Asia is the most most of Sveta. Countries in this region include: United United Arab Emirates, Turkey, the Russian Federation, India, China, Indonesia, Cyprus, Maldives, Mongolia, Japan, etc.

Asia attracts a large number of tourists due to the following factors: - a huge, extremely capacious territory for receiving tourists (the largest part of the world); - washing the coast with three oceans and 10 of their seas and bays; - the location of this part of the world in all climatic zones, a significant diversity and richness of natural landscapes; - the presence of a huge number of historical and cultural monuments and attractions; - the presence in Asia of the most important world shrines and centers of pilgrimage; - the ethnic diversity of the continent; - the presence in Asia of states with the highest population density: India, China. - the rapid pace of economic development in a number of countries: Japan, South Korea, China. However, there are a number of negative factors hindering the development of tourism in Asia:

Unfavorable natural conditions for the development of tourism in the vast territories of a number of countries (deserts, highlands); - poor development transport infrastructure a number of countries;

The dominance of ideological interests over economic ones in a number of countries, as a result - economic backwardness of these countries, their unpreparedness to receive tourists, lack of service (Vietnam, Iraq, Cambodia); - lack of internal political and economic stability in a number of countries (Iraq, etc.), and as a result - an unfavorable image of these countries in the eyes of tourists.

The main purpose of tourists visiting these countries is to get acquainted with cultural, historical and natural attractions. Business trips are typical for Japan, South Korea, Singapore. For the purpose of treatment and pilgrimage - Israel.

External tourist communications are carried out mainly by means of air transport. Most flights are operated by international airlines, minority– airlines belonging to Asian countries.

Southwest Asia. This region covers a vast and diverse territory. This includes 16 states: Bahrain, Israel, Jordan, Iraq, Iran, Yemen, Qatar, Cyprus, Kuwait, Lebanon, South Africa, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, etc. - advantageous geographical position some states is combined with the remoteness of others; - favorable climatic conditions for the development of tourism and resort business - with desert and arid territories;

AT overall SW Asia can be considered one of the most promising areas in the development of tourism and hospitality. Wide access to many seas and bays of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, the Caspian Sea, geographical location at the junction of three parts of the world, a large number of sunny days, numerous cultural and religious monuments, the presence of a well-developed tourist infrastructure (Turkey, Cyprus, Israeli infrastructure () the number of sunny days, numerous cultural and religious monuments, the presence of a well-developed tourist infrastructure) - all these and other factors contribute to attracting guests from other countries.

South Asia. This includes Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, etc. The development of tourism here is facilitated by: - ​​a relatively favorable geographical position;

Variety of recreational resources; - a large number unique monuments history, culture and religion; - exotic states. Negative factors for the development of tourism: - mountain land borders that isolate this region; - states, due to low socio-economic development, are not suppliers of tourists.

Southeast Asia. The composition includes Brunei, Vietnam, Indonesia, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines. In general, tourism in the region is developing quite rapidly. This is facilitated by: - ​​a favorable geographical position on the routes from the Pacific to the Indian Oceans, from Eurasia to Australia; - the majority major cities located on the coast (for tourism tourism);

Favorable climate; - diversity of the ethnic composition of the population, etc.

Central and East Asia. Japan, Korea, China, Taiwan, Mongolia and others are included. The most developed countries are Japan, South Korea, China. Favorable factors for tourism development: - a variety of recreational resources; - significant areas of the territory are washed by seas and oceans; - attention from the state to the development of tourism in these countries;- fast pace economic growth and activation of business tourism; - a unique combination of exotic and modern technical advances as the basis for the development of tourism infrastructure.

The predominance of domestic tourism. Most popular view recreation are traveling in a car with a trailer, allowing you to visit the most remote places, swimming, picnics, fishing, canoeing, caving and other types of active tourism.

Central Asia is a vast region without access to the ocean. All sources include countries: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Many include here Mongolia, part of China, Punjab, Kashmir and the north. specific feature The region of Central Asia is an inland position with mountains along the outskirts, protecting it along the perimeter.

Central Asia includes desert and semi-desert plains, highlands and plateaus. Limited:

• in the East southern part Greater Khingan and the Taihangshan Range,
• in the South - a longitudinal tectonic depression of the upper Indus and Brahmaputra (Tsangpo),
• in the West and North, the border of Central Asia corresponds to the mountain ranges of East Kazakhstan, Altai, Western and Eastern Sayan.

The area of ​​Central Asia, according to various estimates, is from 5 to 6 million square kilometers. The population of Central Asia is Mongolian peoples, Chinese, Uighurs, Tibetans, etc. The relief of Central Asia is distinguished by significant elevation marks, and two main tiers are distinguished. On the lower tier (500-1500 m above sea level ) Gobi desert, Alashan, Ordos, Dzungarian and Tarim plains are located . The upper tier is the Tibetan Plateau, the average heights on which increase to 4-4.5 thousand meters . And the highest points of the Tien Shan, Karakorum, Kunlun mountains reach 6-7 thousand meters.

Central Asia is populated unevenly. Mainly river valleys and intermountain gorges, where there is water, are mastered by people. In the north, areas with favorable climate have large area, there the area of ​​habitable lands is larger (Kazakh virgin lands). But in general within the region large territories generally do not have a permanent population. The reason for this is the lack of water.

Scientists believe that the Scythians created the first nomadic state in this region. Although who these Scythians were is still arguing. According to scientists, the Scythian tribes lived in a state of fragmentation. They created a state called the Xiongnu (209 BC - 93 AD), which was the first empire nomadic peoples peace.

Central Asia. Climate

Anticyclones prevail in Central Asia in winter, and low Atmosphere pressure with a predominance of dry air masses who came from the ocean, but lost moisture on such a long journey. The climate is sharply continental, dry, temperature fluctuations are significant both during the season and during the day. The average January temperatures on the plains are -10 to -25 °С, in July from 20 to 25 °С). The annual amount of precipitation on the plains in some places is sometimes less than evaporation. The largest number precipitation falls in summer. There is more precipitation in the mountain ranges than in the plains. Central Asia is characterized strong winds and sunny days(240-270 per year).

Vegetation

On the for the most part The plains of Central Asia have a sparse vegetation cover, the vegetation is desert and semi-desert, its species composition is poor. Shrubs predominate. Significant areas of takyrs, solonchaks, loose sands are completely or almost devoid of vegetation.

In the Tibetan Highlands, vegetation is often represented by creeping shrubs of teresken, and in hollows that are sheltered from cold winds, by sedges, cobresia, reamuria, bluegrass, and fescue.

In the North, semi-deserts and deserts turn into steppes. On the northern slopes mountains there are areas of coniferous forests of spruce, fir, larch. Along the valleys of many transit rivers (Tarim, Khotan, Aksu, Konchedarya), in deserts and in foothill oases, there are strips of tugai forests with a predominance of various-leaved poplar, sucker and sea buckthorn. Along the banks of the reservoirs there are reed and reed thickets.

Section two

REGIONS AND COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD

Topic 11. ASIA

3. CENTRAL ASIA

The collapse of the Soviet empire radically changed the geopolitical situation not only in Europe but also in Asia. Therefore, in addition to the traditional macro-regions of the Southwestern, Southern, Southeastern and East Asia, there is a need to single out one more region - Central Asia. It includes the former republics of the USSR - Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. In addition, Afghanistan should also be attributed to this region, and due to its natural and socio-economic conditions, it is much closer to the countries of Central than Southwest Asia.

As part of these six countries, the area of ​​the region is more than 4.6 million km 2, or 10.5% of the area of ​​Asia. And its population is about 80 million people (2000), which is 2.4% of the population of Asia. Central Asia stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to the Altai Mountains in the east (over 3,000 km) and from the swamps of Western Siberia in the north to the Hindu Kush mountain ranges in the south (almost 3,000 km). Almost the entire territory is dominated by a sharply continental arid climate and desert landscapes prevail.

The remoteness of Central Asia from the seas and oceans hinders the development of foreign economic relations. The ports of the Indian Ocean closest to these countries are inaccessible to them, because there are no transit roads through the mountain ranges of the Hindu Kush, Kopetdag and the Iranian Highlands.

Despite the difficult natural conditions, the area has a huge natural resource potential, which can become a good basis for the development of a diversified economy. Powerful deposits of coal, oil and gas, iron, copper and polymetallic ores, gold, phosphates, sulfur and dozens of other types of minerals have been explored and exploited here. The newly discovered oil deposits in western Kazakhstan (primarily the Tengizke field) indicate that the countries of Central Asia will remain exporters of oil and gas for a long time to come. They can play a significant role in the world market of non-ferrous metals.

The presence of powerful mountain systems with maximum heights more than 7000 m. causes a large amount of precipitation on the slopes of the mountains compared to the adjacent plains (more than 500 and even 1000 mm.). Mountain glaciers that form here give rise to full-flowing rapids rivers: Amudarya, Syrdarya, Helmandu, Gerirud, Ili. Therefore, the high mountain regions of Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan and East Kazakhstan have a large hydropower potential. The water of the rivers, flowing in all directions from the mountains, serves as the basis for the development of irrigated agriculture. This explains the greatest concentration of economy in the river valleys, and meanwhile large desert territories remain practically uninhabited. With the exception of extreme east Kazakhstan, the region is extremely poor in forest resources. Significant damage to forests is caused by unorganized logging for domestic needs.

Natural recreational resources region in combination with centers ancient culture can serve for the development of international tourism of various profiles. The area around Lake Issyk-Kul is favorable for recreational tourism, mountain ranges and peaks are covered with glaciers, attract skiers and climbers, architectural ensembles many ancient cities (primarily Bukhara and Samarkand) are interesting objects for educational tourism.

The population of Central Asia, despite small numbers, very heterogeneous in linguistic and anthropological characteristics. After all, the formation of the peoples of this region took place on the border of two races (Caucasoid and Mongoloid) and two large language families (Indo-European and Altaic). Turkmens, Tajiks and most of the peoples of Afghanistan belong to the southern branch caucasian race, Kazakhs and Kirghiz - to the Mongoloid, and Uzbeks - a people of mixed origin, which has certain signs of both races. In linguistic terms, most of the peoples of Central Asia (Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Karakalpaks, Turkmens, etc.) belong to Turkic group Altai language family. And only the Tajiks and the peoples of Afghanistan belong to the Iranian language group Indo-European family.

In all Central Asian states that were previously part of the USSR, there was a high proportion of migrants of Slavic origin (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians). Hundreds of thousands from Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan Eastern Slavs behind last years have already returned to their homeland, and in Kazakhstan they still make up almost half of the population.

The countries of Central Asia are characterized high rates natural increase population (2-3% per year). Moreover, they are the highest in the poorest countries of the region - Tajikistan and Afghanistan, and the lowest in Kazakhstan, which has high level urbanization and a significant non-indigenous population.

Only in Kazakhstan urban population prevails over rural (58%), in other countries it is 30-45%, and in Afghanistan - 20%. The region does not have such hypertrophic growth of large cities as in other parts of Asia. Only Tashkent has more than 2 million inhabitants and Almaty - 1.5 million. Before the start of the civil war in Afghanistan, Kabul was a millionaire city, but now its population has halved.

The low average density of the population of Central Asia - 18 people/km 2 - is little evidence of the real distribution of the population in this territory. Huge spaces deserts and highlands are practically uninhabited, and well-watered river valleys have a population density of 200-400 people / km 2. Unique in this respect is the Ferghana Valley, where the most densely populated regions of three states are located: Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.

The economy of the countries of Central Asia was formed as a raw material appendage of the Soviet Empire. Therefore, industries dominate here agro-industrial complex and mining industry. Having lost their traditional markets for their products, almost all countries are reducing industrial and agricultural production. Therefore, the volume of GNP in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan for 1990-1998. decreased by 1.5-2 times, only in Turkmenistan, which exports through the transcontinental pipeline system natural gas in Western Europe, the residence permit has grown somewhat. Afghanistan, where civil war, remains one of the least developed countries not only in Asia but also in the world.

Most of the intersectoral complexes formed in the states of Central Asia do not have the final stages of processing raw materials and manufacturing finished products and this reduces their efficiency. The most complete complexes are presented here: fuel and energy, non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy and agro-industrial.

Most stone and brown coal extracted in Kazakhstan (Karaganda and Ekibastuz basins), oil - in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, gas - in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. The mountainous states of Central Asia (Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan) are poor in fuel minerals, but they have a powerful hydropower potential. In Tajikistan, a cascade of hydroelectric power stations was created on the river. Vakhsh, and in Kyrgyzstan - on the city of Naryn, which practically meet the needs of these countries in electricity and serve as the basis for some energy-intensive industries. Biggest problems with the provision of fuel and energy has Afghanistan, where only a small amount of gas is produced and there are no powerful hydroelectric power plants. Until now, a significant share in the fuel balance of the country is occupied by firewood.

The countries of Central Asia are significant producers of non-ferrous metals. Important areas of non-ferrous metallurgy have been formed: in Rudny Altai (polymetals); in Central Kazakhstan - the cities of Balkhash and Zhezkazgan (copper, lead, zinc); in Kyrgyzstan and eastern Uzbekistan (polymetals, gold). Powerful aluminum smelters have been built on the basis of cheap hydroelectric power in the cities of Tursunzade (Tajikistan) and Pavlodar (Kazakhstan). Considering the already revealed raw material base, new centers of non-ferrous metallurgy may appear in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.

Only Kazakhstan has a well-developed ferrous metallurgy. A favorable combination of coking coal deposits of the Karaganda basin and Sokolovsko-Sarbaisky iron ores, as well as reserves of manganese ores, nickel, chromium and other alloying metals contribute to the production of high-quality and cheap steel. A full cycle metallurgical plant operates in Temirtau. In other countries there are only small steelworks or workshops at machine-building enterprises.

The region has significant reserves of raw materials for the chemical industry. Now, those of its types that are necessary for the production of mineral fertilizers are mainly used. Based on the extraction of phosphorites, the Karatau-Zhambil industrial complex was formed in Kazakhstan, sulfur and mirabilite are mined in Turkmenistan, in the cities of Navoi and Fergana (Uzbekistan) there are nitrogen-fertilizer plants. Partially used are the vast reserves of mirabile in the Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay, but its complex processing is not carried out in this region.

Most of the machine-building enterprises of Central Asia work for the needs Agriculture. It produces tractors (Pavlodar), harvesters (Tashkent) and many other types of agricultural machinery for local consumers. A more diversified structure of the machine-building complex exists only in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. In addition to enterprises of mining equipment and machine tool building (Karaganda, Almaty), aircraft building (Tashkent), it is planned to build car assembly enterprises here, create new industries, in particular instrument making and radio electronics. New productions will be primarily focused on cheap labor in southern regions these states.

And the basis of the economy of the countries of Central Asia for a long time will be agriculture, the specialization of which has been formed for thousands of years. natural conditions This territory is favorable for the development of extensive semi-nomadic animal husbandry, which is combined with intensive irrigated agriculture in oases. In the second half of the XX century. here new areas of agriculture were created (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan) on virgin lands. But the productivity of these lands is low, and the yield is unstable - for several lean years there is one or two years with high gross yields.

A definite difference in hydration separate territories, the presence of a natural food base determines different specialization animal husbandry. Meat prevails in the north of Kazakhstan - dairy and beef cattle breeding in combination with sheep and pig breeding. In the desert lands of southern Kazakhstan and other countries, fine-fleeced and astrakhan sheep, as well as camels, are grazing. In the northern foothills of the Tien Shan, especially in Kyrgyzstan, as well as in Turkmenistan, horse breeding is well developed. In the foothills of the Kopetdag is the main breeding area for the world-famous Akhal-Teke horses. Sericulture, beekeeping, dairy and meat cattle breeding, and poultry farming are also developing, but there is practically no pig breeding, which is explained by the Islam prohibition on eating pork.

In most Central Asian states, the area of ​​arable land does not exceed 10% of their territory, and in Turkmenistan - only 1%. The geography of agriculture is closely related to the presence water resources(No wonder there is a proverb here "without water there is no land"). Therefore, the main agricultural areas are confined to river valleys and well-moistened foothills. The scarcity of arable land makes local population grow the most labor-intensive industrial crops, primarily cotton. A significant proportion of the land is occupied by melons, orchards and vineyards. Central Asia is famous the best varieties melons, watermelons, grapes, apples, pears and other fruits. The warm dry climate contributes to the mass production of dried fruits: raisins, sultanas, dried apricots, etc.

Cereals and fodder crops (mainly wheat, rice, alfalfa) are mainly used in crop rotations with industrial crops. Only on the developed virgin lands of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan in the structure of crops do grain crops sharply predominate: spring wheat, barley, millet, and in more warm areas- corn.

Opium poppy crops, which were previously grown for the needs of medicine, are significant. But lack of clear control over its processing and distribution could lead (as has already happened in Afghanistan) to the production of poppy products for the needs of the drug trade.

Having declared independence, the states of the region, except for Afghanistan, at the same time remained supporters of strengthening the CIS, that is, they remain completely under the military-political "trusteeship of Russia", which still considers its southern border southern border former USSR. This explains the significant military presence of Russia in this region and its participation in local conflicts, primarily in Tajikistan. The property of the Russian military-industrial complex in this territory is still great amount objects. The Russian military, whose movement is not at all controlled by local authorities, can freely transport (as the example of Afghanistan showed) tens and hundreds of kilograms of narcotic raw materials, which contributes to the development of the drug business.

hot spot what remains in Central Asia is Afghanistan, where, after decades of civil war, a shaky peace was established only in 2002. Meanwhile, the presence here of many peoples and political forces, which have their own armed formations, can lead to an uncontrolled escalation of the conflict to other countries in the region.

Soviet empire left local peoples big "bouquet" environmental issues. Massive hydrotechnical construction, excessive water consumption during irrigation lead to salinization of the land, which gave rise to problems in the Aral Sea and Balkhash. The Aral Sea has shrunk by more than half, and from its dry bottom the winds blow thousands of tons of salt. The unique Lake Balkhash, which was fresh in one part and salty in the other, may turn into completely salty in the near future. In addition, already poor natural vegetation was destroyed in vast expanses, which led to active wind erosion and dust storms.

The problem of integration of the states of the region into the world economy cannot be solved without creating a radically new transport network. Existing system railways, highways, gas and oil pipelines was created in the conditions of the empire and is mainly represented by highways that go to Central Russia. The network of internal roads, especially railways, does not meet the modern needs of the economy. Central Asia is practically cut off from the nearest Indian Ocean ports due to the complete absence of railways in Afghanistan and weak connection with Iran's transport system. Therefore, in addition to the projected road through Iran, it is expedient for the countries of the region to create exit routes to seaports through Afghanistan and Pakistan. Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, in addition, may look for additional ways to export their products through China and the ports of the Pacific Ocean.

Companies from Japan and South Korea are showing great interest in this region. From traditional partners, except Russia, great importance for the region may have Ukraine. The Ukrainian economy is in need of energy, non-ferrous metals, cotton and other products of the Central Asian countries. On the other hand, Ukrainian enterprises can supply this region with products of ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering (oil and gas production equipment, tractors, machine tools, machinery for agriculture and Food Industry. Construction projects for new gas and oil pipelines also involve Active participation in them Ukraine, and some of them can pass directly through the territory of our country. Such cooperation made it possible for the Central Asian states to find much cheaper ways to sell their products, and for Ukraine to receive additional reliable sources of raw materials and energy. Closer cooperation between the countries of Central Asia and Ukraine requires the solution of certain social problems.

It is from this region that deportees return to Ukraine Crimean Tatars. So far, all the expenses for their resettlement have to be borne by the Ukrainian side, although in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan there are solid houses and entire settlements in which the Tatars lived. Significant support for Ukraine and the assistance of the governments of the Central Asian states in the national and cultural development is also required by the large Ukrainian diaspora. After all, in Soviet times even in Kazakhstan, where hundreds of thousands of Ukrainians live, the educational and cultural interests of the Ukrainian settlers were not at all satisfied due to the Russification policy.

Geographical position. Central Asia is located in the center of the Eurasian continent. In the north, this country borders on Siberia, in the east - on East Asia, in the south - on Southeast and South Asia, in the west - on Central Asia. The mountains and plains of China and Mongolia are located within this country. The Alpine-Himalayan seismic belt passes through the Central and Southern parts of the country. Mongolian Altai, Tien Shan, Tibet and Karakoram are located in the center and in the north.

The mountains are composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks, and intermountain depressions and plains are sedimentary.

Central Asia is rich in mineral deposits.

Relief. The relief of Central Asia is distinguished by contrast and diversity. Here are the highest mountain systems(Tibet; Karakoram; Eastern, or Chinese, Tien Shan; Altai (Mongolian); Kunlun mountains) and vast waterless plains (Takla Makan, Gobi).

The highest point in Central Asia - Mount Chogori (8611 m) is located in the Karakorum. The most low point Central Asia - the Turpan depression (-154 m), which is located in the Takla-Makan desert.

Climate. Within Central Asia, temperate and subtropical climatic zones are distinguished.

The Central Asian High ( winter month) and Pacific air masses.

The least humidified (no more than 100 mm/year) are Central Tibet, Takla-Makan and Gobi. In the southeast of this physical and geographical country, on the eastern slopes of Tibet and Kunlun, up to 1000 mm / year of precipitation falls.

In the north of the region, the winter is cold (the average annual temperature in January is -24 °C). Summer is relatively cool (average temperature in July is +16°С). In the center (Takla-Makan desert) the average temperature in January is -8 °С, and in July +24 °С. In the southern regions, in the mountains of Tibet, the average temperature in January is -20 °C, and the average temperature in July is +10 °C.

The river network is well developed in the mountains, and practically absent within the waterless plains. The exceptions are the rivers of the inner basin Tarim, Zulaikho, etc., which dry up in summer. The Tarim River flows into Lop Nor Lake, the outlines of which change from month to month and from year to year. Lakes are rich in the northern regions of Central Asia, where Kukunor, Ubsu-nur, Orin-nur and others are located.

At the foot of Tibet, forest-steppe, steppe, semi-desert and desert zones are developed, which extend to absolute levels of 4000 m. The tops of the mountains (starting from a height of 6000 m) are covered with eternal snow and glaciers.

On the plains there are steppe and desert landscapes. Due to the low population, the anthropogenic landscape is extremely rare. The population is concentrated in areas provided with drinking water, as well as in places of development of the mining industry.

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At present, the Great Transcontinental Route is of great interest all over the world. Great Silk Road has a very good potential in the field of tourism and tourism products, based on the unique and extremely rich heritage, nature and traditions of dozens of different peoples and cultures along the eternal route, which now give their warmth to all visitors.

In 1993, UNWTO initiated a long-term project to organize and develop the Silk Road as a tourism concept.
In 1994, representatives of 19 participating states met and adopted the historic Samarkand Declaration on Tourism along the Silk Road. A special logo was also approved for use by all governments, organizations and private sector entities.

Since then, forums and meetings have been held regularly, and in 2002 the participants adopted the Bukhara Declaration on Tourism along the Silk Road, which emphasized the benefits of sustainable tourism and outlined specific measures to stimulate cultural and environmental tourism in cities located on Silk Road.

In 1997, the World Tourism Organization released a brochure on tourism along the Silk Road, which was highly appreciated by the countries participating in the WTO project. This brochure presents the full range of tourism products, monuments and attractions of the Silk Road as single region, with the aim of expanding knowledge of its tourism potential.

Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Together they form the macro-directions of Central Asia. Some tour operators also add Mongolia, one of the provinces of China and Tibet to Central Asia. In 2004, eight million international border crossings were registered.

With a population of 16.2 million, Kazakhstan has the right conditions for the development of the tourism industry. Following the Turkish model of development as a model, the country has been successful in improving its infrastructure. With a territory larger than Western Europe, Kazakhstan is a land of vast steppes and high mountains which are famous for their indescribable beauty.

Uzbekistan
According to statistics, in January 2011 there were over 29 million people in the country. Here, although there were no proper conditions for the development of the tourism industry, Uzbekistan is currently working hard to improve its infrastructure.
Fairy-tale mosques and madrasahs of Samarkand, Bukhara and Khiva, with their magnificent architecture and colorful tiles, is only a small part of what has to do with the Silk Road.

The history of Turkmenistan goes back to the 4th century. BC. After many ups and downs, the country is now home to several cultures. Turkmenistan, located on the Silk Road, has an advantageous strategic position in the region. This is one of the countries that has common boundaries and good relationship with Iran. Carefully woven, bright crimson carpets, created gentle hands craftswomen of nomadic tribes are an artistic symbol of Turkmenistan.

Compared with the neighboring states of the region, the territory of Kyrgyzstan is not that big. Kyrgyzstan is located high above sea level. Its mountains are covered with lush forests, and its steppes are covered with lush grasses. All this, combined with a mild climate, attracts travelers.

Like Turkmenistan, Tajikistan was once part of the Persian state. In recent years, Tajikistan has tried to develop the tourism industry by organizing cultural and literary festivals. With regard to cultural and historical conditions, then the country has amazing resources to attract tourists.
Predominantly mountainous, Tajikistan is located in the heart of Central Asia. It borders China in the east and Hindustan in the south.