The greenhouse effect is the delay by the Earth's atmosphere of the planet's thermal radiation. The greenhouse effect was observed by any of us: in greenhouses or greenhouses the temperature is always higher than outside. The same is observed on the scale of the Earth: solar energy, passing through the atmosphere, heats the surface of the Earth, but radiated by the Earth thermal energy cannot volatilize back into space, as the Earth's atmosphere delays it, acting like polyethylene in a greenhouse: it misses short light waves from the Sun to the Earth and delays long thermal (or infrared) waves emitted by the Earth's surface. There is a greenhouse effect. the greenhouse effect arises due to the presence of gases in the Earth's atmosphere, which have the ability to delay long waves. They are called "greenhouse" or "greenhouse" gases.

Greenhouse gases have been present in the atmosphere in small amounts (about 0.1%) since its formation. This amount was enough to maintain the Earth's heat balance at a level suitable for life due to the greenhouse effect. This is the so-called natural greenhouse effect, if it were not for it, the average temperature of the Earth's surface would be 30 ° C not +15°C, as it is now, but -18°C.

The natural greenhouse effect does not threaten either the Earth or humanity, since the total amount greenhouse gases maintained at the same level due to the cycle of nature, moreover, we owe our lives to it.

But an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere leads to an increase in the greenhouse effect and a violation of the heat balance of the Earth. This is exactly what happened in the last two centuries of the development of civilization. Coal-fired power plants, car exhausts, factory chimneys and other man-made sources of pollution emit about 22 billion tons of greenhouse gases per year into the atmosphere.

What gases are called "greenhouse" gases?

The best known and most common greenhouse gases are water vapor(H 2 O), carbon dioxide(CO2), methane(CH 4) and laughing gas or nitrous oxide (N 2 O). These are direct greenhouse gases. Most of them are formed during the combustion of fossil fuels.

In addition, there are two more groups of direct greenhouse gases, these are halocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride(SF6). Their emissions into the atmosphere are associated with modern technologies and industrial processes (electronics and refrigeration equipment). Their amount in the atmosphere is quite negligible, but their impact on the greenhouse effect (the so-called global warming potential / GWP) is tens of thousands of times stronger than CO 2 .

Water vapor - basic greenhouse gas, responsible for more than 60% of the natural greenhouse effect. An anthropogenic increase in its concentration in the atmosphere has not yet been noted. However, an increase in the Earth's temperature, caused by other factors, increases the evaporation of ocean water, which can lead to an increase in the concentration of water vapor in the atmosphere and - to an increase in the greenhouse effect. On the other hand, clouds in the atmosphere reflect direct sunlight, which reduces the flow of energy to the Earth and, accordingly, reduces the greenhouse effect.

Carbon dioxide is the best known of the greenhouse gases. Natural sources of CO 2 are volcanic emissions, vital activity of organisms. Anthropogenic sources are the combustion of fossil fuels (including Forest fires), as well as whole line industrial processes (eg cement, glass production). Carbon dioxide, according to most researchers, is primarily responsible for global warming caused by the "greenhouse effect". CO 2 concentrations have risen by more than 30% over two centuries of industrialization and are correlated with changes in global average temperature.

Methane is the second most important greenhouse gas. It is emitted due to leakage in the development of deposits of coal and natural gas, from pipelines, during the combustion of biomass, in landfills (as component biogas), as well as in agriculture (cattle breeding, rice growing), etc. Animal husbandry, fertilizer application, coal burning and other sources produce about 250 million tons of methane per year. The amount of methane in the atmosphere is small, but its greenhouse effect or global warming potential (GWP) is 21 times stronger than that of CO 2 .

Nitrous oxide is the third most important greenhouse gas: its impact is 310 times stronger than that of CO 2, but it is found in the atmosphere in very small quantities. It enters the atmosphere as a result of the vital activity of plants and animals, as well as in the production and use of mineral fertilizers, the work of chemical industry enterprises.

Halocarbons (hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons) are gases created to replace ozone-depleting substances. They are mainly used in refrigeration equipment. They have exceptionally high coefficients of influence on the greenhouse effect: 140-11700 times higher than that of CO 2. Their emissions (release in environment) are small but increase rapidly.

Sulfur hexafluoride - its entry into the atmosphere is associated with electronics and the production of insulating materials. While it is small, but the volume is constantly increasing. The global warming potential is 23900 units.

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If we consider actual problems humanity, we can conclude that the most global of them is the greenhouse effect. It is already making itself felt and greatly changing environmental conditions, but its exact consequences are unknown, although it is clear that they may be irreparable.

To save humanity, you should find out the essence of the greenhouse effect and try to stop it.

What it is

The essence of the greenhouse effect is similar to the principle of operation of greenhouses, which is well known to all gardeners and gardeners. It lies in the fact that a certain greenhouse is formed above the planet, which, having transparency, freely passes through itself Sun rays. They fall on earth's surface warm it up. Heat should normally pass through the atmosphere, and its lower layers over the past few decades have become so dense that they have lost their throughput. Thus, heat transfer is disturbed, which leads to the launch of the greenhouse effect mechanism.

The definition of the greenhouse effect is something like this: an increase in temperature in the lower atmospheric layers compared with effective indicators characterizing thermal radiation Earth as seen from space. In other words, it is much warmer on the surface of the planet than outside of its atmosphere. And since the layers are very dense, they do not allow heat to pass through, and it, under the influence of low cosmic temperatures, provokes the formation of condensate. A simplified diagram of the mechanism is shown below.

For the first time, Joseph Fourier took up the study of the issue of the greenhouse effect back in the 19th century, who suggested that the earth's atmosphere changes greatly and in its properties begins to resemble glass in greenhouses, that is, it transmits the sun's rays, but prevents the return of heat. Because of this, the so-called are synthesized, which consist of carbon, water vapor, ozone and methane.

The basis is steam, which provokes the formation of condensate. Not less than important role carbon dioxide also plays a role in the greenhouse effect, the volume of which is recent times increased to 20-26%. The shares of ozone and methane in the atmosphere are 3-7% each, but they also take part in the processes of the greenhouse effect.

Causes

Planet Earth has already gone through the greenhouse effect and global warming, and, probably, without such phenomena, humanity and all living things would not be able to develop and live normally. Many centuries ago, the processes started due to the high activity of numerous volcanoes, the eruption products of which fell into the atmosphere. But as vegetation spread on the planet, the level of gases decreased, and the situation stabilized.

AT modern world The greenhouse effect is due to the following reasons:

• Active and uncontrolled use of various minerals extracted from the bowels of the Earth, which have combustible properties. Mankind strives to use all the gifts of the planet, but does it extremely thoughtlessly and rudely: in the process of burning and burning, great amount various decay products polluting the atmosphere, as well as carbon dioxide.
• Active deforestation throughout the Earth, which has recently become simply huge. Trees are felled mainly for fuel use, but land is sometimes cleared for construction. Either way, the reduction green plants changes the composition of the air. Leaves absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. And the less vegetation on the planet, the higher the concentration of substances that thicken the atmosphere and enhance the greenhouse effect.
• A huge number of vehicles running on gasoline. During its operation, they are produced and immediately enter the air. They rush up, penetrate into the lower atmospheric layers and make them even denser, enhancing the greenhouse effect.
• The development of the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere contributes to the rapid growth of the population. Each person, inhaling oxygen, exhales carbon dioxide, and, as you know, it is the main development of the greenhouse effect.
• Forest fires, which are increasingly occurring due to weather changes and human negligence, are also exacerbating the greenhouse effect. A huge number of trees are burned every year, which means that incredible amounts of carbon dioxide are released into the air and atmosphere.
• Numerous landfills that have filled the surface of the Earth, in the process of decay of waste, emit methane and other harmful substances, heavily polluting the lower atmospheric layers.
• The rapid pace of industrial development. Various processing plants and other industrial companies emit a huge amount of exhaust and vapors that enter the atmosphere almost immediately and provoke a greenhouse effect.
• The introduction of chemical and synthetic substances into all spheres of life. They are found in fertilizers, containers, clothing, food and other products. modern production. Some compounds do not decompose and emit vapors that rush into the atmosphere.

Possible consequences

It is not enough to know what the greenhouse effect is in order to understand how dangerous it is. And in order to assess the global and seriousness of the problem, one should consider threatening the planet and all living things the consequences. They may be as follows:

1. Atmospheric pollution and compaction of its layers contribute to global warming. For a long time, scientists involved in the study of climatic conditions have noticed an increase in average annual temperatures by several degrees. And such changes can disrupt overall balance, lead to heat and drought in some southern regions.
2. Due to the greenhouse effect and the warming caused by it, active is taking place. The water level in the oceans is growing rapidly, coastal areas may be completely flooded after a few decades. And if we take into account that cultivation is carried out in these territories different cultures, then huge damage will be done to agriculture, and this, in turn, can provoke acute shortage food.
3. Due to rising water levels in the world's oceans, many coastal cities may be flooded, and in the future even entire countries. As a result, people will simply have nowhere to live. Moreover, a real threat is already looming over some regions.
4. Under the influence of the high temperatures caused by the greenhouse effect, moisture evaporates much faster, and this has the most direct detrimental effect on the Earth's vegetation. Reducing its volume will exacerbate problems and worsen the composition of the air. As a result, centuries later, a moment may come when there will be simply nothing to breathe on the planet.
5. Heat is a threat to the health of many people, especially those suffering from cardiovascular and endocrine diseases. Not for nothing in summer period mortality is on the rise all over the world.
6. Due to the greenhouse effect and the serious climatic changes caused by it, not only the flora of the planet, but also the fauna can suffer, that is animal world. Some of its representatives are already considered endangered, including due to.
7. Humanity is already experiencing the power natural anomalies: heavy precipitation, hurricanes, floods, tsunamis, tornadoes, earthquakes and other phenomena that threaten people's lives.

How to avoid serious consequences

The problem of the greenhouse effect on Earth is very relevant, so many scientists are actively developing and thinking through solutions.

1. First, energy consumption should be completely reconsidered. It is desirable to abandon combustible natural fossils and solid fuel materials by switching to natural gas or alternative and still insufficiently developed natural springs such as sun, water, wind.
2. Secondly, the greenhouse effect and its influence on the planet Earth will weaken if humanity pursues a policy of saving and saving energy. To do this, you can, for example, fully insulate houses and use building and finishing materials that retain heat. Also, in manufacturing and industrial enterprises, equipment should be installed that will reduce energy consumption.
3. Thirdly, one of the ways to combat the greenhouse effect can be the refurbishment of transport system. It is not necessary to give up cars, but you can buy those that work without exhaust gases settling in the lower layers of the atmosphere, for example, on solar panels or electricity. Development alternative sources underway, but its results are not yet known.
4. Fourthly, it is necessary to restore forests on Earth, stop their cutting down, and plant new trees. And if every inhabitant of the planet makes a contribution, then this will already significantly affect general situation. In addition, it is worth reconsidering the cultivation of various crops, namely, abandoning chemical fertilizers and spraying poisons that pollute the atmosphere and enhance the greenhouse effect.
5. Fifth, we need to optimize the waste recycling system so as not to pollute the atmosphere and the planet. Industrial plants should have treatment facilities minimizing emissions. The waste itself must be fully disposed of or recycled and used as secondary raw materials. In addition, in order to reduce the number of landfills, completely degradable and harmless materials should be used in production.

Now the essence of the greenhouse effect and its influence on the atmosphere is clear to you, and you know why the planet is in danger. It is very difficult to eliminate such a phenomenon, but if all of humanity reconsiders its attitude towards the Earth and begins to act, then serious consequences can be avoided.

The greenhouse effect is a rise in temperature on the surface of the planet as a result of thermal energy that appears in the atmosphere due to the heating of gases. The main gases that lead to the greenhouse effect on Earth are water vapor and carbon dioxide.

The phenomenon of the greenhouse effect makes it possible to maintain a temperature on the Earth's surface at which the emergence and development of life is possible. If there were no greenhouse effect, the average surface temperature the globe would be much lower than it is now. However, as the concentration of greenhouse gases rises, the atmosphere's impermeability to infrared rays increases, which leads to an increase in the temperature of the Earth.

In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) - the most authoritative international body that brings together thousands of scientists from 130 countries - presented its Fourth Assessment Report, which contained generalized conclusions about past and current climate change, their impact on nature and humans , as well as possible measures to counteract such changes.

According to published data, from 1906 to 2005, the average temperature of the Earth rose by 0.74 degrees. In the next 20 years, the temperature increase, according to experts, will average 0.2 degrees per decade, and by the end of the 21st century, the Earth's temperature may increase from 1.8 to 4.6 degrees (such a difference in the data is the result of superimposing a whole range of models future climate, which took into account various scenarios for the development of the world economy and society).

According to scientists, with a 90 percent probability, observed climate changes are associated with human activities - the burning of carbon-based fossil fuels (i.e. oil, gas, coal, etc.), industrial processes, as well as the reduction of forests - natural sinks of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Possible impacts of climate change:
1. Change in the frequency and intensity of precipitation.
In general, the climate on the planet will become more humid. But the amount of precipitation will not spread evenly across the Earth. In regions that already receive enough rainfall today, their fallout will become more intense. And in regions with insufficient moisture, dry periods will become more frequent.

2. Sea level rise.
During the twentieth century middle level sea ​​level rose by 0.1-0.2 m. According to scientists, in the 21st century the sea level rise will be up to 1 m. In this case, coastal areas and small islands will be the most vulnerable. States such as the Netherlands, Great Britain, as well as the small island states of Oceania and the Caribbean will be the first to fall under the risk of flooding. In addition, there will be high tides coastline erosion will increase.

3. Threat to ecosystems and biodiversity.
There are forecasts for the extinction of up to 30-40% of plant and animal species, as their habitat will change faster than they can adapt to these changes.

With an increase in temperature by 1 degree, a change in the species composition of the forest is predicted. Forests are a natural carbon store (80% of all carbon in terrestrial vegetation and about 40% of carbon in soil). The transition from one type of forest to another will be accompanied by the allocation a large number carbon.

4. Melting glaciers.
The current glaciation of the Earth can be considered one of the most sensitive indicators of ongoing global changes. Satellite data show that since the 1960s there has been a decrease in the area of ​​snow cover by about 10%. Since the 1950s in the Northern Hemisphere, the area sea ​​ice decreased by almost 10-15%, and the thickness decreased by 40%. According to experts of the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (St. Petersburg), in 30 years the Northern Arctic Ocean during the warm period of the year it will be completely opened from under the ice.

According to scientists, the thickness of the Himalayan ice is melting at a rate of 10-15 m per year. At the current rate of these processes, two-thirds of the glaciers will disappear by 2060, and by 2100 all glaciers will have completely melted.
Accelerated glacier melt poses a range of immediate threats human development. For densely populated mountainous and foothill areas, avalanches, floods or, conversely, a decrease in the full flow of rivers, and as a result, a reduction in reserves, are of particular danger. fresh water.

5. Agriculture.
The impact of warming on agricultural productivity is ambiguous. In some temperate areas, yields may increase with a small increase in temperature, but decrease with large changes in temperature. In tropical and subtropical regions, overall yields are projected to decline.

The most serious blow can be dealt the poorest countries least prepared to adapt to climate change. According to the IPCC, by 2080 the number of people facing the threat of hunger could increase by 600 million people, doubling more number people who today live in poverty in sub-Saharan Africa.

6. Water consumption and water supply.
One of the consequences of climate change could be a lack of drinking water. In dry regions ( central Asia, mediterranean, South Africa, Australia, etc.) the situation will be further aggravated due to the reduction in precipitation.
Due to the melting of glaciers, the runoff of the largest water arteries Asia - Brahmaputra, Ganges, Yellow River, Indus, Mekong, Salween and Yangtze. The lack of fresh water will affect not only human health and agricultural development, but will also increase the risk of political divisions and conflicts over access to water resources.

7. Human health.
Climate change, according to scientists, will lead to increased health risks for people, especially for the poorer segments of the population. Thus, a reduction in food production will inevitably lead to malnutrition and hunger. abnormal high temperatures can lead to exacerbation of cardiovascular, respiratory and other diseases.

An increase in temperature may change geographical distribution various kinds that are carriers of diseases. As temperatures rise, the ranges of heat-loving animals and insects (such as encephalitic mites and malaria mosquitoes) will spread further north, while the people inhabiting these areas will not be immune to new diseases.

According to environmentalists, humanity is unlikely to be able to prevent completely predictable climate change. However, in human strength mitigate climate change, contain the rate of temperature increase in order to avoid dangerous and irreversible consequences in future. First of all, due to:
1. Restrictions and reductions in the consumption of fossil carbon fuels (coal, oil, gas);
2. Improving the efficiency of energy consumption;
3. Implementation of energy saving measures;
4. Greater use of non-carbon and renewable energy sources;
5. Development of new environmentally friendly and low-carbon technologies;
6. Through the prevention of forest fires and the restoration of forests, since forests are natural sinks of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

The greenhouse effect takes place not only on Earth. A strong greenhouse effect is on the neighboring planet, Venus. The atmosphere of Venus is almost entirely composed of carbon dioxide, and as a result, the surface of the planet is heated to 475 degrees. Climatologists believe that the Earth avoided such a fate due to the presence of oceans on it. The oceans absorb atmospheric carbon and it accumulates in rocks, such as limestone - through this, carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere. There are no oceans on Venus, and all the carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere by volcanoes remains there. As a result, an uncontrollable greenhouse effect is observed on the planet.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources

In the atmospheric layers of our planet, there are many phenomena that directly affect climatic conditions Earth. Such a phenomenon is considered the greenhouse effect, characterized by an increase in the temperature of the lower atmospheric layers of the globe in comparison with the temperature of the thermal radiation of our planet, which can be observed from space.

This process is considered one of the global environmental issues modernity, because thanks to it, solar heat is retained in the form of greenhouse gases near the surface of the Earth and creates the preconditions for global warming.

Greenhouse gases affecting the planet's climate

The principles of the greenhouse effect were first illuminated by Joseph Fourier, considering different types of mechanisms in the formation of the Earth's climate. At the same time, the factors influencing the temperature conditions were also considered. climatic zones and qualitative heat transfer, and factors that affect general state heat balance our planet. The greenhouse effect is provided by the difference in the transparency of atmospheres in the far and visible infrared ranges. The heat balance of the globe determines the climate and average annual near-surface temperatures.

So-called greenhouse gases take an active part in this process, which delay infrared rays involved in heating the Earth's atmosphere and its surface. According to the degree of influence and impact on the heat balance of our planet, the main ones are considered to be the following types greenhouse gases:

• water vapor
• Methane

Top of the list is water vapor (tropospheric air humidity), which contributes to the greenhouse effect. earth's atmosphere main contribution. Freons and nitric oxide are also involved in the action, but a small concentration of other gases does not have such a significant effect.

The principle of operation and the causes of the greenhouse effect

The greenhouse effect, also called the greenhouse effect, is the penetration of short-wave radiation from the Sun to the surface of the Earth, which is facilitated by carbon dioxide. In this case, the thermal radiation of the Earth (long-wave) is delayed. As a result of these ordered actions, our atmosphere is heated for a long time.

Also, the essence of the greenhouse effect can be considered as the possibility of increasing the global temperature of the Earth, which can occur as a result of significant changes in the heat balance. Such a process can lead to a gradual accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere of our planet.

the most explicit cause of the greenhouse effect called the release of industrial gases into the atmosphere. It turns out that the negative results of human activity (forest fires, car emissions, the work of various industrial enterprises and combustion of fuel residues) are direct causes of climate warming. Deforestation is also one of these reasons, since it is forests that are the most active absorbers of carbon dioxide.

If normalized for living organisms, then the Earth's ecosystems and people will need to try to adapt to the changed climatic regimes. However, the most reasonable solution would still be to reduce and then regulate emissions.

the greenhouse effect- ability (gases in the atmosphere) in more pass to the earth's surface solar radiation compared to the thermal radiation emitted by the Earth heated by the Sun. As a result, the temperature of the Earth's surface and the surface layer of air is higher than it would be in the absence of the greenhouse effect. The average temperature of the Earth's surface is plus 15°C, and without the greenhouse effect it would be minus 18°! The greenhouse effect is one of the life support mechanisms on Earth.

Human activities over the past 200 years, and especially since 1950, have led to a continuing increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at the present time. The inevitable reaction of the atmosphere that follows is an anthropogenic increase in the natural greenhouse effect. Total anthropogenic enhancement of the greenhouse effect +2.45 watt/m2 (International Committee on Climate Change IPCC).

The greenhouse effect of each of these gases depends on three main factors:

a) the expected greenhouse effect over the next decades or centuries (for example, 20, 100 or 500 years) caused by a single volume of gas already released into the atmosphere, compared with the effect of carbon dioxide taken as a unit;

b) its typical duration in the atmosphere, and

c) volume of gas emission.

The combination of the first two factors is called “Relative greenhouse potential” and is expressed in units of CO2 potential.

Greenhouse gases:

Role water vapor, contained in the atmosphere, in the global greenhouse effect is large, but it is difficult to determine unambiguously. As the climate warms, the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere will increase, thereby enhancing the greenhouse effect.

D carbon monoxide, or carbon dioxide (CO2) (64% in the greenhouse effect), different according to

compared to other greenhouse gases, a relatively low greenhouse effect potential, but a rather long lifetime in the atmosphere - 50-200 years and a relatively high concentration. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere between 1000 and 1800 was 270-290 parts per million by volume (ppmv), and by 1994 it reached 358 ppmv and continues to grow. May reach 500 ppmv by the end of the 21st century. Concentration stabilization can be achieved by significantly reducing emissions. The main source of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is the combustion of fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) for energy production.

Sources of CO2

(1) Emissions to the atmosphere due to combustion of fossil fuels and cement production 5.5±0.5

(2) Release to the atmosphere due to the transformation of landscapes into tropical and equatorial zones, soil degradation 1.6±1.0

Absorption by various reservoirs

(3) Accumulation in the atmosphere 3.3±0.2

(4) Accumulation by the World Ocean 2.0±0.8

(5) Accumulation in biomass northern hemisphere 0.5±0.5

(6) Residual member of the balance sheet, explained by CO2 uptake by land ecosystems (fertilization, etc.) = (1+2)-(3+4+5)=1.3±1.5

Increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere should stimulate the process of photosynthesis. This is the so-called fertilization, due to which, according to some estimates, products organic matter can increase by 20-40% at twice the current concentration of carbon dioxide.

Methane (CH4) - 19% of its total greenhouse gas value (as of 1995). Methane is formed in anaerobic conditions such as natural swamps different type, seasonal and permafrost, rice plantations, landfills, and also as a result of the vital activity of ruminants and termites. Estimates show that about 20% of total methane emissions are associated with fossil fuel technologies (fuel combustion, emissions from coal mines, extraction and distribution of natural gas).

gas, oil refining). Total anthropogenic activity provides 60–80% of the total methane emission into the atmosphere. Methane is unstable in the atmosphere. It is removed from it due to interaction with the hydroxyl ion (OH) in the troposphere. Despite this process, the concentration of methane in the atmosphere has approximately doubled compared to pre-industrial times and continues to grow at a rate of about 0.8% per year.

An increase in temperature and an increase in humidity (that is, the duration of the territory under anaerobic conditions) further enhance methane emissions. This character-

positive example feedback. Conversely, a decrease in the level ground water due to low humidity should lead to a decrease in methane emissions (negative feedback).

current role nitric oxide (N2O) in the total greenhouse effect is only about 6%. The concentration of nitric oxide in the atmosphere is also increasing. It is assumed that its anthropogenic sources are approximately half the natural ones. The sources of anthropogenic nitric oxide are Agriculture(particularly tropical pastures), biomass burning and industry producing nitrogenous substances. Its relative greenhouse potential (290 times

above the potential of carbon dioxide) and the typical lifetime in the atmosphere (120 years) are significant, offsetting its low concentration.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)- These are substances synthesized by man, and containing chlorine, fluorine and bromine. They have a very strong relative greenhouse potential and a significant lifetime in the atmosphere. Their final role in the greenhouse effect is 7%. The production of chlorofluorocarbons in the world is currently controlled international agreements on the protection of the ozone layer, including the provision for a gradual reduction in the production of these substances, their replacement with less ozone-depleting ones, with its subsequent complete cessation. As a result, the concentration of CFCs in the atmosphere began to decrease.

Ozone (O3) is an important greenhouse gas found both in the stratosphere and in the troposphere. It affects both shortwave and longwave radiation, and therefore the final direction and magnitude of its contribution to radiation balance in strong degree depend on the vertical distribution of ozone, especially at the level of the tropopause. Estimates indicate a positive resultant of +0.4 watt/m2.