and orange trees.
The grandson of Abd el Mumen, the ambitious Yaqub el Mansour, wanted to perpetuate his memory by building the second largest mosque in the world in Rabat. In the colossal mosque at that time, all of his large army had to pray at the same time. They say that the steps inside are made so that the warlike sultan can climb up to call the troops to prayer without getting off the stallion's back... However, he was not destined to finish the "construction of the century".
With the death of Yaqub el Mansour construction works ceased and the mosque remained unfinished. 360 surviving stone columns had to support a gigantic roof. But the Lisbon earthquake in 1755 destroyed much of what had been built.
The only modern building near the Hassan Mosque was the mausoleum of Mohammed V, the king under whom Morocco gained independence from France. Only 10 years after this event - in 1971 - King Hassan II of Morocco, according to the established tradition, decided to perpetuate the memory of his father in mosaics, marble and gold.
However, back to history. Moroccan rule in Spain, which began just from Rabat, lasted until 1609, until the Spanish king Philip II, who sought to clear the country of the Moors, forced them to leave Spain. The descendants of the conquering Moors, many of whom forgot or never knew Arabic, or even became Christians, returned to Rabat, as they say, on historical homeland. At first, the Spanish Moors in Morocco found it difficult to find a common language. But then in Rabat they were united by a very dangerous and profitable occupation - piracy. From 1621 to 1647, a real pirate republic was formed on the banks of the Bou Regreg, forcing the most powerful powers Europe. With frequent fogs in these places, ships ran aground off the coast. Bloodthirsty Arabs sailed up to the ships in small boats, robbed and killed sailors. Up until 1845, powerful European monarchs even paid an annual tribute to the Moroccan sultan to secure their ships. But in vain
Rabat today is a peaceful metropolitan city. Here is the main palace-residence of the current king of Morocco - Mohammed VI. The harbor of Bou Regreg has become shallow and can only serve for water amusements. However, lucky paparazzi sometimes manage to capture the young king riding around the old pirate harbor on a powerful sports jet ski...
The Maghreb is a region in Africa consisting of Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco (the Maghreb itself), as well as Libya, Mauritania, Western Sahara, which together form the Greater Maghreb, or the Arab West (as opposed to the Arab East - Mashriq). In the Middle Ages, the concept of the Maghreb also included Muslim Spain and other possessions of the Arab Caliphate in the western Mediterranean.
Historical dictionary. 2000.
Read further:
Morocco from 789 to the present day.
Muslim dynasties of Algeria, Tunisia and Libya:
Dynasty Rustamidov(West Algeria), 761-909
The name of the founder of the dynasty, Abd ar-Rahman ibn Rustam, speaks of his Persian origin. In 777, he became Imam of all the Ibadis, a branch of the Kharijite sect that had spread widely in the 8th century among the Berber population of North Africa. Even before that, in 761, he and his associates founded the Kharijite state, the center of which was the city of Tihart (Takhart).
Abd ar-Rahman ibn Rustam 761/77-784
Abd al-Wahhab (or al-Warith)
ibn Abd ar-Rahman 784-823
Abu Said Aflah 823-872
Abu Bakr ibn Aflah 872-?
Abu-l-Yaqzan Muhammad?-894
Abu Hatim Yusuf 894-897
Yaqub ibn Aflah 897-901
Abu Hatim Yusuf (secondary) 901-907
Yaqzan ibn Muhammad 907-909
The state was destroyed by the Fatimids. Majority Rustamidov died, the survivors fled south, to the mountains of Vargala and Nufuza.
Dynasty Aghlabidov(Ifriqiya), 800-909
In 765, Caliph al-Mansur appointed al-Aghlab ibn Salim at-Tamimi as his governor in North Africa. But he soon died in the war against the Kharijites. His young son Ibrahim ibn Aghlab was sent to Egypt to study. After that, many governors changed in North Africa, most of whom died in a troubled country. In 800, Caliph Harun al-Rashid appointed the grown-up Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab as governor of the province. The significant distance from the center, as well as the difficult foreign policy situation for the caliphate, allowed Ibrahim al-Aghlab to gain a significant degree of independence. Harun al-Rashid was forced to recognize him as a vassal ruler.
The Aghlabids pursued a broad expansionist policy in the Mediterranean.
Ibrahim I ibn al-Aghlab 800-812
Abdallah I 812-817
Ziyadat-Allah I 817-838
Abu Ikal (Affan) al-Aghlab 838-841
Muhammad I 841-856
Ahmad 856-863
Ziyadat-Allah II 863
Abu-l-Garanik Muhammad II 863-875
Ibrahim II 875-902
Abdallah II 902-903
Ziyadat-Allah III 903-909
The possessions of the dynasty were conquered by the Fatimids. The last ruler fled to Egypt because of a military mutiny.
Dynasties Zirids and Hammadids(Ifriqiya and Eastern Algiers), 972-1152
The Zirids were descended from the Berber tribe of the Sanhaji, who lived in the Central Maghreb. They joined the Fatimids early. When the Fatimid sultan al-Muizz moved his residence to Egypt in 969, he appointed Buluggin ibn Ziri as governor of Ifriqiya. Already in 973, Buluggin declared his independence. Further, the Zirids only formally recognized the suzerainty of the Fatimids.
Buluggin's grandson Nasir al-Daula Badis, experiencing difficulties in managing his vast possessions, appointed his uncle, Hammad ibn Buluggin I ibn Ziri, as the ruler of their western part. Thus the Zirid dynasty was divided into two branches - the Zirids proper and the Hammadids. Another branch of the dynasty, coming from Zavi ibn Ziri, created its own state in Spain (about it in the paragraph "Muslim dynasties in the Iberian Peninsula").
Dynasty Zirids, 972-1148
Yusuf Buluggin I ibn Ziri ibn Munad 972-984
al-Mansur ibn Buluggin 984-996
Nasir ad-daula Badis Abu Munad 996-1016
Sharaf ad-daula al-Muizz 1016-1062
Tamim Abu Yahya 1062-1108
Yahya Abu Tahir 1108-1116
Ali 1116-1121
al-Hasan 1121-1148
In the XII century, the Zirids paid tribute to the Sicilian Normans, but in 1148 they destroyed the state of the Zirids, after which al-Hasan fled to the territory of modern Algeria. Soon the Almohad troops under the command of Abd al-Mumin arrived there. Al-Hasan joined the latter, took part in the reconquest of his former possessions from the Normans, and was appointed by al-Mumin as governor there.
Dynasty Hammadids, 1015-1152
Hammad ibn Buluggin I ibn Ziri 1014/5-1028
al-Qaeed Sharaf ad-daula ibn Hammad 1028-1054
al-Muhsin ibn al-Qaeed 1054-1055
Buluggin II ibn al-Muhsin 1055-1062
an-Nasir ibn Alanas ibn Hammad 1062-1088
al-Mansur ibn an-Nasr 1088-1104
Badis ibn al-Mansur 1104-1106
Abd al-Aziz ibn al-Mansur 1105-1121/4
Yahya ibn al-Aziz 1121/4-1152
In 1041 the Zirids declared themselves vassals of the Abbasid caliphs and thus independent of the Fatimids. The Hammadids adhered to the Sunni persuasion, moreover, in 1044 they also declared their independence. Therefore, the Fatimids sent hordes of Arab Bedouin nomads from the Hilal and Sulaim tribes, who had previously lived in Lower Egypt, against the Hammadids and Zirids. The nomads in the battles defeated the armies of both the Hammadids and the Zirids, pushed back both of them on the Mediterranean coast, but they could not completely destroy both states.
In 1152, the Hammadid possessions were conquered by the Almohads.
Dynasty Abd al-Vadidov (otherwise Zayyanids, Western Algeria), 1236-1544
In 1235, the Abd al-wad tribe (its other name is Banu Zayyan) rebelled against the Almohads in Western Algeria. As a result, a new state was created with its capital in Tlemcen.
Yagamrasan ibn Zayyan 1236-1283
Abu Sayyid Usman I 1283-1304
Abu Zayan I 1304-1308
Abu Hammu Musa I 1308-1318
Abu Tashufin Abd ar-Rahman I 1318-1337
Period 1337-1348 - Marinid occupation.
Abu Sayyid Usman II 1348-1352
Abu Thabit Zaym 1348-1352
Abu Hammu Musa II 1352-1386
Abu Tashufin Abd ar-Rahman II 1386-1393
Abu Thabit Yusuf I 1393
Abu Khajjaj Yusuf II 1393-1394
Abu Zayyan Muhammad II 1394-1399
Abu Muhammad Abdallah I 1399-1401
Abu Abdallah Muhammad III 1401 - 1411
Abd al-Rahman III 1411
Said ibn Musa 1412
Abu Malik Abd al-Wahid 1411-1423
Abu Abdallah Muhammad IV 1423-1427
Abu Malik Abd al-Wahid (secondary) 1427-1430
Ahmad al-Mu'tasim 1430-1461
Muhammad V al-Mutawakkil 1461-1468
Muhammad VI al-Thawiti 1468-1505
Abu Abdallah Muhammad VII 1505-1516
Abu Hammi Musa III 1516-1526
Abu Muhammad Abdallah II 1526-1540
Abu Abdallah Muhammad VIII 1540
Abu Zayan Ahmad 1540-1550
Hassan ibn Abdallah 1550-1553
The possessions of the dynasty were conquered by the Ottoman Turks.
Dynasty Hafsids(Tunisia and Eastern Algeria), 1228-1574
The dynasty got its name from Sheikh Abu Hafs Umar (d. 1176), a student of the founder of the Almohad movement Ibn Tumart and one of the commanders of Abd al-Mumin. His descendants held various high positions under the Almohads, including governors of Ifriqiya. One of the Hafsid governors Abu Zakariya Yahya in 1237 refused to recognize supreme power Almohad caliph and created an independent state.
Abu Zakariya Yahya I 1228/37-1249
Abu Abdalaz Muhammad I al-Muntasir 1249-1277
Abu Zakariya Yahya II al-Wasik 1277-1279
Abu Ischai Ibrahim I 1279-1282
Ahmad ibn Abu Umar (usurper) 1282-1284
Abu Hafs Umar I (in Tunisia) 1284-1285
Abu Zakariya Yahya III al-Muntahab (in Bujay and Constantine until 1299) 1285-1295
Abu Abdallah Muhammad II al-Muntasir (or Abu Asid) 1295-1309
Abu Yahya Abu Bakr I ash-Shahid 1309
Abu-l-Baqa Khalid 1 an-Nasir 1309-1311
Abu Yahya Zakariya I al-Lihyani (in Tunisia) 1311-1317
Abu Darba Muhammad III al Mustansir al-Lihyani 1317-1318
Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II al-Mutawakkil 1318-1346
Abu Hafs Umar II 1346-1348
Period 1348-1349 - the first occupation of Tunisia by the troops of the Moroccan Marinids.
Abu-l-Abbas Ahmad I al-Fadl al-Mutawakkil (in Tunisia) 1349-1350
Abu Ishaq Ibrahim II al-Mustansir 1350-1357
In 1357 - the second occupation of Tunisia by the troops of the Moroccan Marinids.
Abu Ishaq Ibrahim II (second, in Tunisia) 1357-1369
Abu-l-Baqa KhalidP (in Tunisia) 1369-1370
Abu-l-Abbas Ahmad II al-Mustansir 1370-1394
Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz al-Mutawakkil 1394-1434
Abu Abdallah Muhammad IV al-Muntasir 1434-1435
Abu Umar Usman 1435-1488
Abu Zakariya Yahya IV 1488-1489
Abd al-Mu'min 1489-1490
Abu Yahya Zakariya II 1490-1494
Abu Abdallah Muhammad V al-Mutawakkil 1494-1526
Abu Abdallah Muhammad al-Hasan 1526-1534
Period 1534-1535 - First Ottoman occupation of Tunisia.
al-Hasan (secondary) 1535-1543
Ahmad III 1543-1569
Period 1569-1573 - Second Ottoman occupation of Tunisia.
Abu Abdallah Muhammad VI 1573-1574
The power of the dynasty gradually weakened as a result of internal turmoil and because of the attacks of Christians and Turks. In 1574, the Turks finally captured Tunisia, and the last Hafsid was captured and sent to Istanbul.
Algerian regency within the Ottoman Empire
(Algeria, Tunisia, Tripolitania), 1519-1582
Pirate Aruj, the son of a potter from Mitylene (Lesbos), in 1514-1516 managed to seize power in Algeria, driving out most of the Spanish garrisons and deposing numerous local dynasts (often physically exterminating them). But in 1518 he was defeated and died in the fight against the landed Spanish expeditionary force. His business was continued by his brother Khair ad-din, who also succeeded in the craft of piracy. realizing that own forces he did not have enough, he recognized the suzerainty of the Ottoman sultan, from whom he received the title of berleybey (1519), as well as support by troops and weapons. Gathering his strength, Khair ad-din conquered Algeria (1523) and Tunisia (1534). Later, he received from the Sultan the title of Kapudan Pasha (commander Turkish fleet) and lived in Istanbul from 1536 until his death in 1546. The Beylerbeys, who succeeded Khair al-Din, ruled over a vast territory on which the modern states of Algeria, Tunisia and Libya are located. Remaining loyal vassals Turkish sultans, they had quite a lot of internal autonomy.
Aruj 1516-1518
Khair ad-din Barbarossa (from 1536 to 1546
lived in Istanbul) 1519-1546
Hasan Ali (deputy of Khair ad-din) 1536-1543
Hassan ibn Khair ad-din (in 1543-1546 -
deputy Khair ad-din) 1543-1552
Salah Rais 1552-1556
Tekelerli 1556
Hasan ibn Khair ad-din (secondary) 1557-1567
Muhammad ibn Salah Rais 1567-1568
Ulj Ali (most of his regency
Ulj Ali lived in Istanbul) 1568-1587
Arab Ahmad (Deputy of Ulja Ali) 1571-1574
Ramdan (Deputy Ulja Ali) 1574-1577
Hasan Veneziano (Deputy Ulja Ali) ... 1577-1580
Jafar (Deputy Ulja Ali) 1580-1582
The liquidation by the Sultan of a single regency and the division of its territory into three parts: Algeria, Tunisia and Tripolitania, each of which was controlled by pashas periodically appointed in Istanbul. However, the great remoteness from the capital of the empire very early determined the significant autonomy of these pashaliks. Very soon, the pashas there became purely nominal figures, and various military groups fought for real power.
In Algeria, since 1659, the Janissary Aghas ruled, then from 1671, the dei, who were first elected by the rais, and from 1689 by the officers of the army. All this was accompanied by conspiracies, coups, murders. From 1689 to 1830, more than thirty deys were replaced in Algeria. The most famous of them are Ali Melmuli (1754-1766) and Muhammad ibn Osman (1766-1791).
In Tunisia in 1590, as a result of a military coup, the rule of deys elected by the army was established. But if the first dei Osman (1590-1610) and Yusuf (1610-1637) still had real power, then their successors gradually lost it to the detriment of the beys, who in 1612 received from the Ottoman sultan the right to hereditary transfer of office. At the end of the 17th century, the beys appointed and dismissed the deys at their own discretion, and after 1705 the beys became full masters of Tunisia.
Dei Algiers
Muhammad I 1671-1682
Hassan 1 1682-1683
Husayn I 1683-1689
Shaban 1689-1695
Ahmad I 1695-1698
Hassan II 1698-1700
Mustafa I 1700-1705
Husayn II Khoja J 705-1707
Muhammad II Bektash 1707-1710
Ibrahim I 1710
Ali I 1710-1718
Muhammad III 1718-1724
Kurd Abdi 1724-1732
Ibrahim II 1732-1745
Ibrahim III Kuchik 1745-1748
Muhammad IV 1748-1754
Ali II 1754-1766
Muhammad V 1766-1791
Hassan III 1791-1798
Mustafa II 1798-1805
Ahmad II 1805-1808
Ali III ar-Rasul 1808-1809
Ali IV 1809-1815
Muhammad VI 1815
Umar 1815-1817
Ali V Hoxha 1817-1818
Husayn III 1818-1830
Occupation of Algiers by France.
Beys of Tunisia
Muratid dynasty, 1612-1702
Murad I 1612-1631
Muhammad I (Hamuda) 1631-1659
Murad II 1659-1675
Muhammad II 1675
Ali 1675-1765
Muhammad III 1675
Muhammad II (secondary) 1675-1676
Ali (secondary) 1676-1688
Muhammad II (for the third time) 1688-1695
Ramadan 1695-1698
Murad III 1698-1702
Ibrahim ash-Sharif 1702-1705
As a result of the coup d'état of the Agha Spahii, Ibrahim seized power, exterminated all the descendants of Hamuda, and in 1702 he himself became a bey. But in 1705, in a skirmish with Algerian troops, he was defeated and captured. The new agha spahii Husain repulsed the attack and was proclaimed a bey.
Dynasty Huseynidov, 1705-1957:
Husayn ibn Ali 1705-1735
Ali Pasha 1735-1756
Muhammad 1 1756-1759
Ali II 1759-1782
Hamuda 1782-1814
Osman (Usman) 1814
Mahmud 1814-1824
Sidi Husayn 1824-1835
Mustafa 1835-1837
Ahmad 1837-1855
Muhammad II 1855-1859
Muhammad III as-Sadeq 1859-1882
AliShMuddat 1882-1902
Muhammad IV al-Khedi 1902-1906
Muhammad V an-Nasr 1906-1922
Muhammad VI al-Habib 1922-1929
Ahmad Pasha 1929-1942
Muhammad VII al-Monsef 1942-1943
Muhammad VIII al-Amin I 1943/1956-1957
Since the late 1870s, Tunisia has been a colony of France. In 1956 the country gained independence. Muhammad Lamin I was proclaimed the king of the new independent state, but already in 1957 the monarchy was abolished and the Republic of Tunisia was proclaimed.
Dynasty Sanusids(Libya), 1837-1969
The founder of the dynasty, Muhammad ibn Ali, came from Algeria. For a long time he studied first in Fez (Morocco), and then in Hijaz. There in Mecca in 1837 he founded his Sanusiya order. Since Algeria was captured by France, Muhammad and his supporters settled in Cyrenaica. Sanusid detachments fought the French in Sudan, and then against the Italians who captured Libya. The entry of Italy into the Second World War on the side of Germany contributed to the fact that Great Britain recognized the then head of the Sanusids, Muhammad Idris, who had previously lived in exile in Egypt for about twenty years, as the emir of the Sanusids of Cyrenaica. In 1951, he became king of the United Kingdom of Libya, consisting of Cyrenaica, Tripolitania and Fezzan.
Sayyid Muhammad ibn Ali as Sanusi
al-Kabir 1837-1859
Sayyid al-Mahdi 1859-1902
Sayyid Ahmad al-Sharif (resigned from military and political leadership in 1918, but retained his rank until his death in 1933)
religious head) 1902-1918/1933
Sayyid Muhammad Idris
(since 1951 - King Idris I) 1918/1951-1969
As a result of a military coup in 1969, the monarchy in Libya was overthrown, and the Libyan Arab Republic (since 1977 - the Socialist People's Libyan Jamahiriya) was proclaimed.
Used materials of the book: Sychev N.V. Book of dynasties. M., 2008. p. 729-738.
