Novosibirsk is the third in Russia
There are many settlements - cities, towns and villages in the Russian Trans-Urals, and the most Big city is the capital of Siberia. Novosibirsk ranks third in Russia in terms of population after Moscow and St. Petersburg. According to 2009 data, 1.397 million people are registered in Novosibirsk. April 30, 1893 is considered to be the birthday of the city, but, despite its youth, it is impossible to talk about Novosibirsk without using the word “most”. Firstly, the city is located on the banks of the longest river in Russia - the Ob. The length of the Ob with its main tributary, the Irtysh, is 5,410 km.
Secondly, the city has the largest opera and ballet theater in Russia, in terms of area, which is calling card Novosibirsk. The theater building is an example of modernist architecture of the late 1920s. During the construction of the theater, many unique constructive solutions, for example, the structure of the theater dome. The dome was designed by B.F. Mater and P.L. Pasternak, the diameter of the dome is 60 meters with a thickness of only 8 centimeters - this is the largest dome of this design in the world.
Theatre, Trans-Siberian Railway
In May 1931, the laying of the building was carried out. And already on August 1, 1941, the official opening of the theater was planned. But the war made its own adjustments, and the opening of the theater took place on May 12, 1945. During the war, the evacuated exhibits from the museums of Moscow and Leningrad were kept in the building of the future theater.
The beginning of the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway (1891) gave impetus to the development of the city's industry. Before October revolution 1917 Novosibirsk (until 1925 - Novonikolaevsk) was a trade - industrial center Western Siberia. The leading industry in those years was the flour milling industry.
Novosibirsk factories
The largest plant "Trud", founded in 1904, produced spare parts for the mechanisms of mills, oil refineries and agricultural machinery. Before the war of 1941-1945, many industrial enterprises, among them a tin plant, "Sibcombin", a plant of boring machines. In 1936, an aircraft manufacturing plant was opened, which in 1939 was named after Valery Pavlovich Chkalov.
The second powerful impetus to the development of industry was given by the Great Patriotic War. Many enterprises from Leningrad and other cities of the USSR were evacuated to the largest city in Siberia, due to this, production for the front increased by 8 times: only Yak fighters for the front were produced up to 33 aircraft per day.
Modern Novosibirsk
In modern Novosibirsk, there are 214 enterprises that produce 2/3 of the volume of all products of the Novosibirsk region. The leading industries of the city include mechanical engineering, metallurgy, energy, chemical, light and food industries. In 1985, the first metro stations were opened in Novosibirsk. This is the very first metro beyond the Urals with the world's longest covered metro bridge.
The city grew and developed rapidly, in just a few decades a small town with a population of 100 thousand people became a millionaire city. Only Chicago can boast of such growth rates. Novosibirsk (Novonikolaevsk) was the center of the Russian Empire. In this place, in honor of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty, a chapel was built in the name of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, designed by the famous architect A.D. Kryachkov.
The chapel is a symbol of Novosibirsk
The project of the chapel was made in the style of Novgorod-Pskov architecture of the XII-XIV centuries. In 1933, by order of the city council, "taking into account the wishes of the working masses and taking into account the improvement of the city," the chapel was destroyed. By the 100th anniversary of the city, in 1993, the Nikolskaya chapel was re-erected. The project of the new chapel was carried out by the architect P.A. Chernobrovtsev.
Novosibirsk has also gained worldwide fame thanks to its unique zoo, which occupies one of the leading places in the world in terms of conservation. rare species animals.
The largest city in Siberia continues to grow and develop actively. great attention paid not only to the construction of new modern buildings but also the preservation of historical architectural heritage.
Andrey Koshelev, Samogo.Net
Population of Siberia
The population of Siberia is about 24 million people. The largest cities of Siberia are Novosibirsk 1 million 390 thousand, Omsk 1 million 131 thousand, Krasnoyarsk 936.4 thousand, Barnaul 597 thousand, Irkutsk 575.8 thousand, Novokuznetsk 562 thousand people, Tyumen 538 thousand people. Ethnically, the main part of the population is Russian, but many others live in this territory. ethnic groups and nationalities such as the Buryats, Dolgans, Nenets, Komi, Khakases, Chukchi, Evenks, Yakuts, etc.
The peoples of Siberia differed greatly in language, economic structure and social development.
Yukagirs, Chukchi, Koryaks, Itelmens, Nivkhs, as well as Asian Eskimos were at the earliest stage. social organization. Their development went in the direction of patriarchal-tribal orders, and some features were already evident (patriarchal family, slavery), but elements of matriarchy were still preserved: there was no division into clans and tribal exogamy.
Most of the peoples of Siberia were at various levels of the patriarchal-tribal system.
These are Evenks, Kuznetsk and Chulym Tatars, Kotts, Kachintsy and other tribes of Southern Siberia. Remnants of the patriarchal tribal relations were preserved among many tribes that embarked on the path of class formation. These are the Yakuts, the ancestors of the Buryats, the Daurs, the Duchers, the Khanty-Mansiysk tribes.
Only the Siberian Tatars, defeated by Yermak, had their own statehood.
Population Eastern Siberia
The total urban population is 71.5%. The most urbanized Irkutsk region. and Krasnoyarsk Territory. The rural population dominates autonomous regions: in the Buryat Ust-Orda district there is no urban population at all, in the Buryat Aginsk district it is only 32%, and in the Evenki district - 29%.
The current migration growth of the population of the ESER is negative (-2.5 pers.
per 1000 inhabitants), which causes depopulation of the population of the region. Moreover, negative migration from the Taimyr and Evenk Autonomous Regions is an order of magnitude higher than the average and creates the prospect of complete depopulation of these regions.
The population density in the region is extremely low, four times lower than the Russian average.
In the Evenki district, it is three people per 100 km2 - a record low level in the country. And only in the south - in the forest-steppe Khakassia, the population density is close to the average Russian one.
The economically active population of Eastern Siberia was 50%, which is close to the national average.
About 23% of the working population was employed in industry (in Russia, respectively, 22.4% and 13.3%). The level of general unemployment is very high (in the Republics of Buryatia and Tyva, as well as in the Chita region.
The unemployment rate in the FEDA is quite high, and its composition is high specific gravity hidden unemployment.
The ethnic composition of the population of Eastern Siberia was formed as a result of centuries-old mixing of the indigenous Turkic-Mongolian and Russian Slavic population with the participation of small small peoples of Siberia, including those living in the taiga regions and in the Far North.
The peoples of the Turkic group live in the upper reaches of the Yenisei - Tuvans, Khakasses.
Representatives of the Mongolian group, the Buryats, live in the mountains and steppes of Cis-Baikal and Transbaikalia, in the taiga regions of the central part Krasnoyarsk Territory- Evenks belonging to the Tungus-Manzhur language group. The Taimyr Peninsula is inhabited by the Nenets, Nganasans, and the Yurk-speaking Dolgans (related to the Yakuts).
In the lower reaches of the Yenisei, a small people lives, the Kets, who have an isolated language that does not belong to any of the groups. All these peoples, with the exception of the extremely small Kets and Nganasans, have their own national-territorial formations - republics or districts.
Most of The population of Eastern Siberia adheres to the Orthodox faith, with the exception of the Buryats and Tuvans, who are Buddhists (Lamaists). The small peoples of the North and the Evenks retain traditional pagan beliefs.
Population of the West Siberian region
The total urban population is 71%.
The most urbanized are the Kemerovo region, where the number of urban residents reaches 87%, and the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - 91%.
At the same time, in the Republic of Altai, 75% of the population are rural residents.
The area varies in population density. Highly high density population in the Kemerovo region. - about 32 people/km2.
The minimum density in the polar Yamal-Nenets District- 0.7 people/km2.
The economically active population of Western Siberia was 50%, slightly above the national average. About 21% of the working population was employed in industry, and about 13.2% in agriculture.
The level of general unemployment in Western Siberia was below the Russian average only in the Tyumen region.
In other regions, it exceeded the national average. In terms of the level of registered unemployment, all regions were in the worst position relative to the average Russian indicator (1.4%), except for the Novosibirsk region. Most registered unemployed in Tomsk region- 2.1% of the economically active population. In the oil-producing Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug, their number is 1.5 times higher than the average for Russia.
The ethnic composition of the population of Western Siberia is represented by Slavic (mainly Russians), Ugric and Samoyedic (Khanty, Mansi, Nenets) and Turkic (Tatars, Kazakhs, Altaians, Shors) peoples.
The Russian population numerically predominates in all regions of the ZSER. Nenets included in the Samoyed language group Ural families, live mainly in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and are its indigenous people. Khanty and Mansi, included in Ugric group Ural family, live in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. Turkic peoples- Kazakhs and Tatars live in the steppe and forest-steppe zones, and Altaians and Shors live in mountainous areas Altai and Mountain Shoria in the Kemerovo region.
The Russian population of Western Siberia is mainly Orthodox, believing Tatars and Kazakhs are Muslims, Altaians and Shors are partly Orthodox, some adhere to traditional pagan beliefs.
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Indigenous population of Siberia. Population of Western and Eastern Siberia
Siberia occupies a vast geographical area of Russia. Once it included such neighboring states as Mongolia, Kazakhstan and part of China. Today this territory belongs exclusively to Russian Federation. Despite the huge area settlements comparatively few in Siberia.
Most of the region is occupied by tundra and steppe.
Description of Siberia
The whole territory is divided into Eastern and Western regions. In rare cases, theologians also define the Southern region, which is highlands Altai.
The area of Siberia is about 12.6 million square kilometers. km. This is approximately 73.5% of common territory RF. Interestingly, Siberia is larger in area than Canada.
Of the main natural areas, in addition to East and Western regions, allocate the Baikal region and the Altai mountains.
The largest rivers are the Yenisei, Irtysh, Angara, Ob, Amur and Lena. Taimyr, Baikal and Ubsu-Nur are considered the most significant lake areas.
From an economic point of view, cities such as Novosibirsk, Tyumen, Omsk, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Ulan-Ude, Tomsk, etc. can be called the centers of the region. 
most high point Belukha Mountain is considered to be Siberian - over 4.5 thousand meters.
Population history
Historians call the Samoyed tribes the first inhabitants of the region.
This people lived in the northern part. Due to the harsh climate, reindeer herding was the only occupation. They ate mainly fish from adjacent lakes and rivers. The Mansi people lived in the southern part of Siberia. Their favorite pastime was hunting. The Mansi traded in furs, which were highly valued by Western merchants.
The Turks are another significant population of Siberia.
They lived in the upper reaches of the Ob River. They were engaged in blacksmithing and cattle breeding. Many Turkic tribes were nomadic. Buryats lived a little to the west of the mouth of the Ob. They became famous for the extraction and processing of iron.
The most numerous ancient population of Siberia was represented by the Tungus tribes. They settled in the territory Sea of Okhotsk to the Yenisei. They made a living by reindeer herding, hunting and fishing.
The more prosperous were engaged in handicrafts. 
There were thousands of Eskimos on the coast of the Chukchi Sea. These tribes long time was the slowest cultural and social development. Their only tools are stone ax and spear. They were mainly engaged in hunting and gathering.
In the 17th century, there was a sharp jump in the development of the Yakuts and Buryats, as well as the northern Tatars.
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Native people
The population of Siberia today is made up of dozens of peoples.
Each of them, according to the Constitution of Russia, has its own right to national identification.
many nations Northern region even received autonomy within the Russian Federation with all the ensuing branches of self-government. This contributed not only to the lightning-fast development of the culture and economy of the region, but also to the preservation of local traditions and customs.
Indigenous people Siberia is mostly made up of Yakuts. Their number varies within 480 thousand people. Most of the population is concentrated in the city of Yakutsk - the capital of Yakutia.
The next largest people are the Buryats. There are more than 460 thousand of them. The capital of Buryatia is the city of Ulan-Ude. The main property of the republic is Lake Baikal. Interestingly, this region is recognized as one of the main Buddhist centers in Russia.
Tuvans are the population of Siberia, which, according to the latest census, numbers about 264 thousand people.
In the Republic of Tuva, shamans are still revered.
The population of such peoples as the Altaians and the Khakasses is almost equally divided: 72 thousand people each. The indigenous inhabitants of the districts are adherents of Buddhism. 
The Nenets population is only 45 thousand people. They live on Kola Peninsula. Throughout their history, the Nenets have been famous nomads.
Today, their priority income is reindeer herding.
Also on the territory of Siberia live such peoples as Evenki, Chukchi, Khanty, Shors, Mansi, Koryaks, Selkups, Nanais, Tatars, Chuvans, Teleuts, Kets, Aleuts and many others. Each of them has its own centuries-old traditions and legends.
Population
The dynamics of the demographic component of the region fluctuates significantly every few years.
This is due to the mass relocation of young people to southern cities Russia and sharp jumps in fertility and mortality. There are relatively few immigrants in Siberia. The reason for this is the harsh climate and specific conditions for life in the villages.
According to the latest data, the population of Siberia is about 40 million people. This is more than 27% of total people living in Russia.
The population is evenly distributed across the regions. In the northern part of Siberia, there are no large settlements due to poor living conditions. On average, there is 0.5 sq. km of land.
The most populous cities are Novosibirsk and Omsk with 1.57 and 1.05 million inhabitants respectively. Further along this criterion are Krasnoyarsk, Tyumen and Barnaul.
Peoples of Western Siberia
Cities account for about 71% of total strength region.
Most of the population is concentrated in the Kemerovo and Khanty-Mansiysk districts. However, the agricultural center Western region considered the Republic of Altai.
It is noteworthy that the Kemerovo District ranks first in terms of population density - 32 people/sq. km. 
The population of Western Siberia is 50% of able-bodied residents. Most of the employment is in industry and agriculture.
The region has one of the lowest unemployment rates in the country, with the exception of Tomsk Oblast and Khanty-Mansiysk.
Today the population of Western Siberia is Russians, Khanty, Nenets, Turks. By religion, there are Orthodox, Muslims, and Buddhists.
Population of Eastern Siberia
The share of urban residents varies within 72%. The most economically developed are the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Irkutsk Region.
From point of view Agriculture most important point The region is considered to be the Buryat Okrug. 
Every year the population of Eastern Siberia becomes less and less. AT recent times there is a sharp negative trend in migration and birth rates.
Also here is the most low density population in the country. In some areas, it is 33 square meters. km per person. The unemployment rate is high.
AT ethnic composition includes such peoples as Mongols, Turks, Russians, Buryats, Evenks, Dolgans, Kets, etc. Most of the population is Orthodox and Buddhists.
Siberia is vast geographic region in the northeastern part of Eurasia, bounded from the west by the Ural Mountains, from the east by the Far Eastern regions of Russia, from the north by the Northern Arctic Ocean, from the south by the border of neighboring states of Russia. But few people know that there was a city with the same name on this territory.
Atlas des enfance book: Liempire Rousset, Imprime à luuniversité Imperiale de Moscow, 1771.
Here I don't even know what to say. I have not found any other information about this city. I wonder where the authors got this fact from? On the other hand, the book was printed in the printing house of Moscow University. Dedicated to some kind of Kriegs commissar Glebov. Surely passed the censorship. So they didn’t just write like that.
It turns out that the same book was published under a different title: The Experience of Russian Geography. Imperial Moscow University, 1771. And there it is dedicated to all the governors of the then Russia, according to the list. And each sent a copy to correct errors and inaccuracies
Opening cities is my specialty, heh!
That's not all. The city of Tyumen used to be called differently. Again, this is not written anywhere else.
Book: Abulgachi-Bayadur-Khan Genealogical story about the Tatars, translated into French from a handwritten Tatar book, the work of Abulgachi-Bayadur-khan, and supplemented by a great number of reliable and curious notes about the direct current state North Asia with the required geographical maps, and from French into Russian at the Academy of Sciences. Published at the end of the 18th century. And part of the map from there. And the city of Siberia is very clearly visible on it.
Book: The Life and Glorious Deeds of Peter the Great, Autocrat of All Russia: [Text] : With the assumption [!] of a brief geographical and political history of the Russian state, Orfelin, Zakhariyya.
Actually everything is logical. For centuries, our areas have been called by the name of the main city.
By the way, I told a friend about my discovery here. The other day we met again. And he happily informs me that he saw an interview of the director of the Tobolsk Kremlin on some cable channel. And he said that yes, there was such a city of Siberia near Tobolsk.
It turns out that the city of Siberia is written in Wikipedia. Just search by name Qashlyk. Moreover, as I understand it, it is under this name (and also Isker) that the city of Siberia is mentioned in modern history.
Here it is on the people's map, just below Tobolsk.
One of the paintings painted in the second half of the 19th century by the Tobolsk artist M. S. Znamensky. As you can see, people still remembered about city of Siberia.
Fragment of the Ortelius map from 1570. The city of Siberia on the Ob and Great Perm on Vychegda are clearly visible.
Where we learn a little about the history of the Siberian kingdom before its conquest by Muscovy. And also who founded the city of Siberia:
The first Siberian king had, according to the chroniclers of the 17th century, very interesting name- Ivan. Though there was Magmet's law. That's very interesting, what exactly is the law and not faith. This is not the first time I have come across this definition - the law. It is different from the concept of faith. And this is a completely different view of the events of that time.
Someone Genghis killed Ivan. Also Tatar. Miller in his Description of the Siberian kingdom and all the cases that took place in it, St. Petersburg: Pri Imp. Acad. Sciences, 1750. - Tatars are the first and most important people of Siberia.
In addition to them, on the Irtysh River, as follows from the text, the Chud people live.
The city of Siberia was founded by King Mamet somewhere at the end of the 15th century, judging by the text. And the kingdom of Siberia for many years was part of the kingdom of Kazan.
By the way, a very interesting point. Ivan the Terrible became the first tsar in Russia, and before that we had only princes. But the Siberian, Astrakhan, Kazan and Crimean rulers were originally called kings. Why so, it is not clear. There was something, which we now don’t even know about, that put these lands and their rulers higher than the Russian principalities in the then table of ranks. Yes that Kazan and Siberia. There was the Kasimov kingdom, right next to Moscow. And there was a king and not a prince.
At the end of the text interesting fact- the names of the sons of Kuchum do not coincide with the names recorded in our current history. I already wrote about the Siberian princes.
Few know, but at the beginning of the 18th century Siberian princes still lived in Russia. And they did not just live, but were in the service of Peter the Great.
Between the Ural Mountains in the west and the Yenisei in the east, there is a vast territory called Western Siberia. Below is a list of cities in this area. The area occupied by the region is 15% of the entire territory of Russia. The population is 14.6 million people, according to 2010 data, which is 10% of the total population in the Russian Federation. It has a continental climate with severe winters and warm summers. On the territory of Western Siberia there are tundra, forest-tundra, forest, forest-steppe and steppe zones.
Novosibirsk
This city was founded in 1893. It is considered the largest city in Western Siberia and ranks third in terms of population in Russia. It is often called the Siberian capital. The population of Novosibirsk is 1.6 million people (as of 2017). The city is located on both banks of the Ob River.
Novosibirsk is also a large transport hub Russia, the Trans-Siberian Railway passes here. The city has many scientific buildings, libraries, universities and research institutes. This suggests that it is one of the cultural and scientific centers of the country.
Omsk
This city of Western Siberia was founded in 1716. From 1918 to 1920, the city was the capital of White Russia - a state under Kolchak, which did not last long. It is located on the left bank of the Om River, at its confluence with the Irtysh River. Omsk is considered a major transport hub, as well as the scientific and cultural center of Western Siberia. There are many cultural attractions that the city is interesting for tourists.
Tyumen
It is the oldest city in Western Siberia. Tyumen was founded in 1586 and is located 2000 kilometers from Moscow. She happens to be regional center two districts: Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets, and together with them constitutes the most large area In Russian federation. Tyumen is energy center Russia. The population of the city is 744 thousand people, according to 2017 data.
AT Tyumen region there are large production facilities for the extraction of petroleum products, so it can rightly be called the oil and gas capital of Russia. Companies such as Lukoil, Gazprom, TNK and Schlumberger are based here. Oil and gas production in Tyumen accounts for 2/3 of all oil and gas production in the Russian Federation. Mechanical engineering is also developed here. The central part of the city is concentrated a large number of factories.
The city has a lot of parks and squares, greenery and trees, many beautiful squares with fountains. Tyumen is famous for its magnificent embankment on the Tura River, this is the only four-level embankment in Russia. The largest drama theater is also located here, there is an international airport and a major railway junction.
Barnaul
This city in Western Siberia is administrative center Altai Territory. It is located 3400 kilometers from Moscow, at the place where the Barnaulka River flows into the Ob. It is a major industrial and transport center. The population for 2017 was 633 thousand people.
In Barnaul, you can see many unique sights. This city has a lot of greenery, parks and, in general, it is very clean. Altai nature, mountain landscapes, forests and a large number of rivers are especially pleasant for tourists.
The city has many theatres, libraries and museums, making it the educational and cultural center of Siberia.
Novokuznetsk
Another city in Western Siberia, belonging to Kemerovo region. It was founded in 1618 and was originally a fortress, at that moment it was called Kuznetsk. Modern city appeared in 1931, at that moment the construction of a metallurgical plant began, and the small settlement was given the status of a city and a new name. Novokuznetsk is located on the banks of the Tom River. The population for 2017 was 550 thousand people.
This city is considered an industrial center; there are many metallurgical and coal mining plants and enterprises on its territory.
Novokuznetsk has many cultural attractions that can interest tourists.
Tomsk
The city was founded in 1604 in the eastern part of Siberia, on the coast of the Tom River. In 2017, the population was 573 thousand people. It is considered the scientific and educational center of the Siberian region. Mechanical engineering and metalworking are well developed in Tomsk.
For tourists and historians, the city is interesting for its monuments of wooden and stone architecture of the 18th-20th centuries.
Kemerovo
This city in Western Siberia was founded in 1918 on the site of two villages. Until 1932 it was called Shcheglovsk. The population of Kemerovo in 2017 was 256 thousand people. The city is located on the banks of the rivers Tom and Iskitimka. It is the administrative center of the Kemerovo region.
Coal mining enterprises operate on the territory of Kemerovo. Also, the chemical, food and light industry. The city has an important economic, cultural, transport and industrial significance in Siberia.
Mound
This city was founded in 1679. The population for 2017 was 322 thousand people. People call Kurgan "Siberian gates". It is located on the left side of the Tobol River.
Kurgan is an important economic, cultural and scientific center. There are many factories and enterprises on its territory.
The city is known for the production of its buses, the BMP-3 and Kurganets-25 infantry fighting vehicles, and its medical achievements.
For tourists, Kurgan is interesting for its cultural attractions and monuments.
Surgut
This city of Western Siberia was founded in 1594 and is considered one of the first Siberian cities. In 2017, the population was 350 thousand people. It is a major river port in Siberian region. Surgut is considered an economic and transport center; the energy and oil industry is well developed here. The city has two of the most powerful thermal power plants in the world.
Since Surgut is an industrial city, there are not many attractions here. One of them is the Yugorsky bridge - the longest in Siberia, it is listed in the Guinness Book of Records.
Now you know which cities in Western Siberia are considered the largest. Each of them is unique, beautiful and interesting in its own way. Most of them were formed due to the development of the coal, oil and gas industries.
“Siberia… Far and close at the same time. If you get by train - far away, on foot - and even further. Closer by plane. And very close - with the soul, ”wrote the Russian publicist Yegor Isaev. With Mazda6 we were lucky enough to look into the very heart of Siberia, its former capital - the glorious city of Tobolsk.
0 km
Total route length
- Moscow city
- City of Tobolsk
Not of this world
Still, it is no coincidence that the ancestors believed that the lot of Russia was "not of this world." Whatever one may say, our primary task was not to arrange our life in the way that our neighbors in the West did, because Holy Russia looked forward to only one thing - a return to the Kingdom of Heaven. All ancient Russian culture is the way to Heaven. Great-grandfathers knew: a person will not build paradise on earth, even if you crack. Here are the cities, our cities are solid metaphysics. Perhaps, perhaps the most “non-worldly” of all Russian cities is Tobolsk. Nowhere did legends and prophecies come true as they did in the history of the Tobolsk land. No other provincial city has linked so many glorious and famous people, as connected the old capital of Siberia - the city of Tobolsk. Yes, under what circumstances! But more on that later.
Winter Tobolsk greeted us sternly: in a frosty spirit, in snow-white clothes, with an angry face. And he did not flirt with the cheerful Siberian sun at all.
Winter Tobolsk greeted us sternly: in a frosty spirit, in snow-white clothes, with a gray angry face. And contrary to expectations, he did not flirt with the vigorous Siberian sun at all. Resembling a grey-haired grumpy old man who smells of a stove and shag, Tobolsk seemed to frown at us, checking for lice: what are you, whose will you be, what did you complain about? Then the “old man” will blush and spread in a good-natured smile, then the sun will come out, and power types The Irtysh will open, and wide tables will appear, richly laid according to the Siberian law. In the meantime, our Mazda6 quietly crept through the snowy streets ancient city, and we carefully looked at the local decoration, breathing in with all our hearts amazing story these places.
"Born unknown soul famous"
The very fact of the emergence of this city and its background give rise to a lot of mysteries that begin with the personality of the one who is considered to be the "conqueror of Siberia" - Ermak Timofeevich Alenin. Scientists have not yet come to a unanimous opinion what kind of character in Russian history this is, which only had seven names. Few people know that Yermak was also called Yermolai, Herman, Yermil, Vasily, Timothy and Yeremey. Who is this husband by origin, various chronicles tell in different ways. “Unknown by birth, famous in spirit,” says one of them. For the majority, he comes from the estates of the Stroganov industrialists on the Chusovaya River, who later went to “field” on the Volga and Don and became a Cossack chieftain. According to another version, he is a purebred Don Cossack from the Kachalinskaya village, along the third - a native of the Pomors of the Boretsky volost, along the fourth - a representative of a noble Turkic family.
In one of the chronicles
a description of the appearance of Yermak Timofeevich is given: “the great man is courageous, and humane, and transparent, and is pleased with all wisdom, flat-faced, black-bearded, middle age (that is, growth), and flat, and broad-shouldered.”
August 15, 1787
in a family of nobles in Tobolsk in the family of the vice-governor Alexander Vasilyevich Alyabyev, the great Russian composer Alexander Alexandrovich Alyabyev was born.
Another question: why did he go to Siberia anyway? For modern historians, three various versions, each of which at the same time has its own weak sides. Did Ivan the Terrible bless the Cossacks on the campaign to join new lands to their possessions, did the Stroganov industrialists equip Yermak to protect their towns from raids Siberian Tatars, whether the ataman arbitrarily went on a raid "for zipuns", that is, for the purpose of personal gain - historians still argue. Whatever the case, according to archival documents Embassy order Khan Kuchum, host Siberian Khanate, had an army of about ten thousand. How Yermak could conquer Siberia with a detachment, according to various sources, from 540 to 1636 people, remains a mystery. Although the Remezov Chronicle mentions the figure "5000", but here we are talking about the size of the stocks taken by the squad ("for the opening of 5000 people") and only indicates that these stocks were very large.
angel palm
Let's return to the city from which Russian Siberia began. Its future capital arose in 1587, in picturesque place on the banks of the Irtysh, seventeen kilometers from former capital khanate, where the significant battle of Yermak took place on the Chuvash cape. According to legend, Tobolsk is blessed with the Holy Trinity, which is why it was founded on this Holiday. The first urban building was the Trinity Church, and the cape was named Trinity. Subsequently, this part of the city, located on the mountain, became known as the Upper Posad, and the one below - the Lower. The lower city has not changed much since pre-revolutionary times. The only touch is that the domes of churches and bell towers have thinned out, and the buildings have not changed much. To be convinced of this, it is enough to look at the old photographs of Prokudin-Gorsky.
Although by default Tobolsk was considered the capital of Siberia late XVI century, this title was officially secured by the Petrine reform of 1708, when Tobolsk became the administrative center of the largest Siberian province in Russia, which included the territory from Vyatka to Russian America. Up until the 18th century geographical maps Tobolsk is sometimes referred to as the "city of Siberia".
“The Siberian city of Tobolsk is like an angel! His right hand is a ward discharge. On the hand of having a lower tenure, left hand- the cathedral church and the wall of the stone pillar, the right side is the ravine to the Irtysh, the left side is the ridge and the Kurdyumka River, the right wing is the Tobol to the steppe, the left is the Irtysh. This angel is the joy of all Siberia and a fair decoration, and peace and silence with foreigners. These words belong to the boyar son, a native of Tobolsk, writer, historian, architect, builder, cartographer, icon painter Semyon Ulyanovich Remezov. It was he who designed and built the first stone Kremlin on Siberian soil. According to one version, when dying, Remezov bequeathed to grind his bones into powder, which was to be used as building material during the restoration of the Tobolsk Kremlin. Such is the "love for the native ashes."
The "Silver Age" of Tobolsk began in the first half of the 17th century - in 1621 the city became the center of the emerging Siberian diocese. The construction of a vast bishop's court and a wooden St. Sophia Cathedral began. With the growing importance of Tobolsk as the most important administrative, spiritual and cultural center Siberia, the role of the Tobolsk Kremlin grew as a symbol of the greatness of the Russian state, covering more and more new lands. Maybe I experienced the notorious tourist complex, but, it should be noted, being on Cape Trinity in the historical part Upper city, looking at the endless Siberian landscapes, you experience unforgettable sensations: the memory of the former heyday of this city and the legendary ancestors, the whole history of the fatherland, and time itself seemed to be frozen in these harsh places.
One of the legends speaks about the special grace given to the city by God. In the autumn of 1620, on the way to Tobolsk, the first diocese in Siberia, an angel of God appeared in a dream to the newly appointed Archbishop of Tobolsk, St. Cyprian. He covered with his luminous palm lower city and ordered to build churches in Nizhny Posad so that they would repeat it. The angel promised that in this case the grace of God would descend on the city and they would be born here special people- "God-kissed." And so it happened. One after another, they were built in Tobolsk according to the trace of the palm of the angel of the church: “And they flashed like sparks of God on the fingertips of the sacred palm.
The Russian exile began from Tobolsk. The first Tobolsk exile is the Uglich bell.
They did not have time to build a church only on the symbolic fifth finger. But the higher will turned out to be stronger, and another branch of Christianity completed and fulfilled the prophetic dream of Cyprian. It was not otherwise than according to the Highest Providence that it was built on the fifth finger catholic church, who completed the drawing "The Palms of an Angel" in Nizhny Tobolsk.
Indeed, Tobolsk gave the world a large number of famous people for such a relatively small town. Here are just a few of them: the artist Vasily Perov, the composer Alexander Alyabyev, the philosopher Gavriil Batenkov, the scientist Dmitry Mendeleev, the elder Grigory Rasputin, the founder of the Geneva School of Linguistics, the linguist Sergey Kartsevsky, the inventor of television, scientist Boris Grabovsky, chief architect of the Ostankino Tower and the Luzhniki stadium Nikolai Nikitin, actress Lidia Smirnova, actor Alexander Abdulov.
The birthplace of Alexander Abdulov is Tobolsk, not Fergana, as many publications claim about the life of the actor. Alexander's father, Gavriil Danilovich, served as director and chief director at the Tobolsk Drama Theater.
The wooden house where the Abdulov family lived is still preserved in the foothills of the city. Gavriil Abdulov worked in Tobolsk from 1952 to 1956. And here in 1955 he was awarded the honorary title of Honored Artist of the RSFSR.
Tobolsk native
the great encyclopedic scientist Dmitry Mendeleev is known as a chemist, physicist, metrologist, economist, technologist, geologist, meteorologist, teacher, aeronaut, instrument maker.
During your exile
Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky met in Tobolsk with the wives of the Decembrists, one of whom presented the writer with the old Gospel, which he kept all his life. AT final scene“Crimes and Punishments” (a conversation between the exiled Raskolnikov and Marmeladova) the surroundings of Tobolsk are recognized.
Born in the village of Pokrovskoye, Tobolsk district, in the family of a coachman Efim Vilkin and Anna Parshukova. In the 1900s, among certain circles of St. Petersburg society, he had a reputation as an "old man", a seer and a healer.
Historically, in Russian Empire it was Tobolsk that became the first "exiled" city. And the first to go into exile was ... the Uglich bell, which sounded the alarm during the city uprising after the murder of Tsarevich Dmitry, the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible and the only legitimate heir to Tsar Fedor Ioannovich. Following the bell, Archpriest Avvakum, the Decembrists (along with their wives), Dostoevsky, Korolenko, the last Emperor Nicholas II, and tens of thousands of other exiles and convicts of the Russian Empire visited here.
Tobolsk suffered the fate of many pioneer Siberian cities. The gradual decline of the city is mainly associated with the transfer of the Siberian tract, when the nature of the development of Siberia changed and there was a shift of the population and economic life to the south, to the forest-steppe. The Trans-Siberian Railway passed through neighboring Tyumen, and from the second half of XIX century Tobolsk began to lose its former influence ...
Now a little more than a hundred thousand inhabitants live in Tobolsk. The city revives and even promises to grow again. In addition to the fact that the city-forming petrochemical plant "Tobolsk-Neftekhim" operates here, not far from the city, large enterprise for the production of polypropylene "Tobolsk-Polymer". The old capital of Siberia is in danger of becoming not only a tourist Mecca, but also a major industrial center. The history of Siberia continues, miracles are yet to come...
Lanterns in Tobolsk - separate topic. Walking through the streets of the city, sometimes it seems that there are as many of them as there are stars in the sky. The thing is that in the city there is an enterprise for the manufacture of lanterns "Yugor", known far beyond the borders of Tobolsk and the Tyumen region. Yugorsky light is familiar to many cities of Russia. Siberian lanterns illuminate not only Tobolsk, but also the Moscow Kremlin and Sochi beaches…
Our shot has ripened everywhere
In 1582, Yermak won the main battle on the Chuvash cape on the Irtysh, defeated Kuchum and occupied the capital of the Khanate - the city of Siber. From here arose the familiar name of our great expanses between the Urals and the Pacific Ocean. True, after two years of possession, the Cossacks again lost their conquests back to Kuchum, but a year later they returned forever. And fifty years after the death of Yermak, the centurion Peter Beketov founded the Yakut prison on the banks of the Lena - the future city of Yakutsk. Four years later, another ataman, Ivan Moskvitin, was the first European to reach the shores of the Sea of Okhotsk. Cossack Semyon Shelkovnikov founded a winter hut here, which later grew into the first Russian port - the city of Okhotsk. Through severe frosts, thousands of kilometers of impenetrable taiga and swamps - in just half a century. Colonization North America Europeans walked for four hundred years - from the 16th to the 19th centuries. And even the Russians helped them in this. Alaska, Kodiak Island and the Aleutian Islands explored and mapped in mid-eighteenth century thanks to the Second Kamchatka expedition Vitus Bering and Alexei Chirikov. Know ours!
Last link
On August 6, 1917, at 6 o'clock in the afternoon, Tobolsk was greeted with a bell ringing by the steamer on which the last Russian emperor Nicholas II and his family. exiles royalty settled in the governor's house, located near the pier. The family occupied the second floor of the building; on the first floor, a dining room and rooms for servants were arranged. In April 1918, the Romanovs, by order of the Council of People's Commissars and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, were transported to Yekaterinburg, and Tobolsk went down in history as "the city that did not kill the tsar." This house is currently City Administration who promises to release soon historical monument to organize a museum of the royal family here.
Siberian "Mazdovod"
Mazda6 has become the main guide to the Siberian land, which would like to make a special bow to the earth as a token of gratitude for the impeccable work in the severe Siberian winter. In addition, the "six" periodically hypnotized local residents, deservedly riveting the enthusiastic glances of local "Mazdovodov", of which there were quite a lot in the Siberian expanses. One young man from Tobolsk on the previous Mazda model could not stand it and, having caught up with us at the traffic lights, he literally showered us with persistent questions about the new car. Eyes burned, curiosity ate, and the conversation dragged on, I had to turn on the emergency gang. Of course, we could not give up the coveted steering wheel to him, so it was not easy to part with him ...
Siberia. This is historical and geographical area within the Asian part of Russia, which was settled in the Stone Age. In terms of nature, Western Siberia and Eastern Siberia stand out. Eastern occupies the territory from the Yenisei to the ridges of the Pacific watershed. The climate is mostly severe, sharply continental.
Regions of Siberia
Siberian customs
Customs and traditions local population have their roots in cultural heritage ancient peoples inhabiting the territory of modern Baikal region in the past. Some of the customs are echoes of ancient shamanic and Buddhist rites. Among them, the developed obo cult, the cult of mountains, the worship of Eternal blue sky(Khuhe Munhe tengri). It is necessary to stop near the obo and respectfully present gifts to the spirits. If you do not stop at the obo and do not make a sacrifice, there will be no luck. According to the Buryats, each mountain and valley has its own spirit.
The Buryats have a custom to “splash” the spirits of the area. As a rule, before drinking alcohol, they drip a little on the table from a glass or with one finger, usually ring finger, lightly touch the alcohol and sprinkle it upwards. Accept the fact that in the most unexpected places during the trip you will have to stop and “splash” alcohol.
Exist certain rules when visiting Buryat yurts. When entering a Buryat yurt, one should not step on the threshold of the yurt, it is considered impolite. Weapons and luggage, as a sign of their good intentions, must be left outside. You can not enter the yurt with any burden. The northern half of the yurt is considered more honorable; guests are received here. You can not sit arbitrarily without an invitation on the northern honorary side. The eastern half of the yurt (as a rule, to the right of the door, the entrance of the yurt is always facing south) is considered female, the left half is male. This division continues to this day.
The practice of hospitality. Bringing tea to the guest, the hostess, as a sign of respect, gives the bowl with both hands. The guest must also accept it with both hands - by this he shows respect for the house.
At tailagans or shamanistic ceremonies, one should not strive to touch shamanic clothes, a tambourine, and even more so to put on something from shamanic attributes in order to be photographed. There is a belief that some items, especially those associated with magic, carry a certain amount of power. It is strictly forbidden for an ordinary person to say aloud shamanic prayers (durdalga) for the sake of entertainment.
Siberian cuisine. A special local highlight is the low-salted Baikal omul, Siberian dumplings and Siberian meat are also widely known.
