dni.ru

Residents of Live Oak, Marysville, Whitland, Plumus Lake, Olivehurst, Gridley, Yuba City urgently leave their homes. Some families take boats with them in case they do not get far from the danger zone.

The water level in Lake Oroville has risen significantly due to heavy rainfall this winter after several dry years. Moreover, earlier experts warned that there was damage in the dam, which could lead to flooding of nearby cities.

Department water management The state of California published a post on Twitter that caused panic among local residents. "The dam could collapse within the next hour," officials wrote.

Officials of the department said that to reduce the water level, they will attract aircraft and release water from the dam. However, civil servants later acknowledged that despite their efforts, the danger persists and the situation remains unpredictable. "If we have damage to the structure of the dam, then this is already very bad," the acting director said. department heads water resources.

To date, the dam in Oroville is the highest in the United States and one of the highest in the world. It was built in the 60s of the last century. According to experts, if the dam breaks, the wall of water could wipe out six cities below. Experts also believe that flooding threatens one of the largest cities in the country - San Francisco.

Experts' concern is understandable. AT recent history Humanity has already experienced catastrophes on hydraulic structures and all of them had devastating consequences. Dni.Ru remembered the most terrible accidents that occurred at the dams.

Almost 90 years ago in California, a 59-meter-high dam, broken through by water, collapsed. A stream of water swept through the canyon at breakneck speed, destroying everything in its path.

A wall of water 40 meters high demolished the power plant, located 25 kilometers downstream. As a result, the 80-kilometer valley was completely flooded. About 600 people became victims of the disaster.

Later it turned out that one of the causes of the accident was insufficient engineering vigilance when the first cracks appeared in the concrete dam already during its construction. In addition, the court found that the control of government organizations over the design and construction of the facility was insufficient. But the main factor that influenced the scale of the disaster was recognized as a paleo-fault under the eastern support of the dam, discovered after the tragedy.

A difficult but vital operation - blowing up a hydroelectric power station in Ukraine - was undertaken by the leadership of the USSR as a result of fierce battles with the Nazi invaders. Enemy troops repeatedly attacked the DneproGES, trying to capture the dam and break into the city of Zaporozhye through it.

To interfere with the plans of the Nazis, it was decided to blow up the dam. From the explosion, a huge gap was formed, an active discharge of water began, and a vast flood zone arose in the lower reaches of the Dnieper. A thirty-meter avalanche demolished enemy crossings, while many Nazis died.

However, the water that escaped to freedom did not separate people according to the principle "friend or foe." A destructive wave swept across the Dnieper floodplain, flooding everything in its path. The lower part of Zaporozhye completely went under water.

The death toll and property damage were catastrophic. Literally in an hour, water destroyed huge stocks of various goods, military supplies, tens of thousands of tons of food products. Dozens of river vessels perished in a terrible stream along with ship crews.

In France, on the Reyran River, the concrete arched dam Malpasse, 222 meters long along the ridge, collapsed. It was built for irrigation and water supply about seven kilometers from the city of Fréjus in the south of the country.

The catastrophe approached gradually, until numerous threats converged at a fatal point. Later it was found that in the design of the dam in insufficient volume, it was carried out geological survey. Erecting the structure, the builders, due to scarce funding, saved on high-quality concrete. In the immediate vicinity of the dam, the military carried out explosions. Not far from Malpasse, construction was underway highway, and explosives were also used during the work. In addition, the reservoir was overflowing due to heavy rains.

And the consequences were not long in coming. Due to the breakthrough of the Malpasse dam, the city of Fréjus was almost completely flooded. According to official figures, 423 people died as a result of the flood. The total amount of property damage amounted to about 68 million dollars.

The catastrophe with a tragic outcome happened on one of the highest dams in the world in the Italian Alps. There, due to heavy rains, part of the rock descended into the reservoir. As a result, a wave 200 meters high rose. She splashed over the crest of the dam and rushed down.

Despite the fact that the water avalanche washed away no more than one meter of the top layer of the dam, this was enough to completely flood the Piave river valley. The flood destroyed five villages. The victims of the disaster, according to various estimates, were from 1900 to 2500 people, 350 families were completely killed.

It is noteworthy that the 262-meter dam itself survived. However, the reservoir has not been filled up since then.

The destruction of the dam of the Bainqiao hydroelectric power station with a height of 118 meters occurred in China as a result of the annual rainfall in one day. Due to heavy rains, the reservoir overflowed. The break of the dam formed a wave with a height of three to seven meters and a width of ten kilometers.

The flood destroyed seven district centers and countless villages. According to official statistics, 26,000 people died as a result of the flood. Another 145 thousand died later due to famine and epidemics. One way or another, 11 million people were affected. 5960 houses were destroyed.

June 1993 - Kiselevskoe reservoir

The breakthrough of the dam, two kilometers long and 17 meters high, happened at the Kiselevskoye reservoir on the Kakva River near the city of Serov in Sverdlovsk region.

When filling the reservoir, a breakthrough of the barrier structure occurred. The flood affected 6,500 people. victims water element became 12 people.

1772 houses fell into the flood zone, of which 1250 became uninhabitable. Water destroyed the railway and five road bridges, eroded 500 meters of the main railway track and three and a half kilometers of siding railway tracks

The largest industrial man-made accident in modern Russia occurred at Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP between the Krasnoyarsk Territory and Khakassia. The disaster claimed the lives of 75 people.

After an investigation, Rostekhnadzor called direct cause accident, the destruction of the studs of the turbine cover of the hydraulic unit. According to experts, this was due to "additional dynamic loads of a variable nature, which was preceded by the formation and development of fatigue damage to the attachment points, which led to the failure of the cover and flooding of the power plant room."

Huge damage was done to the equipment and premises of the HPP. Work on the production of electricity was suspended.

The consequences of the disaster had a detrimental effect not only on environmental situation water area adjacent to the station, but also in the social and economic spheres of the region. The amount of material damage amounted to more than 40 billion rubles.

June 2010 - Fuhe dam

Heavy rains have caused a dam to break on the Fuhe River in eastern China's Jiangxi province. About 100 thousand people were evacuated from the breakthrough zone.

In total, 199 people died in ten territorial units of South and East China due to heavy rains that caused floods and landslides. Another 123 people are missing.

Almost two million 400 thousand people were evacuated from dangerous areas. One way or another, 29 million inhabitants of the Celestial Empire suffered from the destructive elements. The economic damage from the flood was about $6.2 billion.

This flood in southern Pakistan has affected up to 20 million people, according to the UN. As a result of the dam failure on the Indus River, about 895,000 houses were destroyed.

More than two million hectares of agricultural land have been flooded. More than 1700 people died.

A dam on the Qiantang River broke near the city of Hangzhou in Zhejiang province in eastern China. This building was considered a local landmark. Tourists usually sought to admire a unique natural phenomenon - the highest tidal wave in the world, up to nine meters high.

However, sometimes it happened that water splashed over protective dams, taking human lives with it. So, in 1993, 59 people became victims of a terrible wave, in 2007 - 11 people.

But the wave that broke through the dam on the first day of autumn 2011 was so strong that it caused the death of a huge number of spectators. After the merciless water swept right through the crowd of people, knocking them off their feet, many tourists and locals needed health care.

"The Banqiao Dam, 24.54 meters high and 118 meters long, was built in 1952 to protect against a flood that occurs once every thousand years. It was built to last for centuries, but no one expected that it would be destroyed water disaster after just 23 years.

Desire to save

The flood began on August 8, 1975 at about one in the morning local time. Civilians were sleeping when the waters in the Zhu River began to rise due to the huge amount of rainfall that had fallen during a week-long super typhoon Nina. The dam could not withstand the annual norm that had fallen during the day and fell apart under the pressure of water. On that nightmarish day, the water claimed the lives of more than 26 thousand people and washed away the crops. After that, due to the destroyed food stocks and fields, about 230 thousand people died from epidemics and famine.

The death of so many people could have been avoided by taking into account several factors in the construction of the dam. Firstly, during construction, it was worth using not soil (the Banqiao dam was completely earth - ed.), but strong materials. Even before the flood, the dam, under the influence of a humid climate, began to collapse and “float”, cracks appeared on the walls. Soviet engineers were called in to help the Chinese builders, who reinforced the flimsy structure with metal structures, after which the dam became almost the most reliable dam in all of China.

Secondly, it was necessary to take into account the opinion of one of the leading Chinese hydrologists, Chen Xin, who demanded not to save people's money and build 12 spillways. In this case, the catastrophe would have brought less casualties and damage. But then the persistence of the specialist was perceived negatively by the authorities, he was criticized by the party for calling for the waste of people's funds. The scientist was suspended from work and, having saved money, only five spillways were built.

The third reason for the disaster was that in the Zhu River basin, by analogy with the Banqiao dam, they began to build other dams.

Starting point

The fact that the disaster would happen could have been predicted more than a week before the tragedy. On July 30, 1975, the super typhoon Nina hit the Celestial Empire, which raged until August 6. After that, heavy rains began. The record amount of rainfall, which exceeded annual rate 200 mm, led to flooding of the land downstream of the dam.

On August 6, the Banqiao leadership decided to start draining water from the spillways, which required permission from the highest authority. In the morning next day a message was sent to the dam management, which did not reach the addressee due to a breakdown in the communication line. In the evening of the same day, cracks began to form in one of the most “reliable” dams in China. The dam employees decided, despite the “silence” of the highest authority, to start draining water from the drains, but it was too late: because of the silt, they became clogged and stopped working.

There was a military unit next to the dam, its commander decided to help the dam management and offered to launch an airstrike and let the water flow out. Perhaps this would have helped, but at that moment the Shimantan Dam, upstream, collapsed. All the water accumulated in it with a huge seven-meter wave, the speed of which reached 50-55 kilometers per hour, hit the barely alive Banqiao. And she couldn't resist. In about an hour, water spilled over the plain at a width of up to 10-15 kilometers, it destroyed all roads, communications, villages, and crops. 26,000 people and 300,000 livestock died in its waters. In the morning, instead of green meadows, the survivors saw muddy lakes and devastated land, and all 62 dams that went downstream of the river were also destroyed.

During the calculation of the damage, it turned out that the number of destroyed houses approached 5.9 million. Human victims numbered from 90 thousand to 230 thousand people. Over time, it became clear that a wave of many carried away several kilometers from their homes, but they remained alive and after some time were able to return to their native land.

Unfortunately, the tragedy did not end there. After the flood, famine and epidemics began in the region, the victims of which were about 230 thousand people. In total, 11 million inhabitants of the affected region were affected in one way or another by the disaster.

It should be noted that the destroyed dams for many years reminded of themselves only in ruins, they were not restored until 1993. In the same year, the newly erected Banqiao dam began to work again.

A large amount of work in the course of the fight against natural disasters was carried out by the forces Pacific Fleet.
Personnel and equipment from 6 military units of the Pacific Fleet took part in rescue and other urgent work in the regions of the region, including in the flood-affected garrisons of the fleet. In total, 1800 personnel of the Pacific Fleet took part in the work. Up to 50 pieces of equipment, 12 aircraft and 13 helicopters, 5 landing ships, 2 landing boats, 5 rescue boats and other means were involved to ensure the work.
On August 8, at the request of the Extraordinary Commission of the Territory, the fleet forces began repairing and restoring roads in the area of ​​​​the cities of Vladivostok and Nakhodka, in Partizansky, Lazovsky, Olginsky, Shkotovsky and Khasansky districts.
The Pacific border district, from which 200 personnel, 26 pieces of equipment and 4 rescue vessels (boats) were involved in rescue and other urgent work. As of August 4, the aviation of the border troops carried out 230 sorties, transported 40 tons of cargo and 800 people were injured.
At the same time, the interaction between the military command and local authorities remained one of the weak points in the organization of joint work. The plan of interaction and other documents was not in in full the procedure for using troops in large-scale emergencies was determined. Missing experience joint work in these conditions. When preparing requests to the military command, the Extraordinary Commission of the Territory did not always know and take into account the characteristics and capabilities of the military units of the units. Working documents for joint work were not prepared in advance. The tasks for the forces of the army, navy and border guards were often set separately, and their leadership was carried out in a decentralized manner.
Voluntary formations. Volunteers took part in the liquidation of the consequences of the flood. Voluntary formations (rescue teams) included students, Komsomol activists, athletes, workers, employees and collective farmers.
So, in the city of Nakhodka, volunteers from the company "Dalintorg" were engaged in rescue work and evacuation of the population on rubber boats, in the city of Lesozavodsk - voluntary rescue groups of students from the Vladivostok Medical Institute and the local medical school, in the Krasnoarmeisky district - a rescue team of tourists from Leningrad and Moscow, in Partizansky district - rescue groups of students, Komsomol activists, holidaymakers in Primorye. According to a rough estimate, 200 to 300 people participated in voluntary rescue units.
It should be noted that the noble impulses of volunteers should not be spontaneous in rescue operations, as they require appropriate training and high qualifications.

Evacuation of the population
The evacuation of the population from flooded or threatened settlements was carried out under the leadership of district and city permanent emergency commissions with the involvement of evacuation commissions under the executive committees of the city Councils of People's Deputies, which carried out the following preparatory measures:
warning and informing the population about the growing threat of a natural disaster;
clarification of the order and sequence of evacuation of people and farm animals, the required number of wheeled, tracked, floating equipment and aircraft;
preparation of premises, terrain for the placement of people and areas (pens) for livestock;
clarification of routes, road conditions and the possibility of movement on them;
organization of life support for evacuated people and animals;
deployment of evacuation centers, explanatory work among the population about the purposes and procedure for evacuation, rules of conduct and security measures;
organization of commandant service in settlements, maintenance of public order and regulation of the movement of evacuees.
Non-military formations, military units and subunits, and volunteers were involved in evacuation work, which was often difficult to separate from rescue work. For the evacuation, floating transporters, armored personnel carriers, rubber inflatable boats, public and private vehicles, boats, catamarans, boats and improvised watercraft were used. In critical situations, civil and civil helicopters were used to rescue and evacuate people cut off by water. military aviation. In total, about 7 thousand people were evacuated from the flood zones.
In cities and areas where they managed to prepare for a natural disaster, and in areas where the scale and pace of the flood were not so catastrophic, the evacuation was carried out in a planned and organized manner. These cities include Partizansk, Dalnerechensk, Spassk-Dalniy, Dalnegorsk, Lesozavodsk and the districts of Olginsky, Dalnegorsky, Shkotovsky.
In a number of cities and districts (the city of Nakhodka, the districts of Dalnerechensky, Anuchinsky, Partizansky), the obviously belated evacuation continued during the period of their flooding and alternated with rescue work.
In some affected areas (Lazovsky, Krasnoarmeisky, Chuguevsky, Yakovlevsky), due to unpredictable developments and poor-quality preparation, instead of systematic evacuation of the population (and especially children from pioneer camps), it was necessary to urgently carry out rescue work with the help of neighboring slightly affected areas and military units.
In general, the evacuation of people from flooded settlements in Primorsky Krai ensured the preservation of human lives However, there were also significant shortcomings in the organization of this work.
The forecasts issued by the hydrometeorological center of the region did not allow for the prompt implementation of evacuation measures. When transmitting information about expected water levels to the regions of the region, the hydrometeorological center did not provide a list of settlements and objects flooded in this case. National economy.
Another significant shortcoming is the general, shallow study of evacuation issues in the civil defense plans of the region, cities and regions in peacetime.
During the evacuation work, it was not possible to ensure high rates. The main reasons for the delays were an acute shortage of rescue and evacuation equipment.
Serious negative phenomena faced by the organizers of the evacuation were people's passivity, carelessness, disbelief in the severity of the natural disaster, unwillingness to take protective measures or evacuate. This greatly affected the organization of evacuation measures and in many cases was fraught with great danger. People who refused to evacuate were often forced to flee on the roofs of houses and in trees.

Provision of material and financial assistance to the affected areas and population
The main sources of material and financial assistance to Primorsky Krai were allocated by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of September 1, 1989 "On measures to help Primorsky Krai in eliminating the consequences of a natural disaster."
The Decree obligated the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR, ministries and departments of the USSR, whose enterprises suffered from a natural disaster, to ensure in 1989-1990 in the Primorsky Territory the performance of work to restore damaged and build new, instead of destroyed, production facilities, roads, bridges, dams, residential buildings , objects of cultural and communal purposes. For 1989, for the Primorsky Territory Executive Committee, the limit of state centralized capital investments at the expense of state budget The RSFSR was increased by 65 million rubles. and allocated 30 million rubles. for repair and restoration work.
The Council of Ministers of the RSFSR adopted a special resolution to assist the agro-industrial complex of the region, which provided for the allocation to state farms of 20,000 tons of varietal potato seeds, 40,000 tons of concentrated feed, 1,000 heifers and 6,000 pigs.
In 1990-1991, the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR were recommended to develop a scheme for regulating rivers in the Primorsky Territory in order to protect cities, towns and agricultural lands from flooding.
Due to the prevailing in the country economic difficulties The Council of Ministers of the USSR was unable to fully compensate for all the damage caused by the natural disaster. Therefore, the brunt of the restoration work and the damage caused were assumed by the regional and regional organizations.
In a resolution of the Primorsky Territory Executive Committee and the Regional Trade Council of August 11, 1989, the executive committees of the city and regional Soviets of People's Deputies were tasked, without waiting for the resolution of issues in higher bodies, to provide financial assistance at the expense of local budgets to citizens affected by the flood in the amount of 200 rubles. and in exceptional cases up to 300 rubles for one family. It was decided to pay a one-time allowance in the amount of 2,000 rubles to families who lost their breadwinner. and an allowance for expenses related to the funeral of each deceased, in the amount of 500 rubles. The resolution also defined specific tasks for each production association, trust, construction organizations of the region for the repair and restoration of roads, bridges and housing in villages, state farms and collective farms in the amount of 21.4 million rubles.
The Department of State Insurance for the Primorsky Territory organized door-to-door tours of citizens of the affected settlements in order to identify the amount of damage caused and paid insurance compensation. Enterprises and organizations of the region have found reserves for additional production and supply of material technical means.
In towns and districts, on the initiative of local organizations, charitable foundations were set up to help the victims, which received a significant amount of financial resources and basic necessities. Receipts to these funds came from the bodies of the State Insurance, the Red Cross Society, the Orthodox Church, enterprises, citizens.
A large amount of material and financial assistance was received by the Primorsky Regional Fund for Assistance in Eliminating the Consequences of the Flood and by the Primorsky Branch of the Children's Fund. The largest contributions were made by the production associations "Dalmoreprodukt" - 300 thousand rubles. and "Dalryba" - 100 thousand rubles. In total, as of August 20, more than 1.5 million rubles were received into these accounts. from businesses, organizations and individuals.
The distribution of material and financial resources was carried out on the basis of the principle of social justice, taking into account the degree of damage and opportunities.

Some Conclusions
An analysis of the events and work carried out to eliminate the consequences of the typhoon and flood in Primorye allows us to draw the following conclusions:
1. The emergency situation in the Primorsky Territory has developed as a result of a number of dangerous natural phenomena - heavy rains, enhanced by the influence of Typhoon Judy, overflowing rivers from their banks, flooding of river floodplains and other low-lying places by rain floods, the development of catastrophic flooding throughout the region, and also emergency conditions in which people found themselves in flooded areas, farm animals, settlements, objects of the economy, agricultural land and communications. characteristic features natural disaster was fairly rapid spread across the regions of the region, the high speed of the flow of water in flooded places, incessant rain, strong wind, bad visibility. The consequences of the flood led to the death of people and animals, the flooding of dwellings, production facilities, fields with grown crops, the destruction of buildings and road structures, the washing away of soils, the failure of equipment, and the disruption of communications.
2. Rescue and other urgent work was generally carried out with a sufficient degree of efficiency. Despite the shortcomings in the organization of work, the Government Commission of the RSFSR ensured the mobilization and required interaction of government bodies and forces of various departmental affiliations, and the appropriate use of resources.
3. Constant extraordinary commission Primorsky Territory and its headquarters, created on the basis of the regional headquarters of civil defense, despite the confusion and some lack of organization in the initial period of the natural disaster, later mastered the situation and coped with the tasks of management. Working under the leadership of the Government Commission of the RSFSR, the regional authorities ensured the practical implementation of the decisions of the higher authority.
4. Non-military civil defense formations (represented mainly by full-time units of regional production organizations), civil defense forces, military units and subunits, as well as volunteers, through hard work in difficult conditions, ensured the implementation of rescue and other urgent work, as well as work repair and restoration stage. Shortcomings appeared in the principles of creating non-military formations due to the lack of real incentives for their personnel and basic enterprises. There was a need for a larger-scale involvement of troops in the event of large-scale emergencies and a more detailed development of plans for the interaction of local authorities with military authorities.

The city of Novorossiysk is located on the shores of the Tsemess Bay and is surrounded by the mountains of the Markhot Range. In the period from September to March, in the city area, cold winds of the northeast direction, the so-called "bora", are observed breaking down from the mountains, which are observed annually on average 20-25 times, and in 10-15% of all cases the wind speed exceeds 24 m / sec, sometimes up to 40 m / sec. The duration of the "boron" ranges from 1 to 8 days, but most often it is 1 day.
Here is such a "boron" of hurricane force, accompanied by snowfall, hit Novorossiysk on November 10, 1993. The wind speed reached 35-41 m / s, in gusts up to 40-50 m / s, at an air temperature of up to 12 degrees below zero.
The hurricane broke, damaged or uprooted 2,500 trees in parks, gardens, alleys and on city highways, bringing them down on buildings, roads, sidewalks; destroyed about 20 thousand square meters. m of slate roofing and 7300 sq. m of glazing in the housing stock; cut off 134 km of power transmission lines and damaged 268 poles, destroyed 1400 spans of street lighting linear wires, cut off 6350 subscriber inputs, more than 20 km contact network electric transport, which violated the trolleybus service; damaged 14 power transformers, 340 sections of cable lines and 3610 outdoor lighting fixtures.
Serious damage was received by 23 enterprises that ensure the life of the city, 28 construction, trade and public catering enterprises. At 25 healthcare facilities, in 17 schools and 14 preschool institutions, roofs, glazing were destroyed and heating was out of order. The central heating was broken in 342 houses of the municipal housing stock. Falling trees, flying fragments of concrete, slate and glass injured 57 people. Almost the entire territory of the city was in the affected area.
Four ships in the Tsemes Bay sank, three were thrown aground, and 5 people from the crews of the sunken ships died.
Due to difficult weather conditions, 97 ships were idle in the outer roads, and more than 2,000 wagons were idle at the railway station, waiting for loading and unloading operations.
The total damage to the city of Novorossiysk for the entire period of rampant disaster amounted to 14.4 billion rubles.

Emergency development and hurricane relief efforts
November 9 at 5 p.m. 40 min. The Novorossiysk Hydrometeorological Bureau transmitted a storm warning. On the same day, at 21:00, by decision of the city commission for emergency situations, a high alert mode was introduced. The resolution "On measures in connection with a storm warning" adopted by this commission obliged the heads of enterprises and institutions at the facilities to use plans for the prevention and liquidation of an emergency, to introduce round-the-clock duty of the management and emergency services, to alert forces and means to eliminate possible accidents, fires and be ready to deliver workers to the place of work by the transport of enterprises. The head of the military garrison was instructed to alert the personnel and equipment provided for by the cooperation plan, to additionally prepare 5 mobile power plants in case of interruptions in the power supply of hospitals and a bakery.
The main blow of the elements fell on November 10 and 11. Despite the fact that the wind has not subsided yet, on the morning of November 12, a meeting of the city commission for emergency situations was held, which adopted a resolution "On priority measures to eliminate the consequences of the impact of hurricane wind on the life of the city." It identified the initial work to eliminate the consequences of a natural disaster, set tasks to determine material damage and draw up a work plan for the restoration of the urban economy.
In the course of emergency recovery work, the power transmission line VL-35 kV was restored first of all. (Kirillovskaya - Lesnoy Port - Novorossiyskaya), the substation of the Priboy plant was energized and electricity was supplied to the Proletariy, Oktyabr and NovoRES plants.
As a matter of priority, work was carried out to restore the city's heat supply system, which unites 117 main boiler houses of the city, which worked intermittently and often failed. By the end of the first day, power supply to the boiler houses was provided, including through the connection of mobile standby power plants. Central heating was turned on in 320 municipal housing units. However, 21 houses, a school and a kindergarten were left without heating due to a malfunction of heating networks and defrosting of certain sections of heating mains.
Simultaneously with the restoration of the energy supply system, water began to be supplied to the city. Interruptions in bread and other products by the end of the second day were also eliminated.
Within two days, the damaged contact trolleybus networks were mainly restored, trolleybuses were repaired and trolleybus traffic was opened.
Thus, by November 14, it was possible to basically restore the power supply, water supply, heat supply of the city, resume the operation of electric transport, ensure the work industrial enterprises, the functioning of schools, hospitals, preschool institutions, trade and catering enterprises.
But the element continued to rage, it not only interfered with the urgent emergency and restoration work, but also continued to cause material damage. So, for the period from November 14 to November 30, the amount of damage in the city increased by 3.9 billion rubles. and amounted to 30 November 14.4 billion rubles.
Difficult weather conditions (wind 33-35 m / s and temperature 5-12 degrees below zero), lack of necessary stocks at enterprises building materials(slate and glass), special equipment (electric motors, transformers, cables, wires, lamps) did not allow to eliminate the consequences of the hurricane in full in a short time. In this regard, to work on the restoration of the urban economy by decision of the Commission for Emergency Situations Krasnodar Territory the forces and means of cities and regions of the region, the military garrison were involved. This made it possible to restore 110 kV high-voltage lines, repair all electrical substations, and, after the implementation of priority measures, proceed to the restoration of urban utilities at the municipal level.
All major work to eliminate the consequences of the disaster was completed by November 30.

Actions of the governing bodies
At the meeting of the City Commission for Emergency Situations on November 10, the reports of the chiefs of services on the situation in the city and the measures taken to counteract the disaster were heard. Under the city commission for emergency situations, an operational group was created in the amount of 7 people from representatives of the headquarters for civil defense and the city commission. The control point was deployed at the headquarters for civil defense affairs, where all operational information was sent.
On November 11, the Task Force developed the "Work Plan of the city's emergency commission for organizing priority emergency recovery work at housing and communal services, healthcare, education and life support systems of the city affected by the natural disaster", organized a survey of the city economy and national economy facilities and made a preliminary assessment of storm damage.
Hearings from industry leaders and the hurricane impact assessment task force were held on November 12 at a meeting of the city's emergency commission. After discussing the reports, an application was prepared to the higher authorities for the necessary materials and equipment to eliminate the consequences of the hurricane.
In accordance with the order of the head of the city administration, it was instructed: the heads of the city power grid to restore power supply to enterprises and residential areas; the director of heating networks to ensure, as a matter of priority, the heat supply of hospitals, children's institutions and nursing homes; the head of housing and communal services to ensure that the streets are cleared of rubble and to restore trolleybus traffic by November 15; the deputy head of the administration to ensure the allocation of engineering equipment to enterprises and draw up a work plan for the restoration of the urban economy.
At the next meeting on November 13 city ​​commission for Emergency Situations assessed the situation in the city and decided to allocate 2 mobile diesel power plants to the city hospital and 8 off-road vehicles from the military unit for emergency medical care. To eliminate accidents at the South-Western power grids, 3 fire engines were allocated to help emergency technical teams.
To assess the situation and assist the city administration in eliminating the consequences of the hurricane, the Government Commission arrived, which inspected the city and objects of the national economy, at its meeting heard representatives of the city's services, heads of enterprises, based on this drew up an act on the material damage caused and decided to provide financial aid to the city.
The work of the City Commission for Emergency Situations and the Headquarters for Civil Defense, assistance from the Commission for Emergency Situations of the Krasnodar Territory, the Government Commission made it possible to solve acute social problems resulting from a natural disaster.

Notification and communication
November 9 at 5 p.m. 40 min. (local time) The Novorossiysk Hydrometeorological Bureau transmitted a "storm warning". The signal was received by phone to the duty officer of the city administration, to the headquarters for civil defense affairs and to objects of special importance. The notification of members of the city commission for emergency situations was carried out by the duty officer on the city telephone network without turning on the round-robin racks. The objects of the national economy of the city were notified by the duty officers on the city telephone network.
Notification of the population of the city about the receipt of a storm warning by radio and local television was not carried out.
To communicate with the State Committee for Emergency Situations of Russia, the North Caucasus Regional Center for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief and the Headquarters for Civil Defense of the Krasnodar Territory, the existing channels of long-distance and city telephone, telegraph and facsimile communication were used. The connection of the city commission for emergency situations, the headquarters for the Civil Defense and Emergency Situations with the objects of the national economy and the services of the city was carried out using a telephone - over a public network and mobile means. Wired communication during the period of liquidation of the emergency situation in the city worked steadily.

Hurricane relief efforts
Departmental rescue and emergency recovery units, fire fighting units, personnel and equipment of the military garrison, the city's Internal Affairs Directorate and ambulance teams took part in the liquidation of the emergency.
The forces involved in the fight against the hurricane were assigned the following tasks:
liquidation of accidents on communal energy networks;
carrying out repair and restoration work on the roofs of residential buildings, heating systems, clearing roads and access roads;
localization and extinguishing of possible fires;
maintenance of order and protection of state and private property;
providing medical assistance to victims of the hurricane and transporting them to a hospital.
On November 9-10, all services of the city were put on alert, emergency technical teams were on duty at the facilities, ready to immediately begin to eliminate emerging accidents. Their participation in the emergency recovery work began on November 10.
Emergency recovery formations. Specialized emergency technical teams of the city's power supply service, consisting of 20 people in complex meteorological conditions carried out work on power lines, eliminating gusts and short circuits of wires, as well as replacing burned-out spark gaps. To assist them, by order of the Commission for Emergency Situations of the Krasnodar Territory, additional forces arrived from other cities and regions of the Territory, consisting of 22 people and 5 units of special equipment, 4 mobile diesel power plants with a capacity of 200 kW. These forces and funds, attracted to carry out restoration work at the city's facilities, made it possible to solve the problem of providing the city with electricity.
Special formations of the gas supply service, consisting of 3 teams of 12 people and 3 special vehicles, together with an additional 5 repair and restoration teams of 35 people and 5 specialized vehicles equipped with gas welding, eliminated damage at 19 sections of the gas pipeline. These forces and means ensured the uninterrupted supply of gas to the city.
Subdivisions of the public utility service consisting of 11 emergency technical teams (55 people in total, mainly welders and plumbers) carried out work to eliminate accidents in heat, water and sewer networks. They repaired damage inside the premises, in the entrances and in the attics, disconnected risers and inputs to prevent flooding, as well as replaced defrosted batteries and pipelines.
Roof repair work began only with the cessation of the hurricane. 105 people and 18 units of equipment took part in these works. To speed up the pace of these works, 130 people were allocated from city facilities to help the service, and 8 specialized vehicles with crews from the region.
Fire Service. During the hurricane, the city's fire department extinguished 28 fires in residential buildings, which arose as a result of an electrical short circuit, and 4 fires at city enterprises. Extinguishing fires was hampered by the difficult situation in the city. It was difficult to get to residential buildings due to fallen trees and electric poles, roads were icy, with strong winds it was difficult to deploy hoses. When cleaning insulators from sea spray at the Yuzhnaya substation, a strong storm wind tore hoses out of their hands and knocked them down, their clothes froze. But the personnel of the fire departments did this work and the substation gave electricity.
Medical service. To provide emergency medical care to the population during the rampant disaster, the medical service allocated 18 ambulance teams, which provided assistance and delivered to the hospital 57 people with various moderate and severe injuries. In conditions of strong wind and ice, the brigades could not reach residential buildings located on elevated areas in their cars, the cars slid, the strong wind shook them. Poor visibility due to the lack of street lighting prevented the movement of cars. The City Commission for Emergency Situations allocated 6 military vehicles of high cross-country ability to solve these problems.

Provision of material and financial assistance
The consequences of the disaster were so great that the city had to immediately seek help to eliminate them. On November 10, the administration of the Krasnodar Territory allocated 300 million rubles for these purposes. (in 1993 prices).
After assessing the situation and clarifying the consequences of the natural disaster by the Government Commission, the Government of the Russian Federation allocated 2 billion rubles to the Krasnodar Territory.
In addition to this assistance, funds from the insurance line in the amount of 57 million rubles were received through state channels. and through social security in the amount of 5 million rubles.
Receiving timely financial and material assistance from the administration of the Krasnodar Territory and the Government of the Russian Federation contributed to the elimination of the consequences of the natural disaster in the shortest possible time.

Some lessons and conclusions
1. The authorities and forces of the Novorossiysk city and Krasnodar regional territorial subsystems of the RSChS, involved in emergency recovery work, on the whole, coped with their tasks. At the same time, their insufficient equipment with off-road vehicles was revealed. Difficult weather conditions, the lack of necessary stocks of building materials and special equipment at the enterprises increased the time of work to eliminate the consequences of a natural disaster.
2. The main reasons for the large damage from the impact of the elements was the incomplete implementation of regulatory requirements to improve the stability of the life support systems of the population at the city and facility levels.
3. Elimination of the consequences of the hurricane revealed the need to strengthen control and improve the practical skills of the heads of commissions for emergency situations of national economy facilities in organizing measures to bring the territorial subsystem of the RSChS on high alert.
4. Costs in the organization of communication and notification during the liquidation of the consequences of the disaster on sea ​​coast require:
to improve ways of warning enterprises and the population with the announcement of storm warnings;
ensure the constant readiness of technical means of communication and notification for the transmission of information for the timely notification of the population in emergency conditions;
to complete work on the creation of local warning systems at the locations of potentially hazardous facilities.

In June 1993, the dam of the Kiselevskoye reservoir broke, causing a catastrophic flood in the town of Serov, Sverdlovsk Region.
Serov is a city of regional subordination, large industrial centre Northern Urals. The distance from the city to the dam of the Kiselevsky reservoir is 17 km.
Most of the rivers originating in the mountains of the Northern Urals are of the mountain type and have a pronounced spring flood and summer-autumn rain floods. The spring flood usually begins at the end of April and lasts more than a month. Low water1 lasts from June to September, interrupted for several days by rain floods. During periods of high water and floods, the water level in the rivers rises by several meters (in the Serov region - up to 8 m), and the flow rate increases by 2-4 times.
The river flow of the rivers of the Urals is uneven in time. This is due, on the one hand, to intense autumn floods, when rivers carry away up to 75% of the annual runoff, and on the other hand, to fluctuations existing needs in water industry, agriculture and utilities. To smooth out this unevenness and regulate the flow in the territory of the Sverdlovsk region, more than 30 fairly large reservoirs have been created in the riverbeds.
Kiselevskoye reservoir was built in 1978 as a result of construction on the river. Kakwa of a deaf earthen dam reinforced with concrete slabs.
The dam has bottom outlets and gates. Its length is 2 km, height -17m. The reservoir was completely filled with water in 1979. The volume of the reservoir at a normal retaining water level (116 m) is 32 million cubic meters. m. The volume at the forced retaining level (117 m), which is allowed only for a short time, reaches 37 million cubic meters. m.
To control snow reserves and water levels in rivers northern regions In the Sverdlovsk Region, the Ural Territorial Administration for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring deployed 8 gauging stations and 11 observation points. However, as practice has shown, this is not enough. ---------------------
1 Low water - annually recurring seasonal standing low levels water in rivers.

By the beginning of February 1993, the amount of winter precipitation significantly exceeded the annual norm. However, on the whole, the spring flood of 1993 in the Sverdlovsk region was normal, and in early June, as expected, the water level began to subside. In accordance with the operating rules of the Kiselevskoye reservoir, from June 7, 1993, at the recession of the flood, the administration of the hydroelectric complex began to fill it from the mark of 112.5 m to reach the working level of 114 m, while there was no warning about a possible inflow of water into the reservoir after heavy rains.
At the beginning of the second decade of June, heavy rain showers took place in the mountainous regions of the north of the Sverdlovsk region. The rains caused intense snowmelt on the slopes of the Ural Mountains and the volume of incoming water in the Kiselevskoye reservoir began to increase rapidly. In this regard, the discharge was increased, but the inflow of water into the reservoir continuously increased. The normal retaining level (116 m) was noted on 12 June. The next day, bottom outlets and all gates of the dam were fully opened, but the discharge flow could no longer compensate for the increasing volume of water in the reservoir. The calculated forced level (117m) was reached by the morning of June 14th. By 11 o'clock local time (Moscow - plus 2 hours) on June 14, with fully open bottom outlets and all gates, the water rose to the crest of the dam and began to overflow through the dam along the front of about 1900 m, and at 11 o'clock. 30 min. there was a breakthrough of the dam for 65 m, followed by erosion of the dam to its entire height.
The break of the dam of the Kiselevskoye reservoir led to the development of an emergency situation and a catastrophic flood, which was formed as a result of the superposition of a strong rain flood, the possibility of which there was no advance warning, on the final phase of the spring flood.
As a result of a sharp rise in water in the river. Kakva below the dam was flooded 69 square meters. km of the floodplain, residential areas of the city of Serov, the villages of Novo-kakvinsky, Gorpark, Pravoberezhnye Kakva, the Right Bank of Kakva, Staroe Medyankino, Stalevarovskiy and parts of the villages of Myakotino, Zavokzalny, Novoe Medyankino.
The flood affected 6.5 thousand people, of which 12 people died and 8 went missing. 43 people were hospitalized.
1772 houses fell into the flood zone, 1373 homeowners suffered damage, 1250 houses became uninhabitable.
The railway and 5 road bridges were destroyed, 500 m of the main railway track and 3.5 km of dead end railway tracks were washed out.
The metallurgical plant was damaged. A.K. Serov, Serov Ferroalloy Plant, Serov Mechanical Plant, Serov Woodworking Plant, Serov State District Power Plant, Serov Electric Networks, Serov Bakery Sales Depot, Serov Poultry Farm, Serovkommunekspluatatsiya Municipal Enterprise, Ecofond City Treatment Plant, Asphalt Plant for Road Repair and Construction Administration, JSC "Contact", JSC "Serovles", Chernoyarsk sawmill, trading and purchasing base "Ural", two repair and construction sites, station Maintenance"Avtovaz", the automobile enterprise "Lada", the Serov forestry school, the rural industrial and technical school and other objects.
Significant damage was inflicted on the enterprises of Sverdlovenergo. The production facilities of the Serov, Artemovsk, and Talitsky electrical networks of the Serovskaya GRES were badly damaged. The pylons of high-voltage transmission lines with a length of 220 kV transmission lines - 2 km, 110 kV transmission lines - 11 km, and 10 kV transmission lines - 315 km collapsed. More than 30 transformer substations were flooded. As a result, industrial facilities and settlements were de-energized. Restrictions were introduced in the power supply of cities and districts in the north of the region.
The flood caused serious damage to the air and cable communication lines of the city and the region, due to which communication with many settlements was disrupted.
As a result of flooding wells, damage to wells, disconnecting them from power lines, the water supply of the city's residents with drinking water was disrupted.
In addition to the direct damage that enterprises suffered as a result of flooding of their territories and damage to facilities, some of them suffered indirect losses due to the temporary cessation of production.
The flood caused significant damage to agricultural production. 339.9 hectares of agricultural land were flooded, including 108 hectares of household plots of city residents, 1379 plots of collective gardens, 79 hectares of arable land. 393 units of livestock died.
The total damage from the flood amounted to 63.3 billion rubles (in 1993 prices).

The general course of events and the liquidation of the consequences of the flood
The overall course of events and work related to the dam break and flood can be conditionally divided into four stages.
Stage 1 - preparation for the spring flood and its passage (February - June 1993). The analysis of the passage of floods and floods was carried out previous year, a forecast of the situation was made and a decree of the government of the Sverdlovsk region was adopted, defining measures to counter the flood.
The measures taken made it possible to miss the spring flood without significant damage to the regional economy and population.
Stage II - an increase in the threat of a breakthrough of the dam of the Kiselevskoye reservoir, the adoption of measures to prevent it (from 17:15 on June 11 to 11:30 on June 14).
During this period, as a result of heavy rain showers and intensive snowmelt, the inflow of water into the reservoir and the level rise sharply increased. Despite the constant increase in water discharge, its inflow continued to grow.
In connection with threatening situation on the night of June 13-14 and during the first half of the day on June 14, children's summer health camps located downstream of the river were evacuated. Kakva, measures have been taken to strengthen (fill) the dam and prevent blockage of spillways by forests, the evacuation of the population from the zone of probable catastrophic flooding has begun. At 11 o'clock. 30 min. On June 14, the dam broke and a large-scale flood began in the town of Serov and its environs.
Stage III - conducting emergency rescue and other urgent work during the flood (from 11:30 a.m. June 14 to June 16).
At this time, the main efforts of the authorities and the forces involved were focused on saving people. At the recession of the flood, which began on June 15, work was launched to restore railways and roads, treatment facilities, and eliminate congestion on the river. Kakva, the delivery of drinking water and food to the population cut off from the city.
Stage IV - priority emergency recovery work (from June 17 to August 15).
The main content of this stage was the implementation of life support measures for the affected population and urgent work to restore economic facilities. Work continued to provide medical assistance to the population and treat the victims.
Homeless people were housed in public buildings or given temporary housing. Free meals were provided for the evacuees. The victims were given a one-time cash allowance, water supply was organized for the population by transporting water in tanks.
The rubble formed as a result of the demolition of houses and the washing out of the forest was carried out. Measures were taken to restore the damaged sections of power lines and power substations, which made it possible to resume the supply of electricity to the affected areas and to the northern part of the region. Repairs were carried out and the work of city treatment facilities was resumed, the railway track was restored and traffic was opened along the main track, car roads and restored car traffic, a partial repair of the dam of the Kiselevsky reservoir was carried out, which made it possible to contain a minimum supply of water in it.
Much work has been done to prevent epidemics. The medical service conducted constant monitoring and took measures to prevent infectious and other diseases. The search for the corpses of dead animals and their burial was carried out.
Since August 15, the Commission for Emergency Situations, the city administration and all organizations and institutions have switched to a daily mode of activity.

Management, communication and notification
The emergence of the emergency was not unexpected. In anticipation of a strong spring flood in the Serov region, a flood control commission was created, under the leadership of which measures were taken to reduce possible damage. Snow melting and water levels in reservoirs were constantly monitored. The measures taken made it possible to skip the spring flood almost without complications, but the intense rains of the first ten days of June changed the situation dramatically. With the emergence of a real threat of flooding, the management of work to prevent a possible emergency, and then to eliminate it, was taken over by the city commission for emergency situations.
The initial message about a sharp rise in the water level in the reservoir and the threat of flooding was transmitted by the head of the Kiselevsky hydroelectric complex to the operational duty headquarters for civil defense and emergency situations in Serov at 23:00. 13 min. June 13th. The operational duty officer reported the information received to the chief of staff of the Civil Defense and Emergency Situations and the chairman of the city commission for emergency situations. At the direction of the chief of staff, the personnel of the headquarters and members of the CoES, dispatch services and heads of enterprises and organizations of the city were notified.
At the night meeting of the CoES, a decision was made to immediately notify the population of the city about the threat of flooding and a decision to evacuate the population from areas of possible flooding, which was transmitted over the city radio broadcasting network at 7 o'clock. 40 min. June 14th. Earlier, they began to evacuate children from summer camps.
The head of the department of internal affairs of the city sent a mobile group with a radio station for observation and transmission to the dam of the reservoir operational information on the development of the situation and patrol cars in areas of alleged flooding to control the situation and alert the population about the danger.
On the initial stages development of events, warning measures did not give the desired effect. The population, already accustomed to frequent warnings about possible floods, did not believe that this time the threat was really great, so all subsequent evacuation activities were carried out with delays, which did not allow avoiding casualties. It was necessary to organize regular informing the population about the current situation and ongoing activities, to convince people of the need to follow the decisions of the CoES in the name of their own safety. Every day, the head of the city administration, the chief of staff of the Civil Defense and Emergency Situations and other officials spoke on television and radio, and a lot of explanatory work was carried out.
An important role in timely and objective informing the population was played by the means mass media, including local newspapers. They covered the development of events, measures taken to save people and eliminate the consequences of the flood, gave announcements about the evacuation and accommodation of the evacuees, and helped in the search for people.
An information group was created under the city administration, through which interaction was carried out with representatives of regional and central mass media arriving in the city.
The Serov CoES created a headquarters for liquidation of the consequences of the flood, which was entrusted with the tasks of assessing the situation, preparing proposals and organizing practical activities for the protection of the population and liquidation of the consequences of the flood. The headquarters for the elimination of consequences was created on the basis of the headquarters of the city's Civil Defense and Emergency Situations, and the chief of staff of the Civil Defense and Emergency Situations became the head of this temporary body.
Commissions for emergency situations, dispatch services of organizations and enterprises, internal affairs bodies, evacuation commissions and other government bodies were notified of the threat of flooding at 23-24 hours on June 13, gathered and immediately began to work.
The general management of the flood control work was carried out by the head of the city administration N.N. Kharlamenco. Big role his resolutions played a role in mastering the situation, specifying the distribution of responsibilities between various structures, defining the main areas of work and their priorities. His activities were based on the CoES, which he used as an interdepartmental collegiate body. At the same time, the commission was given broad powers to own decisions. Working in close contact with the head of the administration, who took part in many meetings of the commission, allowed the CoES and its chairman, if necessary, to use his powers of authority, as well as to increase their influence on the solution of interdepartmental issues of interaction. Thanks to this approach, continuous management was maintained in the city during the emergency.
Since June 15, the operational groups of the State Committee for Emergency Situations of Russia, its Ural regional center, the headquarters of the Civil Defense and Emergency Situations of the Sverdlovsk Region and the headquarters of the Ural Military District (UrVO).
The operational group of the State Committee for Emergency Situations of Russia assessed the situation, material damage, determined the need for financial assistance from the federal authorities, coordinated the actions of federal and local authorities.
Communication system on initial stage used in normal mode. At the control point, located in the building of the city administration, city and long-distance telephone communications, as well as radio facilities of the Sverdlovsk Internal Affairs Directorate, were used. However, in the future, these funds turned out to be insufficient, especially since, as a result of the flood, air and cable lines communication and communication with a number of settlements was lost.
In order to provide control during rescue and other urgent work, the radio equipment of the state enterprise of communications and information "Rossvyazinform", the communications equipment of the headquarters of the regional civil defense emergency department, the communications department of the regional ATC, and the production association "Sverdlovenergo" were involved.
The headquarters of the Ural Military District allocated five command and staff vehicles with R-142n radio stations and three R-409 radio relay stations, which were used to create a network for managing rescue and other urgent work at vital city facilities, as well as to organize communications with settlements, lost contact with the regional center.
At the same time, measures were taken to restore the broken communication lines. The forces and means of the Serov regional communications center, the Serov operational technical communications center and the Novo-Lyalinsky regional communications center were involved in these works. In order to provide assistance, repair teams were allocated from the Nizhne-Tagilsk telephone exchange, Nizhne-Turinsky, Verkhne-Pyshimsky and Revdinsky communication centers. The management of repair and restoration work was headed by a specially created operational group headed by the deputy head of Rossvyazinform.

The actions of the forces to eliminate the consequences of the flood
Fire service, public order protection service, medical service, engineering service, public utilities, trade and catering services, energy services, non-military civil defense units, military units of civil defense and the Ural Military District.
Fire service and public order protection service. The personnel of the fire brigade of the city of Serov, the divisions of the fire brigade of cities
Nizhny Tagil and Krasnoturinsk and a group of the 4th regional firefighting rescue squad of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, which, in addition to monitoring firefighting measures, took part in other work.
From the personnel of the fire brigade of the city of Serov, groups were created to rescue people on helicopters (16 people), on boats and other floating equipment (25 people). They rescued 269 people, including 112 people with the help of helicopters.
In addition, fire brigade personnel and equipment were used to pump water from flooded premises and guard evacuation centers within the city.
The personnel and equipment of the fire departments of the cities of Nizhny Tagil and Krasnoturinsk (30 people) were involved in dismantling the rubble and maintaining prospecting work in the city and towns. The personnel of the public order service from the beginning of the events was transferred to round the clock work with the cancellation of vacations and business trips.
In the area of ​​the dam of the Kiselevskoye reservoir, a post with a radio station was deployed to keep in touch with the duty shift of the hydroelectric complex and report to the CoES on the situation. The squad of patrol service supervised the evacuation of children from summer camps. Cars with loud-speaking communication were sent to the areas of possible flooding to alert them.
With the onset of large-scale flooding, additional service forces were connected to the work. In the areas of flooding, posts were set up through which the CoES received information on the situation. Police officers were engaged in the evacuation of people, sending the victims to collection points, escorting convoys with evacuees, taking direct participation in saving people.
Medical service. important work, aimed at providing assistance to the victims and preventing mass diseases of people, was carried out by the medical service.
Medical assistance to the victims was provided both directly in the flood zone and at evacuation points. Mobile medical forces were involved in the work of providing medical assistance, as well as trained in a short time bed network in medical institutions of the city. As part of the mobile medical forces, 9 ambulance teams, 5 medical and nursing teams, 6 sanitary and hygienic teams worked. Three ambulance teams in radio-equipped vehicles were in the places of emergency rescue operations around the clock.
To provide medical care to the population living in the flood zone, a mobile outpatient clinic was formed. Its specialists, together with the medical community, conducted door-to-door rounds from 8 am to 5 pm.
In order to ensure control over the epidemic situation in the city of Serov and the region, a sanitary and hygienic detachment of 21 people was formed.
The forces of the sanitary-hygienic detachment examined 59 artesian wells, 98 shaft wells, 76 water pumps, 35 public toilets, 19 places of compact residence of the population.
At this stage, control over the quality of products manufactured by local enterprises was strengthened. Food Industry. In areas of flooding, control continued over local sources of water supply, the construction of toilets and garbage bins, and the collection and burial of the corpses of dead animals.
Sanitary and educational work was carried out by medical workers using city radio broadcasting and the press.
Local control over the implementation of medical protection and sanitary and epidemiological measures ensured the timely provision of all types of medical care and prevented the development of outbreaks of mass infectious diseases.
Engineering service. The engineering service of the city, in order to eliminate the consequences of the emergency, combined the forces and means of organizations, enterprises and non-military civil defense units.
Engineering equipment of enterprises and non-military formations in the amount of more than 40 units was involved in the work. In addition, as part of the forces of the engineering service, units and equipment of units of military units involved in the work were used. In particular, track-layers (BAT) - 2, engineering barrier vehicles (IMR) - 4, heavy mechanized bridge (TMM) - 1 were used.
As a result of the destruction and damage of railway bridges, the railway embankment, contact suspension, communication lines, the city of Serov and the northern regions of the region were cut off from the main railway connecting them with regional center. The road was also destroyed.
The task of restoring the destroyed tracks turned out to be a priority, and the work to restore them was organized in two shifts and was carried out around the clock. The main difficulty was that at the first stage it was impossible to use vehicles to transport goods for repairs. Water was flowing in the place of the break formed on the road. The railway track for the transport of goods also could not be used because of the undermining of the bridge supports.
In this regard, the main efforts at the beginning were focused on the repair of the railway bridge. Already on June 15, the bridge was restored, trains with equipment, rubble and other materials went to the place of destruction. To restore the track, more than 50 thousand cubic meters were backfilled. m of crushed stone and laid 500 m of railroad tracks. On June 18, traffic was opened along the main railway track Serov - Yekaterinburg.
When dismantling the rubble, the crews of skidders, who acted together with a group of demolition workers, showed themselves excellently. At first, the body of the blockage was broken by a directed explosion, and then the crews of skidders and rescue teams came to work.
Special groups on floating transporters searched dead people and animals in the floodplain, evacuated people from flooded houses, and performed other tasks.
An important task of the service was the restoration of bus routes both in the city and in the suburbs, for which it was necessary to clear the streets and roads from river sediments for a long distance and repair them. In total, more than 13 km of roads were restored, a number of streets were cleaned and their surface was repaired.
Communal technical service. Important Tasks the municipal and technical service, created on the basis of the industrial and technical association of housing and communal services of the city of Serov, decided.
Based on the tasks solved by the service, by the end of June 14, teams were formed according to the profile of production activities total strength 64 people and 15 vehicles.
For the supply of drinking water to personnel working in the disaster areas, units were formed, equipped with PM-130 watering and washing machines and water tanks.
On June 16, the repair group "Gorvodokanal" began work on the restoration of the water pumping station of the first rise and on the laying of a temporary water supply system.
Since June 15, the Communal and Technical Service, together with the Animal Protection Service, has organized a search, selection of the corpses of dead animals and organized their burial.
A difficult task for the service turned out to be work on the inventory of housing stock, public and other buildings and structures in the area of ​​flooding, determining the damage and residual value. These works were carried out by the Bureau of Technical Inventory - one of the divisions of the service.
Energy service. Due to the heavy damage inflicted on the energy facilities of the Serov Electric Networks, Serovskaya GRES, the energy service had to carry out significant amounts of emergency and restoration work.
The management of Sverdlovenergo and the Serov Power Grids took all measures to localize accidents caused by flooding and restore power supply to the affected areas.
First of all, the tasks of supplying electricity to consumers in northern cities, enterprises with a continuous production cycle, and settlements affected by floods were solved. Repair, emergency recovery teams of energy enterprises in severe flood conditions and extremely difficult conditions for approaching overhead lines, their supports and substations (due to blockages, sediments and flooding of the area) restored power supply to the northern regions of the region in a short time.
Initially, power supply to the affected areas was restored on a temporary basis, through bypass and backup lines. In the future, repair and restoration work on the power supply of the northern and eastern regions areas continued. They included the replacement of high-voltage line supports, the restoration of destroyed power lines, already on a permanent basis.
All financial and material costs for the liquidation of the consequences of the flood were borne by JSC Sverdlovenergo. Attempts to obtain timely assistance or loans from other sources initially did not give a positive result. All regional reserves of electrical equipment, cables and wires, poles for high-voltage lines and other materials were used up to restore the destroyed power supply.
On June 22, by order of the Commission for Emergency Situations, an inspection of electrical wiring in private sector houses was organized. In order to restore the power supply to the villages affected by the floods, summer health camps and other facilities as soon as possible, the city's CoES ordered the director of JSC "Contact" to restore the disrupted power supply by June 30. For this, the production sites of the organizations Uralelectromontazh, Omsk-electrosetstroy were involved as contractors.
Work to restore power lines and connect consumers was carried out from dawn to dusk. Approximately 1,500 residential buildings needed work, many of which required rewiring and metering. The volume of work turned out to be so great that it was not possible to connect all consumers within the deadlines established by the CoES. The repair of electrical substations caused a big delay, as some of them had to change all the equipment. Until the end of 1993, up to 50% of the scope of work on distribution networks was completed, the rest of the scope of work was carried out in 1994.
Service of trade and food. The main efforts of the trade and food service during the flood were aimed at providing the population with food.
On the basis of the decree of the CoES of June 16, a free supply of bread was organized for the victims. Subsequently, several canteens and cafes of the city were transferred to the organization of three hot meals a day on coupons for evacuated residents.
After the water decline in the flooded areas, food sales were organized, temporary outlets were equipped, and the restoration of flood-affected shops began.
The service's efforts were also aimed at providing food for the participants of the work. Since June 14, the distribution of dry food rations to the personnel of the services engaged in emergency rescue and emergency recovery work has been ensured, and since June 16 - to all military personnel, rescuers, police officers and other persons who arrived from outside, as well as food is organized in cafes and restaurants of the city by coupons.
Meals for the personnel of local non-military civil defense units were organized by the delivery of hot food to the places of work.
Non-military formations of civil defense. Territorial non-military formations and non-military formations of civil defense services were represented mainly by subdivisions of city and district production organizations in the regular organizational structure. The number of personnel involved in the work fluctuated in different periods from 340 to 700 people, while up to 400 pieces of equipment were used. The tasks solved by non-military civil defense units and their activities are disclosed in the description of the work of the relevant services.
Military units and divisions. Subdivisions of a separate rescue brigade of civil defense, an engineer brigade and communications units of the Ural Military District, subdivisions of the railway troops took part in the liquidation of the consequences of the flood. In addition, helicopters of a separate helicopter detachment of civil defense, the Air Force of the Ural Military District, a military unit Missile troops strategic purpose.

Evacuation of the population
Collected on the night of June 13-14, the city CES, taking into account the large increase in the water level in the reservoir, at 00 h. 45 min. On June 14, she decided to immediately evacuate children and staff from summer health camps located in close proximity to the downstream of the reservoir. 20 buses were used to evacuate children and camp staff. In 2.5 hours, 676 people were evacuated, including 575 children. Children were placed in the House of Culture of Railway Workers, from where their parents took them home.
At the same time, the city evacuation commission was preparing the evacuation of residents from urban areas and villages, which, according to its assessment, could fall into the zone of catastrophic flooding. According to the evacuation commission, more than 6,500 people lived in these areas.
At 07:00 on June 14, the City Emergency Committee decided to evacuate residents from the zone of probable flooding, allocating 2-2.5 hours for this work from the beginning of the evacuation. The deportation of the population began at 9 o'clock. 30 min.
For the evacuation of the population, 40 buses were involved, 15 trucks, 20 cars and 7 special vehicles. The evacuation was carried out in an organized manner, which was facilitated by early warning of the population. The order of evacuation and the amount of equipment needed were determined, assembly points were appointed, evacuation routes and places for the evacuees were established. Some residents went to the collection points and places of accommodation on foot. By 12 o'clock. 30 min. On June 14, 2,402 people were evacuated.
The commission decided to place the evacuees in dispensaries, in hostels of enterprises and educational institutions.
By the time the reservoir dam broke and water approached the outskirts of the city, all residents were evacuated from the danger zone, with the exception of those who did not want to leave their homes.
At 12 o'clock. 35 min. the local signal "Storm" was transmitted on the city radio, and from that moment on, evacuation and rescue operations took place simultaneously.
Evacuation work continued throughout the day on 14 June. To rescue and evacuate people from the flood zone that day, three helicopters, three motor boats, a boat and two floating transporters were used.
As of June 15, 3290 people were evacuated. Now 10 helicopters, 60 buses, 68 trucks, 3 floating transporters, 3 motor boats, 2 boats. 34 rescuers, 74 servicemen, 455 people from non-military civil defense formations took part in these works.
On June 16, fewer vehicles were required for the evacuation, but the number of watercraft increased. 5 floating conveyors, 5 motor boats began to be used. On this day, the number of evacuees was 3464 people.
The bulk of the victims, who had relatives and relatives living in places not prone to flooding, settled on their own. 373 families were settled in dispensaries and hostels.
In the following days, the registration of all flood victims was completed. In total, there were about 2,000 such families. Temporary housing was provided to those in need. It was considered inexpedient to restore part of the flooded, damaged or destroyed residential buildings, but at the same time, given the acute shortage of temporary housing, it was decided, as an exception, to winter time restore some of these houses. At the same time, the right of residents of these houses to receive other permanent housing in safe areas was not lost.
In order to streamline the ongoing work on the resettlement of the population that fell into the flood zone, a resolution was adopted by the head of the city administration "On the organization of resettlement in temporary housing for citizens." The resolution determined the composition and functions of the commission for the resettlement of citizens, the standards for payment for temporary housing and the supply of building materials for the overhaul and current repairs of housing for temporary residence.
The head of the city administration also adopted a resolution "On the organization of current repairs of residential buildings of low-income citizens from the flood zone." By this decree, for the resettlement of families left homeless, for the period of repair of their residential buildings, sixty and one hundred and twenty apartment houses near the mechanical plant, a hostel for 228 people near the metallurgical plant were seized at the disposal of the city's CoES.

An immediate evacuation was announced due to the destruction of the highest dam in the United States in the city of Oroville and the threat of its failure.

Erosion of emergency spillway could lead to uncontrolled discharge of water from Lake Oroville, state officials say. The volume of water in the lake is estimated at more than 4.3 billion cubic meters. m.

In order to prevent the collapse of the dam, the discharge of water was increased to 100 thousand cubic meters. feet (2.8 thousand cubic meters) per minute. Earlier, the main spillway was destroyed.

The Oroville Dam's emergency spillway could fail within an hour, spilling uncontrolled water from Lake Oroville in upstate California, the California Department of Water Resources said.

About 16,000 people live in Oroville, according to the Associated Press, who should head to the city of Chico, located further north, and to other cities.

In addition to Oroville, the list includes settlements along the Feather River, including Gridley (6 thousand inhabitants), Biggs (1.7 thousand), Yuba City (65 thousand), Loma Rica (2 thousand). Later, the evacuation zone was expanded several times. According to Butte County Sheriff Corey Honey, authorities have recommended evacuation of 188,000 people.

Economists do not yet make calculations about the damage, but say that enormous sums will be required to restore.

Then, after the powerful hurricane Katrina, more than 100 thousand families were left homeless, and now about 70 thousand families have already been evacuated in California.

The point is that the US Congress will need to make a contribution comparable to the consequences in 2005 in New Orleans.

Introducing the biggest dam disasters in the world.

1. The destruction of the dam "St. Francis"

The St. Francis Dam was a concrete arch-gravity dam built to provide a water reservoir for the city of Los Angeles.

The dam collapsed three minutes before midnight on March 12, 1928, killing over 600 people. The St. Francis Dam disaster is one of the largest engineering disasters in the United States.

Water rushed along the canyon in a wall that reached a height of up to 40 m, and demolished the power plant, located 25 km downstream. The valley was flooded for 80 km.

The reason for the scale of this accident was, on the one hand, insufficient engineering vigilance when the first cracks appeared in the concrete dam being built.

But, as the court recognized, the control of government organizations over the design and construction of the facility was also insufficient.

The main thing is that a paleo-fault was discovered under the eastern support of the dam only after the tragedy.

2. Undermining the DneproGES in 1941.

A difficult but necessary operation was undertaken Soviet leadership in connection with enemy attacks with the aim of capturing the DneproGES and the dam, through which it was planned to break into the city of Zaporozhye.

From the explosion, a large gap was formed in the body of the dam, an active discharge of water began. As a result, a vast flood zone appeared in the lower reaches of the Dnieper.

A giant wave washed away several enemy crossings, sank many fascist units that had taken refuge in the floodplains. But the water that escaped to freedom did not divide people into "us" and "them."

An almost thirty-meter avalanche of water swept through the Dnieper floodplain, flooding everything in its path.

All Bottom part Zaporizhia with huge stocks of various goods, military materials and tens of thousands of tons of food and other property was demolished in an hour. Dozens of ships, along with ship crews, perished in that terrible flood.

The death toll and property damage were catastrophic.

3. Disaster at the dam "Malpasse" in 1959

The Malpasse Dam is a concrete arch dam on the Reyran River, built about 7 km north of the city of Fréjus ( Southern France, Department of Var, Cote d'Azur). The dam was intended for irrigation and water supply purposes.

On December 2, 1959, the Malpasse dam collapsed, the city of Frejus was almost completely flooded.

The floods killed 423 people (according to official figures), overall size damage in monetary terms amounted to about $ 68 million.

The reasons matured gradually: the geological study was not carried out in full, the builders "saved" the cost of high-quality concrete due to scarce funding, the military carried out explosions in the immediate vicinity of the structure, the construction of a highway was carried out with the use of explosives, heavy rains overflowed the reservoir.

4. Disaster at the dam "Viont"

The Vaiont Dam is an arched concrete dam near Monte Toc on the Vaiont River, a tributary of the Piave River in the province of Belluno in northern Italy, built in 1961 primarily for power generation.

According to the original design, the reservoir formed by the dam was supposed to have a volume of 0.169 cubic meters. km, after the disaster of 1963 it was not filled, a significant part of the original reservoir was filled with material from the landslide that occurred during the accident.

As a result of heavy rains, part of the rock descended into the reservoir. A rising wave 200 m high surged over the crest of the dam.

The water washed away only about 1 m of the upper layer of the dam, but this was enough for 5 villages to be destroyed by flooding in the Piave river valley. According to various estimates, from 1900 to 2500 people died, 350 families were completely killed.

5. The destruction of the dam of the hydroelectric power station "Bainqiao"

The Banqiao Dam is a dam on the Zhuhe River in Biyang County, Zhumadian City, Henan Province, China. The dam is infamous for the catastrophe that occurred here on August 8, 1975, when it was the largest of 62 dams breached by flooding caused by Typhoon Nina.

There are different estimates of the number of victims of the disaster, the official number - about 26 thousand people - takes into account only those directly drowned during the flood itself; taking into account the deaths from epidemics and famine that spread as a result of the disaster, the total number of victims is, according to various estimates, 171 thousand or even 230 thousand.

In addition, over 300,000 head of livestock died and approximately 5.96 million buildings were destroyed.

6. Flooding in Serov

Flooding in the city of Serov on June 14, 1993 - disaster, caused by a breakthrough of the dam of the Kiselevskoye reservoir on the Kakva River in the suburbs of Serov, Sverdlovsk Region.

As a result of a sharp rise in water in the Kakva River below the dam, 69 sq. km of the river floodplain, residential areas of the city of Serov, the villages of Novo-Kakvinsky, Gorpark, Pravoberezhnye Kakvy, the Right Bank of Kakva, Staroe Medyankino, Stalevarovskiy and parts of the villages of Myakotkino, Zavokzalny, Novoe Medyankino.

The flood affected 6.5 thousand people, of which 15 people died and 8 went missing. 43 people were hospitalized.

1772 houses fell into the flood zone, 1373 homeowners suffered damage, 1250 houses became uninhabitable.

The railway and 5 road bridges were destroyed, 500 m of the main railway track and 3.5 km of dead end railway tracks were washed out.

7. Accident at the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP

The accident at the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP is an industrial man-made disaster that occurred on August 17, 2009.

As a result of the accident, 75 people died, and serious damage was caused to the equipment and premises of the station.

The work of the station for the production of electricity was suspended. The consequences of the accident affected the ecological situation in the water area adjacent to the HPP, the social and economic spheres of the region.

As a result of the investigation, Rostekhnadzor named the destruction of the stud bolts of the turbine cover of the hydroelectric unit caused by additional dynamic loads of a variable nature, which was preceded by the formation and development of fatigue damage to the attachment points, which led to the failure of the cover and flooding of the plant’s turbine hall, as the direct cause of the accident.

The property of the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP was insured by ROSNO for $200 million, employees were also insured by ROSNO for 500,000 rubles. everyone. 18 dead and 1 injured were insured by LLC "Rosgosstrakh", the total amount of payments exceeded 800 thousand rubles.

8. Breaking the dam on the Fuhe River

A dam failure on the Fuhe River in China occurred in June 2010 due to heavy rains.

About 100 thousand people were evacuated from the breakthrough zone. A total of 199 people were killed in ten territorial units of South and East China due to heavy rains that caused floods and landslides, and 123 people are considered missing.

Almost 2.4 million people were evacuated from dangerous areas. One way or another, 29 million people were affected by the disaster. Economic damage from bad weather amounted to about 42 billion yuan ($6.2 billion).

9. Breaking the dam on the Indus River

Up to 895 thousand houses were destroyed, more than 2 million hectares of agricultural land were flooded.

More than 1700 people died. The flood, according to the UN, affected up to 20 million people in the country.

10. Breaking the dam on the Qiantang River

A dam on the Qiantang River burst near Hangzhou, east China's Zhejiang province on September 1, 2011.

Hundreds of Chinese tourists were injured when a dam burst on the Qiantang River. Every year, at the end of summer, thousands of tourists come to the river to see the beautiful tide and huge wave, which sometimes reaches 9 m in height.

In 2011, the wave was so strong that it broke the dam and washed away many spectators, who eventually needed medical attention, after the merciless wave swept right through the crowd of people, knocking them off their feet, as seen in the startling photos accompanying the news.

11. Disaster in New Orleans

The hurricane that hit the United States in 2005 affected many communities, but New Orleans suffered the most.

In the city, as a result of Hurricane Katrina, the dam was destroyed, and 80% of the city was flooded.

The governor of Louisiana ordered the evacuation of all residents of the city, including several tens of thousands of people who settled in the Superdome stadium.

In New Orleans, both airports were flooded, the world-famous French Quarter, famous for its architectural monuments, was flooded.

Where the water had not yet reached, marauders acted - they robbed shops and ATMs. Local authorities admitted that they could not cope with the robbery: all forces were thrown to help the victims.

Several cases of dam failure are mentioned, with a certain hint - they say, if the dams have already collapsed, then the Sayano-Shushenskaya dam may also fall. Let us examine in more detail the cases of dam failure mentioned in this film.

Destroyed dam Malpasse. Photo from here

Given that there are many thousands of high (more than 15 m) dams in the world, and they have been built for hundreds of years, it is not surprising that there are cases of dam failure. What are they due to?

Dam Saint Francis(USA) collapsed in 1928, one of the most famous dam failures. By design, this is not a particularly high (59 m) concrete arch-gravity dam, designed to organize water supply (it did not have a hydroelectric power station).

Photo from here

The filling of the reservoir began in 1926, on March 7, 1928 it was completed, and on March 12 the dam collapsed. Education preceded destruction a large number cracks. The destruction of the dam occurred due to the movement of soils at the base of the dam along an ancient fault that was not discovered during rather primitive surveys.

Arch dam Malpasse(France) with a height of 65 m was built for irrigation of land, it did not have a hydroelectric power station. Its destruction occurred on December 2, 1959 after the first filling of the reservoir, it was preceded by a sharp increase in filtration. The reason is the poorly studied properties of the base rocks.

Malpasse Dam. Photo from here

Arch dam vayont(Italy) with a height of 261.6 m was not destroyed at all. There was an overflow of water over the crest of the dam as a result of a large landslide in the reservoir. The reservoir began to fill in 1960, and the disaster occurred in 1963 when the reservoir was first filled to high levels, and during all three years numerous ground movements were observed. The water overflowing over the crest led to numerous casualties, but the dam itself survived.

Vayont Dam. Photo from here

earth dam Theton(USA) 93 m high collapsed in 1976, again after the first filling of the reservoir. The reason is increased filtration through the rocks of the base of the dam, which led to its erosion. The process developed gradually, as a result, timely evacuation made it possible to avoid large casualties.

The breach of the Teton Dam. Photo from here

earth dam banqiao(China) with a height of 24.54 m was destroyed in 1975 as a result of overflowing over the crest of the dam. The overflow occurred as a result of insufficient bandwidth empty spillways during an extreme flood (recurrence once every 2000 years), while the dam was designed for a flood recurrence once every 1000 years, in addition, such a sad development was affected by the untimely decision to open the spillways.

Destroyed Banqiao Dam. Photo from here

low head dam Shakidor in Pakistan was built to irrigate nearby agricultural land and farms. The reason for its destruction was the overflow of water through the dam as a result of heavy rainfall, i.e. insufficient capacity of the hydroelectric complex is a typical reason for the destruction of earth dams of various ponds, tailings, etc.

Dam Shakidor. Photo from here

What are the conclusions?
1. Cases of destruction of truly large hydroelectric dams (more than 100 m high or located on major rivers) is not fixed. The reason is simple - such objects are designed and built very thoroughly.
2. The main reasons for the destruction of dams are problems with the foundation rocks or a lack of capacity of the hydroelectric complex. The first problem manifests itself when the reservoir is first filled. The second is relevant for medium-sized dams, usually for irrigation purposes. For the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP, neither is relevant.