Moscow. August 17th. site - In the Republic of Khakassia on Monday morning there was major accident- on the famous Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP the wall collapsed, causing the engine room to be flooded. At 04:42 Moscow time, a message was received about the destruction of the third and fourth conduits at the hydroelectric power station. As a result of the accident, according to preliminary data, 10 people died and 11 were injured. Another 72 people are considered missing Chief Engineer SSHG Andrey Mitrofanov. On the fact of the accident, a criminal case was initiated under Art. 143 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (Violation of labor protection rules).
As a result of the accident, the Sayansk and Khakassk aluminum smelters were disconnected from the power supply, the power supply to the Krasnoyarsk and Novokuznetsk aluminum smelters, as well as the Kemerovo ferroalloy plant, was reduced. It is worth noting that such interruptions in the supply of electricity are fraught with serious consequences for the aluminum industry, since the shutdown of some production processes can be fatal for plants. Later, the power supply of the Khakass and Sayan aluminum smelters was partially restored due to the redistribution of energy from other HPPs. As for the energy supply of the population, according to the interlocutor of the agency, it is carried out in the usual mode, since the load is redistributed between power plants. Siberian region. The valves of the second conduit are blocked, a generator from Khakasenergo LLC was sent for additional power supply to the units of the SSHHPP. Discharge of water is organized through the Mainskaya HPP. "As of 05:15 Moscow time, the destruction in the wall has been eliminated, the flooding has been stopped," the Ministry of Emergency Situations said in a statement. The source also noted that the dam of the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station was not damaged as a result of the accident, there is no threat of flooding of settlements.
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In the area of the downstream of the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP, a large oil slick is spreading along the Yenisei. As Interfax was informed by the press service of the Siberian regional center of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, oil leaked out of one of the damaged HPP units. "This is transformer oil. The amount is relatively small, but the film stretched downstream for 5 kilometers. According to our estimates, there is no big threat to the environment," the press service noted.
In connection with emergency situations at the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP operational services OAO Interregional Distribution Grid Company of Siberia (IDGC of Siberia) has been put on high alert. The personnel of operational mobile teams and operational personnel at the substations of IDGC of Siberia have been transferred to a high alert mode. If necessary, power engineers are ready to power socially significant facilities (hospitals, kindergartens) with the help of mobile diesel generators, the IDGC of Siberia said in a statement.
Divers of the contracting organization of the company "RusHydro" inspect the turbine room of the hydroelectric power plant. "Divers continue to inspect the hall and remove debris. We hope that the number of deaths as a result of the accident will not increase," RusHydro spokesman Evgeny Druzyaka told Interfax. According to him, the collapsed hydraulic unit of the SSHHPP was under repair, and it was through it that water poured into the plant's engine room. As a result, the hydroelectric unit was flooded with water by one third. "This is the most serious accident at the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP in its entire history," Druzyaka said. At the same time, the representative of RusHydro stressed that there is no threat of destruction of the dam and flooding of settlements.
Rescuers, meanwhile, are trying to calm local population- Frightened by the incident, people begin to panic and even try to evacuate in the direction of the hills. "We did not have any evacuation measures planned, since there is no danger to nearby settlements. Now we are trying to calm the population and prevent panic," he said.
Reference
The Sayano-Shushensky hydropower complex is unique in its kind and even entered the Guinness Book of Records as the most reliable hydraulic structure. of this type. The hydroelectric power plant is located on the Yenisei River in the southeast of the Republic of Khakassia in the Sayan Canyon at the river's outlet into the Minusinsk Basin. As noted on the official website of the hydroelectric power station, the complex includes the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station and the counter-regulating Main hydroelectric complex located downstream.
The hydroelectric power plant has become the top in the cascade of Yenisei hydroelectric power plants and one of the largest in the world - its installed capacity is 6.4 million kW with an average annual output of 22.8 billion kWh of electricity. The pressure front of the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP is formed by a unique concrete arch gravity dam 245 m high, 1074.4 m long along the crest, 105.7 m wide at the base and 25 meters along the crest. In terms of the dam in the upper 80-meter part, it is designed in the form of a circular arch with upper face a radius of 600 m and a central angle of 102°, and in the lower part the dam is a three-center arches, and the central section with a spanning angle of 37° is formed by arches similar to the upper ones.
The Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP has 10 hydraulic units with a capacity of 640 MW each. The spillway dam has 11 spillways, the thresholds of water intakes of which are buried 61 m from the FSL. The catchment area of the river basin, which provides inflow to the site of the HPP, is 179,900 sq. km. km. The average long-term runoff in the alignment is 46.7 cubic km. The area of the reservoir is 621 sq. km, full capacity reservoirs - 31.3 cubic meters. km, including useful - 15.3 cubic meters. km. The estimated maximum discharge flow through the hydroelectric complex with an inflow probability of 0.01% is 13,300 cubic meters. m/sec.
As for the Main hydroelectric complex. it is located downstream of the Yenisei, 21.5 km from the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP. Its main task is to counter-regulate its downstream, which makes it possible to greatly smooth out fluctuations in the level in the river when the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP conducts deep regulation of the load in the power system. The Mainsky hydroelectric complex includes right-bank, channel and left-bank soil dams, a hydroelectric power station building with three hydraulic units with rotary-blade turbines, and a concrete spillway dam with five spans of 25 m each. The installed capacity of the Mainskaya HPP is 321 thousand kW, the annual electricity generation is 1.7 billion kWh.
The surface area of the reservoir at the FSL is 11.5 km2, the total volume of the reservoir is 115 million m3, and the useful volume is 48.7 million m3.
November 4, 1961 is considered the starting point for the creation of the Sayano-Shushensky hydropower complex. On this day, the first team of prospectors of the Lengydroproekt Institute, headed by the most experienced prospector P.V. Erashov arrived in the mining village of Maina. Already in July 1962, an expert commission headed by academician A.A. Belyakov, was able, based on survey materials, to choose the final version for the creation of a hydroelectric power station - the Karlovsky site. The construction of the Main hydroelectric power station was planned 20 km downstream.
The project of the unique arch-gravity dam of the SSH HPP was developed by the Leningrad branch of the Hydroproject Institute. The creation of a dam of this type in the conditions of the wide alignment of the Yenisei and the harsh climate of Siberia had no analogues in the world. The design task was developed under the guidance of the chief engineer of the project G.A. Pretro in the Department of the Sayan Hydroelectric Power Station, and, after its approval in 1965, Ya.B. Margolin. The development of the technical project begun under him was continued by L.K. Domansky (1968-72) and A.I. Efimenko (1972-91).
The launch of the first hydraulic unit took place on December 18, 1978, the last - the tenth - on December 25, 1985. Specialists of the domestic hydraulic engineering construction recognized that the high-rise arch-gravity dam of the SSH HPP with its appearance outstripped evolutionary process development of calculation models of such structures.
Municipal scientific and practical Internet conference for schoolchildren
"My Research in Natural Science"
Accident at the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP and its consequences
MOU-SOSH r. p.Sovetskoye
Supervisor:
geography and ecology teacher
MOU-SOSH r. p.Sovetskoye
Introduction 2
I. Creation history 2
II. Accident at Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP 5
1) Disaster 6
2) Causes of the accident 7
III. Consequences of the accident
1) social consequences 8
2) environmental impact 9
IV. Conclusion 10
References 11
Introduction
The Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station on the Yenisei River is the largest hydroelectric power station in Russia and one of the most large hydroelectric power plants in the world. It is located on the border of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and Khakassia. The construction of the hydroelectric power station began in 1968, the first hydroelectric unit was launched in 1978, the last - in 1985. The power plant was put into permanent operation in 2000. Technically, the HPP consists of a concrete arch-gravity dam 245 m high and a hydroelectric dam building, which houses 10 radial-axial hydroelectric units with a capacity of 640 MW each. The installed capacity of HPPs is 6400 MW, the average annual output is 24.5 billion kWh. The HPP dam forms a large seasonally regulated Sayano-Shushenskoye reservoir. Downstream of the Yenisei is the controlling Mainskaya HPP, which, with the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP, forms a single production complex. The HPP facilities were designed by the Lenhydroproekt Institute, and the hydraulic power equipment was supplied by the LMZ and Elektrosila plants (now part of the Power Machines concern). Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP belongs to.
I.History of creation
The Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP was designed by the Lenhydroproekt Institute. On November 4, 1961, the first team of surveyors of the institute under the leadership arrived in the mining village of Maina in order to survey three competing sites for the construction of a hydroelectric power station. Surveyors, geologists, hydrologists worked in frost and bad weather, 12 drilling rigs in three shifts "probed" the bottom of the Yenisei from the ice.
In July 1962, the expert commission chose the final version - the Karlovsky alignment. 20 kilometers downstream, it was planned to build a satellite of the Sayano-Shushenskaya - the counter-regulating Mainskaya hydroelectric power station.
Initially, four variants of the dam design were considered: gravity, arch-gravity, arch and rockfill. At the stage of the technical design, a variant of an arch-buttress dam was considered.
The arch-gravitational one was chosen as the most appropriate for the topographic and engineering-geological conditions of the alignment.
The creation of a dam of this type in the conditions of the wide alignment of the Yenisei and the harsh climate of Siberia had no analogues in the world. The design task was developed under the guidance of the chief engineer of the project. After his approval, he was appointed head of department and chief engineer of projects (1965). The development of the technical project begun under him was continued and.
In 1967, the Central Committee of the Komsomol announced the construction of the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP of the All-Union shock Komsomol construction. On November 4, 1967, a symbolic slab was laid under the foundation of the first large-panel house, which laid the foundation for the city of Sayanogorsk. In the summer of 1979, student construction teams took part in the construction of the hydroelectric power station. total strength 1700 people, Komsomol youth teams were formed during the construction.
More than 200 organizations were involved in the construction, the largest of which was KrasnoyarskGESstroy of the USSR Ministry of Energy.
Especially for the hydroelectric plant, the latest equipment was created by the largest production associations of the USSR: the Leningrad Metal Plant (hydroturbines), the Leningrad Electrosila Industrial Electrotechnical Association (hydrogenerators), the Zaporizhtransformator association (transformers). By waterway with a length of almost 10,000 kilometers - through the Northern Arctic Ocean turbine runners were delivered to the upper reaches of the Yenisei. Thanks to the original technical solution - the installation of temporary impellers on the first two turbines, capable of operating at intermediate water pressures, it became possible to begin operation of the first stage of the station before the completion of construction and installation works.
The first cubic meter of concrete was laid in the main structures of the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP on October 17, 1970.
In April 1974, the Treaty of Twenty-Eight, or joint commitment, was signed to reduce construction time and improve the quality of work performed. The idea of the agreement provided for the identification of the reserve capabilities of all participants in the construction and the constant coordination of their actions. Coordinating Council from the very beginning headed by the director of "Lengidroproekt".
The first cubic meter of concrete was laid into the spillway of the dam on December 26, 1972. The channel of the Yenisei was blocked on October 11, 1975. The construction of the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP was carried out with a phased development.
Each of the ten HPP turbines, equipped with an impeller made of stainless cavitation-resistant steel 6.77 meters in diameter and weighing 156 tons, is capable of developing a kW power at a design head of 194 meters. The first two generators of the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP were put into operation with temporary hydraulic turbine runners capable of operating at low pressures. This made it possible to generate electricity even at partial pressure, starting from 60 meters.
To ensure the launch of the first hydraulic unit at the appointed time, the filling of the reservoir was hastily started. Only a sanitary pass was dropped into the lower pool. At the same time, the possibility of discharging water from the reservoir in case of any unforeseen circumstances was not provided.
The turbine hall of the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP was built on the basis of a spatial cross-rod structure, which was first used in the practice of building hydroelectric power plants. It consists of unified metal elements Moscow Architectural Institute(MARCHI). The ceiling and walls of the hall serve as a barrier for equipment and people from external environment. The design did not take into account the loads associated with the action of hydraulic processes during the operation of spillways and units. Therefore, due to increased vibration, once every three years, after each idle spillway, it is necessary to examine thousands of structural units with the measurement of gaps in the docking units.
II. Accident at the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP
The accident at the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP is an industrial man-made disaster that occurred on August 17, 2009. As a result of the accident, 75 people died, the equipment and premises of the station were damaged. serious damage. The power generation station has been suspended. The consequences of the accident affected environmental situation water area adjacent to the HPP, on the social and economic spheres region. This accident is the largest disaster in history at a hydropower facility in Russia and one of the most significant in the history of world hydropower. “The accident is unique,” said, in particular, the Minister of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences natural Disasters S. K. Shoigu. “Nothing like this has ever been seen in world practice.” Nevertheless, the assessment of the consequences of the disaster in the expert and political community is ambiguous. The accident caused a great public outcry, becoming one of the most discussed events in the media in 2009.
1. Disaster
At the time of the accident, the load on the station was 4100 MW, out of 10 hydroelectric units, 9 were in operation (hydraulic unit No. 6 was under repair). At 8:13 local time on August 17, 2009 there was a sudden destruction of the hydraulic unit No. 2 with the flow of significant volumes of water through the shaft of the hydraulic unit under high pressure. The power plant personnel, who were in the engine room, heard a loud bang in the area of hydroelectric unit No. 2 and saw a release powerful pillar water.
Streams of water quickly flooded the engine room and the rooms below it. All hydraulic units of the hydroelectric power station were flooded, while short circuits occurred on the working hydroelectric generators, which put them out of action. There was a complete load shedding of the hydroelectric power station, which led, among other things, to a de-energization of the station itself. A light and sound alarm went off at the central control panel of the station, after which the control panel was de-energized - operational communication, power supply to lighting, automation and signaling devices were lost. Automatic systems, stopping hydraulic units, worked only on hydraulic unit No. 5, the guide vane of which was automatically closed. The gates at the water intakes of other hydraulic units remained open, and water continued to flow through the water lines to the turbines, which led to the destruction of hydraulic units No. 7 and 9 (the stators and crosses of the generators were badly damaged). Water flows and flying fragments of hydroelectric units completely destroyed the walls and floors of the turbine hall in the area of hydraulic aggregates No. 2, 3, 4. Hydroaggregates No. 3, 4 and 5 were littered with fragments of the turbine hall. Employees of the station, who had such an opportunity, promptly left the scene of the accident.
2. Causes of the accident
The act of technical investigation of the causes of the accident that occurred on August 17, 2009 in the branch of the Open Joint Stock Company RusHydro - Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP named after PS Neporozhny. The act contains general information about the hydroelectric power plant, listing the events that preceded the accident, describes the course of the accident, lists the causes and events that influenced the development of the accident. immediate cause accident by this act was formulated as follows:
Due to the repeated occurrence of additional loads of a variable nature on the hydraulic unit associated with crossings through a non-recommended zone, fatigue damage was formed and developed on the attachment points of the hydraulic unit, including the turbine cover. The destruction of the studs caused by dynamic loads led to the failure of the turbine cover and the depressurization of the water supply path of the hydraulic unit.
From the report of the parliamentary commission to investigate the circumstances related to the occurrence emergency man-made nature at the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP, the causes of the accident are formulated as follows:
The accident at the SSHHPP with numerous human casualties was the result of a number of reasons of a technical, organizational and regulatory legal nature. Most of these reasons are systemic and multifactorial in nature, including the unacceptably low responsibility of the operating personnel, the unacceptably low responsibility and professionalism of the plant management, and the abuse of power by the plant management.
The constant monitoring of the technical condition of the equipment by the operational and maintenance personnel was not properly organized. The main cause of the accident was the failure to take measures to promptly shut down the second hydraulic unit and find out the causes of vibration.
III. Effects
1. Social consequences
At the time of the accident, there were 116 people in the engine room of the station, including one person on the roof of the hall, 52 people on the floor of the hall (327 m mark) and 63 people in indoor areas below the floor level of the hall (at elevations of 315 and 320 m). Of these, 15 people were employees of the station, the rest were employees of various contracting organizations that carried out repair work ( most of of them - employees - Shushensky Hydroenergoremont"). In total, there were about 300 people on the territory of the station (including outside the zone affected by the accident). As a result of the accident, 75 people died and 13 people were injured. The body of the last deceased was found on September 23 . Full list of the dead, indicating the places where the bodies were found, was published in the act of the technical investigation of the commission of Rostekhnadzor. A large number of The death toll is explained by the presence of most people in the internal premises of the station below the floor level of the turbine hall and the rapid flooding of these premises.
From the first day of the accident, estimates of the chances of survival of people who could be inside the water-flooded turbine hall were disappointing.
The lack of official information about the accident and the state of the dam during the first hours, interruptions in communication, and, later, distrust of the statements of local authorities, based on experience, caused panic in the settlements lying downstream of the river - Cheryomushki, Sayanogorsk, Abakan, Minusinsk . Residents hurriedly left to stay with relatives, away from the dam, and to nearby high ground, leading to numerous queues at gas stations, traffic jams, and car accidents.
2. Environmental impact
The accident rendered negative impact on the environment: oil from the lubrication baths of the thrust bearings of hydraulic units, from the destroyed control systems of the guide vanes and transformers got into the Yenisei, the resulting slick stretched for 130 km. Overall volume oil leaks from the station equipment amounted to 436.5 m 3, of which approximately 45 m 3 of predominantly turbine oil fell into the river. In order to prevent further spread of oil along the river, booms were installed; to facilitate the collection of oil, a special sorbent was used, but it was not possible to promptly stop the distribution of oil products; the stain was completely eliminated only on August 24, clean-up activities coastal strip scheduled for completion by December 31, 2009. Water pollution with oil products has led to the death of about 400 tons of industrial trout in fish farms located downstream of the river; there were no facts of fish death in the Yenisei itself. The total amount of environmental damage is tentatively estimated at 63 million rubles.
In the village of Maina, due to the failure of the purification filters, water intake from the Yenisei was suspended, which caused a violation of the centralized water supply of the village. The local authorities organized the delivery of water by tank trucks according to the schedule; 40% of the population of the village of Maina temporarily used water from wells. For 1.8 thousand elderly and disabled people who could not bring water to their homes, bottled water was delivered by the local branch of the Red Cross with funding from the European Commission in the amount of 10.5 thousand euros.
IV. Conclusion
Maybe once the world's best Soviet energy system exhausted itself, and the technical policy of the post-Soviet leadership of the industry turned out to be untenable?
What happened is a harbinger of what Russian leaders have long feared: the inexorable degradation of infrastructure Soviet era. Everything from power plants to ports, airports, pipelines and railways to the city's thermal power plant and the Moscow metro - almost everything needs urgent repairs.
…These tragic events must once again remind us of enough simple things which, unfortunately, we often forget - that security control systems, the infrastructure of Russian enterprises as a whole are this moment require utmost attention. In a number of cases, this infrastructure is inefficient and needs to be urgently modernized, otherwise we will pay with the most difficult things.
List of used literature
1. Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
2. Geography of Russia. Atlas. Roskartografiya, 2008
3. Russia in numbers. M., 2006
4. Member countries of the CIS. Statistical Yearbook. 2002
5. Rustling placement of the electric power industry. M., 2005
6. Website "Wikipedia".
It would seem that they have been established, and the perpetrators have been brought to justice. However, there is still an opinion that the accident at the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP was planned.
Multiple factor
As a rule, any man-made disaster consists of trifles in which the human factor is involved, and it does not matter whether it is criminal connivance or elementary negligence. The accident at the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station (SSHHPP), which occurred on the morning of August 17, 2009, was no exception. Due to the escape of thousands of cubic meters of water and subsequent destruction, 75 people died and 13 were injured.
The Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP was officially put into operation in 2000: the corresponding document was signed by Anatoly Chubais. The investigation noted that the head of RAO "UES of Russia" approved the Act of the Central Commission for the acceptance into operation of the hydropower complex of the SSHHPP "without comprehensive evaluation information available at that time about its functioning.
And then followed a chain of bureaucratic abuses and violations of the norms of exploitation, which ultimately led to disastrous consequences. As the head of Rostekhnadzor Nikolai Kutyin noted, the accident occurred due to a combination of various reasons: design, operational and repair. [S-BLOCK]
In particular, it was found that in a matter of hours before the accident, the second hydroelectric unit of the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station reached exorbitant capacities six times, and the vibration increased four times during this time. However, no one sounded the alarm.
The main cause of the disaster was stress fatigue of the fasteners (studs) of the design of hydroelectric unit No. 2, which, with increased vibration, led to their rupture and, as a result, to the destruction of the turbine cover and water breakthrough. Summing up the results of the investigation, the chairman of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Alexander Aseev, said that the fastening studs were made of steel "not capable of withstanding the necessary loads."
Biggest disaster
To date, the accident at the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP is the largest disaster in Russian history at a hydropower facility. Sergei Shoigu compared this accident in terms of its impact on the economic and sociological aspects of life in Russia with a catastrophe in Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The accident at the SSHHPP caused a great public outcry and became, perhaps, the most discussed event of 2009 in the media. In particular, many reviews of witnesses of this disaster were published.
For example, Oleg Myakishev, an employee of the SSHHPP, recalled how he heard a growing rumble, and then saw how the cover of the hydroelectric unit was rearing and rising. “Then I saw a rotor rise from under it. He was spinning. Myakishev continues. My eyes didn't believe it. He climbed three meters. Stones flew, pieces of reinforcement, we began to dodge them. I figured: water rises, 380 cubic meters per second, and - tear, in the direction of the tenth unit. I thought I wouldn't make it."
Raging streams of water in a matter of seconds flooded the engine room and the rooms below it. All 10 hydraulic units were under water, after which a series of short circuits occurred that disabled the machines. Hydro units No. 7 and No. 9 were completely destroyed, under the streams of water and flying fragments of structures, the walls and ceilings of the turbine hall in the area of hydro units No. 2, No. 3 and No. 4 also collapsed. The area of destruction reached 1200 square meters.
Effects
The accident at the SSHHPP led to a large power shortage in the entire energy system of Siberia. The power supply was limited whole line enterprises of Kuzbass, temporary restrictions affected the largest metallurgical enterprises, including the Novokuznetsk Iron and Steel Works and the West Siberian Iron and Steel Works, as well as a number of coal mines and cuts.
Power engineers seriously reduced the load on the Krasnoyarsk aluminum plant and the Kemerovo ferroalloy plant and completely de-energized the Sayan and Khakas aluminum plants. Less than a day after the accident, as in several fishing farms located downstream of the Yenisei, a massive sea trout began. [S-BLOCK]
All property of the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP was insured by ROSNO for the amount of $200 million. In addition, each employee of the complex was insured by ROSNO for 500,000 rubles. 18 dead and 1 injured were insured by Rosgosstrakh LLC, total amount payments exceeded 800 thousand rubles.
Property risks were also reinsured for international market, mostly in the Munich Re Group. With the German company, all disputes were settled without special problems, but with the Swiss insurer Infrassure Ltd, litigation over the payment of more than 800 million rubles dragged on for as much as 3 years.
The catastrophe at the SSHHPP forced the authorities to monitor the state of other water power complexes. Yes, in policy brief The Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation, which dealt with the problems of JSC RusHydro, noted that at many stations of the company “there is an operation of obsolete and physically worn equipment that has exhausted the standard park resource of 25-30 years, the wear of which amounted to almost 50%”, and “the degree wear certain types hydraulic equipment - hydraulic turbines and hydro generators, hydraulic structures - exceeded 60% or reached a critical level.
Cyber attack?
Far from all the conclusions of the commissions investigating the accident at the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP satisfied Gennady Rassokhin, a power engineer by profession. According to the documents of Rostekhnadzor and the parliamentary commission, the main cause of the accident was metal fatigue of the studs securing the turbine cover on hydroelectric unit No. 2.
However, Rassokhin wonders why there are traces of the so-called “temper colors” on the fracture surfaces of the studs, which are characteristic only for “fresh” surfaces of metal fractures, and not for surfaces with a long fracture? Such a discrepancy may suggest a planned disaster.
At one time, Edward Snowden published materials confirming that the United States National Security Agency full swing is preparing for future digital wars, the goal of which is complete control over the world through the Internet. In particular, it was noted there that the Politerain project, run by the NSA, is creating a team of so-called "digital snipers", whose task is to disable computers that control the operation of water supply systems, power plants, factories, airports, as well as the interception of cash flows. [S-BLOCK]
A blogger, programmer and physicist by training, who introduces himself as Mr. Andrey, put forward alternative version accidents at the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP. In his opinion, the root cause of the disaster was the Stuxnet virus, which, as an element of cyber weapons, was previously used to undermine the Russian economy.
Indeed, military analysts recognize that Stuxnet is a new milestone in the development of cyber weapons. Today he confidently crossed the threshold virtual space and began to threaten not only informational, but also real-life objects.
Mr. Andrey describes his scenario that happened at the SSHGES. At that moment, when an accident occurred at the second hydraulic unit due to resonance, the equipment was controlled by automation, the blogger claims. The manual control for constant power output was disabled and the unit was operating in load ripple compensation mode to the power systems Western Siberia. [S-BLOCK]
The programmer also draws attention to the fact that in March 2009, Ukrainian specialists worked at the facility, who, in the process of checking the equipment (during a scheduled repair), took the parameters of resonant frequencies from the second unit. Where and in what hands this data fell is unknown, but it can be assumed, comments Mr. Andrey.
Possessing these data, according to the expert, it was not difficult to swing the system of the unit through the control microcontroller so that it would gradually, over several hours, "drive a turbine unit with an electric generator on one shaft into the resonance zone." Naturally, they didn’t think about any information security then, despite the fact that this system had direct access to the Internet, the blogger concludes.
Early on the morning of August 17, an accident occurred at Russia's largest hydroelectric power plant, Sayano-Shushenskaya, which killed at least eight people and left more than 50 missing. The local population, taught by the bitter experience of previous man-made disasters, in a panic began to leave their homes. Local authorities trying to reassure people by saying that there is no threat of flooding cities.
The accident at the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station occurred at about eight in the morning local time (about 4:00 Moscow time). Initially, little was known about the nature of the accident - only some damage was reported to the third and fourth conduits of the HPP, which led to the destruction of the wall and flooding of the turbine hall. For non-specialists - and they are mostly journalists - these words meant practically nothing, just like the fact that the emergency happened during the repair of one of the hydroelectric units.
However, the fact that there were victims as a result of this incident clearly spoke of one thing - the case was not an ordinary one. The death toll has been constantly changing and has not yet been established for certain. In addition to the eight HPP workers officially declared dead, eight (according to other sources, seven) injured and more than fifty are reported (according to the UPC of the Russian Federation - 54, according to regional Ministry of Emergency Situations- 68) missing.
In many respects, the data on the accident itself also differ. The investigative committee under the prosecutor's office, which opened a criminal case under the article "violation of labor protection rules," believes that an explosion occurred at the station. As ITAR-TASS was told by UPC official representative Vladimir Markin, one of the units was being repaired in the engine room, during which an oil-filled transformer exploded. The explosion broke through the wall of the hall and collapsed its ceiling. Following this, the room began to fill with water, which, perhaps, caused the death of people.
In turn, the RusHydro company, which operates the hydroelectric power station, claims that there was no explosion, and the accident occurred as a result of "a strong shock (presumably a water hammer), the cause of which is being investigated." According to the company, after this shock, the second hydraulic unit of the hydroelectric power station was completely destroyed and the engine room was partially destroyed. In addition, the seventh and ninth hydraulic units were severely damaged.
An explanation is needed here. In total, there are 10 hydraulic units in the turbine hall of the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP, which convert the energy of the water flow into electricity. Thus, the building destroyed as a result of the accident is one of the key ones at the entire HPP.
Approximately an hour after the emergency, the station's specialists and rescuers of the Ministry of Emergency Situations closed the emergency gates of all hydroelectric units, after which the water supply stopped. RusHydro noted that the destruction of the dam, hydraulic structures and water pipes were not found.
However, the accident seriously affected the work of many enterprises that receive electricity from hydroelectric power plants. In particular, according to RIA Novosti, the Sayan and Khakas aluminum smelters were shut down, the load on the Krasnoyarsk aluminum smelter, the Kuznetsk ferroalloy plant and the Novokuznetsk aluminum smelter were reduced. Six factories were stopped in Altai. A number of Kuzbass coal mines faced the limitation of electricity supply. In addition, Tomsk power engineers started rolling power cuts, and this affected both enterprises and residential buildings. Energy supply of Khakassia, Altai Territory and Kemerovo region also decided to limit
At the same time, both power engineers and rescuers assure that nothing threatens the inhabitants of Siberia. However, shortly after the emergency, both President Dmitry Medvedev and Prime Minister Vladimir Putin were informed about the current situation. They instructed the head of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation, Sergei Shoigu, to fly to Abakan and personally supervise the work to eliminate the accident. In addition, the same order was given to the head of the Ministry of Energy, Sergei Shmatko. Deputy Prime Minister Igor Sechin was instructed to form a commission for the speedy restoration of the work of the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP.
An operational headquarters, created shortly after the accident, is already working at the accident site, headed by Vasily Zubakin, Acting Chairman of the Board of JSC RusHydro. In addition, according to RIA Novosti, the entire management of the design organization of the station - the St. Petersburg "Lengidroproekt" - flew to the hydroelectric power station.
Shortly after the accident, Sergei Shoigu held a briefing at which he once again stated that there was no threat to the residents of settlements located in the area of the hydroelectric power station, since the dam was not damaged. He warned that in situations like this, there will always be people who will sow panic. But it was too late - the panic had already begun.
According to eyewitnesses who contacted RIA Novosti, Komsomolskaya Pravda and other publications, the first thing that came to mind was residents of the village of Cheryomushki, the nearest locality to the hydroelectric power station. The panic arose because of rumors that the dam might not withstand and the waters of the Yenisei would wash away everything that gets in their way. Then these fears gripped the residents of Sayanogorsk, Shushenskoye and Minusinsk. And we reached the capital of Khakassia - Abakan.
By this time, columns of cars of those who decided that it would be safer there than at home were already driving to Abakan. Many kilometers of traffic jams formed at gas stations and highways; people bought matches, candles, groceries and essentials from stores that were gradually closing. Started to fail cellular and the Internet - the network could not withstand the load.
At the same time, there were no real reasons for such a panic - the water level in the Yenisei did not rise, the cities did not even begin to flood, and the evacuation was not announced. Moreover, the leaders of the region, Chairman of the Government of Khakassia Viktor Zimin and Mayor of Abakan Nikolai Bulakin, addressed the local population, who denied rumors of a possible flood and asked people to calm down. However, this was not so easy to do - the memory of hushing up what happened at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant is fresh even after 23 years.
Meanwhile, there are already suggestions about when the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP will start working again. The head of RusHydro, Vasily Zubakin, suggested that it would take several months to restore the HPP. At the same time, he added that the restoration of completely destroyed hydroelectric units could take years. Sergei Shoigu agreed with this, emphasizing the importance of distributing energy flows in such a way that the local population and enterprises do not feel a shortage of electricity.
After the accident, several more issues arose that need to be resolved in as soon as possible. The first of them is the elimination of an oil slick five kilometers long, formed as a result of the accident. According to the press service of JSC RusHydro, this spot has already been localized in the area of the Mainskaya HPP, but the rescuers have yet to collect it.
Another task is to pay compensation to the relatives of the dead and injured. According to RIA Novosti with reference to the press service of the company ROSNO, which insured HPP employees, they can receive up to 500 thousand rubles of insurance payments. At the same time, as already mentioned, the number of dead and injured cannot be established until about 50 missing station employees are found.
On the morning of August 17, 2009, a hydraulic unit collapsed in the engine room. Everyone who was there died. Thanks to the competent actions of the station workers, an even more serious tragedy was prevented. The dam could break. As a result, the territories and cities located below were threatened with flooding. The victims would have numbered in the thousands.
All the consequences of the accident have been eliminated, and the HPP itself has actually become new station and one of the most productive in the country.
8:30 am, Monday morning, August 17, 2009. At the hydraulic unit number two, there are ten of them, it breaks the studs of the fasteners - powerful bolts.
“I heard the sound of torn metal, turned around and saw how the generator’s cross was rising in the area of the second unit, so dark,” recalls Sergey Ignatov, an employee of the SSHGES.
From the epicenter of the accident, Sergei Ignatov was some 50 meters away, he barely had time to shout to the cleaning women: “Run!”, As the first wave went.
A structure weighing almost two thousand tons is literally thrown out of its nest. Water floods the engine room, generators burn one after another, and the turbines go wild, scattering iron around and forming funnels that suck everything in. Automation doesn't work. The station is completely de-energized. There is almost no connection.
“Of course, it was necessary, firstly, to sort it out rather quickly. Secondly, to do everything that is necessary to immediately, in the first hours, I would like, of course, minutes, to stop the flow of water, ”says Sergei Shoigu.
In order to do this, the surviving employees of the HPP climb the stairs in pitch darkness to the top of the dam and manually lower the emergency gates on the ridge, blocking ten water conduits one by one, through each of which a train could pass.
“After we dropped the shutters, the fog began to dissipate, and we began to see a mangled engine room, torn ITCs. I asked myself a question, am I dreaming or is this reality, sleeping or reality, ”recalls Nikolai Tretyakov, an employee of the SSHGES.
In the very first hours, aid begins to arrive from several regions of Russia at once. More than 2.5 thousand rescuers were sent to clear the rubble and search for people. There are presumably dozens of people in the flooded premises of the station. Relatives of those who did not leave the station are on duty around the clock in the palace of culture of the village of hydropower engineers, waiting for at least some news.
“For two days it was the most terrible tension, to come to relatives to say that we have not yet found,” recalls Viktor Zimin, acting governor of Khakassia.
Only on the fourth day is it possible to pump out a caustic mixture of water and machine oil. The number of missing people is declining, while the death toll is rising. There are also survivors.
Here at the hydroelectric power station, Vladimir Putin gives instructions - not to leave anyone in trouble.
“Iron will be restored, people will not be returned, this is the biggest problem ... Now the main thing is to help people ... Payments to children under the age of eighteen,” the president ordered.
Assistance to the relatives of the victims - almost from the first days after the accident. First, the support of psychologists, then the payment of monetary compensation. In addition to a million rubles from the owner of the hydroelectric power station, the RusHydro company, each family received the same amount from the budget of Khakassia.
"Then we made up, the first experience was, social passport, for every family. Children, diseases, relatives, everything, everything about the family. And what kind of help can we give them. We gave all the children apartments at that time. They guaranteed education,” says Viktor Zimin.
Someone needed help in repaying loans, someone needed housing, someone in employment. Yulia Zholob, who lost her husband in an accident nine years ago, returned to the station again, where she now runs the local museum.
“We are paid scholarships for children who study. We were employed, we are all working, that is, everything that was promised has been done. Now everything is done to ensure that this never happens again, I'm not afraid,” says Yulia Zholob.
As soon as the rescue operation ended, the restoration of the station began, because the failure of such an energy giant almost stopped Siberian metallurgy.
“Of course, here in many ways it was lucky or helped, or rather, it was unlucky what is still in Soviet time a unified energy system was created, which overlapped each other in many respects, and due to such switching and connection of Nazarovskaya GRES, Berezovskaya GRES, others, Krasnoyarskaya HPP, naturally, it was possible to equalize the supply of electricity to such large complexes, like the Sayan aluminum plant, the Krasnoyarsk aluminum plant, ”Sergey Shoigu explained.
An order for the manufacture of new hydraulic units received Russian manufacturer power machines. While the engineers got to work, it was decided to repair on the spot what was least damaged. Excess water had to be drained through idle spillways not intended for operation during the cold season. And throughout the first winter, the employees of the hydroelectric power station manually cut off blocks of ice that were freezing on the dam. In order for the station to be able to regulate the spring flood, a coastal spillway was completed in a short time.
“Once again I want to return to the words of gratitude to all those who participated in this great job, and pay tribute to the professionalism of those who worked at the hydroelectric power station, their courage, ”Sergei Shoigu thanked.
Even the delivery of new turbines was like a special operation. giant wheels transported from St. Petersburg along the Northern sea route overcoming two more dams. The restoration of the HPP was completed only by the autumn of 2014, when all ten hydroelectric units were replaced.
Now the station's engine room looks almost the same as before the accident. But there are still changes. During the recovery, for example, closed stairs appeared, through which employees can climb to flood-free marks. Nine years ago, when the accident happened, everyone who was here had to run to the very end of the turbine hall.
However, there are many more invisible changes. The entire security system has been completely overhauled. The automation of the hydroelectric power station has been moved to a level where there can be no water. Emergency shutdown of turbines and reset of shutters can now be done with one hand movement.
After the tragedy, they say locals, the village of hydropower engineers did not go unnoticed. Schools have been reconstructed, a sports and recreation complex has been opened, roads have been repaired. Tourists from all over the country again come to admire the famous Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station, which received a second birth.
